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Baumann PT, Dal Molin M, Aring H, Krumbach K, Müller MF, Vroling B, van Summeren-Wesenhagen PV, Noack S, Marienhagen J. Beyond rational-biosensor-guided isolation of 100 independently evolved bacterial strain variants and comparative analysis of their genomes. BMC Biol 2023; 21:183. [PMID: 37667306 PMCID: PMC10478468 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01688-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In contrast to modern rational metabolic engineering, classical strain development strongly relies on random mutagenesis and screening for the desired production phenotype. Nowadays, with the availability of biosensor-based FACS screening strategies, these random approaches are coming back into fashion. In this study, we employ this technology in combination with comparative genome analyses to identify novel mutations contributing to product formation in the genome of a Corynebacterium glutamicum L-histidine producer. Since all known genetic targets contributing to L-histidine production have been already rationally engineered in this strain, identification of novel beneficial mutations can be regarded as challenging, as they might not be intuitively linkable to L-histidine biosynthesis. RESULTS In order to identify 100 improved strain variants that had each arisen independently, we performed > 600 chemical mutagenesis experiments, > 200 biosensor-based FACS screenings, isolated > 50,000 variants with increased fluorescence, and characterized > 4500 variants with regard to biomass formation and L-histidine production. Based on comparative genome analyses of these 100 variants accumulating 10-80% more L-histidine, we discovered several beneficial mutations. Combination of selected genetic modifications allowed for the construction of a strain variant characterized by a doubled L-histidine titer (29 mM) and product yield (0.13 C-mol C-mol-1) in comparison to the starting variant. CONCLUSIONS This study may serve as a blueprint for the identification of novel beneficial mutations in microbial producers in a more systematic manner. This way, also previously unexplored genes or genes with previously unknown contribution to the respective production phenotype can be identified. We believe that this technology has a great potential to push industrial production strains towards maximum performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp T Baumann
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, IBG-1: Biotechnology, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Dal Molin
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, IBG-1: Biotechnology, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hannah Aring
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, IBG-1: Biotechnology, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Karin Krumbach
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, IBG-1: Biotechnology, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Moritz-Fabian Müller
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, IBG-1: Biotechnology, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bas Vroling
- Bioprodict GmbH, Nieuwe Marktstraat 54E, 6511AA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stephan Noack
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, IBG-1: Biotechnology, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jan Marienhagen
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, IBG-1: Biotechnology, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Ki D, Hong H, Kim IK, Kim KJ. Crystal Structure and Functional Characterization of Acetylornithine Aminotransferase from Corynebacterium glutamicum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37230944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The amino acids l-arginine and l-ornithine are widely used in animal feed and as health supplements and pharmaceutical compounds. In arginine biosynthesis, acetylornithine aminotransferase (AcOAT) uses pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) as a cofactor for amino group transfer. Here, we determined the crystal structures of the apo and PLP complex forms of AcOAT from Corynebacterium glutamicum (CgAcOAT). Our structural observations revealed that CgAcOAT undergoes an order-to-disorder conformational change upon binding with PLP. Additionally, we observed that unlike other AcOATs, CgAcOAT exists as a tetramer. Subsequently, we identified the key residues involved in PLP and substrate binding based on structural analysis and site-directed mutagenesis. This study might provide structural insights on CgAcOAT, which can be utilized for the development of improved l-arginine production enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwoo Ki
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwaseok Hong
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Kwon Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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3
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Shen X, Li X, Jia C, Li J, Chen S, Gao B, Liang W, Zhang L. HPLC-MS-based untargeted metabolomic analysis of differential plasma metabolites and their associated metabolic pathways in reproductively anosmic black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegelii. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2023; 46:101071. [PMID: 36931130 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Olfaction, a universal form of chemical communication, is a powerful channel for animals to obtain social and environmental cues. The mechanisms by which fish olfaction affects reproduction, breeding and disease control are not yet clear. To evaluate metabolites profiles, plasma from anosmic and control black porgy during reproduction was analyzed by non-targeted metabolomics using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical analysis techniques, including principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. The metabolite profiles of anosmia and control groups were found to be significantly separated. Ten different differential metabolites, mainly including amino acids, such as isoleucine and methionine, and lipids, such as phosphatidylserine, were screened based on the combined analysis of variable importance in the projection and p values. In addition, six key differential metabolic pathways were analyzed using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and enriched for four metabolic pathways including the citrate acid (TCA) cycle, tyrosine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, and arginine synthesis. The TCA cycle enhances fertility through the reduction of pyruvate kinase, and intermediate derivatives (acetyl CoA, malonyl CoA) act as signaling factors that regulate immune cell function. The tyrosine cycle can indirectly participate and promote reproduction in black porgy through melanin-concentrating hormone. Arginine and proline metabolism can promote reproduction by promoting growth hormone and enhance immunity in anosmic black porgy by stimulating T lymphocytes. Our metabolomic study revealed that anosmia in black porgy played an active role in immunity and reproduction and provided theoretical support for breeding and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Shen
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xian Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266001, PR China
| | - Chaofeng Jia
- Aquaculture and Genetic Breeding Laboratory, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nantong, China
| | - Jun Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuyin Chen
- Aquaculture and Genetic Breeding Laboratory, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nantong, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Aquaculture and Genetic Breeding Laboratory, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nantong, China
| | - Wenke Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Libin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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4
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Zhao Z, Cai M, Liu Y, Hu M, Yang F, Zhu R, Xu M, Rao Z. Genomics and transcriptomics-guided metabolic engineering Corynebacterium glutamicum for l-arginine production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 364:128054. [PMID: 36184013 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
l-arginine is a semi-essential amino acid that is broadly used as food additives and pharmaceutical intermediates. The synthesis of l-arginine is restricted by complex metabolic mechanisms and suboptimal fermentation conditions. Initially, a mutant strain that accumulated 19.4 g/L l-arginine was generated by random mutagenesis. Subsequently, a mutation of the repressor protein (argRG159D) in the l-arginine operon and glutamate synthase (gltD) with 532-fold upregulation were identified to be vital for l-arginine production by multi-omic analysis. Systematic metabolic engineering was used to modify the strain, which included interfering with α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (ODHC) activity by knocking out serine/threonine-protein kinase (pknG), enhancing the expression of multiple key enzymes in the l-arginine synthesis pathway, and increasing the availability of intracellular cofactor (NADPH) and energy (ATP). Finally, C. glutamicum ARG12 produced 71.3 g/L l-arginine, with a yield of 0.43 g/g glucose by fermentation optimization. This study provides new ideas to boost l-arginine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqiang Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mengmeng Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yunran Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mengkai Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Fengyu Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Rongshuai Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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5
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Schito S, Zuchowski R, Bergen D, Strohmeier D, Wollenhaupt B, Menke P, Seiffarth J, Nöh K, Kohlheyer D, Bott M, Wiechert W, Baumgart M, Noack S. Communities of Niche-optimized Strains (CoNoS) - Design and creation of stable, genome-reduced co-cultures. Metab Eng 2022; 73:91-103. [PMID: 35750243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Current bioprocesses for production of value-added compounds are mainly based on pure cultures that are composed of rationally engineered strains of model organisms with versatile metabolic capacities. However, in the comparably well-defined environment of a bioreactor, metabolic flexibility provided by various highly abundant biosynthetic enzymes is much less required and results in suboptimal use of carbon and energy sources for compound production. In nature, non-model organisms have frequently evolved in communities where genome-reduced, auxotrophic strains cross-feed each other, suggesting that there must be a significant advantage compared to growth without cooperation. To prove this, we started to create and study synthetic communities of niche-optimized strains (CoNoS) that consists of two strains of the same species Corynebacterium glutamicum that are mutually dependent on one amino acid. We used both the wild-type and the genome-reduced C1* chassis for introducing selected amino acid auxotrophies, each based on complete deletion of all required biosynthetic genes. The best candidate strains were used to establish several stably growing CoNoS that were further characterized and optimized by metabolic modelling, microfluidic experiments and rational metabolic engineering to improve amino acid production and exchange. Finally, the engineered CoNoS consisting of an l-leucine and l-arginine auxotroph showed a specific growth rate equivalent to 83% of the wild type in monoculture, making it the fastest co-culture of two auxotrophic C. glutamicum strains to date. Overall, our results are a first promising step towards establishing improved biobased production of value-added compounds using the CoNoS approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Schito
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, IBG-1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Rico Zuchowski
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, IBG-1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Daniel Bergen
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, IBG-1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Daniel Strohmeier
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, IBG-1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bastian Wollenhaupt
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, IBG-1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Philipp Menke
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, IBG-1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Johannes Seiffarth
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, IBG-1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Katharina Nöh
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, IBG-1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dietrich Kohlheyer
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, IBG-1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Bott
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, IBG-1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wiechert
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, IBG-1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Computational Systems Biotechnology (AVT.CSB), RWTH Aachen University, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Meike Baumgart
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, IBG-1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephan Noack
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, IBG-1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
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6
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Hans E, Zeng A. Automatisierte Probenfiltration zur Analyse intrazellulärer Metaboliten bei höheren Biomassekonzentrationen. CHEM-ING-TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Hans
- Technische Universität Hamburg Institut für Bioprozess- und Biosystemtechnik Denickestrasse 15 21073 Hamburg Deutschland
| | - An‐Ping Zeng
- Technische Universität Hamburg Institut für Bioprozess- und Biosystemtechnik Denickestrasse 15 21073 Hamburg Deutschland
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7
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Shimizu K, Matsuoka Y. Feedback regulation and coordination of the main metabolism for bacterial growth and metabolic engineering for amino acid fermentation. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 55:107887. [PMID: 34921951 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms such as bacteria are often exposed to continuous changes in the nutrient availability in nature. Therefore, bacteria must constantly monitor the environmental condition, and adjust the metabolism quickly adapting to the change in the growth condition. For this, bacteria must orchestrate (coordinate and integrate) the complex and dynamically changing information on the environmental condition. In particular, the central carbon metabolism (CCM), monomer synthesis, and macromolecular synthesis must be coordinately regulated for the efficient growth. It is a grand challenge in bioscience, biotechnology, and synthetic biology to understand how living organisms coordinate the metabolic regulation systems. Here, we consider the integrated sensing of carbon sources by the phosphotransferase system (PTS), and the feed-forward/feedback regulation systems incorporated in the CCM in relation to the pool sizes of flux-sensing metabolites and αketoacids. We also consider the metabolic regulation of amino acid biosynthesis (as well as purine and pyrimidine biosyntheses) paying attention to the feedback control systems consisting of (fast) enzyme level regulation with (slow) transcriptional regulation. The metabolic engineering for the efficient amino acid production by bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum is also discussed (in relation to the regulation mechanisms). The amino acid synthesis is important for determining the rate of ribosome biosynthesis. Thus, the growth rate control (growth law) is further discussed on the relationship between (p)ppGpp level and the ribosomal protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Shimizu
- Kyushu institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan; Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0017, Japan.
| | - Yu Matsuoka
- Department of Fisheries Distribution and Management, National Fisheries University, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 759-6595, Japan
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8
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Zhang G, Ren X, Liang X, Wang Y, Feng D, Zhang Y, Xian M, Zou H. Improving the Microbial Production of Amino Acids: From Conventional Approaches to Recent Trends. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-020-0390-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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9
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Sheng Q, Wu XY, Xu X, Tan X, Li Z, Zhang B. Production of l-glutamate family amino acids in Corynebacterium glutamicum: Physiological mechanism, genetic modulation, and prospects. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2021; 6:302-325. [PMID: 34632124 PMCID: PMC8484045 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
l-glutamate family amino acids (GFAAs), consisting of l-glutamate, l-arginine, l-citrulline, l-ornithine, l-proline, l-hydroxyproline, γ-aminobutyric acid, and 5-aminolevulinic acid, are widely applied in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and animal feed industries, accounting for billions of dollars of market activity. These GFAAs have many functions, including being protein constituents, maintaining the urea cycle, and providing precursors for the biosynthesis of pharmaceuticals. Currently, the production of GFAAs mainly depends on microbial fermentation using Corynebacterium glutamicum (including its related subspecies Corynebacterium crenatum), which is substantially engineered through multistep metabolic engineering strategies. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the metabolic pathways, regulatory mechanisms, and metabolic engineering strategies for GFAA accumulation in C. glutamicum and C. crenatum, which provides insights into the recent progress in l-glutamate-derived chemical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sheng
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Xinyi Xu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Xiaoming Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Corresponding author. Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
- Corresponding author. Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
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10
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Becker J, Wittmann C. Metabolic Engineering of
Corynebacterium glutamicum. Metab Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527823468.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Hoffmann SL, Kohlstedt M, Jungmann L, Hutter M, Poblete-Castro I, Becker J, Wittmann C. Cascaded valorization of brown seaweed to produce l-lysine and value-added products using Corynebacterium glutamicum streamlined by systems metabolic engineering. Metab Eng 2021; 67:293-307. [PMID: 34314893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Seaweeds emerge as promising third-generation renewable for sustainable bioproduction. In the present work, we valorized brown seaweed to produce l-lysine, the world's leading feed amino acid, using Corynebacterium glutamicum, which was streamlined by systems metabolic engineering. The mutant C. glutamicum SEA-1 served as a starting point for development because it produced small amounts of l-lysine from mannitol, a major seaweed sugar, because of the deletion of its arabitol repressor AtlR and its engineered l-lysine pathway. Starting from SEA-1, we systematically optimized the microbe to redirect excess NADH, formed on the sugar alcohol, towards NADPH, required for l-lysine synthesis. The mannitol dehydrogenase variant MtlD D75A, inspired by 3D protein homology modelling, partly generated NADPH during the oxidation of mannitol to fructose, leading to a 70% increased l-lysine yield in strain SEA-2C. Several rounds of strain engineering further increased NADPH supply and l-lysine production. The best strain, SEA-7, overexpressed the membrane-bound transhydrogenase pntAB together with codon-optimized gapN, encoding NADPH-dependent glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and mak, encoding fructokinase. In a fed-batch process, SEA-7 produced 76 g L-1l-lysine from mannitol at a yield of 0.26 mol mol-1 and a maximum productivity of 2.1 g L-1 h-1. Finally, SEA-7 was integrated into seaweed valorization cascades. Aqua-cultured Laminaria digitata, a major seaweed for commercial alginate, was extracted and hydrolyzed enzymatically, followed by recovery and clean-up of pure alginate gum. The residual sugar-based mixture was converted to l-lysine at a yield of 0.27 C-mol C-mol-1 using SEA-7. Second, stems of the wild-harvested seaweed Durvillaea antarctica, obtained as waste during commercial processing of the blades for human consumption, were extracted using acid treatment. Fermentation of the hydrolysate using SEA-7 provided l-lysine at a yield of 0.40 C-mol C-mol-1. Our findings enable improvement of the efficiency of seaweed biorefineries using tailor-made C. glutamicum strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lisa Hoffmann
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Kohlstedt
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lukas Jungmann
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Hutter
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Judith Becker
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christoph Wittmann
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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12
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Jiang Y, Sheng Q, Wu XY, Ye BC, Zhang B. l-arginine production in Corynebacterium glutamicum: manipulation and optimization of the metabolic process. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 41:172-185. [PMID: 33153325 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1844625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As an important semi-essential amino acid, l-arginine is extensively used in the food and pharmaceutical fields. At present, l-arginine production depends on cost-effective, green, and sustainable microbial fermentation by using a renewable carbon source. To enhance its fermentative production, various metabolic engineering strategies have been employed, which provide valid paths for reducing the cost of l-arginine production. This review summarizes recent advances in molecular biology strategies for the optimization of l-arginine-producing strains, including manipulating the principal metabolic pathway, modulating the carbon metabolic pathway, improving the intracellular biosynthesis of cofactors and energy usage, manipulating the assimilation of ammonia, improving the transportation and membrane permeability, and performing biosensor-assisted high throughput screening, providing useful insight into the current state of l-arginine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qi Sheng
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bang-Ce Ye
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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13
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Ohashi M, Nasuno R, Isogai S, Takagi H. High-level production of ornithine by expression of the feedback inhibition-insensitive N-acetyl glutamate kinase in the sake yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng 2020; 62:1-9. [PMID: 32805427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that intracellular proline (Pro) confers tolerance to ethanol on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, to improve the ethanol productivity of sake, a traditional Japanese alcoholic beverage, we successfully isolated several Pro-accumulating mutants derived from diploid sake yeast of S. cerevisiae by a conventional mutagenesis. Interestingly, one of them (strain A902-4) produced more than 10-fold greater amounts of ornithine (Orn) and Pro compared to the parent strain (K901). Orn is a non-proteinogenic amino acid and a precursor of both arginine (Arg) and Pro. It has some physiological functions, such as amelioration of negative states such as lassitude and improvement of sleep quality. We also identified a homo-allelic mutation in the ARG5,6 gene encoding the Thr340Ile variant N-acetylglutamate kinase (NAGK) in strain A902-4. The NAGK activity of the Thr340Ile variant was extremely insensitive to feedback inhibition by Arg, leading to intracellular Orn accumulation. This is the first report of the removal of feedback inhibition of NAGK activity in the industrial yeast, leading to high levels of intracellular Orn. Moreover, sake and sake cake brewed with strain A902-4 contained 4-5 times more Orn than those brewed with strain K901. The approach described here could be a practical method for the development of industrial yeast strains with overproduction of Orn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Ohashi
- Nara Prefecture Institute of Industrial Development, 129-1 Kashiwagi-cho, Nara, Nara, 630-8031, Japan
| | - Ryo Nasuno
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Shota Isogai
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
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14
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Schramm T, Lempp M, Beuter D, Sierra SG, Glatter T, Link H. High-throughput enrichment of temperature-sensitive argininosuccinate synthetase for two-stage citrulline production in E. coli. Metab Eng 2020; 60:14-24. [PMID: 32179161 PMCID: PMC7225747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Controlling metabolism of engineered microbes is important to modulate cell growth and production during a bioprocess. For example, external parameters such as light, chemical inducers, or temperature can act on metabolism of production strains by changing the abundance or activity of enzymes. Here, we created temperature-sensitive variants of an essential enzyme in arginine biosynthesis of Escherichia coli (argininosuccinate synthetase, ArgG) and used them to dynamically control citrulline overproduction and growth of E. coli. We show a method for high-throughput enrichment of temperature-sensitive ArgG variants with a fluorescent TIMER protein and flow cytometry. With 90 of the thus derived ArgG variants, we complemented an ArgG deletion strain showing that 90% of the strains exhibit temperature-sensitive growth and 69% of the strains are auxotrophic for arginine at 42 °C and prototrophic at 30 °C. The best temperature-sensitive ArgG variant enabled precise and tunable control of cell growth by temperature changes. Expressing this variant in a feedback-dysregulated E. coli strain allowed us to realize a two-stage bioprocess: a 33 °C growth-phase for biomass accumulation and a 39 °C stationary-phase for citrulline production. With this two-stage strategy, we produced 3 g/L citrulline during 45 h cultivation in a 1-L bioreactor. These results show that temperature-sensitive enzymes can be created en masse and that they may function as metabolic valves in engineered bacteria. Method to enrich temperature-sensitive enzymes en masse. Temperature-sensitive enzymes function as metabolic valve. Temperature controlled two-stage production of citrulline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Schramm
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 16, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin Lempp
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 16, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Beuter
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 16, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Silvia González Sierra
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 16, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Timo Glatter
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 16, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hannes Link
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 16, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
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15
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Wu XY, Guo XY, Zhang B, Jiang Y, Ye BC. Recent Advances of L-ornithine Biosynthesis in Metabolically Engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 7:440. [PMID: 31998705 PMCID: PMC6962107 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
L-ornithine, a valuable non-protein amino acid, has a wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Currently, microbial fermentation is a promising, sustainable, and environment-friendly method to produce L-ornithine. However, the industrial production capacity of L-ornithine by microbial fermentation is low and rarely meets the market demands. Various strategies have been employed to improve the L-ornithine production titers in the model strain, Corynebacterium glutamicum, which serves as a major indicator for improving the cost-effectiveness of L-ornithine production by microbial fermentation. This review focuses on the development of high L-ornithine-producing strains by metabolic engineering and reviews the recent advances in breeding strategies, such as reducing by-product formation, improving the supplementation of precursor glutamate, releasing negative regulation and negative feedback inhibition, increasing the supply of intracellular cofactors, modulating the central metabolic pathway, enhancing the transport system, and adaptive evolution for improving L-ornithine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Wu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Guo
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bang-Ce Ye
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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16
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Regulation of arginine biosynthesis, catabolism and transport in Escherichia coli. Amino Acids 2019; 51:1103-1127. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02757-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Haas T, Graf M, Nieß A, Busche T, Kalinowski J, Blombach B, Takors R. Identifying the Growth Modulon of Corynebacterium glutamicum. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:974. [PMID: 31134020 PMCID: PMC6517550 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth rate (μ) of industrially relevant microbes, such as Corynebacterium glutamicum, is a fundamental property that indicates its production capacity. Therefore, understanding the mechanism underlying the growth rate is imperative for improving productivity and performance through metabolic engineering. Despite recent progress in the understanding of global regulatory interactions, knowledge of mechanisms directing cell growth remains fragmented and incomplete. The current study investigated RNA-Seq data of three growth rate transitions, induced by different pre-culture conditions, in order to identify transcriptomic changes corresponding to increasing growth rates. These transitions took place in minimal medium and ranged from 0.02 to 0.4 h-1 μ. This study enabled the identification of 447 genes as components of the growth modulon. Enrichment of genes within the growth modulon revealed 10 regulons exhibiting a significant effect over growth rate transition. In summary, central metabolism was observed to be regulated by a combination of metabolic and transcriptional activities orchestrating control over glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Additionally, major responses to changes in the growth rate were linked to iron uptake and carbon metabolism. In particular, genes encoding glycolytic enzymes and the glucose uptake system showed a positive correlation with the growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Haas
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michaela Graf
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander Nieß
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.,Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Bastian Blombach
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Microbial Biotechnology, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Straubing, Germany
| | - Ralf Takors
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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18
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Zhan M, Kan B, Dong J, Xu G, Han R, Ni Y. Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for improved L-arginine synthesis by enhancing NADPH supply. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 46:45-54. [PMID: 30446890 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum SNK 118 was metabolically engineered with improved L-arginine titer. Considering the crucial role of NADPH level in L-arginine production, pntAB (membrane-bound transhydrogenase) and ppnK (NAD+ kinase) were co-expressed to increase the intracellular NADPH pool. Expression of pntAB exhibited significant effects on NADPH supply and L-arginine synthesis. Furthermore, argR and farR, encoding arginine repressor ArgR and transcriptional regulator FarR, respectively, were removed from the genome of C. glutamicum. The competitive branch pathway gene ldh was also deleted. Eventually, an engineered C. glutamicum JML07 was obtained for L-arginine production. Fed-batch fermentation in 5-L bioreactor employing strain JML07 allowed production of 67.01 g L-1L-arginine with productivity of 0.89 g L-1 h-1 and yield of 0.35 g g-1 glucose. This study provides a productive L-arginine fermentation strain and an effective cofactor manipulating strategy for promoting the biosynthesis of NADPH-dependent metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milin Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baojun Kan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinjun Dong
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guochao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruizhi Han
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Ni
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China. .,Key Laboratory of Guangxi Biorefinery, Nanning, 530003, Guangxi, China.
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19
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Metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum for bio-based production of chemicals, fuels, materials, and healthcare products. Metab Eng 2018; 50:122-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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20
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Liu Q, Yu T, Campbell K, Nielsen J, Chen Y. Modular Pathway Rewiring of Yeast for Amino Acid Production. Methods Enzymol 2018; 608:417-439. [PMID: 30173772 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids find various applications in biotechnology in view of their importance in the food, feed, pharmaceutical, and personal care industries as nutrients, additives, and drugs, respectively. For the large-scale production of amino acids, microbial cell factories are widely used and the development of amino acid-producing strains has mainly focused on prokaryotes Corynebacterium glutamicum and Escherichia coli. However, the eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae is becoming an even more appealing microbial host for production of amino acids and derivatives because of its superior molecular and physiological features, such as amenable to genetic engineering and high tolerance to harsh conditions. To transform S. cerevisiae into an industrial amino acid production platform, the highly coordinated and multiple layers regulation in its amino acid metabolism should be relieved and reconstituted to optimize the metabolic flux toward synthesis of target products. This chapter describes principles, strategies, and applications of modular pathway rewiring in yeast using the engineering of l-ornithine metabolism as a paradigm. Additionally, detailed protocols for in vitro module construction and CRISPR/Cas-mediated pathway assembly are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanli Liu
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kate Campbell
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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21
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Chen X, Gao C, Guo L, Hu G, Luo Q, Liu J, Nielsen J, Chen J, Liu L. DCEO Biotechnology: Tools To Design, Construct, Evaluate, and Optimize the Metabolic Pathway for Biosynthesis of Chemicals. Chem Rev 2017; 118:4-72. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiulai Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Cong Gao
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liang Guo
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guipeng Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qiuling Luo
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department
of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jian Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Department
of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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22
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Wang C, Zhou Z, Cai H, Chen Z, Xu H. Redirecting carbon flux through pgi-deficient and heterologous transhydrogenase toward efficient succinate production in Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 44:1115-1126. [PMID: 28303352 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum is particularly known for its potentiality in succinate production. We engineered C. glutamicum for the production of succinate. To enhance C3-C4 carboxylation efficiency, chromosomal integration of the pyruvate carboxylase gene pyc resulted in strain NC-4. To increase intracellular NADH pools, the pntAB gene from Escherichia coli, encoding for transhydrogenase, was chromosomally integrated into NC-4, leading to strain NC-5. Furthermore, we deleted pgi gene in strain NC-5 to redirect carbon flux to the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). To solve the drastic reduction of PTS-mediated glucose uptake, the ptsG gene from C. glutamicum, encoding for the glucose-specific transporter, was chromosomally integrated into pgi-deficient strain resulted in strain NC-6. In anaerobic batch fermentation, the production of succinate in pntAB-overexpressing strain NC-5 increased by 14% and a product yield of 1.22 mol/mol was obtained. In anaerobic fed-batch process, succinic acid concentration reached 856 mM by NC-6. The yields of succinate from glucose were 1.37 mol/mol accompanied by a very low level of by-products. Activating PPP and transhydrogenase in combination led to a succinate yield of 1.37 mol/mol, suggesting that they exhibited a synergistic effect for improving succinate yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhihui Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Heng Cai
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Zhongjun Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Hongtao Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
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23
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Reengineering of the feedback-inhibition enzyme N-acetyl-l-glutamate kinase to enhance l-arginine production in Corynebacterium crenatum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 44:271-283. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
N-acetyl-l-glutamate kinase (NAGK) catalyzes the second step of l-arginine biosynthesis and is inhibited by l-arginine in Corynebacterium crenatum. To ascertain the basis for the arginine sensitivity of CcNAGK, residue E19 which located at the entrance of the Arginine-ring was subjected to site-saturated mutagenesis and we successfully illustrated the inhibition-resistant mechanism. Typically, the E19Y mutant displayed the greatest deregulation of l-arginine feedback inhibition. An equally important strategy is to improve the catalytic activity and thermostability of CcNAGK. For further strain improvement, we used site-directed mutagenesis to identify mutations that improve CcNAGK. Results identified variants I74V, F91H and K234T display higher specific activity and thermostability. The l-arginine yield and productivity of the recombinant strain C. crenatum SYPA-EH3 (which possesses a combination of all four mutant sites, E19Y/I74V/F91H/K234T) reached 61.2 and 0.638 g/L/h, respectively, after 96 h in 5 L bioreactor fermentation, an increase of approximately 41.8% compared with the initial strain.
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24
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Guo J, Man Z, Rao Z, Xu M, Yang T, Zhang X, Xu Z. Improvement of the ammonia assimilation for enhancing L-arginine production of Corynebacterium crenatum. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 44:443-451. [PMID: 28120129 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1900-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There are four nitrogen atoms in L-arginine molecule and the nitrogen content is 32.1%. By now, metabolic engineering for L-arginine production strain improvement was focused on carbon flux optimization. In previous work, we obtained an L-arginine-producing Corynebacterium crenatum SDNN403 (ARG) through screening and mutation breeding. In this paper, a strain engineering strategy focusing on nitrogen supply and ammonium assimilation for L-arginine production was performed. Firstly, the effects of nitrogen atom donor (L-glutamate, L-glutamine and L-aspartate) addition on L-arginine production of ARG were studied, and the addition of L-glutamine and L-aspartate was beneficial for L-arginine production. Then, the glutamine synthetase gene glnA and aspartase gene aspA from E. coli were overexpressed in ARG for increasing the L-glutamine and L-aspartate synthesis, and the L-arginine production was effectively increased. In addition, the L-glutamate supply re-emerged as a limiting factor for L-arginine biosynthesis. Finally, the glutamate dehydrogenase gene gdh was co-overexpressed for further enhancement of L-arginine production. The final strain could produce 53.2 g l-1 of L-arginine, which was increased by 41.5% compared to ARG in fed-batch fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zaiwei Man
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Meijuan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Taowei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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25
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26
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Becker J, Wittmann C. Industrial Microorganisms: Corynebacterium glutamicum. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527807796.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Becker
- Saarland University; Institute of Systems Biotechnology; Campus A 15 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Christoph Wittmann
- Saarland University; Institute of Systems Biotechnology; Campus A 15 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
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27
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Bott M, Eggeling L. Novel Technologies for Optimal Strain Breeding. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 159:227-254. [PMID: 27872965 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of a knowledge-based bioeconomy requires the rapid development of highly efficient microbial production strains that are able to convert renewable carbon sources to value-added products, such as bulk and fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, or proteins at industrial scale. Starting from classical strain breeding by random mutagenesis and screening in the 1950s via rational design by metabolic engineering initiated in the 1970s, a range of powerful new technologies have been developed in the past two decades that can revolutionize future strain engineering. In particular, next-generation sequencing technologies combined with new methods of genome engineering and high-throughput screening based on genetically encoded biosensors have allowed for new concepts. In this chapter, selected new technologies relevant for breeding microbial production strains with a special emphasis on amino acid producers will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bott
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Lothar Eggeling
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
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28
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Improvement of the intracellular environment for enhancing l-arginine production of Corynebacterium glutamicum by inactivation of H 2O 2-forming flavin reductases and optimization of ATP supply. Metab Eng 2016; 38:310-321. [PMID: 27474351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
l-arginine, a semi essential amino acid, is an important amino acid in food flavoring and pharmaceutical industries. Its production by microbial fermentation is gaining more and more attention. In previous work, we obtained a new l-arginine producing Corynebacterium crenatum (subspecies of Corynebacterium glutamicum) through mutation breeding. In this work, we enhanced l-arginine production through improvement of the intracellular environment. First, two NAD(P)H-dependent H2O2-forming flavin reductases Frd181 (encoded by frd1 gene) and Frd188 (encoded by frd2) in C. glutamicum were identified for the first time. Next, the roles of Frd181 and Frd188 in C. glutamicum were studied by overexpression and deletion of the encoding genes, and the results showed that the inactivation of Frd181 and Frd188 was beneficial for cell growth and l-arginine production, owing to the decreased H2O2 synthesis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, and increased intracellular NADH and ATP levels. Then, the ATP level was further increased by deletion of noxA (encoding NADH oxidase) and amn (encoding AMP nucleosidase), and overexpression of pgk (encoding 3-phosphoglycerate kinase) and pyk (encoding pyruvate kinase), and the l-arginine production and yield from glucose were significantly increased. In fed-batch fermentation, the l-arginine production and yield from glucose of the final strain reached 57.3g/L and 0.326g/g, respectively, which were 49.2% and 34.2% higher than those of the parent strain, respectively. ROS and ATP are important elements of the intracellular environment, and l-arginine biosynthesis requires a large amount of ATP. For the first time, we enhanced l-arginine production and yield from glucose through reducing the H2O2 synthesis and increasing the ATP supply.
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Roles of export genes cgmA and lysE for the production of l-arginine and l-citrulline by Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8465-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7695-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Man Z, Xu M, Rao Z, Guo J, Yang T, Zhang X, Xu Z. Systems pathway engineering of Corynebacterium crenatum for improved L-arginine production. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28629. [PMID: 27338253 PMCID: PMC4919616 DOI: 10.1038/srep28629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
L-arginine is an important amino acid in food and pharmaceutical industries. Until now, the main production method of L-arginine in China is the highly polluting keratin acid hydrolysis. The industrial level L-arginine production by microbial fermentation has become an important task. In previous work, we obtained a new L-arginine producing Corynebacterium crenatum (subspecies of Corynebacterium glutamicum) through screening and mutation breeding. In this work, we performed systems pathway engineering of C. crenatum for improved L-arginine production, involving amplification of L-arginine biosynthetic pathway flux by removal of feedback inhibition and overexpression of arginine operon; optimization of NADPH supply by modulation of metabolic flux distribution between glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway; increasing glucose consumption by strengthening the preexisting glucose transporter and exploitation of new glucose uptake system; channeling excess carbon flux from glycolysis into tricarboxylic acid cycle to alleviate the glucose overflow metabolism; redistribution of carbon flux at α-ketoglutarate metabolic node to channel more flux into L-arginine biosynthetic pathway; minimization of carbon and cofactor loss by attenuation of byproducts formation. The final strain could produce 87.3 g L(-1) L-arginine with yield up to 0.431 g L-arginine g(-1) glucose in fed-batch fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiwei Man
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jing Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Taowei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Jorge JMP, Leggewie C, Wendisch VF. A new metabolic route for the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid by Corynebacterium glutamicum from glucose. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2519-2531. [PMID: 27289384 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a non-protein amino acid widespread in nature, is a component of pharmaceuticals, foods, and the biodegradable plastic polyamide 4. Corynebacterium glutamicum shows great potential for the production of GABA from glucose. GABA added to the growth medium hardly affected growth of C. glutamicum, since a half-inhibitory concentration of 1.1 M GABA was determined. As alternative to GABA production by glutamate decarboxylation, a new route for the production of GABA via putrescine was established in C. glutamicum. A putrescine-producing recombinant C. glutamicum strain was converted into a GABA producing strain by heterologous expression of putrescine transaminase (PatA) and gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (PatD) genes from Escherichia coli. The resultant strain produced 5.3 ± 0.1 g L-1 of GABA. GABA production was improved further by adjusting the concentration of nitrogen in the culture medium, by avoiding the formation of the by-product N-acetylputrescine and by deletion of the genes for GABA catabolism and GABA re-uptake. GABA accumulation by this strain was increased by 51 % to 8.0 ± 0.3 g L-1, and the volumetric productivity was increased to 0.31 g L-1 h-1; the highest volumetric productivity reported so far for fermentative production of GABA from glucose in shake flasks was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- João M P Jorge
- Chair of Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Volker F Wendisch
- Chair of Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Updates on industrial production of amino acids using Corynebacterium glutamicum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:105. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Sun X, Shen X, Jain R, Lin Y, Wang J, Sun J, Wang J, Yan Y, Yuan Q. Synthesis of chemicals by metabolic engineering of microbes. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 44:3760-85. [PMID: 25940754 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00159e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering is a powerful tool for the sustainable production of chemicals. Over the years, the exploration of microbial, animal and plant metabolism has generated a wealth of valuable genetic information. The prudent application of this knowledge on cellular metabolism and biochemistry has enabled the construction of novel metabolic pathways that do not exist in nature or enhance existing ones. The hand in hand development of computational technology, protein science and genetic manipulation tools has formed the basis of powerful emerging technologies that make the production of green chemicals and fuels a reality. Microbial production of chemicals is more feasible compared to plant and animal systems, due to simpler genetic make-up and amenable growth rates. Here, we summarize the recent progress in the synthesis of biofuels, value added chemicals, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals via metabolic engineering of microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15#, Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
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Xu M, Qin J, Rao Z, You H, Zhang X, Yang T, Wang X, Xu Z. Effect of Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) storage on L-arginine production in recombinant Corynebacterium crenatum using coenzyme regulation. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:15. [PMID: 26785743 PMCID: PMC4719700 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0414-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corynebacterium crenatum SYPA 5 is the industrial strain for L-arginine production. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a kind of biopolymer stored as bacterial reserve materials for carbon and energy. The introduction of the PHB synthesis pathway into several strains can regulate the global metabolic pathway. In addition, both the pathways of PHB and L-arginine biosynthesis in the cells are NADPH-dependent. NAD kinase could upregulate the NADPH concentration in the bacteria. Thus, it is interesting to investigate how both PHB and NAD kinase affect the L-arginine biosynthesis in C. crenatum SYPA 5. RESULTS C. crenatum P1 containing PHB synthesis pathway was constructed and cultivated in batch fermentation for 96 h. The enzyme activities of the key enzymes were enhanced comparing to the control strain C. crenatum SYPA 5. More PHB was found in C. crenatum P1, up to 12.7 % of the dry cell weight. Higher growth level and enhanced glucose consumptions were also observed in C. crenatum P1. With respect to the yield of L-arginine, it was 38.54 ± 0.81 g/L, increasing by 20.6 %, comparing to the control under the influence of PHB accumulation. For more NADPH supply, C. crenatum P2 was constructed with overexpression of NAD kinase based on C. crenatum P1. The NADPH concentration was increased in C. crenatum P2 comparing to the control. PHB content reached 15.7 % and 41.11 ± 1.21 g/L L-arginine was obtained in C. crenatum P2, increased by 28.6 %. The transcription levels of key L-arginine synthesis genes, argB, argC, argD and argJ in recombinant C. crenatum increased 1.9-3.0 times compared with the parent strain. CONCLUSIONS Accumulation of PHB by introducing PHB synthesis pathway, together with up-regulation of coenzyme level by overexpressing NAD kinase, enables the recombinant C. crenatum to serve as high-efficiency cell factories in the long-time L-arginine fermentation. Furthermore, batch cultivation of the engineered C. crenatum revealed that it could accumulate both extracellular L-arginine and intracellular PHB simultaneously. All of these have a potential biotechnological application as a strategy for high-yield L-arginine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingru Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiming Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hengyi You
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Taowei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Controlling the transcription levels of argGH redistributed l-arginine metabolic flux in N-acetylglutamate kinase and ArgR-deregulated Corynebacterium crenatum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 43:55-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Corynebacterium crenatum SYPA5-5, an l-arginine high-producer obtained through multiple mutation-screening steps, had been deregulated by the repression of ArgR that inhibits l-arginine biosynthesis at genetic level. Further study indicated that feedback inhibition of SYPA5-5 N-acetylglutamate kinase (CcNAGK) by l-arginine, as another rate-limiting step, could be deregulated by introducing point mutations. Here, we introduced two of the positive mutations (H268N or R209A) of CcNAGK into the chromosome of SYPA5-5, however, resulting in accumulation of large amounts of the intermediates (l-citrulline and l-ornithine) and decreased production of l-arginine. Genetic and enzymatic levels analysis involved in l-arginine biosynthetic pathway of recombinants SYPA5-5-NAGKH268N (H-7) and SYPA5-5-NAGKR209A (R-8) showed that the transcription levels of argGH decreased accompanied with the reduction of argininosuccinate synthase and argininosuccinase activities, respectively, which led to the metabolic obstacle from l-citrulline to l-arginine. Co-expression of argGH with exogenous plasmid in H-7 and R-8 removed this bottleneck and increased l-arginine productivity remarkably. Compared with SYPA5-5, fermentation period of H-7/pDXW-10-argGH (H-7-GH) reduced to 16 h; meanwhile, the l-arginine productivity improved about 63.6 %. Fed-batch fermentation of H-7-GH in 10 L bioreactor produced 389.9 mM l-arginine with the productivity of 5.42 mM h−1. These results indicated that controlling the transcription of argGH was a key factor for regulating the metabolic flux toward l-arginine biosynthesis after deregulating the repression of ArgR and feedback inhibition of CcNAGK, and therefore functioned as another regulatory mode for l-arginine production. Thus, deregulating all these three regulatory modes was a powerful strategy to construct l-arginine high-producing C. crenatum.
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Lysine Fermentation: History and Genome Breeding. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 159:73-102. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Becker J, Gießelmann G, Hoffmann SL, Wittmann C. Corynebacterium glutamicum for Sustainable Bioproduction: From Metabolic Physiology to Systems Metabolic Engineering. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 162:217-263. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Jensen JVK, Eberhardt D, Wendisch VF. Modular pathway engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for production of the glutamate-derived compounds ornithine, proline, putrescine, citrulline, and arginine. J Biotechnol 2015; 214:85-94. [PMID: 26393954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The glutamate-derived bioproducts ornithine, citrulline, proline, putrescine, and arginine have applications in the food and feed, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. Corynebacterium glutamicum is not only an excellent producer of glutamate but also of glutamate-derived products. Here, engineering targets beneficial for ornithine production were identified and the advantage of rationally constructing a platform strain for the production of the amino acids citrulline, proline, and arginine, and the diamine putrescine was demonstrated. Feedback alleviation of N-acetylglutamate kinase, tuning of the promoter of glutamate dehydrogenase gene gdh, lowering expression of phosphoglucoisomerase gene pgi, along with the introduction of a second copy of the arginine biosynthesis operon argCJB(A49V,M54V)D into the chromosome resulted in a C. glutamicum strain producing ornithine with a yield of 0.52 g ornithine per g glucose, an increase of 71% as compared to the parental ΔargFRG strain. Strains capable of producing 0.41 g citrulline per g glucose, 0.29 g proline per g glucose, 0.30 g arginine per g glucose, and 0.17 g putrescine per g glucose were derived from the ornithine-producing platform strain by plasmid-based overexpression of appropriate pathway modules with one to three genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaide V K Jensen
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Dorit Eberhardt
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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Heider SAE, Wendisch VF. Engineering microbial cell factories: Metabolic engineering ofCorynebacterium glutamicumwith a focus on non-natural products. Biotechnol J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Eggeling L, Bott M. A giant market and a powerful metabolism: L-lysine provided by Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:3387-94. [PMID: 25761623 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6508-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
L-lysine is made in an exceptional large quantity of currently 2,200,000 tons/year and belongs therefore to one of the leading biotechnological products. Production is done almost exclusively with mutants of Corynebacterium glutamicum. The increasing L-lysine market forces companies to improve the production process fostering also a deeper understanding of the microbial physiology of C. glutamicum. Current major challenges are the identification of ancillary mutations not intuitively related with product increase. This review gives insights on how cellular characteristics enable to push the carbon flux in metabolism towards its theoretical maximum, and this example may also serve as a guide to achieve and increase the formation of other products of interest in microbial biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Eggeling
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52458, Jülich, Germany,
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Choi JW, Yim SS, Lee SH, Kang TJ, Park SJ, Jeong KJ. Enhanced production of gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) in recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum by expressing glutamate decarboxylase active in expanded pH range. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:21. [PMID: 25886194 PMCID: PMC4335662 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gamma-aminobutylate (GABA) is an important chemical in pharmacetucal field and chemical industry. GABA has mostly been produced in lactic acid bacteria by adding L-glutamate to the culture medium since L-glutamate can be converted into GABA by inherent L-glutamate decarboxylase. Recently, GABA has gained much attention for the application as a major building block for the synthesis of 2-pyrrolidone and biodegradable polyamide nylon 4, which opens its application area in the industrial biotechnology. Therefore, Corynebacterium glutamicum, the major L-glutamate producing microorganism, has been engineered to achieve direct fermentative production of GABA from glucose, but their productivity was rather low. RESULTS Recombinant C. glutamicum strains were developed for enhanced production of GABA from glucose by expressing Escherichia coli glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) mutant, which is active in expanded pH range. Synthetic PH36, PI16, and PL26 promoters, which have different promoter strengths in C. glutamicum, were examined for the expression of E. coli GAD mutant. C. glutamicum expressing E. coli GAD mutant under the strong PH36 promoter could produce GABA to the concentration of 5.89±0.35 g/L in GP1 medium at pH 7.0, which is 17-fold higher than that obtained by C. glutamicum expressing wild-type E. coli GAD in the same condition (0.34±0.26 g/L). Fed-bath culture of C. glutamicum expressing E. coli GAD mutant in GP1 medium containing 50 μg/L of biotin at pH 6, culture condition of which was optimized in flask cultures, resulted in the highest GABA concentration of 38.6±0.85 g/L with the productivity of 0.536 g/L/h. CONCLUSION Recombinant C. glutamicum strains developed in this study should be useful for the direct fermentative production of GABA from glucose, which allows us to achieve enhanced production of GABA suitable for its application area in the industrial biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woong Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), KAIST, 335 Gwahagno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Sun Yim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), KAIST, 335 Gwahagno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taek Jin Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 100-715, Republic of Korea.
| | - Si Jae Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggido, 449-728, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Jun Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), KAIST, 335 Gwahagno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.
- Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, 335 Gwahagno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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Becker J, Wittmann C. Advanced Biotechnology: Metabolically Engineered Cells for the Bio-Based Production of Chemicals and Fuels, Materials, and Health-Care Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:3328-50. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Biotechnologie von Morgen: metabolisch optimierte Zellen für die bio-basierte Produktion von Chemikalien und Treibstoffen, Materialien und Gesundheitsprodukten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Hao N, Mu J, Hu N, Xu S, Yan M, Li Y, Guo K, Xu L. Improvement of l-citrulline production in Corynebacterium glutamicum by ornithine acetyltransferase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 42:307-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1561-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 was engineered to produce l-citrulline through a metabolic engineering strategy. To prevent the flux away from l-citrulline and to increase the expression levels of genes involved in the citrulline biosynthesis pathway, the argininosuccinate synthase gene (argG) and the repressor gene (argR) were inactivated. The engineered C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 ∆argG ∆argR (CIT 2) produced higher amounts of l-citrulline (5.43 g/L) compared to the wildtype strain (0.15 g/L). To determine new strategies for further enhancement of l-citrulline production, the effect of l-citrulline on ornithine acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.35; OATase; ArgJ) was first investigated. Citrulline was determined to inhibit Ornithine acetyltransferase; for 50 % inhibition, citrulline concentration was 30 mM. The argJ gene from C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 was cloned, and the recombinant shuttle plasmid pXMJ19-argJ was constructed and expressed in C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 ∆argG ∆argR (CIT 2). Overexpression of the argJ gene exhibited increased OAT activity and resulted in a positive effect on citrulline production (8.51 g/L). These results indicate that OAT plays a vital role during l-citrulline production in C. glutamicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hao
- grid.412022.7 0000000093895210 State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu South Road 211816 Nanjing People’s Republic of China
| | - Jr Mu
- grid.412022.7 0000000093895210 State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu South Road 211816 Nanjing People’s Republic of China
| | - N Hu
- grid.412022.7 0000000093895210 State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu South Road 211816 Nanjing People’s Republic of China
| | - S Xu
- grid.412022.7 0000000093895210 State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu South Road 211816 Nanjing People’s Republic of China
| | - M Yan
- grid.412022.7 0000000093895210 State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu South Road 211816 Nanjing People’s Republic of China
| | - Y Li
- grid.412022.7 0000000093895210 State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu South Road 211816 Nanjing People’s Republic of China
| | - K Guo
- grid.412022.7 0000000093895210 State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu South Road 211816 Nanjing People’s Republic of China
| | - L Xu
- grid.412022.7 0000000093895210 State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu South Road 211816 Nanjing People’s Republic of China
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Shin JH, Lee SY. Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for the production of L-arginine and its derivatives. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:166. [PMID: 25467280 PMCID: PMC4258820 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
L-arginine (ARG) is an important amino acid for both medicinal and industrial applications. For almost six decades, the research has been going on for its improved industrial level production using different microorganisms. While the initial approaches involved random mutagenesis for increased tolerance to ARG and consequently higher ARG titer, it is laborious and often leads to unwanted phenotypes, such as retarded growth. Discovery of L-glutamate (GLU) overproducing strains and using them as base strains for ARG production led to improved ARG production titer. Continued effort to unveil molecular mechanisms led to the accumulation of detailed knowledge on amino acid metabolism, which has contributed to better understanding of ARG biosynthesis and its regulation. Moreover, systems metabolic engineering now enables scientists and engineers to efficiently construct genetically defined microorganisms for ARG overproduction in a more rational and system-wide manner. Despite such effort, ARG biosynthesis is still not fully understood and many of the genes in the pathway are mislabeled. Here, we review the major metabolic pathways and its regulation involved in ARG biosynthesis in different prokaryotes including recent discoveries. Also, various strategies for metabolic engineering of bacteria for the overproduction of ARG are described. Furthermore, metabolic engineering approaches for producing ARG derivatives such as L-ornithine (ORN), putrescine and cyanophycin are described. ORN is used in medical applications, while putrescine can be used as a bio-based precursor for the synthesis of nylon-4,6 and nylon-4,10. Cyanophycin is also an important compound for the production of polyaspartate, another important bio-based polymer. Strategies outlined here will serve as a general guideline for rationally designing of cell-factories for overproduction of ARG and related compounds that are industrially valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Shin
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea. .,BioProcess Engineering Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea. .,BioInformatics Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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Akasaka N, Ishii Y, Hidese R, Sakoda H, Fujiwara S. Enhanced production of branched-chain amino acids by Gluconacetobacter europaeus with a specific regional deletion in a leucine responsive regulator. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 118:607-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Eberhardt D, Jensen JVK, Wendisch VF. L-citrulline production by metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum from glucose and alternative carbon sources. AMB Express 2014; 4:85. [PMID: 26267114 PMCID: PMC4883986 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-014-0085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
L-citrulline plays an important role in human health and nutrition and is an intermediate of the L-arginine biosynthetic pathway. L-citrulline is a by-product of L-arginine production by Corynebacterium glutamicum. In this study, C. glutamicum was engineered for overproduction of L-citrulline as major product without L-arginine being produced as by-product. To this end, L-arginine biosynthesis was derepressed by deletion of the arginine repressor gene argR and conversion of L-citrulline towards L-arginine was avoided by deletion of the argininosuccinate synthetase gene argG. Moreover, to facilitate L-citrulline production the gene encoding a feedback resistant N-acetyl L-glutamate kinase argBfbr as well as the gene encoding L-ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase argF were overexpressed. The resulting strain accumulated 44.1 ± 0.5 mM L-citrulline from glucose minimal medium with a yield of 0.38 ± 0.01 g⋅g−1 and a volumetric productivity of 0.32 ± 0.01 g⋅l−1⋅h−1. In addition, production of L-citrulline from the alternative carbon sources starch, xylose, and glucosamine could be demonstrated.
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Kim SY, Lee J, Lee SY. Metabolic engineering ofCorynebacterium glutamicumfor the production of L-ornithine. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 112:416-21. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seo Yun Kim
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 plus program); Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, BioProcess Engineering Research Center, and, Institute for the BioCentury; KAIST; 291 Daehakro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Joungmin Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 plus program); Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, BioProcess Engineering Research Center, and, Institute for the BioCentury; KAIST; 291 Daehakro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 plus program); Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, BioProcess Engineering Research Center, and, Institute for the BioCentury; KAIST; 291 Daehakro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
- Bioinformatics Research Center; KAIST; Daejeon Republic of Korea
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Karau A, Grayson I. Amino acids in human and animal nutrition. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 143:189-228. [PMID: 24676880 DOI: 10.1007/10_2014_269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids are key components of human and animal nutrition, both as part of a protein-containing diet, and as supplemented individual products. In the last 10 years there has been a marked move away from the extraction of amino acids from natural products, which has been replaced by efficient fermentation processes using nonanimal carbon sources. Today several amino acids are produced in fermentation plants with capacities of more than 100,000 tonnes to serve the requirements of animal feed and human nutrition. The main fermentative amino acids for animal nutrition are L-lysine, L-threonine, and L-tryptophan. DL-Methionine continues to be manufactured for animal feed use principally by chemical synthesis, and a pharmaceutical grade is manufactured by enzymatic resolution. Amino acids play an important role in medical nutrition, particularly in parenteral nutrition, where there are high purity requirements for infusion grade products. Amino acids are also appearing more often in dietary supplements, initially for performance athletes, but increasingly for the general population. As the understanding of the effects of the individual amino acids on the human metabolism is deepened, more specialized product mixtures are being offered to improve athletic performance and for body-building.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Karau
- Evonik Industries AG, Business Line Health Care, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457, Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany,
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Katoh H, Miyata SI, Inoue H, Iwanami T. Unique features of a Japanese 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' strain revealed by whole genome sequencing. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106109. [PMID: 25180586 PMCID: PMC4152171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus greening (huanglongbing) is the most destructive disease of citrus worldwide. It is spread by citrus psyllids and is associated with phloem-limited bacteria of three species of α-Proteobacteria, namely, 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', 'Ca. L. americanus', and 'Ca. L. africanus'. Recent findings suggested that some Japanese strains lack the bacteriophage-type DNA polymerase region (DNA pol), in contrast to the Floridian psy62 strain. The whole genome sequence of the pol-negative 'Ca. L. asiaticus' Japanese isolate Ishi-1 was determined by metagenomic analysis of DNA extracted from 'Ca. L. asiaticus'-infected psyllids and leaf midribs. The 1.19-Mb genome has an average 36.32% GC content. Annotation revealed 13 operons encoding rRNA and 44 tRNA genes, but no typical bacterial pathogenesis-related genes were located within the genome, similar to the Floridian psy62 and Chinese gxpsy. In contrast to other 'Ca. L. asiaticus' strains, the genome of the Japanese Ishi-1 strain lacks a prophage-related region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Katoh
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Hiromitsu Inoue
- Kuchinotsu Citrus Research Station, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Minami-shimabara, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toru Iwanami
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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