1
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Son JW, Han S, Hyun SW, Song MS, Ha SD. Synergistic effects of sequential treatment using disinfectant and e-beam for inactivation of hepatitis a virus on fresh vegetables. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113254. [PMID: 37803566 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) has adversely affected public health worldwide, causing an economic burden on many countries. Fresh vegetables are reported as a source of HAV infections during production, harvesting, and distribution, which cause the emergence of foodborne illnesses. Therefore, in this study, the synergistic effects of chemical (sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl] and chlorine dioxide [ClO2]) and physical (electron-beam [e-beam] irradiation) sequential treatment for HAV inactivation on fresh vegetables were investigated, and the physicochemical quality changes of vegetables were evaluated after each treatment. On bell pepper and cucumber sequentially treated with NaOCl (50-500 ppm) and e-beam (1-5 kGy), the HAV titer was reduced by 0.19-4.69 and 0.28-4.78 log10 TCID50/mL, respectively. Sequential treatment with ClO2 (10-250 ppm) and e-beam (1-5 kGy) reduced the HAV titer on bell pepper and cucumber by 0.41-4.78 and 0.26-4.80 log10 TCID50/mL, respectively. The sequential treatments steadily decreased the HAV titers on each food by a significant difference (p < 0.05) compared to the controls. The treatment combinations of 500 ppm NaOCl and 3 kGy (e-beam) on bell pepper and 150 ppm NaOCl and 1 kGy (e-beam) on cucumber provided maximum synergistic effects. It was also found that sequential treatment with 50 ppm ClO2 and 5 kGy (e-beam) on bell pepper and 10 ppm ClO2 and 5 kGy (e-beam) on cucumber most efficiently inactivated HAV. Additionally, bell pepper and cucumber showed no significant quality changes (p < 0.05) after the treatment. Therefore, the sequential treatment with NaOCl or ClO2 and e-beam is expected to effectively control HAV on fresh vegetables without changing the food quality compared to either treatment alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Won Son
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangha Han
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Woo Hyun
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Su Song
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Xu M, Ma R, Zhang C, Huang X, Gao X, Lv R, Chen X. Inactivation of Lactobacillus Bacteriophages by Dual Chemical Treatments. Pol J Microbiol 2023; 72:21-28. [PMID: 36929891 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2023-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phage contamination is one of the significant problems in the food fermentation industry, which eventually causes economic losses to the industry. Here, we investigated the viability of Lactobacillus plantarum phage P1 and P2 using various biocides treatments (ethanol, isopropanol, sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid). Results indicated that phage P1 and P2 could be completely inactivated by treatment with 75% ethanol for 5 min, followed by 400 ppm of sodium hypochlorite treatment for 5 min. Phage P2 could be completely inactivated in the reverse sequence, while 800 ppm of sodium hypochlorite was required to achieve a similar effect for phage P1. Moreover, 100% isopropanol could increase the inactivating effect of 75% ethanol. This study may provide basic information on using multiple antimicrobials for phage control in laboratories and food plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xu
- 1Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 2Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 3Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
| | - Ruirui Ma
- 1Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 2Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 3Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
| | - Can Zhang
- 1Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 2Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 3Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
| | - Xuecheng Huang
- 1Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 2Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 3Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
| | - Xin Gao
- 1Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 2Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 3Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
| | - Ruirui Lv
- 1Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 2Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 3Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
| | - Xia Chen
- 1Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 2Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 3Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
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3
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Kazberova A, Solovov R, Orlichenia V. Phosphorylated Cotton Cellulose as a Matrix for Generating Chlorine Dioxide. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040967. [PMID: 36850250 PMCID: PMC9967223 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, developing disinfectant materials is of utmost importance. A significant advantage of our fabric is its reusability. The disinfectants based on a natural polymer of cellulose have been barely investigated. Our work presents a modified cellulose material, and the data obtained for the first time on the chlorine dioxide generation process when treating the material with a sodium chlorite alcohol solution. A method of applying NaClO2 onto the fabric by impregnating it with a solution sprayed by an aerosol generator is proposed. This kind of fabric is capable of withstanding multiple usages after pre-washing and rinsing. The lowest alcohols-methanol, ethanol and isopropanol-are proposed as optimal solvents. It was shown that the phosphorylated cotton cellulose fabric impregnated with this solution generates chlorine dioxide during the first 25-35 min. Neither humidity nor expedites improve the process of releasing the chlorine dioxide, but high moisture content in the air causes the complete absorption of ClO2 by microdrops and its removal from the gas environment. A promising technique for removing the excess ClO2 by the means of UV treatment is proposed: after 15 min of treating ClO2 in the gas phase, it disappears entirely. These materials could be used as disinfectants in different industries, such as food and industrial manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anfisa Kazberova
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 40 Obruchev Street, 117342 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman Solovov
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 40 Obruchev Street, 117342 Moscow, Russia
| | - Verbina Orlichenia
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 40 Obruchev Street, 117342 Moscow, Russia
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Song M, Hossain MI, Jung S, Yeo D, Wang Z, Min A, Zhao Z, Park S, Choi C. Comparison of virucidal efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid, and ethanol against hepatitis A virus by carrier and suspension tests. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 363:109506. [PMID: 34990885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A carrier (stainless steel disc as a default carrier) testing method is very needed for use in the actual food-processing fields by following the standard guideline. Here, we aimed to compare the virucidal efficacy of four commercial liquid disinfectants, including sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), and peracetic acid (PAA) against hepatitis A virus (HAV) following the OECD guideline protocol based on the quantitative carrier testing method and compared carrier testing results with the suspension testing results. The OECD method specifies a test for establishing whether a chemical disinfectant or a microbicide has a virucidal activity on hard non-porous surfaces. The antiviral efficacy was evaluated by plaque assays, and disinfectants were considered effective if the virus reduction was greater than or equal to 3 log10 (99.9% decrease) for carrier or 4 log10 (99.99% decrease) for suspension tests. Results indicated that ClO2 above 500 ppm and 50% ethanol were effective in the carrier test method. In contrast, more than 200 ppm NaOCl and 50 ppm ClO2 for all exposure times and 70% ethanol with contact for more than 5 min were effective in suspension tests. Treatment with PAA (80-2500 ppm) were not effective in carrier or suspension tests. Therefore, we recommend the use of more than 500 ppm ClO2 or 50% ethanol with exposure for 10 min to disinfect surfaces that may be contaminated with HAV. Thus, these results could be effective in establishing official antiviral efficacy testing methods and basic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiao Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Iqbal Hossain
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Soontag Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Daseul Yeo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhaoqi Wang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Min
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Ziwei Zhao
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunho Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Effectiveness of water and sanitizer washing solutions for removing enteric viruses from blueberries. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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6
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Lacombe A, Quintela I, Liao YT, Wu VCH. Food safety lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic. J Food Saf 2020; 41:e12878. [PMID: 33612893 PMCID: PMC7883256 DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The COVID‐19 pandemic has ushered in a new era of food safety. To date, there is no evidence to suggest that consuming food is associated with COVID‐19. Nevertheless, COVID‐19's impact on food safety and security has been grave. The world is currently experiencing several supply chain issues as a direct result of extensive lockdowns and impacts on essential workers' safety. However, disruption in the food supply, while catastrophic in nature, has created opportunities for the advancement of medical science, data processing, security monitoring, foodborne pathogen detection, and food safety technology. This article will discuss the key components for food safety during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The discussion will draw from lessons learned early in the outbreak and will analyze the etiology of the disease through a food safety perspective. From there, we will discuss personal protective equipment, detection of SARS‐CoV‐2, useful surrogates to study SARS‐CoV‐2, and the expanding field of data science, from the food safety point of view. In the future, scientists can apply the knowledge to the containment of COVID‐19 and eventually to future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Lacombe
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, United States Department Agricultural Agricultural Research Service Albany California USA
| | - Irwin Quintela
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, United States Department Agricultural Agricultural Research Service Albany California USA
| | - Yen-Te Liao
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, United States Department Agricultural Agricultural Research Service Albany California USA
| | - Vivian C H Wu
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, United States Department Agricultural Agricultural Research Service Albany California USA
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7
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Oliveira M, Tiwari BK, Duffy G. Emerging Technologies for Aerial Decontamination of Food Storage Environments to Eliminate Microbial Cross-Contamination. Foods 2020; 9:E1779. [PMID: 33266230 PMCID: PMC7759774 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Air is recognized as an important source of microbial contamination in food production facilities and has the potential to contaminate the food product causing food safety and spoilage issues for the food industry. Potential for aerial microbial contamination of food can be a particular issue during storage in cold rooms when the food is not packaged and is exposed to contaminated air over a prolonged period. Thus, there are potential benefits for the food industry for an aerial decontamination in cold storage facilities. In this paper, aerial decontamination approaches are reviewed and challenges encountered for their applications are discussed. It is considered that current systems may not be completely effective and environmentally friendly, therefore, it is of great significance to consider the development of nonresidual and verified decontamination technologies for the food industry and, in particular, for the cold storage rooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Oliveira
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 KN3K Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Brijesh K. Tiwari
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 KN3K Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Geraldine Duffy
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 KN3K Dublin, Ireland;
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8
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Buckley D, Dharmasena M, Wang H, Huang J, Adams J, Pettigrew C, Fraser A, Jiang X. Efficacy of novel aqueous photo-chlorine dioxide against a human norovirus surrogate, bacteriophage MS2 and Clostridium difficile endospores, in suspension, on stainless steel and under greenhouse conditions. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1531-1545. [PMID: 33025608 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The efficacy of a novel photochemical method for generating chlorine dioxide (photoClO2 ) was evaluated against human noroviruses (HuNoV) surrogate, bacteriophage MS2, and Clostridium difficile endospores. METHODS AND RESULTS Chlorine dioxide was generated by mixing 1% sodium chlorite with 10 parts-per-million (ppm) Eosin Y and irradiating with a photo-activator-excitable light. PhotoClO2 efficacy was assessed against bacteriophage MS2 and C. difficile endospores in suspension, on hard surfaces and greenhouse conditions under soiled and unsoiled conditions. The estimated effective photoClO2 produced and consumed was 20·39 ± 0·16 ppm at a rate of 8·16 ppm per min in a 1% sodium chlorite solution. In suspension, MS2 phage was reduced by 3·35 and >5·10 log10 PFU per ml in 120 and 90 min, with and without soil, respectively. At the same time, when dried on stainless steel surface, MS2 phage was reduced by >4·53 log10 PFU per carrier in 30 min under both conditions. On the other hand, C. difficile endospores in suspension were reduced by 2·26 and 3·65 log10 CFU per ml in 120 min with and without soiling, respectively. However, on stainless steel surface, maximal reductions of the C. difficile endospores were 0·8 and 1·5 log10 CFU per carrier with and without soiling, respectively, and a maximal reduction of 2·97 log10 CFU per carrier under greenhouse conditions at 24 h. CONCLUSIONS Overall, photoClO2 showed promise as a technology to control HuNoV contamination on environmental surfaces but requires further optimization and testing against C. difficile endospores. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Results from this investigation will serve as a model for how to generate and quantify photoClO2 and how to appropriately evaluate this new class of disinfectants against environmentally resilient pathogens: viruses and bacterial endospores.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Buckley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - M Dharmasena
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - H Wang
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - J Huang
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - J Adams
- The Procter and Gamble Co, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - C Pettigrew
- The Procter and Gamble Co, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - A Fraser
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - X Jiang
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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9
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Buckley D, Annous BA, Vinyard B. Evaluation of chlorine dioxide gas release rates from dry precursors intended for applied technologies under disparate conditions and their effects on Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2020.102307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Smith DJ, Scapanski A. Distribution and Chemical Fate of [ 36Cl]Chlorine Dioxide Gas on Avocados, Eggs, Onions, and Sweet Potatoes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5000-5008. [PMID: 32310652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fate and distribution studies were conducted with [36Cl]-chlorine dioxide in avocados, eggs, onions, and sweet potatoes. Experiments utilized sealed, darkened chambers, 5 mg of 36ClO2 (g), and two-hour exposure periods. Total radioactive residues were quantitated in gas purges, tank rinses, reaction chambers, and on fractions specific to each food. Deposition of the radioactive residue was mostly a surface phenomenon; transfer of radioactivity into albumen occurred in egg, but radioactivity did not penetrate the onion tunic and only small amounts of activity were present in avocado flesh. Potato skin contained essentially all the potato radiochlorine. Regardless of the food product, nearly all radioactive residue was present in edible tissues as chloride ions; the chlorite ion was present only in egg-rinse water. Small amounts (10% or less) of radioactivity were present as chlorate ions, which would be a useful marker compound for chlorine dioxide sanitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Smith
- USDA ARS, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1616 Albrecht Blvd., Fargo, North Dakota 58102-2765, United States
| | - Abigail Scapanski
- USDA ARS, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1616 Albrecht Blvd., Fargo, North Dakota 58102-2765, United States
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11
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Liao N, Gong L, Chen L, Sun L, Chen J, Lou X, Mao H, Zhang Y, Zhang R. Antimicrobial effects of Chinese rice wine on Norovirus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in traditional wine-treated mud snails (Bullacta exarata). Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Mitchell CM, McGrath A, Beck B, Schurr MJ, Fong D, Leszczynski JK, Manuel CA. Low-cost, Small-scale Decontamination of Laboratory Equipment by Using Chlorine Dioxide Gas. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019; 58:569-576. [PMID: 31466553 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-18-000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A significant concern in laboratory animal medicine is contamination due to pathogen outbreaks and how to adequately decontaminate small equipment. Many factors play a role in the selection of the decontamination method including cost, efficacy, personnel time and safety. Chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) gas is an effective method, but decontamination often requires a ClO₂ gas generator with a specialized air-tight exposure chamber. Although this method works well for large-scale decon- tamination, the use of a gas generator may be impractical and too costly for smaller-scale decontamination. The goal of this study was to create and validate an effective, small-scale decontamination method that uses ClO₂ gas and which is an affordable, efficient, safe, and reproducible. First, we identified a product that generates ClO₂ gas after the combination of 2 dry reagents. To find an affordable exposure chamber, we evaluated the ability of 4 household totes with gasket-seal lid systems to retain ClO₂ gas and relative humidity (RH). The efficacy of decontamination was validated by concurrently using 2 different biologic indicators (BI), Bacillus atrophaeus (B.a.) and Geobacillus stearothermophilus (G.s.). All household totes evaluated held sufficient gas and RH for a 15-h cycle, providing adequate contact time to inactivate both BI evaluated. Our results suggest that a total exposure dose of 71 ± 42 ppm-h of ClO₂ gas over 15 h at 90% or greater RH is adequate to inactivate both B.a. and G.s. There was no statistical significance between the 2 BI as indicators for decontamination; 65 of 230 (28.3%) B.a. and 75 of 230 (32.6%) G.s spore strips were positive for growth (P = 0.36). In conclusion, we successfully combined a variety of low-cost materials to establish an effective, small-scale method to decontaminate laboratory equipment. Depending on the size of the tote and whether BI are used, the cost of our method is roughly 1% that of large-scale ClO₂ gas generators used with specialized air-tight exposure chambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara M Mitchell
- Animal Resources Center, The University of Chicago Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alison McGrath
- Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Research Safety and Industrial Hygiene, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver
| | - Breanne Beck
- Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Research Safety and Industrial Hygiene, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver
| | - Michael J Schurr
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Research Safety and Industrial Hygiene, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver
| | - Derek Fong
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, Research Safety and Industrial Hygiene, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver; Department of Pathology, Research Safety and Industrial Hygiene, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver
| | - Jorik K Leszczynski
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, Research Safety and Industrial Hygiene, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver; Department of Pathology, Research Safety and Industrial Hygiene, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver
| | - Christopher A Manuel
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, Research Safety and Industrial Hygiene, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver; Department of Pathology, Research Safety and Industrial Hygiene, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado;,
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13
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Zhang Y, Miao Z, Huang X, Wang X, Liu J, Wang G. Laser Tweezers Raman Spectroscopy (LTRS) to Detect Effects of Chlorine Dioxide on Individual Nosema bombycis Spores. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 73:774-780. [PMID: 30444144 DOI: 10.1177/0003702818817522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The microsporidium Nosema bombycis (Nb) causes pebrine, a fatal disease in sericulture. Nb is effectively killed by chlorine dioxide (ClO2); however, the precise killing mechanism remains unclear. We used laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy (LTRS) to monitor the action of ClO2 on individual Nb spores in real time. Raman peaks of ClO2 appeared in Nb spores, corresponding to decreased peaks of trehalose that gradually disappeared. A peak (1658 cm-1) corresponding to the protein α-helix significantly weakened while that (1668 cm-1) corresponding to irregular protein structures was enhanced; their intensities were negatively correlated in a certain time range and dependent on ClO2 concentration. The intensities of peaks at 782 cm-1 (nucleic acids) and 1004 cm-1 (phenylalanine of protein) did not change evidently even under extremely high ClO2 concentrations. Thus, ClO2 rapidly permeates the Nb spore wall, changing the protein secondary structure to lose biological function and destroy permeability, causing trehalose to leak out. These effects are ClO2 concentration-dependent, but no other obvious changes to biomacromolecules were detected. Single-cell analysis using LTRS is an effective method to monitor the action of chemical sporicides on microbes in real time, providing insight into the heterogeneity of cell stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- 1 School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guangxi, China
- 2 Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhenbin Miao
- 1 School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guangxi, China
- 2 Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Guangxi, China
| | - Xuhua Huang
- 3 Guangxi Academy of Sericultural Sciences, Guangxi, China
| | | | - Junxian Liu
- 1 School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guangxi, China
| | - Guiwen Wang
- 2 Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Guangxi, China
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Maks N, Ye MU, Swanson S, Lee A, Freeman BB, Deng K. Evaluation of Inactivating Norovirus, Hepatitis A, and Listeria monocytogenes on Raspberries by Sanitizer Spray. J Food Prot 2019; 82:869-877. [PMID: 31017811 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS Chlorine and PAA spray reduced MNV and L. monocytogenes from raspberries by <1.0 log. Residual PAA on raspberries further reduced MNV and Listeria during postspray frozen storage. PAA decayed more slowly than active chlorine on raspberry surfaces. The data suggest that PAA could aid in risk reduction of pathogens on raspberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Maks
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Institute for Food Safety and Health, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, USA
| | - M U Ye
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Institute for Food Safety and Health, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, USA
| | - Sara Swanson
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Institute for Food Safety and Health, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, USA
| | - Alvin Lee
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Institute for Food Safety and Health, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, USA
| | - Britt Burton Freeman
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Institute for Food Safety and Health, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, USA
| | - Kaiping Deng
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Institute for Food Safety and Health, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, USA
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15
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López-Gálvez F, Randazzo W, Vásquez A, Sánchez G, Decol LT, Aznar R, Gil MI, Allende A. Irrigating Lettuce with Wastewater Effluent: Does Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide Inactivate Viruses? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2018; 47:1139-1145. [PMID: 30272803 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.12.0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reclaimed water obtained from urban wastewater is currently being used as irrigation water in water-scarce regions in Spain. However, wastewater can contain enteric viruses that water reclamation treatment cannot remove or inactivate completely. In the present study, greenhouse-grown baby lettuce ( L.) was irrigated with secondary treatment effluent from a wastewater treatment plant untreated and treated using chlorine dioxide (ClO). The effect of ClO treatment on the physicochemical characteristics and the presence of enteric viruses in irrigation water and lettuce was assessed. The presence of human noroviruses genogroups I and II (NoV GI and NoV GII), and human astroviruses (HAstV), was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Additionally, to check for the loss of infectivity induced by the disinfection treatment, positive samples were re-analyzed after pretreatment with the intercalating dye PMAxx before RNA extraction and RT-qPCR. There were no significant differences in the proportion of positive samples and the concentration of enteric viruses between treated and untreated reclaimed water without PMAxx pretreatment ( > 0.05). A significantly lower concentration of NoV GI was detected in ClO-treated water when samples were pretreated with PMAxx ( < 0.05), indicating that inactivation was due to the disinfection treatment. Laboratory-scale validation tests indicated the suitability of PMAxx-RT-qPCR for discrimination between potentially infectious and ClO-damaged viruses. Although the applied ClO treatment was not able to significantly reduce the enteric virus load of the secondary effluent from the wastewater treatment plant, none of the lettuce samples analyzed ( = 36) was positive for the presence of NoV or HAstV.
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16
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Park SH, Kim WJ, Kang DH. Effect of relative humidity on inactivation of foodborne pathogens using chlorine dioxide gas and its residues on tomatoes. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 67:154-160. [PMID: 29719930 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of relative humidity (RH) on the antimicrobial efficacy of chlorine dioxide (ClO2 ) gas against foodborne pathogens on tomatoes was evaluated. Also, levels of ClO2 residues on tomatoes after exposure to ClO2 gas under different RH conditions were measured to determine the quantity of solubilized ClO2 gas on tomato surfaces. Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes were inoculated on tomatoes and exposed to ClO2 gas (5, 10, 20 and 30 ppmv) under different RH conditions (50, 70 and 90%). As ClO2 gas concentration and treatment time increased, significant differences (P < 0·05) were observed between inactivation levels under different RH conditions. Exposure to 30 ppmv of ClO2 gas (50% RH) for 20 min resulted in 1·22-1·52 log reductions of the three foodborne pathogens. Levels of the three foodborne pathogens were reduced to below the detection limit (0·48 log CFU per cm2 ) within 15 min when exposed to 30 ppmv of ClO2 gas at 70% RH and within 10 min at 90% RH. At a given ClO2 gas concentration, ClO2 residues on tomatoes significantly (P < 0·05) increased with increasing RH, and there were close correlations between log reductions of pathogens and ClO2 residues on tomatoes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study reported on the correlation between the amount of ClO2 residues on produce surfaces and the level of inactivation of pathogens after ClO2 gas treatment. Variations in RH have great effect on the solubilization of ClO2 gas on tomato surfaces considering that ClO2 residues on tomatoes increased with increasing RH. Also, the amount of ClO2 residues on tomatoes is positively correlated with the level of inactivation of pathogens. The results of this study provide insights for predicting inactivation patterns of foodborne pathogens by ClO2 gas for practical application by the fresh produce industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Park
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - W J Kim
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - D H Kang
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Kingsley DH, Pérez-Pérez RE, Niemira BA, Fan X. Evaluation of gaseous chlorine dioxide for the inactivation of Tulane virus on blueberries. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 273:28-32. [PMID: 29558681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To determine the effectiveness of gaseous chlorine dioxide (gClO2) against a human norovirus surrogate on produce, gClO2 was generated and applied to Tulane virus-coated blueberries in a 240 ml-treatment chamber. gClO2 was produced by an acidifying sodium chlorite solution. Initial assessments indicated that blueberries treated with gClO2 generated from ≤1 mg acidified sodium chlorite in the small chamber appeared unaffected while gClO2 generated from ≥10 mg of acidified sodium chlorite solution altered the appearance and quality of the blueberries. Treatments of inoculated blueberries with gClO2 generated from 0.1 mg sodium chlorite reduced the virus populations by >1 log after exposure for 30 to 330 min. For the 1 mg sodium chlorite treatments, the virus populations were reduced by >2.2 log after 15 min exposure and to non-detectable levels (>3.3 logs reductions) after 180 min exposure. Measured concentrations of gClO2 peaked in the treatment chamber at 0.9 μg/l after 10 min for 0.1 mg treatments and 600 μg/l after around 20 min for 1 mg treatment. Overall results indicate that gClO2 could be a feasible waterless intervention for blueberries and other produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Kingsley
- USDA ARS ERRC Food Safety & Intervention Technologies Research Unit, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States.
| | - Rafael E Pérez-Pérez
- USDA ARS ERRC Food Safety & Intervention Technologies Research Unit, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
| | - Brendan A Niemira
- USDA ARS ERRC Food Safety & Intervention Technologies Research Unit, Wyndmoor, PA, United States
| | - Xuetong Fan
- USDA ARS ERRC Chemical Residue and Predictive Microbiology Research Unit, Wyndmoor, PA, United States
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18
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Li Y, Pi QM, You HH, Li JQ, Wang PC, Yang X, Wu Y. A smart multi-functional coating based on anti-pathogen micelles tethered with copper nanoparticlesviaa biosynthesis method usingl-vitamin C. RSC Adv 2018; 8:18272-18283. [PMID: 35541145 PMCID: PMC9080516 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01985a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A multi-functional anti-pathogen coating with “release-killing”, “contact-killing” and “anti-adhesion” properties was prepared from biocompatible polymer encapsulated chlorine dioxide (ClO2) which protected the active ingredient from the outside environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (Wuhan Polytechnic University)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Polytechnic University
- Wuhan 430023
| | - Qing-meng Pi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
- Renji Hospital
- Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai 200129
- P. R. China
| | - Hui-hui You
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology
- College of Life Sciences
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
- P. R. China
| | - Jin-quan Li
- Brain and Cognitive Dysfunction Research Center
- School of Medicine
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430081
- P. R. China
| | - Peng-cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (Wuhan Polytechnic University)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Polytechnic University
- Wuhan 430023
| | - Xu Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology
- College of Life Sciences
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
- P. R. China
| | - Yang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (Wuhan Polytechnic University)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Polytechnic University
- Wuhan 430023
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19
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Smith DJ, Herges GR. Stability of Sodium Chlorate Residues in Frozen Tomato and Cantaloupe Homogenates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:6258-6263. [PMID: 28742343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the stability of sodium chlorate in frozen (-24 °C) tomato or cantaloupe homogenates for up to 17 weeks (119 days). Chlorate stability was assessed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) at two fortification levels (80 or 600 ng/g for tomato and 200 or 3000 ng/g for cantaloupe, n = 3 each) for each fruit after storage for 0, 1, 7, 14, 28, 56, or 119 d. Within matrix type, chlorate recovery was determined by fortifying duplicate blank homogenate samples on the day of analysis with the same concentrations used for the stability samples. Chlorate limits of quantitation for cantaloupe and tomato matrices were 30 and 60 ng/g, respectively. Sodium chlorate residues were stable (P > 0.05) in frozen tomato and cantaloupe homogenates during storage for 119 days at -24 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Smith
- USDA ARS, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory , 1605 Albrecht Blvd., Fargo, North Dakota 58102-2765, United States
| | - Grant R Herges
- USDA ARS, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory , 1605 Albrecht Blvd., Fargo, North Dakota 58102-2765, United States
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20
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Montazeri N, Manuel C, Moorman E, Khatiwada JR, Williams LL, Jaykus LA. Virucidal Activity of Fogged Chlorine Dioxide- and Hydrogen Peroxide-Based Disinfectants against Human Norovirus and Its Surrogate, Feline Calicivirus, on Hard-to-Reach Surfaces. Front Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28642746 PMCID: PMC5462988 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of foodborne illnesses in the United States. Norovirus is shed in high numbers in the feces and vomitous of infected individuals. Contact surfaces contaminated with bodily fluids harboring infectious virus particles serve as vehicles for pathogen transmission. Environmental stability of NoV and its resistance to many conventional disinfectants necessitate effective inactivation strategies to control the spread of virus. We investigated the efficacy of two commercial disinfectants, hydrogen peroxide (7.5%) and a chlorine dioxide (0.2%)-surfactant-based product using a fogging delivery system against human NoV GI.6 and GII.4 Sydney strains as well as the cultivable surrogate, feline calicivirus (FCV) dried on stainless steel coupons. Log10 reductions in human NoV and FCV were calculated utilizing RNase RT-qPCR and infectivity (plaque) assay, respectively. An improved antiviral activity of hydrogen peroxide as a function of disinfectant formulation concentration in the atmosphere was observed against both GII.4 and FCV. At 12.4 ml/m3, hydrogen peroxide achieved a respective 2.5 ± 0.1 and 2.7 ± 0.3 log10 reduction in GI.6 and GII.4 NoV genome copies, and a 4.3 ± 0.1 log10 reduction in infectious FCV within 5 min. At the same disinfectant formulation concentration, chlorine dioxide-surfactant-based product resulted in a respective 1.7 ± 0.2, 0.6 ± 0.0, and 2.4 ± 0.2 log10 reduction in GI.6, GII.4, and FCV within 10 min; however, increasing the disinfectant formulation concentration to 15.9 ml/m3 negatively impacted its efficacy. Fogging uniformly delivered the disinfectants throughout the room, and effectively decontaminated viruses on hard-to-reach surfaces. Hydrogen peroxide delivered by fog showed promising virucidal activity against FCV by meeting the United States EPA 4-log10 reduction criteria for an anti-noroviral disinfectant; however, fogged chlorine dioxide-surfactant-based product did not achieve a 4-log10 inactivation. Future investigation aimed at optimizing decontamination practices is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naim Montazeri
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, RaleighNC, United States
| | - Clyde Manuel
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, RaleighNC, United States
| | - Eric Moorman
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, RaleighNC, United States
| | - Janak R Khatiwada
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina A&T State University, NC Research Campus, KannapolisNC, United States
| | - Leonard L Williams
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina A&T State University, NC Research Campus, KannapolisNC, United States
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, RaleighNC, United States
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21
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Brié A, Razafimahefa R, Loutreul J, Robert A, Gantzer C, Boudaud N, Bertrand I. The Effect of Heat and Free Chlorine Treatments on the Surface Properties of Murine Norovirus. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:149-158. [PMID: 27888443 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9271-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Heat and free chlorine are among the most efficient and commonly used treatments to inactivate enteric viruses, but their global inactivation mechanisms have not been elucidated yet. These treatments have been shown to affect at least the capsid proteins of viruses and thus may affect the surface properties (i.e. electrostatic charge and hydrophobicity) of such particles. Our aim was to study the effects of heat and free chlorine on surface properties for a murine norovirus chosen as surrogate for human norovirus. No changes in the surface properties were observed with our methods for murine norovirus exposed to free chlorine. Only the heat treatment led to major changes in the surface properties of the virus with the expression of hydrophobic domains at the surface of the particles after exposure to a temperature of 55 °C. No modification of the expression of hydrophobic domains occurred after exposure to 60 °C, and the low hydrophobic state exhibited by infectious and inactivated particles after exposure to 60 °C appeared to be irreversible for inactivated particles only, which may provide a means to discriminate infectious from inactivated murine noroviruses. When exposed to a temperature of 72 °C or to free chlorine at a concentration of 50 mg/L, the genome became available for RNases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Brié
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Faculté de Pharmacie, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 5 Rue Albert Lebrun, 54000, Nancy, France
- CNRS, LCPME, UMR 7564, Institut Jean Barriol, Nancy, France
- Food Safety Department, ACTALIA, Saint Lô, France
| | | | | | - Aurélie Robert
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Faculté de Pharmacie, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 5 Rue Albert Lebrun, 54000, Nancy, France
- CNRS, LCPME, UMR 7564, Institut Jean Barriol, Nancy, France
- Food Safety Department, ACTALIA, Saint Lô, France
| | - Christophe Gantzer
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Faculté de Pharmacie, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 5 Rue Albert Lebrun, 54000, Nancy, France
- CNRS, LCPME, UMR 7564, Institut Jean Barriol, Nancy, France
| | | | - Isabelle Bertrand
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Faculté de Pharmacie, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 5 Rue Albert Lebrun, 54000, Nancy, France.
- CNRS, LCPME, UMR 7564, Institut Jean Barriol, Nancy, France.
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Inactivation efficiency and mechanism of UV-TiO 2 photocatalysis against murine norovirus using a solidified agar matrix. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 238:256-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Smith DJ, Giddings JM, Herges GR, Ernst W. Distribution, Identification, and Quantification of Residues after Treatment of Ready-To-Eat Salami with 36Cl-Labeled or Nonlabeled Chlorine Dioxide Gas. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8454-8462. [PMID: 27791367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
When ready-to-eat salami was treated in a closed system with 36Cl-labeled ClO2 (5.5 mg/100 g of salami), essentially all radioactivity was deposited onto the salami. Administered 36ClO2 was converted to 36Cl-chloride ion (>97%), trace levels of chlorate (<2%), and detectable levels of chlorite. In residue studies conducted with nonlabeled ClO2, sodium perchlorate residues (LOQ, 4 ng/g) were not formed when reactions were protected from light. Sodium chlorate residues were present in control (39.2 ± 4.8 ng/g) and chlorine dioxide treated (128 ± 31.2 ng/g) salami. If sanitation occurred under conditions of illumination, detectable levels (3.7 ± 1.5 ng/g) of perchlorate were formed along with greater quantities of sodium chlorate (183.6 ± 75.4 ng/g). Collectively, these data suggest that ClO2 is chemically reduced by salami and that slow-release formulations might be appropriate for applications involving the sanitation of ready-to-eat meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Smith
- USDA ARS, Biosciences Research Laboratory , 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102-2765, United States
| | - J Michael Giddings
- USDA ARS, Biosciences Research Laboratory , 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102-2765, United States
| | - Grant R Herges
- USDA ARS, Biosciences Research Laboratory , 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102-2765, United States
| | - William Ernst
- ICA Tri-Nova Corporation, LLC , 24 Woodland Trail, Newnan, Georgia 30263, United States
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