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Arista-Regalado AD, Viera-Segura O, de Oca SAM, Hernández-Hernández L, González-Aguilar DG, León JB. Characterization and efficacy of Salmonella phage cocktail PHA46 in the control of Salmonella Newport and Typhimurium internalized into cherry tomatoes. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 419:110745. [PMID: 38795636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Non-typhoid Salmonella enterica causes salmonellosis illness, and this bacterium can contaminate food throughout the production chain, including those that are consumed as raw products. Salmonella enterica can adhere to and internalize into fresh produce such as cherry tomatoes. It has been reported that lytic bacteriophages (phages) can be used as a biocontrol agent in the agricultural field, being an alternative for the control of Salmonella in red meat, fish, lettuce, and cabbage. The aim of this study was to characterize the two phages present in the PHA46 cocktail to determine their morphology, genome, host range, and resistance to different temperatures and pHs values; and later evaluate their lytic activity to reduce the adherence to and internalization of Salmonella enterica serovars Newport and Typhimurium into cherry tomatoes. In addition, in this work, we also explored the effect of the PHA46 cocktail on the virulence of S. Newport-45 and S. Typhimurium SL1344, recovered from the interior of cherry tomatoes, on the lifespan of the animal model Caenorhabditis elegans. The nematode C. elegans, recently has been used to test the virulence of Salmonella and it is easy to maintain and work with in the laboratory. The results revealed that the morphology obtained by Transmission Electron Microscopy of two phages from the PHA46 cocktail correspond to a myovirus, the analyses of their genomes sequences did not report virulence or antimicrobial resistance genes. The PHA46 sample is specific for 33 different serovars from different Salmonella strains and shows stability at 7 °C and pH 6. Also, the PHA46 cocktail was effective in reducing the adherence of S. Newport-45 and S. Typhimurium SL1344 to cherry tomatoes, at an average of 0.9 log10, respectively. Regarding internalized bacteria, the reduction was at an average of 1.2 log10, of the serovars mentioned above. The lifespan experiments in C. elegans showed by itself, that the PHA46 cocktail was harmless to the nematode, and the virulence from both Salmonella strains grown in vitro is diminished in the presence of the PHA46 cocktail. In conclusion, these results showed that the PHA46 cocktail could be a good candidate to be used as a biocontrol agent against Salmonella enterica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Dolores Arista-Regalado
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada No.950, Col. Independencia, CP. 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Oliver Viera-Segura
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada No.950, Col. Independencia, CP. 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Saúl Aguilar-Montes de Oca
- Area de Proyectos de Investigación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario No.100, Col. Centro, CP: 50000, Toluca de Lerdo, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Leonardo Hernández-Hernández
- Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada No.950, Col. Independencia, CP. 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Delia Guillermina González-Aguilar
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Centro de ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Camino Ramón Padilla Sánchez No. 2100, Col. Las agujas, C.P., 45200, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jeannette Barba León
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Centro de ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Camino Ramón Padilla Sánchez No. 2100, Col. Las agujas, C.P., 45200, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Szymańska S, Deja-Sikora E, Sikora M, Niedojadło K, Mazur J, Hrynkiewicz K. Colonization of Raphanus sativus by human pathogenic microorganisms. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1296372. [PMID: 38426059 PMCID: PMC10902717 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1296372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Contamination of vegetables with human pathogenic microorganisms (HPMOs) is considered one of the most important problems in the food industry, as current nutritional guidelines include increased consumption of raw or minimally processed organic vegetables due to healthy lifestyle promotion. Vegetables are known to be potential vehicles for HPMOs and sources of disease outbreaks. In this study, we tested the susceptibility of radish (Raphanus sativus) to colonization by different HPMOs, including Escherichia coli PCM 2561, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica PCM 2565, Listeria monocytogenes PCM 2191 and Bacillus cereus PCM 1948. We hypothesized that host plant roots containing bactericidal compounds are less prone to HPMO colonization than shoots and leaves. We also determined the effect of selected pathogens on radish growth to check host plant-microbe interactions. We found that one-week-old radish is susceptible to colonization by selected HPMOs, as the presence of the tested HPMOs was demonstrated in all organs of R. sativus. The differences were noticed 2 weeks after inoculation because B. cereus was most abundant in roots (log10 CFU - 2.54), S. enterica was observed exclusively in stems (log10 CFU - 3.15), and L. monocytogenes and E. coli were most abundant in leaves (log10 CFU - 4.80 and 3.23, respectively). The results suggest that E. coli and L. monocytogenes show a higher ability to colonize and move across the plant than B. cereus and S. enterica. Based on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) approach HPMOs were detected in extracellular matrix and in some individual cells of all analyzed organs. The presence of pathogens adversely affected the growth parameters of one-week-old R. sativus, especially leaf and stem fresh weight (decreased by 47-66 and 17-57%, respectively). In two-week-old plants, no reduction in plant biomass development was noted. This observation may result from plant adaptation to biotic stress caused by the presence of HPMOs, but confirmation of this assumption is needed. Among the investigated HPMOs, L. monocytogenes turned out to be the pathogen that most intensively colonized the aboveground part of R. sativus and at the same time negatively affected the largest number of radish growth parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Szymańska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Edyta Deja-Sikora
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Marcin Sikora
- Center for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Niedojadło
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Justyna Mazur
- Center for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Hrynkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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3
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Watler S, Toka FN, Lardé H, Johnson A, Butaye P. Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotypes, isolated from imported, farmed and feral poultry in the Cayman Islands. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1331916. [PMID: 38406633 PMCID: PMC10884249 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1331916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonellae (NTS) are common foodborne pathogens throughout the world causing acute gastroenteritis. Compared to North America and Europe, there is little information on NTS in the Caribbean. Here we investigated the prevalence and characteristics of NTS present in the local poultry of the Cayman Islands to determine the public health risk. In total, we collected 156 samples. These were made up of boot swabs of 31 broiler farms and 31 layer farms (62 samples), paper bedding from 45 imported chick boxes, and 49 pooled cecum samples from feral chickens, each sample representing 10 individual chickens. Salmonella was isolated using the ISO 6579 protocol and isolates were characterized using Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) analysis. Eighteen Salmonella isolates were obtained and comprised six S. enterica subspecies enterica serotypes and one subspecies houtenae serotype. Serotypes were: S. Kentucky (n = 9), S. Saintpaul (n = 5), S. Javiana (n = 1), S. Senftenberg (n = 1), S. Poona (n = 1) and S. Agona (n = 1). S. Kentucky strains were all ST152 and clonally related to poultry strains from the United states. S. Saintpaul ST50 strains showed clonality to North American strains. Over half of the strains (n = 11) contained resistance genes to at least two antibiotic groups and five strains were MDR, mainly those from imported day-old chicks. The blaCMY-2 gene was found in S. Kentucky from day-old chicks. Strains from feral poultry had no acquired AMR genes. While serotypes from feral poultry have been identified in human infections, they pose minimal risk due to their low virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Watler
- Department of Environmental Health, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Felix N. Toka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Hélène Lardé
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Antoinette Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Zhou H, Jia S, Gao Y, Li X, Lin Y, Yang F, Ni K. Characterization of phyllosphere endophytic lactic acid bacteria reveals a potential novel route to enhance silage fermentation quality. Commun Biol 2024; 7:117. [PMID: 38253824 PMCID: PMC10803313 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The naturally attached phyllosphere microbiota play a crucial role in plant-derived fermentation, but the structure and function of phyllosphere endophytes remain largely unidentified. Here, we reveal the diversity, specificity, and functionality of phyllosphere endophytes in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) through combining typical microbial culture, high-throughput sequencing, and genomic comparative analysis. In comparison to phyllosphere bacteria (PB), the fermentation of alfalfa solely with endophytes (EN) enhances the fermentation characteristics, primarily due to the dominance of specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB) such as Lactiplantibacillus, Weissella, and Pediococcus. The inoculant with selected endophytic LAB strains also enhances the fermentation quality compared to epiphytic LAB treatment. Especially, one key endophytic LAB named Pediococcus pentosaceus EN5 shows enrichment of genes related to the mannose phosphotransferase system (Man-PTS) and carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes and higher utilization of carbohydrates. Representing phyllosphere, endophytic LAB shows great potential of promoting ensiling and provides a novel direction for developing microbial inoculant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhang Zhou
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shangang Jia
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yu Gao
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanli Lin
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fuyu Yang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Kuikui Ni
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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5
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Mkangara M. Prevention and Control of Human Salmonella enterica Infections: An Implication in Food Safety. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2023; 2023:8899596. [PMID: 37727836 PMCID: PMC10506869 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8899596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is a foodborne zoonotic pathogen causing diarrhoeal disease to humans after consuming contaminated water, animal, and plant products. The bacterium is the third leading cause of human death among diarrhoeal diseases worldwide. Therefore, human salmonellosis is of public health concern demanding integrated interventions against the causative agent, Salmonella enterica. The prevention of salmonellosis in humans is intricate due to several factors, including an immune-stable individual infected with S. enterica continuing to shed live bacteria without showing any clinical signs. Similarly, the asymptomatic Salmonella animals are the source of salmonellosis in humans after consuming contaminated food products. Furthermore, the contaminated products of plant and animal origin are a menace in food industries due to Salmonella biofilms, which enhance colonization, persistence, and survival of bacteria on equipment. The contaminated food products resulting from bacteria on equipment offset the economic competition of food industries and partner institutions in international business. The most worldwide prevalent broad-range Salmonella serovars affecting humans are Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis, and poultry products, among others, are the primary source of infection. The broader range of Salmonella serovars creates concern over multiple strategies for preventing and controlling Salmonella contamination in foods to enhance food safety for humans. Among the strategies for preventing and controlling Salmonella spread in animal and plant products include biosecurity measures, isolation and quarantine, epidemiological surveillance, farming systems, herbs and spices, and vaccination. Other measures are the application of phages, probiotics, prebiotics, and nanoparticles reduced and capped with antimicrobial agents. Therefore, Salmonella-free products, such as beef, pork, poultry meat, eggs, milk, and plant foods, such as vegetables and fruits, will prevent humans from Salmonella infection. This review explains Salmonella infection in humans caused by consuming contaminated foods and the interventions against Salmonella contamination in foods to enhance food safety and quality for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwanaisha Mkangara
- Department of Science and Laboratory Technology, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 2958, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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6
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Han M, Schierstaedt J, Duan Y, Nietschke M, Jechalke S, Wolf J, Hensel M, Neumann-Schaal M, Schikora A. Salmonella enterica relies on carbon metabolism to adapt to agricultural environments. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1213016. [PMID: 37744895 PMCID: PMC10513388 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1213016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica, a foodborne and human pathogen, is a constant threat to human health. Agricultural environments, for example, soil and plants, can be ecological niches and vectors for Salmonella transmission. Salmonella persistence in such environments increases the risk for consumers. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the mechanisms used by Salmonella to adapt to agricultural environments. We assessed the adaptation strategy of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium strain 14028s to agricultural-relevant situations by analyzing the abundance of intermediates in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid pathway in tested environments (diluvial sand soil suspension and leaf-based media from tomato and lettuce), as well as in bacterial cells grown in such conditions. By reanalyzing the transcriptome data of Salmonella grown in those environments and using an independent RT-qPCR approach for verification, several genes were identified as important for persistence in root or leaf tissues, including the pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit E1 encoding gene aceE. In vivo persistence assay in tomato leaves confirmed the crucial role of aceE. A mutant in another tomato leaf persistence-related gene, aceB, encoding malate synthase A, displayed opposite persistence features. By comparing the metabolites and gene expression of the wild-type strain and its aceB mutant, fumarate accumulation was discovered as a potential way to replenish the effects of the aceB mutation. Our research interprets the mechanism of S. enterica adaptation to agriculture by adapting its carbon metabolism to the carbon sources available in the environment. These insights may assist in the development of strategies aimed at diminishing Salmonella persistence in food production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Han
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jasper Schierstaedt
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig, Germany
- Department Plant-Microbe Systems, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Yongming Duan
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Monika Nietschke
- Division of Microbiology, Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Sven Jechalke
- Institute of Phytopathology, Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Wolf
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Division of Microbiology, Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Meina Neumann-Schaal
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Adam Schikora
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig, Germany
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Dolores Arista-Regalado A, Barba-León J, Humberto Bustamante V, Alberto Flores-Valdez M, Gaona J, Juliana Fajardo-Guerrero M. hilD is required for the active internalization of Salmonella Newport into cherry tomatoes. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100085. [PMID: 37003533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a foodborne pathogen that can be internalized into fresh produce. Most of the Salmonella virulence genes are clustered in regions denominated Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands (SPI). SPI-1 encodes a Type Three Secretion System (T3SS-1) and effector proteins that allow the internalization of Salmonella into animal cells. HilD is a transcriptional regulator that induces expression of SPI-1 genes and other related virulence genes located outside of this island. Here, we assessed the role of hilD in the internalization of Salmonella Newport and Typhimurium into cherry tomatoes, by evaluating either an isolate from an avocado orchard, S. Newport-45, and the laboratory strain S. Typhimurium SL1344 and their isogenic mutants in hilD. The internalization of these bacteria was carried out by using a temperature gradient of 12 °C. The transcription of hilD and invA was tested by qRT-PCR experiments. Our results show that S. Newport-45 hilD mutant viable cells obtained from the interior of the fruit were decreased (2.7-fold), compared with those observed for S. Typhimurium SL1344. Interestingly, at 3 days post-inoculation, the cells recovered from S. Newport-45 hilD mutant were similar to those recovered from all the strains evaluated, suggesting that hilD is required only for the initial internalization of S. Newport.
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Gu G, Murphy CM, Hamilton AM, Zheng J, Nou X, Rideout SL, Strawn LK. Effect of pesticide application on
Salmonella
survival on inoculated tomato leaves. J Food Saf 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ganyu Gu
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory United States Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research Service Beltsville Maryland USA
| | - Claire M. Murphy
- Department of Food Science and Technology Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
| | - Alexis M. Hamilton
- Department of Food Science and Technology Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition US Food and Drug Administration College Park Maryland USA
| | - Xiangwu Nou
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory United States Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research Service Beltsville Maryland USA
| | - Steven L. Rideout
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
| | - Laura K. Strawn
- Department of Food Science and Technology Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
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9
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Karmakar K, Bhattacharya R, Sharma A, Parmar K, Nath U, Nataraja KN, N E, Sharma G, Chakravortty D. Lysinibacillus macroides-mediated control of cellulose-producing morphotype of Salmonella. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:6491-6501. [PMID: 35567417 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil-dwelling human pathogens like Salmonella are transmitted by fresh produce such as tomato, spinach, onion and cabbage. With >2600 serovars, it is difficult to classify the good plant colonizers from the non-colonizers. Generally, soil microbiota are classified as autochthonous or zymogenous organisms, based on their ability to survive in soil. However, such information for soil-dwelling human pathogens is not available Thus there is a need to classify these organisms for designing a strategy to prevent their outbreak. Moreover, soil harbours a plethora of microbes, which can be screened for competitive organisms to control such human pathogens. RESULTS In this study, we examined whether the morphotype based on the attachment factors (e.g., cellulose and curli fimbri) of Salmonella was important for its colonization of roots. Secondly, we tracked the location of the bacteria in the plant cell. Interestingly, most of the epidermal cells occupied by Salmonella showed propidium iodide-positive nuclei. As an extension of the study, a screening of competitive rhizospheric bacteria was performed. One isolate, identified as Lysinibacillus macroides, was able to inhibit the biofilm of Salmonella and subsequently reduced its colonization on roots. CONCLUSION Based on this study, we classified the Rdar (red, dry and rough) morphotypes as good plant colonists. The ability to colonize and subsequent kill the live plant cell throws light on the zymogenous life cycle of soil-dwelling Salmonella. Additionally, Lysinibacillus macroides served as a biocontrol agent by reducing the burden of Salmonella in various vegetables. Such organisms can further be explored to prevent contamination of the food chain. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapudeep Karmakar
- Regional Research Station, Terai Zone, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Coochbehar, West Bengal, India
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rohan Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Kirti Parmar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Utpal Nath
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Karaba N Nataraja
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Earanna N
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, University of Agricultural Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Bangalore, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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10
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Grivokostopoulos NC, Makariti IP, Tsadaris S, Skandamis PN. Impact of population density and stress adaptation on the internalization of Salmonella in leafy greens. Food Microbiol 2022; 106:104053. [PMID: 35690446 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is capable of entering the interior of leafy greens and establishing in the apoplastic area, a phenomenon known as internalization. The ability of internalized bacteria to evade common disinfection practices poses a well-established risk. Our aim was to study the effect of: i) inoculum size and ii) prior adaptation of Salmonella to sublethal stresses, on the internalization of the pathogen in four leafy vegetables. Spinach, lettuce, arugula and chicory were inoculated, by immersion for 2 min at room temperature with: i) Salmonella Enteritidis at 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 log CFU/mL and ii) non-adapted or adapted S. Enteritidis to acid (in TSB with 1% glucose, incubated for 24 h at 37 °C), cold (in TSB for 7 days at 4 °C), starvation (0.85% NaCl of pH 6.6, 48 h at 37 °C) or desiccation (1.5 h at 42 °C, 4 days at 21 °C) stress at appx 3.5 log CFU/mL). Inoculated leafy greens were subsequently stored at 5 °C and 20 °C for 2 h and 48 h (n = 2 × 2). Population of internalized Salmonella, after surface decontamination with 1% w/v AgNO3, was assessed on selective media. Even the lowest initial bacterial inoculum was adequate for internalization of Salmonella to occur in leafy vegetables. Non-adapted Salmonella inoculum of 7.0 (maximum) and 3.0 log CFU/mL (lowest inoculation level tested) after short storage (2 h) resulted in 3.7-4.3 and 1.3-1.5 log CFU/g internalized bacterial population, respectively. Colonization (including both attachment and internalization processes), as well as internalization process, were positively correlated to initial inoculum level. These processes reached a different plateau beyond which, no further increase in internalization was observed. Adaptation of the pathogen to mild stresses enhanced internalization (P < 0.05), with desiccation- and acid-adapted Salmonella demonstrating the highest internalization capacity, regardless of the vegetable and storage temperature. These findings could contribute to further elucidation of colonization capacity of Salmonella in leafy vegetables and assist in selecting the proper conditions that contribute to the prevention of fresh produce contamination with Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Grivokostopoulos
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55, Athens, Greece
| | - I P Makariti
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55, Athens, Greece
| | - S Tsadaris
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55, Athens, Greece
| | - P N Skandamis
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55, Athens, Greece.
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11
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Visconti S, Astolfi ML, Battistoni A, Ammendola S. Impairment of the Zn/Cd detoxification systems affects the ability of Salmonella to colonize Arabidopsis thaliana. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:975725. [PMID: 36071967 PMCID: PMC9441889 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.975725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella capacity to colonize different environments depends on its ability to respond efficiently to fluctuations in micronutrient availability. Among micronutrients, Zn, besides playing an essential role in bacterial physiology, is a key element whose concentration can influence bacterial survival in a particular niche. Plant colonization by Salmonella enterica was described for several years, and some molecular determinants involved in this host-pathogen interaction have started to be characterized. However, it is still unclear if Zn plays a role in the outcome of this interaction, as well established for animal hosts that employ nutritional immunity strategies to counteract pathogens infections. In this study, we have investigated the involvement of Salmonella Typhimurium main effectors of zinc homeostasis in plant colonization, using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model host. The results show that to colonize plant tissues, Salmonella takes advantage of its ability to export excess metal through the efflux pumps ZntA and ZitB. In fact, the deletion of these Zn/Cd detoxification systems can affect bacterial persistence in the shoots, depending on metal availability in the plant tissues. The importance of Salmonella ability to export excess metal was enhanced in the colonization of plants grown in high Zn conditions. On the contrary, the bacterial disadvantage related to Zn detoxification impairment can be abrogated if the plant cannot efficiently translocate Zn to the shoots. Overall, our work highlights the role of Zn in Salmonella-plant interaction and suggests that modulation of plant metal content through biofortification may be an efficient strategy to control pathogen colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Visconti
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Serena Ammendola
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Serena Ammendola,
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12
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Stevens EL, Carleton HA, Beal J, Tillman GE, Lindsey RL, Lauer AC, Pightling A, Jarvis KG, Ottesen A, Ramachandran P, Hintz L, Katz LS, Folster JP, Whichard JM, Trees E, Timme RE, McDERMOTT P, Wolpert B, Bazaco M, Zhao S, Lindley S, Bruce BB, Griffin PM, Brown E, Allard M, Tallent S, Irvin K, Hoffmann M, Wise M, Tauxe R, Gerner-Smidt P, Simmons M, Kissler B, Defibaugh-Chavez S, Klimke W, Agarwala R, Lindsay J, Cook K, Austerman SR, Goldman D, McGARRY S, Hale KR, Dessai U, Musser SM, Braden C. Use of Whole Genome Sequencing by the Federal Interagency Collaboration for Genomics for Food and Feed Safety in the United States. J Food Prot 2022; 85:755-772. [PMID: 35259246 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This multiagency report developed by the Interagency Collaboration for Genomics for Food and Feed Safety provides an overview of the use of and transition to whole genome sequencing (WGS) technology for detection and characterization of pathogens transmitted commonly by food and for identification of their sources. We describe foodborne pathogen analysis, investigation, and harmonization efforts among the following federal agencies: National Institutes of Health; Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA); and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Agricultural Research Service, and Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. We describe single nucleotide polymorphism, core-genome, and whole genome multilocus sequence typing data analysis methods as used in the PulseNet (CDC) and GenomeTrakr (FDA) networks, underscoring the complementary nature of the results for linking genetically related foodborne pathogens during outbreak investigations while allowing flexibility to meet the specific needs of Interagency Collaboration partners. We highlight how we apply WGS to pathogen characterization (virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles) and source attribution efforts and increase transparency by making the sequences and other data publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information. We also highlight the impact of current trends in the use of culture-independent diagnostic tests for human diagnostic testing on analytical approaches related to food safety and what is next for the use of WGS in the area of food safety. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Stevens
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland 20740
| | - Heather A Carleton
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
| | - Jennifer Beal
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland 20740
| | - Glenn E Tillman
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Washington, DC 20250
| | - Rebecca L Lindsey
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
| | - A C Lauer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
| | - Arthur Pightling
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland 20740
| | - Karen G Jarvis
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland 20740
| | - Andrea Ottesen
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland 20740
| | - Padmini Ramachandran
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland 20740
| | - Leslie Hintz
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland 20740
| | - Lee S Katz
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
| | - Jason P Folster
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
| | - Jean M Whichard
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
| | - Eija Trees
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
| | - Ruth E Timme
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland 20740
| | - Patrick McDERMOTT
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Laurel, Maryland 20708
| | - Beverly Wolpert
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland 20740
| | - Michael Bazaco
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland 20740
| | - Shaohua Zhao
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Laurel, Maryland 20708
| | - Sabina Lindley
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland 20740
| | - Beau B Bruce
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
| | - Patricia M Griffin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
| | - Eric Brown
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland 20740
| | - Marc Allard
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland 20740
| | - Sandra Tallent
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland 20740
| | - Kari Irvin
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland 20740
| | - Maria Hoffmann
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland 20740
| | - Matt Wise
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
| | - Robert Tauxe
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
| | - Peter Gerner-Smidt
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
| | - Mustafa Simmons
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Washington, DC 20250
| | - Bonnie Kissler
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Washington, DC 20250
| | | | - William Klimke
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894
| | - Richa Agarwala
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894
| | - James Lindsay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - Kimberly Cook
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - Suelee Robbe Austerman
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
| | - David Goldman
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Washington, DC 20250
| | - Sherri McGARRY
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
| | - Kis Robertson Hale
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Washington, DC 20250
| | - Uday Dessai
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Washington, DC 20250
| | - Steven M Musser
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland 20740
| | - Chris Braden
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
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13
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Alufasi R, Parawira W, Stefanakis AI, Lebea P, Chakauya E, Chingwaru W. Internalisation of Salmonella spp. by Typha latifolia and Cyperus papyrus in vitro and implications for pathogen removal in Constructed Wetlands. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:949-961. [PMID: 32795219 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1811395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTFreshwater contamination by enteric pathogens is implicated in the high frequency of diarrhoeal diseases in low to middle income countries, typically due to poor wastewater management. Constructed Wetlands are a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to conventional/mechanical treatment technologies, but the pathogen removal mechanisms in Constructed Wetlands are not fully understood. This study investigated for the first time the internalisation of Salmonella spp. by Typha latifolia and Cyperus papyrus in hydroponic microcosms. Presence of Salmonella spp. within roots, rhizomes and shoots was assayed using agar-based methods over a period of 12 days. Concentration of Salmonella spp. in growth media showed 2.7 and 4.8 log unit reduction with T. latifolia and C. papyrus, respectively, and 1.8 and 6.0 log unit in unplanted units. Salmonella spp. was recovered from root and rhizome tissues of T. latifolia (up to 4.4 logCFU/g) and C. papyrus (up to 3.4 logCFU/g), and the bacteria were highly concentrated in the epidermis and cortex. However, Salmonella spp. was not detected in the stems and leaves of the two plant species. The present study demonstrates for the first time that these macrophytes internalise cells of Salmonella spp., which could be one pathogen removal mechanism employed by wetland plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richwell Alufasi
- Biological Sciences Department, Bindura University of Science Education, Bindura, Zimbabwe
| | - Wilson Parawira
- Biological Sciences Department, Bindura University of Science Education, Bindura, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | - Ereck Chakauya
- AUDA-NEPAD Southern Africa Network for Biosciences (SANBio) and Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Advanced Agriculture and Food, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Walter Chingwaru
- Biological Sciences Department, Bindura University of Science Education, Bindura, Zimbabwe
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14
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Murphy CM, Weller DL, Reiter MS, Bardsley CA, Eifert J, Ponder M, Rideout SL, Strawn LK. Anaerobic soil disinfestation, amendment-type, and irrigation regimen influence Salmonella survival and die-off in agricultural soils. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:2342-2354. [PMID: 34637586 PMCID: PMC8860855 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study investigated Salmonella concentrations following combinations of horticultural practices including anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD), soil amendment type and irrigation regimen. METHODS AND RESULTS Sandy-loam soil was inoculated with a five-serovar Salmonella cocktail (5.5 ± 0.2 log CFU per gram) and subjected to one of six treatments: (i) no soil amendment, ASD (ASD control), (ii) no soil amendment, no-ASD (non-ASD control) and (iii-vi) soil amended with pelletized poultry litter, rye, rapeseed or hairy vetch with ASD. The effect of irrigation regimen was determined by collecting samples 3 and 7 days after irrigation. Twenty-five-gram soil samples were collected pre-ASD, post-soil saturation (i.e. ASD-process), and at 14 time-points post-ASD, and Salmonella levels enumerated. Log-linear models examined the effect of amendment type and irrigation regimen on Salmonella die-off during and post-ASD. During ASD, Salmonella concentrations significantly decreased in all treatments (range: -0.2 to -2.7 log CFU per gram), albeit the smallest decrease (-0.2 log CFU per gram observed in the pelletized poultry litter) was of negligible magnitude. Salmonella die-off rates varied by amendment with an average post-ASD rate of -0.05 log CFU per gram day (CI = -0.05, -0.04). Salmonella concentrations remained highest over the 42 days post-ASD in pelletized poultry litter, followed by rapeseed, and hairy vetch treatments. Findings suggested ASD was not able to eliminate Salmonella in soil, and certain soil amendments facilitated enhanced Salmonella survival. Salmonella serovar distribution differed by treatment with pelletized poultry litter supporting S. Newport survival, compared with other serovars. Irrigation appeared to assist Salmonella survival with concentrations being 0.14 log CFU per gram (CI = 0.05, 0.23) greater 3 days, compared with 7 days post-irrigation. CONCLUSIONS ASD does not eliminate Salmonella in soil, and may in fact, depending on the soil amendment used, facilitate Salmonella survival. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Synergistic and antagonistic effects on food safety hazards of implementing horticultural practices should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. Murphy
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Daniel L. Weller
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Mark S. Reiter
- Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA 23420, USA
| | - Cameron A. Bardsley
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Joseph Eifert
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Monica Ponder
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Steve L. Rideout
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Laura K. Strawn
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA,Author for correspondence. Laura K. Strawn, Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, 1230 Washington Street, SW, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. Tel: 540-231-6806; Fax: 540-231-9293;
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15
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Conventional and Emerging Techniques for Detection of Foodborne Pathogens in Horticulture Crops: a Leap to Food Safety. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-021-02730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Chahar M, Kroupitski Y, Gollop R, Belausov E, Melotto M, Sela-Saldinger S. Determination of Salmonella enterica Leaf Internalization Varies Substantially According to the Method and Conditions Used to Assess Bacterial Localization. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:622068. [PMID: 34803936 PMCID: PMC8603913 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.622068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, comparing the internalization of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium in various leaves by confocal microscopy, we have demonstrated that the pathogen failed to internalize tomato leaves. Numerous reasons may account for these findings, yet one such factor might be the methodology employed to quantify leaf internalization. To this end, we have systematically studied leaf localization of a Green-fluorescent protein-labeled Salmonella strain in tomato, lettuce, and Arabidopsis leaves by surface sterilization and enumeration of the surviving bacteria, side by side, with confocal microscopy observations. Leaf sterilization was performed using either sodium hypochlorite, silver nitrate, or ethanol for 1 to 7min. The level of internalization varied according to the type of disinfectant used for surface sterilization and the treatment time. Treatment of tomato leaves with 70% ethanol for up to 7min suggested possible internalization of Salmonella, while confocal microscopy showed no internalization. In the case of in lettuce and Arabidopsis leaves, both the plate-count technique and confocal microscopy demonstrated considerable Salmonella internalization thought different sterilization conditions resulted in variations in the internalization levels. Our findings highlighted the dependency of the internalization results on the specific disinfection protocol used to determine bacterial localization. The results underscore the importance of confocal microscopy in validating a particular surface sterilization protocol whenever a new pair of bacterial strain and plant cultivar is studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhvi Chahar
- Department of Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization, Rishon-LeZion, Israel
| | - Yulia Kroupitski
- Department of Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization, Rishon-LeZion, Israel
| | - Rachel Gollop
- Department of Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization, Rishon-LeZion, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Microscopy Unit, Plant Sciences, Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, The Volcani Center, Agriculture Research Organization, Rishon-LeZion, Israel
| | - Maeli Melotto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Shlomo Sela-Saldinger
- Department of Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization, Rishon-LeZion, Israel
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17
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Bell RL, Kase JA, Harrison LM, Balan KV, Babu U, Chen Y, Macarisin D, Kwon HJ, Zheng J, Stevens EL, Meng J, Brown EW. The Persistence of Bacterial Pathogens in Surface Water and Its Impact on Global Food Safety. Pathogens 2021; 10:1391. [PMID: 34832547 PMCID: PMC8617848 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Water is vital to agriculture. It is essential that the water used for the production of fresh produce commodities be safe. Microbial pathogens are able to survive for extended periods of time in water. It is critical to understand their biology and ecology in this ecosystem in order to develop better mitigation strategies for farmers who grow these food crops. In this review the prevalence, persistence and ecology of four major foodborne pathogens, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Salmonella, Campylobacter and closely related Arcobacter, and Listeria monocytogenes, in water are discussed. These pathogens have been linked to fresh produce outbreaks, some with devastating consequences, where, in a few cases, the contamination event has been traced to water used for crop production or post-harvest activities. In addition, antimicrobial resistance, methods improvements, including the role of genomics in aiding in the understanding of these pathogens, are discussed. Finally, global initiatives to improve our knowledge base of these pathogens around the world are touched upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Bell
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
| | - Julie A. Kase
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
| | - Lisa M. Harrison
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (L.M.H.); (K.V.B.); (U.B.)
| | - Kannan V. Balan
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (L.M.H.); (K.V.B.); (U.B.)
| | - Uma Babu
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (L.M.H.); (K.V.B.); (U.B.)
| | - Yi Chen
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
| | - Dumitru Macarisin
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
| | - Hee Jin Kwon
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
| | - Jie Zheng
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
| | - Eric L. Stevens
- Office of the Center Director, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA;
| | - Jianghong Meng
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Eric W. Brown
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
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18
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Pérez-Lavalle L, Carrasco E, Vallesquino-Laguna P, Cejudo-Gómez M, Posada-Izquierdo GD, Valero A. Internalization capacity of Salmonella enterica sv Thompson in strawberry plants via root. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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19
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Mancilla-Becerra LM, Orozco-García AG, Armas-Puente P, Martínez-Chávez L, Barba-León J. Pathogenesis of Salmonella Newport to BALB/c mice when internalized into cherry tomatoes. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 13:495-502. [PMID: 33543601 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella Newport is a serovar frequently associated with outbreaks caused by consumption of raw tomatoes. This study tested the internalization of S. Newport-45 into cherry tomatoes and its resulting pathogenicity in vivo. Pathogenicity of S. Newport-45 was tested in BALB/c mice inoculated orally with either LB grown or cherry tomatoes homogenates internally contaminated with S. Newport-45. CFU of S. Newport-45 was recovered from the gastrointestinal tract, liver and spleen of the inoculated animals. Similar loads (p > 0.05) were recovered from the GI tract of BALB/c mice inoculated with S. Newport-45 grown in LB or with cherry tomato homogenates internally contaminated. Spread of S. Newport-45 to the liver of mice increased (p < 0.05) when they were inoculated with homogenates of cherry tomatoes internally contaminated with S. Newport-45 stored for 3 days compared with bacteria grown in LB. Salmonella Newport-45 hilA and rpoS genes were transcribed when the bacteria were inside the cherry tomato. The results obtained in this study show S. Newport-45 pathogenicity when it is internalized in a raw consumption fruit such as cherry tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Mercedes Mancilla-Becerra
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Universidad de Guadalajara, Camino Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Zapopan, Jalisco, 45200, Mexico
| | - Adriana Guadalupe Orozco-García
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Universidad de Guadalajara, Camino Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Zapopan, Jalisco, 45200, Mexico
| | - Priscila Armas-Puente
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Universidad de Guadalajara, Camino Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Zapopan, Jalisco, 45200, Mexico
| | - Liliana Martínez-Chávez
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Universidad de Guadalajara, Boulevard Marcelino García Barragán 1421, esq. Calzada Olímpica, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44430, Mexico
| | - Jeannette Barba-León
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Universidad de Guadalajara, Camino Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Zapopan, Jalisco, 45200, Mexico
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20
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Esteban-Cuesta I, Labrador M, Hunt K, Reese S, Fischer J, Schwaiger K, Gareis M. Phenotypic and Genetic Comparison of a Plant-Internalized and an Animal-Isolated Salmonella Choleraesuis Strain. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081554. [PMID: 34442630 PMCID: PMC8398053 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of fresh produce with human pathogens poses an important risk for consumers, especially after raw consumption. Moreover, if microorganisms are internalized, no removal by means of further hygienic measures would be possible. Human pathogenic bacteria identified in these food items are mostly of human or animal origin and an adaptation to this new niche and particularly for internalization would be presumed. This study compares a plant-internalized and an animal-borne Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Choleraesuis aiming at the identification of adaptation of the plant-internalized strain to its original environment. For this purpose, a phenotypical characterization by means of growth curves under conditions resembling the indigenous environment from the plant-internalized strain and further analyses using Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight spectrometry were assessed. Furthermore, comparative genomic analyses by means of single nucleotide polymorphisms and identification of present/absent genes were performed. Although some phenotypical and genetic differences could be found, no signs of a specific adaptation for colonization and internalization in plants could be clearly identified. This could suggest that any Salmonella strain could directly settle in this niche without any evolutionary process being necessary. Further comparative analysis including internalized strains would be necessary to assess this question. However, these kinds of strains are not easily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Esteban-Cuesta
- Chair of Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (K.H.); (K.S.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mirian Labrador
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Veterinary Faculty, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragon-IA2, University of Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Katharina Hunt
- Chair of Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (K.H.); (K.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Sven Reese
- Chair of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Jennie Fischer
- National Salmonella Reference Laboratory, Unit Food Microbiology, Host-Pathogen-Interactions, Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung—BfR), 12277 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Karin Schwaiger
- Chair of Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (K.H.); (K.S.); (M.G.)
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1220 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Gareis
- Chair of Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (K.H.); (K.S.); (M.G.)
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21
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Zarkani AA, Schikora A. Mechanisms adopted by Salmonella to colonize plant hosts. Food Microbiol 2021; 99:103833. [PMID: 34119117 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fruits and vegetables consumed fresh or as minimally-processed produce, have multiple benefits for our diet. Unfortunately, they bring a risk of food-borne diseases, for example salmonellosis. Interactions between Salmonella and crop plants are indeed a raising concern for the global health. Salmonella uses multiple strategies to manipulate the host defense system, including plant's defense responses. The main focus of this review are strategies used by this bacterium during the interaction with crop plants. Emphasis was put on how Salmonella avoids the plant defense responses and successfully colonizes plants. In addition, several factors were reviewed assessing their impact on Salmonella persistence and physiological adaptation to plants and plant-related environment. The understanding of those mechanisms, their regulation and use by the pathogen, while in contact with plants, has significant implication on the growth, harvest and processing steps in plant production system. Consequently, it requires both the authorities and science to advance and definite methods aiming at prevention of crop plants contamination. Thus, minimizing and/or eliminating the potential of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar A Zarkani
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany; University of Baghdad, Department of Biotechnology, 10071, Baghdad, Iraq.
| | - Adam Schikora
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany.
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22
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Reid AN, Conklin C, Beaton K, Donahue N, Jackson E, LoCASCIO B, Marsocci C, Szemreylo E, Szemreylo K. Inoculum Preparation Conditions Influence Adherence of Salmonella enterica Serovars to Red Leaf Lettuce (Lactuca sativa). J Food Prot 2021; 84:857-868. [PMID: 33411904 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica has been increasingly linked to outbreaks involving consumption of fresh produce. Although researchers have identified genes whose products are involved in mediating S. enterica-plant interactions, the use of various experimental approaches, serovars, and plant types has generated variable and conflicting data. The purpose of this study was to determine whether conditions under which inocula are prepared for in vitro plant interaction studies influence the outcome of these studies. Seven S. enterica serovars were grown in media that differed in salinity and physical state with incubation at 25 or 37°C. These cultures were then used to inoculate red leaf lettuce, and adherent microbes were subsequently recovered. Although all Salmonella serovars were influenced by inoculum preparation conditions, the amount of variation differed. Analysis of pooled serovar data revealed that inocula prepared from either agar plates or biphasic cultures had higher levels of interaction with red leaf lettuce than those prepared from broth cultures. Incubation at 37°C enhanced adherence after 30 s or 5 days of contact time, and adherence after 1 h of contact time was increased in low-salt medium. Broth inoculum cultures were highly influenced by medium salinity and incubation temperature, whereas plate and biphasic inoculum cultures were only minimally affected. Therefore, inocula prepared from bacteria grown on plates or in biphasic culture would be most suitable for evaluation of strategies used to interfere with plant-Salmonella interactions. However, pooled data mask serovar-specific responses, and care should be taken when extrapolating these findings to individual serovars. The previous association of a serovar with outbreaks involving leafy greens was not correlated with levels of interaction with red leaf lettuce, suggesting that the occurrence of these serovars in or on these commodities does not reflect their fitness in the plant environment. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne N Reid
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, 100 Ochre Point Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840, USA
| | - Courtney Conklin
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, 100 Ochre Point Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840, USA
| | - Kimberly Beaton
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, 100 Ochre Point Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840, USA
| | - Nora Donahue
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, 100 Ochre Point Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840, USA
| | - Emily Jackson
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, 100 Ochre Point Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840, USA
| | - Brianna LoCASCIO
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, 100 Ochre Point Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840, USA
| | - Cristina Marsocci
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, 100 Ochre Point Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840, USA
| | - Emily Szemreylo
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, 100 Ochre Point Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840, USA
| | - Katlin Szemreylo
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, 100 Ochre Point Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840, USA
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23
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Frankliniella occidentalis facilitate Salmonella enterica survival in the phyllosphere. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247325. [PMID: 33606799 PMCID: PMC7895381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human enteric bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica causes approximately 1.35 million cases of food borne illnesses annually in the United States. Of these salmonellosis cases, almost half are derived from the consumption of fresh, raw produce. Although epiphytic S. enterica populations naturally decline in the phyllosphere, a subset of phytophagous insects have recently been identified as biological multipliers, consequently facilitating the growth of bacterial populations. We investigated whether tomato leaves with macroscopic feeding damage, caused by infestation of adult Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), support higher S. enterica populations. To explore this hypothesis, we assessed S. enterica populations in response to thrips feeding by varying insect density, plant age, and the gender of the insect. As a reference control, direct leaf damage analogous to thrips feeding was also evaluated using directed, hydraulic pressure. In a supplementary set series of experiments, groups of F. occidentalis infested tomato plants were later inoculated with S. enterica to determine how prior insect infestation might influence bacterial survival and persistence. Following an infestation period, leaves visibly damaged by adult F. occidentalis supported significantly higher S. enterica populations and resulted in greater amounts of electrolyte leakage (measured as electrical conductivity) than leaves lacking visible feeding damage. Plant age did not significantly influence S. enterica populations or estimates of electrolyte leakage, independent of initial infestation. Additionally, the gender of the insect did not uniquely influence S. enterica population dynamics. Finally, applications of aggressive water bombardment resulted in more electrolyte leakage than leaves damaged by F. occidentalis, yet supported comparable S. enterica populations. Together, this study indicates that F. occidentalis feeding is one of the many potential biological mechanisms creating a more habitable environment for S. enterica.
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24
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Gu G, Strawn LK, Ottesen AR, Ramachandran P, Reed EA, Zheng J, Boyer RR, Rideout SL. Correlation of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in Irrigation Water to Environmental Factors, Fecal Indicators, and Bacterial Communities. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:557289. [PMID: 33488530 PMCID: PMC7820387 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.557289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of foodborne illnesses linked to fresh fruits and vegetables have been key drivers behind a wide breadth of research aiming to fill data gaps in our understanding of the total ecology of agricultural water sources such as ponds and wells and the relationship of this ecology to foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes. Both S. enterica and L. monocytogenes can persist in irrigation water and have been linked to produce contamination events. Data describing the abundance of these organisms in specific agricultural water sources are valuable to guide water treatment measures. Here, we profiled the culture independent water microbiota of four farm ponds and wells correlated with microbiological recovery of S. enterica (prevalence: pond, 19.4%; well, 3.3%), L. monocytogenes (pond, 27.1%; well, 4.2%) and fecal indicator testing. Correlation between abiotic factors, including water parameters (temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen percentage, oxidation reduction potential, and turbidity) and weather (temperature and rainfall), and foodborne pathogens were also evaluated. Although abiotic factors did not correlate with recovery of S. enterica or L. monocytogenes (p > 0.05), fecal indicators were positively correlated with incidence of S. enterica in well water. Bacterial taxa such as Sphingomonadaceae and Hymenobacter were positively correlated with the prevalence and population of S. enterica, and recovery of L. monocytogenes was positively correlated with the abundance of Rhizobacter and Comamonadaceae (p < 0.03). These data will support evolving mitigation strategies to reduce the risk of produce contamination by foodborne pathogens through irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganyu Gu
- Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA, United States
| | - Laura K Strawn
- Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA, United States
| | - Andrea R Ottesen
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States.,Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Padmini Ramachandran
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Reed
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Renee R Boyer
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Steven L Rideout
- Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA, United States
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25
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Zhao T, Ji P, Kumar GD. Pre-harvest treatment for reduction of foodborne pathogens and microbial load on tomatoes. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Allard MW, Zheng J, Cao G, Timme R, Stevens E, Brown EW. Food Safety Genomics and Connections to One Health and the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory. Clin Lab Med 2020; 40:553-563. [PMID: 33121622 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the potential for one health surveillance of foodborne pathogens and disease using the revolutionary methodologies of whole genome sequencing. Whole genome sequencing of viral and bacterial pathogens is a natural fit to a one health perspective because these pathogens reside and are shared by humans, animals, and the environment and their genomes are compared easily regardless of where or from what host the pathogen was isolated. A genome provides a huge amount of data that can be analyzed for numerous applications. Sharing data coordinates surveillance efforts across the various disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc W Allard
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
| | - Jie Zheng
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Guojie Cao
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Ruth Timme
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Eric Stevens
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Eric W Brown
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA
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27
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Burris KP, Simmons OD, Webb HM, Moore RG, Jaykus LA, Zheng J, Reed E, Ferreira CM, Brown E, Bell RL. Salmonella enterica colonization and fitness in pre-harvest cantaloupe production. Food Microbiol 2020; 93:103612. [PMID: 32912584 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cantaloupes have emerged as significant vehicles of widespread foodborne illness outbreaks caused by bacterial pathogens, including Salmonella. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency of Salmonella colonization and internalization in cantaloupes by relevant routes of contamination. Cantaloupe plants (Cucumis melo 'reticulatus') from two cultivars 'Athena' (Eastern) and 'Primo' (Western) were grown from commercial seed. Plants were maintained in the NCSU BSL-3P phytotron greenhouse. Salmonella enterica (a cocktail of cantaloupe-associated outbreak serovars Javiana, Newport, Panama, Poona and Typhimurium) contamination was introduced via blossoms or soil at ca. 4.4 log10 CFU/blossom or 8.4 log10 CFU/root zone, respectively. Cantaloupes were analyzed for Salmonella by enrichment in accordance with modified FDA-BAM methods. Five randomly chosen colonies from each Salmonella-positive sample were typed using the Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer following multiplex PCR. Data were analyzed for prevalence of contamination and serovar predominance in fruit, stems and soil. Of the total cantaloupe fruit harvested from Salmonella-inoculated blossoms (n = 63), 89% (56/63) were externally contaminated and 73% (46/63) had Salmonella internalized into the fruit. Serovar Panama was the most commonly isolated from the surface of fruit while S. Panama and S. Poona were the most prevalent inside the fruit. When soil was inoculated with Salmonella at one day post-transplant, 13% (8/60) of the plants were shown to translocate the organism to the lower stem (ca. 4 cm) by 7 days post-inoculation (dpi). We observed Salmonella persistence in the soil up to 60 dpi with S. Newport being the predominant serovar at 10 and 20 dpi. These data demonstrate that contaminated soil and blossoms can lead to Salmonella internalization into the plant or fruit at a relatively high frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie P Burris
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Otto D Simmons
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Hannah M Webb
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Robin Grant Moore
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Christina M Ferreira
- Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Eric Brown
- Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca L Bell
- Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
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28
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Burris KP, Simmons OD, Webb HM, Deese LM, Moore RG, Jaykus LA, Zheng J, Reed E, Ferreira CM, Brown EW, Bell RL. Colonization and Internalization of Salmonella enterica and Its Prevalence in Cucumber Plants. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1135. [PMID: 32547530 PMCID: PMC7273826 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus var. sativus) has been linked to several foodborne outbreaks involving Salmonella enterica. The purpose of this work was to investigate the efficiency of colonization and internalization of S. enterica into cucumber plants by various routes of contamination. Produce-associated outbreak strains of Salmonella (a cocktail of serovars Javiana, Montevideo, Newport, Poona, and Typhimurium) were introduced to three cultivars of cucumber plants (two slicing cultivars and one pickling) via blossoms (ca. 6.4 log10 CFU/blossom, 4.5 log10 CFU/blossom, or 2.5 log10 CFU/blossom) or soil (ca. 8.3 log10 CFU/root zone) and were analyzed for prevalence of Salmonella contamination (internal and external) and serovar predominance in fruit and stems. Of the total slicing fruit harvested from Salmonella-inoculated blossoms (ca. 6.4, 4.5, or 2.5 log10 CFU/blossom), 83.9% (47/56), 81.4% (48/59) or 71.2% (84/118) were found colonized and 67.9% (38/56), 35.6% (21/59) or 22.0% (26/118) had Salmonella internalized into the fruit, respectively. S. Poona was the most prevalent serovar isolated on or in cucumber fruits at all inoculation levels. When soil was inoculated at 1 day post-transplant (dpt), 8% (10/120) of the plants were shown to translocate Salmonella to the lower stem 7 days post-inoculation (dpi). Results identified blossoms as an important route by which Salmonella internalized at a high percentage into cucumbers, and S. Poona, the same strain isolated from the 2015 outbreak of cucumbers imported from Mexico, was shown to be well-adapted to the blossom niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie P Burris
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Otto D Simmons
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Hannah M Webb
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Lauren M Deese
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Robin Grant Moore
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Christina M Ferreira
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Eric W Brown
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Rebecca L Bell
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
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29
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Salmonella inactivation and cross-contamination on cherry and grape tomatoes under simulated wash conditions. Food Microbiol 2020; 87:103359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Johnson N, Litt PK, Kniel KE, Bais H. Evasion of Plant Innate Defense Response by Salmonella on Lettuce. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:500. [PMID: 32318033 PMCID: PMC7147383 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To establish host association, the innate immune system, which is one of the first lines of defense against infectious disease, must be circumvented. Plants encounter enteric foodborne bacterial pathogens under both pre- and post-harvest conditions. Human enteric foodborne pathogens can use plants as temporary hosts. This unique interaction may result in recalls and illness outbreaks associated with raw agricultural commodities. The purpose of this study was to determine if Salmonella enterica Typhimurium applied to lettuce leaves can suppress the innate stomatal defense in lettuce and utilization of UD1022 as a biocontrol against this ingression. Lettuce leaves were spot inoculated with S. Typhimurium wild type and its mutants. Bacterial culture and confocal microscopy analysis of stomatal apertures were used to support findings of differences in S. Typhimurium mutants compared to wild type. The persistence and internalization of these strains on lettuce was compared over a 7-day trial. S. Typhimurium may bypass the innate stomatal closure defense response in lettuce. Interestingly, a few key T3SS components in S. Typhimurium were involved in overriding stomatal defense response in lettuce for ingression. We also show that the T3SS in S. Typhimurium plays a critical role in persistence of S. Typhimurium in planta. Salmonella populations were significantly reduced in all UD1022 groups by day 7 with the exception of fliB and invA mutants. Salmonella internalization was not detected in plants after UD1022 treatment and had significantly higher stomatal closure rates (aperture width = 2.34 μm) by day 1 compared to controls (8.5 μm). S. Typhimurium SPI1 and SPI2 mutants showed inability to reopen stomates in lettuce suggesting the involvement of key T3SS components in suppression of innate response in plants. These findings impact issues of contamination related to plant performance and innate defense responses for plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Johnson
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Pushpinder K. Litt
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Kalmia E. Kniel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Harsh Bais
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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31
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Ferelli AMC, Bolten S, Szczesny B, Micallef SA. Salmonella enterica Elicits and Is Restricted by Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species on Tomato. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:391. [PMID: 32231649 PMCID: PMC7082413 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica can interact with parts of the plant immune system despite not being a phytopathogen. Previous transcriptomic profiling of S. enterica associating with tomato suggested that Salmonella was responding to oxidative and nitrosative stress in the plant niche. We aimed to investigate whether Salmonella was eliciting generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), two components of the microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered immunity (MTI) of plants. We also sought to determine whether this interaction had any measurable effects on Salmonella colonization of plants. Biochemical, gene expression and on-plant challenge assays of tomato vegetative and fruit organs were conducted to assess the elicitation of ROS and NO in response to Salmonella Newport association. The counter bacterial response and the effect of NO and ROS on Salmonella colonization was also investigated. We detected H2O2 in leaves and fruit following challenge with live S. Newport (p < 0.05). Conversely, NO was detected on leaves but not on fruit in response to S. Newport (p < 0.05). We found no evidence of plant defense attenuation by live S. Newport. Bacterial gene expression of S. Newport associating with leaves and fruit were indicative of adaptation to biotic stress in the plant niche. The nitrosative stress response genes hmpA and yoaG were significantly up-regulated in S. Newport on leaves and fruit tissue compared to tissue scavenged of NO or ROS (p < 0.05). Chemical modulation of these molecules in the plant had a restrictive effect on bacterial populations. Significantly higher S. Newport titers were retrieved from H2O2 scavenged leaves and fruit surfaces compared to controls (p < 0.05). Similarly, S. Newport counts recovered from NO-scavenged leaves, but not fruit, were higher compared to control (p < 0.05), and significantly lower on leaves pre-elicited to produce endogenous NO. We present evidence of Salmonella elicitation of ROS and NO in tomato, which appear to have a restricting effect on the pathogen. Moreover, bacterial recognition of ROS and NO stress was detected. This work shows that tomato has mechanisms to restrict Salmonella populations and ROS and NO detoxification may play an important role in Salmonella adaptation to the plant niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Marie C Ferelli
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Samantha Bolten
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Brooke Szczesny
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Shirley A Micallef
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.,Centre for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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Fan X, Sokorai KJB, Gurtler JB. Advanced oxidation process for the inactivation of Salmonella typhimurium on tomatoes by combination of gaseous ozone and aerosolized hydrogen peroxide. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 312:108387. [PMID: 31669763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fresh produce-associated outbreaks of foodborne illnesses continue to occur every year in the U.S., suggesting limitations of current practices and the need for effective intervention technologies. Advanced oxidation process involves production of hydrogen radicals, which are the strongest oxidant. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of advanced oxidation process by combining gaseous ozone and aerosolized hydrogen peroxide. Grape tomatoes were inoculated with a 2-strain cocktail of Salmonella typhimurium on both stem scar and smooth surface. Gaseous ozone (800 and 1600 ppm) and aerosolized hydrogen peroxide (2.5, 5 and 10%) were separately or simultaneously introduced into a treatment chamber where the inoculated tomatoes were placed. During the 30 min treatments, hydrogen peroxide was aerosolized using an atomizer operated in two modes: continuously or 15 s on/50 s off. After the treatments, surviving Salmonella on the smooth surface and stem scar were enumerated. Results showed that ozone alone reduced Salmonella populations by <0.6 log CFU/fruit on both the smooth surface and the stem scar area, and aerosolized hydrogen peroxide alone reduced the populations by up to 2.1 log CFU/fruit on the smooth surface and 0.8 log CFU/fruit on stem scar area. However, the combination treatments reduced the populations by up to 5.2 log CFU/fruit on smooth surface and 4.2 log CFU/fruit on the stem scar. Overall, our results demonstrate that gaseous ozone and aerosolized hydrogen peroxide have synergistic effects on the reduction of Salmonella populations on tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetong Fan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, 4Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
| | - Kimberly J B Sokorai
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, 4Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Joshua B Gurtler
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, 4Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
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Zarkani AA, Schierstaedt J, Becker M, Krumwiede J, Grimm M, Grosch R, Jechalke S, Schikora A. Salmonella adapts to plants and their environment during colonization of tomatoes. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 95:5582605. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Humans and animals are considered typical hosts for Salmonella, however, also plants can be colonized. Tomatoes were linked to salmonellosis outbreaks already on several occasions. The aim of this study was, therefore, to establish a comprehensive view on the interaction between Salmonella enterica and tomatoes, and to test the hypothesis that colonization of plants is an interactive process. We assessed the persistence of Salmonella in agricultural soil, the colonization pattern in and on tomatoes, as well as the reciprocal responses of tomatoes to different Salmonella strains and Salmonella to root exudates and tomato-related media. This study revealed that Salmonella can persist in the soil and inside the tomato plant. Additionally, we show that Salmonella strains have particular colonization pattern, although the persistence inside the plant differs between the tested strains. Furthermore, the transcriptome response of tomato showed an up-regulation of several defense-related genes. Salmonella transcriptome analysis in response to the plant-based media showed differentially regulated genes related to amino acid and fatty acid synthesis and stress response, while the response to root exudates revealed regulation of the glyoxylate cycle. Our results indicate that both organisms actively engage in the interaction and that Salmonella adapts to the plant environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar A Zarkani
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, Braunschweig 38104, Germany
- University of Baghdad, Department of Biotechnology, Al-Jadriya, Baghdad 10071, Iraq
| | - Jasper Schierstaedt
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Plant-Microbe Systems, Theodor-Echtermeyer Weg 1, Großbeeren 14979, Germany
| | - Marlies Becker
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, Braunschweig 38104, Germany
| | - Johannes Krumwiede
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, Braunschweig 38104, Germany
| | - Maja Grimm
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, Braunschweig 38104, Germany
| | - Rita Grosch
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Plant-Microbe Systems, Theodor-Echtermeyer Weg 1, Großbeeren 14979, Germany
| | - Sven Jechalke
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute for Phytopathology, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32 (iFZ), Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Adam Schikora
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, Braunschweig 38104, Germany
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Arreguin-Nava MA, Hernández-Patlán D, Solis-Cruz B, Latorre JD, Hernandez-Velasco X, Tellez G, El-Ashram S, Hargis BM, Tellez-Isaias G. Isolation and Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria Probiotic Culture Candidates for the Treatment of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis in Neonatal Turkey Poults. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9090696. [PMID: 31533370 PMCID: PMC6770488 DOI: 10.3390/ani9090696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of Lactobacillus spp.-based probiotic candidates on Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) colonization was evaluated in two separate experiments. In each experiment, sixty-one day-of-hatch female turkey poults were obtained from a local hatchery. In both experiments, poults were challenged via oral gavage with 104 cfu/poult of SE and randomly allocated to one of two groups (n = 30 poults): (1) the positive control group and (2) the probiotic treated group. Heated brooder batteries were used for housing each group separately and poults were allowed ad libitum access to water and unmedicated turkey starter feed. 1 h following the SE challenge, poults were treated with 106 cfu/poult of probiotic culture via oral gavage or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)to control groups. A total of 24 h post-treatment, poults were euthanized and the ceca and cecal tonsils from twenty poults were collected aseptically for SE recovery. In both trials, a significant reduction in the incidence and log10 cfu/g of SE were observed in poults treated with the probiotic when compared with control poults (p ≤ 0.05). The results of the present study suggest that the administration of this lactic acid-producing bacteria (LAB)-based probiotic 1 h after an SE challenge can be useful in reducing the cecal colonization of this pathogen in neonatal poults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Hernández-Patlán
- Laboratorio 5: LEDEFAR, Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México 54714, Mexico; (D.H.-P.); (B.S.-C.)
| | - Bruno Solis-Cruz
- Laboratorio 5: LEDEFAR, Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México 54714, Mexico; (D.H.-P.); (B.S.-C.)
| | - Juan D. Latorre
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (J.D.L.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Xochitl Hernandez-Velasco
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, UNAM, Cd. de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
| | - Guillermo Tellez
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (J.D.L.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Saeed El-Ashram
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China;
- Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr el-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Billy M. Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (J.D.L.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Guillermo Tellez-Isaias
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (J.D.L.); (B.M.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Kim SI, Yoon H. Roles of YcfR in Biofilm Formation in Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:708-716. [PMID: 30566029 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-18-0166-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of foodborne diseases are currently attributable to farm produce contaminated with enteric pathogens such as Salmonella enterica. Recent studies have shown that a variety of enteric pathogens are able to colonize plant surfaces by forming biofilms and thereby persist for long periods, which can subsequently lead to human infections. Therefore, biofilm formation by enteric pathogens on plants poses a risk to human health. Here, we deciphered the roles of YcfR in biofilm formation by Salmonella enterica. YcfR is a putative outer membrane protein associated with bacterial stress responses. The lack of YcfR facilitated the formation of multicellular aggregates on cabbage leaves as well as glass surfaces while reducing bacterial motility. ycfR deletion caused extensive structural alterations in the outer membrane, primarily in lipopolysaccharides, outer membrane proteins, cellulose, and curli fimbria, thereby increasing cell surface hydrophobicity. However, the absence of YcfR rendered Salmonella susceptible to stressful treatments, despite the increased multicellular aggregation. These results suggest that YcfR is an essential constituent of Salmonella outer membrane architecture and its absence may cause multifaceted structural changes, thereby compromising bacterial envelope integrity. In this context, YcfR may be further exploited as a potential target for controlling Salmonella persistence on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul I Kim
- 1 Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Hyunjin Yoon
- 2 Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Ajou University
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Deblais L, Helmy YA, Testen A, Vrisman C, Jimenez Madrid AM, Kathayat D, Miller SA, Rajashekara G. Specific Environmental Temperature and Relative Humidity Conditions and Grafting Affect the Persistence and Dissemination of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serotype Typhimurium in Tomato Plant Tissues. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e00403-19. [PMID: 30926732 PMCID: PMC6532026 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00403-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the abiotic factors contributing to the preharvest persistence of Salmonella in tomato tissues. Therefore, we investigated the effects of specific environmental conditions and contamination methods on the persistence and dissemination of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Typhimurium (JSG626) in tomato plants. When plants were sprayed on the leaves with a JSG626-contaminated solution, JSG626 persistence in the phyllosphere (bacteria located on the surface of the inoculated foliage and stem tissues) was lower at higher temperatures (30°C day/25°C night) than at lower temperatures (20°C day/15°C night). However, wounding cotyledons with contaminated tools improved JSG626 persistence and the internalization rate (2.27%) in planta compared to spray inoculation (0.004%). The systemic dissemination of JSG626 to other tissues increased when contaminated plants were grown under low relative humidity (<40%); however, JSG626 was only detected in the root systems at later sampling times (between 21 and 98 days postinoculation [dpi]). Further, after tomato scions were grafted onto rootstocks using contaminated cutting tools, dissemination of JSG626 was preferentially basipetal and occasionally acropetal in the plants, with higher persistence rates and loads of JSG626 in root systems compared to foliar tissues. JSG626 was detected in the grafting point and root systems up to 242 dpi; however, none of the fruits harvested from contaminated plants between 90 and 137 dpi were positive for JSG626. This study demonstrates that environmental temperature and relative humidity could be good indicators for estimating the persistence of Salmonella enterica in tomato plants. Further, root systems may represent a risk for long-term persistence of Salmonella enterica in tomato plants.IMPORTANCE Tomatoes are one of the most widely produced vegetables around the world; however, fresh tomatoes have been connected to multiple wide-scale salmonellosis outbreaks over the past decades. Salmonella is commonly found in the environment and can persist in hostile conditions for several weeks before being internalized into plant tissues, where it is protected from conventional sanitation methods. In addition to biotic factors (host, inoculum size, and phytobiome), abiotic factors (environmental conditions) may affect the persistence of Salmonella in crop production. This study demonstrates that specific environmental conditions, the inoculation method, and the inoculum density affect the persistence and dissemination of JSG626 in tomato plant tissues. Our findings enhance the understanding of interactions between Salmonella enterica and fresh produce and may lead to the development of novel management practices on farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Deblais
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Food Animal Health Research Program, OARDC, Wooster, Ohio, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Yosra A Helmy
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Food Animal Health Research Program, OARDC, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Anna Testen
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Claudio Vrisman
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Dipak Kathayat
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Food Animal Health Research Program, OARDC, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Sally A Miller
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Food Animal Health Research Program, OARDC, Wooster, Ohio, USA
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37
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Transmission of human enteric pathogens from artificially-inoculated flowers to vegetable sprouts/seedlings developed via contaminated seeds. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Swoveland JL, Stewart LK, Eckmann MK, Gee R, Allen KJ, Vandegrift CM, Olson G, Kang MG, Tran ML, Melius E, Hiatt B, Gautom RK, Perez-Osorio AC. Laboratory Review of Foodborne Disease Investigations in Washington State 2007-2017. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:513-523. [PMID: 30969140 PMCID: PMC6653799 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Washington State Department of Health Public Health Laboratories (WAPHL) has tested 11,501 samples between 2007 and 2017 for a foodborne disease using a combination of identification, serotyping, and subtyping tools. During this period there were 8037 total clinical and environmental samples tested by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), including 512 foodborne disease clusters and 2176 PFGE patterns of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. There were 2446 Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli samples tested by PFGE, which included 158 foodborne disease clusters and 1174 PFGE patterns. There were 332 samples of Listeria monocytogenes tested by PFGE, including 35 foodborne disease clusters and 104 PFGE patterns. Sources linked to outbreaks included raw chicken, unpasteurized dairy products, various produce types, and undercooked beef among others. As next-generation sequencing (NGS) replaces PFGE, the impact of this transition is expected to be significant given the enhanced cluster detection power NGS brings. The measures presented here will be a reference baseline in future years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Swoveland
- 1 Public Health Laboratories, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, Washington
| | - Laurie K Stewart
- 2 Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, Washington
| | - Mary Kaye Eckmann
- 1 Public Health Laboratories, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, Washington
| | - Raymond Gee
- 1 Public Health Laboratories, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, Washington
| | - Krisandra J Allen
- 2 Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, Washington
| | - Calley M Vandegrift
- 1 Public Health Laboratories, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, Washington
| | - Gina Olson
- 1 Public Health Laboratories, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, Washington
| | - Mi-Gyeong Kang
- 1 Public Health Laboratories, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, Washington
| | - Michael L Tran
- 1 Public Health Laboratories, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, Washington
| | - Elizabeth Melius
- 2 Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, Washington
| | - Brian Hiatt
- 1 Public Health Laboratories, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, Washington
| | - Romesh K Gautom
- 1 Public Health Laboratories, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, Washington
| | - Ailyn C Perez-Osorio
- 1 Public Health Laboratories, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, Washington
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Gao Z, Daliri EBM, Wang J, Liu D, Chen S, Ye X, Ding T. Inhibitory Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria on Foodborne Pathogens: A Review. J Food Prot 2019; 82:441-453. [PMID: 30794461 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens are serious challenges to food safety and public health worldwide. Fermentation is one of many methods that may be used to inactivate and control foodborne pathogens. Many studies have reported that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can have significant antimicrobial effects. The current review mainly focuses on the antimicrobial activity of LAB, the mechanisms of this activity, competitive growth models, and application of LAB for inhibition of foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhong Gao
- 1 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China.,2 Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri
- 3 Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Jun Wang
- 4 College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Chengyang, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7676-0493 )
| | - Donghong Liu
- 1 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiguo Chen
- 1 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingqian Ye
- 1 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Ding
- 1 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China.,2 Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
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40
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Pan H, Zhou X, Chai W, Paudyal N, Li S, Zhou X, Zhou K, Wu Q, Wu B, Li G, Rajkovic A, Fang W, Rankin SC, Li Y, Xu X, Schifferli DM, Yue M. Diversified sources for human infections by Salmonella enterica serovar newport. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1044-1048. [PMID: 30548172 PMCID: PMC6634944 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica Newport (S. Newport), with phylogenetic diversity feature, contributes to significant public health concerns. Our previous study suggested that S. Newport from multiple animal-borne routes, with distinct antibiotic resistant pattern, might transmit to human. However, their genetic information was lacking. As a complement to the earlier finding, we investigate the relationship between each other among the hosts, sources, genotype and antibiotic resistance in S. Newport. We used the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) in conjunction with minimum inhibitory concentration of 16 antibiotics of globally sampled 1842 S. Newport strains, including 282 newly contributed Chinese strains, to evaluate this association. Our analysis reveals that sequence types (STs) are significantly associated with different host sources, including livestock (ST45), birds (ST5), contaminated water and soil (ST118), reptiles (ST46) and seafood (ST31). Importantly, ST45 contained most of (344/553) the multi-drug resistance (MDR) strains, which were believed to be responsible for human MDR bacterial infections. Chinese isolates were detected to form two unique lineages of avian (ST808 group) and freshwater animal (ST2364 group) origin. Taken together, genotyping information of S. Newport could serve to improve Salmonella source-originated diagnostics and guide better selection of antibiotic therapy against Salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Pan
- CATG Microbiology & Food Safety Laboratory, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- CATG Microbiology & Food Safety Laboratory, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenqin Chai
- CATG Microbiology & Food Safety Laboratory, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Narayan Paudyal
- CATG Microbiology & Food Safety Laboratory, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuning Li
- CATG Microbiology & Food Safety Laboratory, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- CATG Microbiology & Food Safety Laboratory, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- CATG Microbiology & Food Safety Laboratory, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Wu
- CATG Microbiology & Food Safety Laboratory, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Beibei Wu
- Zhejiang Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guogang Li
- Dongyang People’s Hospital, Dongyang, China
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Weihuan Fang
- CATG Microbiology & Food Safety Laboratory, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shelley C. Rankin
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yan Li
- CATG Microbiology & Food Safety Laboratory, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuebin Xu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Dieter M. Schifferli
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Min Yue
- CATG Microbiology & Food Safety Laboratory, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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42
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Kirkland C, Black E, Forghani F, Pomraning A, Sadowsky MJ, Diez-Gonzalez F. Room Temperature Growth of Salmonella enterica Serovar Saintpaul in Fresh Mexican Salsa. J Food Prot 2019; 82:102-108. [PMID: 30702939 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Salsa-associated outbreaks, including the large multistate outbreak in the United States in 2008 caused by jalapeño and serrano peppers contaminated with Salmonella Saintpaul, have raised concerns about salsa as a potential vehicle for transmission. Despite these events, there has been relatively limited research on the potential growth of pathogenic bacteria in salsa. The aim of this study was to characterize the survival and growth of Salmonella, including the outbreak strain of Salmonella Saintpaul (E2003001236), in freshly made salsa and its main ingredients. Chopped tomatoes, jalapeño peppers, cilantro, and onions were tested individually or mixed according to different salsa recipes. Samples were inoculated with five Salmonella serotypes at 3 log CFU/g: Saintpaul (various strains), Typhimurium, Montevideo, Newport, or Enteritidis. Samples were then stored at room temperature (23°C) for up to 12 h or 3 days. The Salmonella Saintpaul levels reached approximately 9 log CFU/g after 2 days in tomato, jalapeño pepper, and cilantro. Growth was slower in onions, reaching 6 log CFU/g by day 3. Salsa recipes, with or without lime juice, supported the growth of Salmonella Saintpaul, and final levels were approximately 7 log CFU/g after 3 days at 23°C. In contrast, the counts of Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Montevideo, Salmonella Newport, and Salmonella Enteritidis increased only 2 log CFU/g after 3 days in any of the salsas. Other Salmonella Saintpaul strains were able to grow in salsas containing 10% lime juice, but their final levels were less than 5 log CFU/g. These findings indicate the enhanced ability of the Salmonella Saintpaul outbreak strain to grow in salsa compared with other Salmonella strains. Recipe modifications including but not limited to adding lime juice (at least 10%) and keeping fresh salsa at room temperature for less than 12 h before consumption are strategies that can help mitigate the growth of Salmonella in salsa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fereidoun Forghani
- 2 Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223, USA
| | | | - Michael J Sadowsky
- 1 Biotechnology Institute.,4 Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Francisco Diez-Gonzalez
- 2 Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223, USA
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Wheatley RM, Poole PS. Mechanisms of bacterial attachment to roots. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:448-461. [PMID: 29672765 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The attachment of bacteria to roots constitutes the first physical step in many plant-microbe interactions. These interactions exert both positive and negative influences on agricultural systems depending on whether a growth-promoting, symbiotic or pathogenic relationship transpires. A common biphasic mechanism of root attachment exists across agriculturally important microbial species, including Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, Pseudomonas, Azospirillum and Salmonella. Attachment studies have revealed how plant-microbe interactions develop, and how to manipulate these relationships for agricultural benefit. Here, we review our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing plant-microbe root attachment and draw together a common biphasic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Wheatley
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Philip S Poole
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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Erickson MC, Liao JY, Payton AS, Cook PW, Bautista J, Díaz-Pérez JC. Disposition of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 following Spraying of Contaminated Water on Cucumber Fruit and Flowers in the Field. J Food Prot 2018; 81:2074-2081. [PMID: 30485767 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cucumbers are frequently consumed raw and have been implicated in several recent foodborne outbreaks. Because this item may become contaminated at the farm, it is vital to explore the fate of attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium or Escherichia coli O157:H7 sprayed onto foliage, flowers, and fruit in fields and determine whether pre- or postcontamination spray interventions could minimize contamination. After spraying cucumber plants with contaminated irrigation water (3.8 log CFU/mL of Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7), 60 to 78% of cucumber fruit were not contaminated because the plant's canopy likely prevented many of the underlying fruit from being exposed to the water. Subsequent exposure of contaminated cucumber plants to a simulated shower event did not appear to dislodge pathogens from contaminated foliage onto the fruit, nor did it appear to consistently wash either pathogen from the fruit. Spraying flowers and attached ovaries directly with a pathogen inoculum (4.6 log CFU/mL) initially led to 100% and 65 to 90% contamination, respectively. Within 3 days, 30 to 40% of the flowers were still contaminated; however, contamination of ovaries was minimal (≤10%), suggesting it was unlikely that internalization occurred through the flower to the ovary with these pathogen strains. In another study, both pathogens were found on a withered flower but not on the fruit to which the flower was attached, suggesting that this contaminated flower could serve as a source of cross-contamination in a storage bin if harvested with the fruit. Because pre- and postcontamination acetic acid-based spray treatments failed to reduce pathogen prevalence, the probability that fruit initially contaminated at 1.3 to 2.8 log CFU of Salmonella Typhimurium or E. coli O157:H7 per cucumber would be positive by enrichment culture decreased by a factor of 1.6 and 1.9 for Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7, respectively, for every day the fruit was held in the field ( P ≤ 0.0001). Hence, to reduce the prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium on cucumbers below 5%, more than 1 week would be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn C Erickson
- 1 Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797
| | - Jye-Yin Liao
- 1 Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797
| | - Alison S Payton
- 1 Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797
| | - Peter W Cook
- 1 Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797
| | - Jesus Bautista
- 2 Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Road, Tifton, Georgia 31793-5766, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Díaz-Pérez
- 2 Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Road, Tifton, Georgia 31793-5766, USA
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Gu G, Strawn LK, Oryang DO, Zheng J, Reed EA, Ottesen AR, Bell RL, Chen Y, Duret S, Ingram DT, Reiter MS, Pfuntner R, Brown EW, Rideout SL. Agricultural Practices Influence Salmonella Contamination and Survival in Pre-harvest Tomato Production. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2451. [PMID: 30386314 PMCID: PMC6198144 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Between 2000 and 2010 the Eastern Shore of Virginia was implicated in four Salmonella outbreaks associated with tomato. Therefore, a multi-year study (2012-2015) was performed to investigate presumptive factors associated with the contamination of Salmonella within tomato fields at Virginia Tech's Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center. Factors including irrigation water sources (pond and well), type of soil amendment: fresh poultry litter (PL), PL ash, and a conventional fertilizer (triple superphosphate - TSP), and production practices: staked with plastic mulch (SP), staked without plastic mulch (SW), and non-staked without plastic mulch (NW), were evaluated by split-plot or complete-block design. All field experiments relied on naturally occurring Salmonella contamination, except one follow up experiment (worst-case scenario) which examined the potential for contamination in tomato fruits when Salmonella was applied through drip irrigation. Samples were collected from pond and well water; PL, PL ash, and TSP; and the rhizosphere, leaves, and fruits of tomato plants. Salmonella was quantified using a most probable number method and contamination ratios were calculated for each treatment. Salmonella serovar was determined by molecular serotyping. Salmonella populations varied significantly by year; however, similar trends were evident each year. Findings showed use of untreated pond water and raw PL amendment increased the likelihood of Salmonella detection in tomato plots. Salmonella Newport and Typhimurium were the most frequently detected serovars in pond water and PL amendment samples, respectively. Interestingly, while these factors increased the likelihood of Salmonella detection in tomato plots (rhizosphere and leaves), all tomato fruits sampled (n = 4800) from these plots were Salmonella negative. Contamination of tomato fruits was extremely low (< 1%) even when tomato plots were artificially inoculated with an attenuated Salmonella Newport strain (104 CFU/mL). Furthermore, Salmonella was not detected in tomato plots irrigated using well water and amended with PL ash or TSP. Production practices also influenced the likelihood of Salmonella detection in tomato plots. Salmonella detection was higher in tomato leaf samples for NW plots, compared to SP and SW plots. This study provides evidence that attention to agricultural inputs and production practices may help reduce the likelihood of Salmonella contamination in tomato fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganyu Gu
- Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA, United States
| | - Laura K Strawn
- Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA, United States
| | - David O Oryang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Reed
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Andrea R Ottesen
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Rebecca L Bell
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Yuhuan Chen
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Steven Duret
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - David T Ingram
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Mark S Reiter
- Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA, United States
| | - Rachel Pfuntner
- Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA, United States
| | - Eric W Brown
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Steven L Rideout
- Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA, United States
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Esteban-Cuesta I, Drees N, Ulrich S, Stauch P, Sperner B, Schwaiger K, Gareis M, Gottschalk C. Endogenous microbial contamination of melons (Cucumis melo) from international trade: an underestimated risk for the consumer? JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:5074-5081. [PMID: 29604072 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruits and vegetables have increasingly been related to foodborne outbreaks. Besides surface contamination, a possible internalization of microorganisms into edible parts of plants during growth has already been observed. To examine an actual risk for the consumer, microbial contamination of the rind and pulp of 147 muskmelons from international trade was assessed using cultural and biochemical methods, polymerase chain reaction and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS One hundred percent of the rind samples [3.69-8.92 log colony forming units (CFU) g-1 ] and 89.8% of the pulp samples (maximum load 3.66 log CFU g-1 ) were microbiologically contaminated. Among the 432 pulp isolates, opportunistic and potentially pathogenic bacteria were identified, mainly Staphylococcus spp. (48.9%), Clostridium spp. (42.9%) and Enterobacteriaceae (27.9%). Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and isolates of the Bacillus cereus group were found on the rind (1.4%, 0.7% and 42.9%, respectively) and in the pulp (0.7%, 1.4% and 4.7%). Clostridium perfringens was isolated from the rind of seven melons. CONCLUSION The present study revealed a regularly occurring internal contamination of melons. Possible health risks for consumers because of an occurrence of microorganisms in melon pulp should be considered in future food safety assessments. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Esteban-Cuesta
- Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Nathalie Drees
- Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ulrich
- Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | | | - Brigitte Sperner
- Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Karin Schwaiger
- Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Manfred Gareis
- Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Gottschalk
- Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Truitt LN, Vazquez KM, Pfuntner RC, Rideout SL, Havelaar AH, Strawn LK. Microbial Quality of Agricultural Water Used in Produce Preharvest Production on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1661-1672. [PMID: 30212229 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Several produce-borne outbreaks have been associated with the use of contaminated water during preharvest applications. Salmonella has been implicated in a number of these outbreaks. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbial quality of agricultural surface water used in preharvest production on the Eastern Shore of Virginia in accordance with the Food Safety Modernization Act's Produce Safety Rule water standards. The study also examined the prevalence, concentration, and diversity of Salmonella in those water sources. Water samples (1 L) from 20 agricultural ponds were collected during the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons ( n = 400). Total aerobic bacteria, total coliforms, and Escherichia coli were enumerated for each sample. Population levels of each microorganism were calculated per 100-mL sample and log transformed, when necessary. Samples (250 mL) were also enriched for Salmonella. Presumptive Salmonella isolates were confirmed by PCR ( invA gene) and were serotyped. In 2016, the concentration of Salmonella in each sample was also estimated by most probable number (MPN). Indicator bacteria and environmental and meteorological factors were analyzed for their association with the detection of a Salmonella-positive water sample by using logistic regression analysis. Seventeen of the 20 ponds met the Food Safety Modernization Act's Produce Safety Rule standards for production agricultural water. Three ponds did not meet the standards because the statistical threshold value exceeded the limit. Salmonella was detected in 19% of water samples in each year (38 of 200 in 2015 and 38 of 200 in 2016). Of the 118 Salmonella isolates serotyped, 14 serotypes were identified with the most prevalent being Salmonella Newport. E. coli concentration, farm, and total aerobic bacteria concentration were significantly associated with the likelihood of detecting a Salmonella-positive sample The average concentration of Salmonella in all samples was 4.44 MPN/100 mL, with the limit of detection being 3.00 MPN/100 mL. The highest concentration of Salmonella was 93.0 MPN/100 mL. These data will assist in a better understanding of the risks that production water poses to produce contamination events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Steven L Rideout
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, Virginia 23420
| | - Arie H Havelaar
- 4 Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6456-5460 [A.H.H.])
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48
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Allard SM, Ottesen AR, Brown EW, Micallef SA. Insect exclusion limits variation in bacterial microbiomes of tomato flowers and fruit. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:1749-1760. [PMID: 30146755 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The effect of insect exclusion via netting on bacterial microbiota associated with field-grown tomato fruit and flowers was evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS Amplicon-based bacterial community profiling from insect-exposed plants and plants wrapped in nylon mosquito netting was conducted on total DNA extracted from tomato flower and mature unripe fruit washes. The V1-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced using Illumina MiSeq and analysed using qiime ver. 1.8. The carposphere supported significantly more phylogenetic diversity (PD) compared to the anthosphere, as measured by operational taxonomic unit richness (P = 0·001) and Faith's PD (P = 0·004). Flowers and fruit hosted distinct bacterial community structures (R2 = 0·27, P = 0·001), with specific taxonomic differences in taxa that included the Xanthomonadaceae (higher in flowers), and the Pseudomonadaceae, Methylobacteriaceae and Rhizobiales (higher in fruit) (FDR-P < 0·05). Bacterial community profiles of netted plants were overall statistically similar to non-netted plants for both flowers and fruit (P > 0·10). However, less variation between samples was observed among flowers (~50% less, P = 0·004) and green fruit (~10% less, P = 0·038) collected from netted than non-netted plants. CONCLUSION Insects may introduce or augment variability in bacterial diversity associated with tomato flowers and potentially green fruit surfaces. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work contributes to knowledge on microbiome dynamics of the tomato holobiont. Deciphering drivers of bacterial diversity and community structure of fruit crops could reveal processes important to agricultural management, such as competitive exclusion of pathogens and priming of plant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Allard
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - A R Ottesen
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - E W Brown
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - S A Micallef
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Centre for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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49
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Alegbeleye OO, Singleton I, Sant'Ana AS. Sources and contamination routes of microbial pathogens to fresh produce during field cultivation: A review. Food Microbiol 2018; 73:177-208. [PMID: 29526204 PMCID: PMC7127387 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne illness resulting from the consumption of contaminated fresh produce is a common phenomenon and has severe effects on human health together with severe economic and social impacts. The implications of foodborne diseases associated with fresh produce have urged research into the numerous ways and mechanisms through which pathogens may gain access to produce, thereby compromising microbiological safety. This review provides a background on the various sources and pathways through which pathogenic bacteria contaminate fresh produce; the survival and proliferation of pathogens on fresh produce while growing and potential methods to reduce microbial contamination before harvest. Some of the established bacterial contamination sources include contaminated manure, irrigation water, soil, livestock/ wildlife, and numerous factors influence the incidence, fate, transport, survival and proliferation of pathogens in the wide variety of sources where they are found. Once pathogenic bacteria have been introduced into the growing environment, they can colonize and persist on fresh produce using a variety of mechanisms. Overall, microbiological hazards are significant; therefore, ways to reduce sources of contamination and a deeper understanding of pathogen survival and growth on fresh produce in the field are required to reduce risk to human health and the associated economic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Singleton
- School of Applied Sciences, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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50
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Bennett SD, Sodha SV, Ayers TL, Lynch MF, Gould LH, Tauxe RV. Produce-associated foodborne disease outbreaks, USA, 1998-2013. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:1397-1406. [PMID: 29923474 PMCID: PMC9133681 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818001620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The US Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) gives food safety regulators increased authority to require implementation of safety measures to reduce the contamination of produce. To evaluate the future impact of FSMA on food safety, a better understanding is needed regarding outbreaks attributed to the consumption of raw produce. Data reported to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System during 1998-2013 were analysed. During 1998-2013, there were 972 raw produce outbreaks reported resulting in 34 674 outbreak-associated illnesses, 2315 hospitalisations, and 72 deaths. Overall, the total number of foodborne outbreaks reported decreased by 38% during the study period and the number of raw produce outbreaks decreased 19% during the same period; however, the percentage of outbreaks attributed to raw produce among outbreaks with a food reported increased from 8% during 1998-2001 to 16% during 2010-2013. Raw produce outbreaks were most commonly attributed to vegetable row crops (38% of outbreaks), fruits (35%) and seeded vegetables (11%). The most common aetiologic agents identified were norovirus (54% of outbreaks), Salmonella enterica (21%) and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (10%). Food-handling errors were reported in 39% of outbreaks. The proportion of all foodborne outbreaks attributable to raw produce has been increasing. Evaluation of safety measures to address the contamination on farms, during processing and food preparation, should take into account the trends occurring before FSMA implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. D. Bennett
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S. V. Sodha
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - T. L. Ayers
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M. F. Lynch
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - L. H. Gould
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - R. V. Tauxe
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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