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Corson E, Pendyala B, Patras A, D'Souza D. Inactivation of hepatitis A virus, feline calicivirus, and Tulane virus on Formica coupons using ultraviolet light technologies. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25201. [PMID: 38371995 PMCID: PMC10873656 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Contaminated fomites can lead to hepatitis A virus (HAV) and human norovirus (HuNoV) disease outbreaks. Improved decontamination methods that are user-friendly, cost-effective, and waterless are being researched for sustainability. Traditional ultraviolet light (UV-C) technologies though effective for surface decontamination have drawbacks, using mercury lamps, that pose user-safety risk and environmental hazards. Therefore, UV-C light emitting diode (LED) systems are being designed for delivering required antiviral doses. The objective of this research was to determine the ability of UV-C LED (279 nm) systems to inactivate HuNoV surrogates, feline calicivirus (FCV-F9) and Tulane virus (TV), and HAV on Formica coupons in comparison to UV-C (254 nm) systems. FCV-F9 (∼6 log PFU/mL), TV (∼7 log PFU/mL), or HAV (∼6 log PFU/mL) at 100 μL were surface-spread on sterile Formica coupons (3 × 3 cm2), air-dried, and treated for up to 2.5 min with both systems. Each experiment was replicated thrice. Recovered infectious plaque counts were statistically analyzed using mixed model analysis of variance. FCV-F9, TV, and HAV showed D10 values of 23.37 ± 0.91 mJ/cm2, 16.32 ± 3.6 mJ/cm2, and 12.39 ± 0.70 mJ/cm2 using 279 nm UV-C LED, respectively and D10 values of 9.97 ± 2.44 mJ/cm2, 6.83 ± 1.13 mJ/cm2 and 12.40 ± 1.15 mJ/cm2, respectively with 254 nm UV-C. Higher 279 nm UV-C LED doses were required to cause HuNoV surrogate reduction than 254 nm UV-C, except similar doses with both systems were needed for HAV inactivation on Formica surfaces. It remains critical to measure UV intensity of optical sources and optimize exposure times for desired log reduction on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Corson
- Department of Food Science, 2600 River Drive, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - B. Pendyala
- Department of Food and Animal Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee 37209, USA
| | - A. Patras
- Department of Food and Animal Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee 37209, USA
| | - D.H. D'Souza
- Department of Food Science, 2600 River Drive, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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2
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Pereira AR, Braga DFO, Vassal M, Gomes IB, Simões M. Ultraviolet C irradiation: A promising approach for the disinfection of public spaces? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163007. [PMID: 36965719 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet irradiation C (UVC) has emerged as an effective strategy for microbial control in indoor public spaces. UVC is commonly applied for air, surface, and water disinfection. Unlike common 254 nm UVC, far-UVC at 222 nm is considered non-harmful to human health, being safe for occupied spaces, and still effective for disinfection purposes. Therefore, and allied to the urgency to mitigate the current pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, an increase in UVC-based technology devices appeared in the market with levels of pathogens reduction higher than 99.9 %. This environmentally friendly technology has the potential to overcome many of the limitations of traditional chemical-based disinfection approaches. The novel UVC-based devices were thought to be used in public indoor spaces such as hospitals, schools, and public transport to minimize the risk of pathogens contamination and propagation, saving costs by reducing manual cleaning and equipment maintenance provided by manpower. However, a lack of information about UVC-based parameters and protocols for disinfection, and controversies regarding health and environmental risks still exist. In this review, fundamentals on UVC disinfection are presented. Furthermore, a deep analysis of UVC-based technologies available in the market for the disinfection of public spaces is addressed, as well as their advantages and limitations. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable inputs and strategies for the development of effective, reliable, and safe UVC disinfection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Pereira
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel F O Braga
- SpinnerDynamics, Lda., Rua da Junta de Freguesia 194, Escariz, 4540-322 Arouca, Portugal
| | - Mariana Vassal
- SpinnerDynamics, Lda., Rua da Junta de Freguesia 194, Escariz, 4540-322 Arouca, Portugal
| | - Inês B Gomes
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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Hindi SS, Sabir JSM, Dawoud UM, Ismail IM, Asiry KA, Mirdad ZM, Abo-Elyousr KA, Shiboob MH, Gabal MA, Albureikan MOI, Alanazi RA, Ibrahim OHM. Nanocellulose-Based Passivated-Carbon Quantum Dots (P-CQDs) for Antimicrobial Applications: A Practical Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2660. [PMID: 37376306 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Passivated-carbon quantum dots (P-CQDs) have been attracting great interest as an antimicrobial therapy tool due to their bright fluorescence, lack of toxicity, eco-friendly nature, simple synthetic schemes, and possession of photocatalytic functions comparable to those present in traditional nanometric semiconductors. Besides synthetic precursors, CQDs can be synthesized from a plethora of natural resources including microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC). Converting MCC into NCC is performed chemically via the top-down route, while synthesizing CODs from NCC can be performed via the bottom-up route. Due to the good surface charge status with the NCC precursor, we focused in this review on synthesizing CQDs from nanocelluloses (MCC and NCC) since they could become a potential source for fabricating carbon quantum dots that are affected by pyrolysis temperature. There are several P-CQDs synthesized with a wide spectrum of featured properties, namely functionalized carbon quantum dots (F-CQDs) and passivated carbon quantum dots (P-CQDs). There are two different important P-CQDs, namely 2,2'-ethylenedioxy-bis-ethylamine (EDA-CQDs) and 3-ethoxypropylamine (EPA-CQDs), that have achieved desirable results in the antiviral therapy field. Since NoV is the most common dangerous cause of nonbacterial, acute gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide, this review deals with NoV in detail. The surficial charge status (SCS) of the P-CQDs plays an important role in their interactions with NoVs. The EDA-CQDs were found to be more effective than EPA-CQDs in inhibiting the NoV binding. This difference may be attributed to their SCS as well as the virus surface. EDA-CQDs with surficial terminal amino (-NH2) groups are positively charged at physiological pH (-NH3+), whereas EPA-CQDs with surficial terminal methyl groups (-CH3) are not charged. Since the NoV particles are negatively charged, they are attracted to the positively charged EDA-CQDs, resulting in enhancing the P-CQDs concentration around the virus particles. The carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were found to be comparable to the P-CQDs in the non-specific binding with NoV capsid proteins, through complementary charges, π-π stacking, and/or hydrophobic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif S Hindi
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal S M Sabir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Uthman M Dawoud
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iqbal M Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A Asiry
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zohair M Mirdad
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamal A Abo-Elyousr
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Shiboob
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Gabal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Othman I Albureikan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rakan A Alanazi
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omer H M Ibrahim
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Lee H, Lee G, Cho YH, Song Y, Ko G. Chemokine CCL6 Plays Key Role in the Inhibitory Effect of Vitamin A on Norovirus Infection. J Microbiol 2023:10.1007/s12275-023-00047-3. [PMID: 37233907 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the most common viral cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Vitamin A has demonstrated the potential to protect against gastrointestinal infections. However, the effects of vitamin A on human norovirus (HuNoV) infections remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate how vitamin A administration affects NoV replication. We demonstrated that treatment with retinol or retinoic acid (RA) inhibited NoV replication in vitro based on their effects on HuNoV replicon-bearing cells and murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1) replication in murine cells. MNV replication in vitro showed significant transcriptomic changes, which were partially reversed by retinol treatment. RNAi knockdown of CCL6, a chemokine gene that was downregulated by MNV infection but upregulated by retinol administration, resulted in increased MNV replication in vitro. This suggested a role of CCL6 in the host response to MNV infections. Similar gene expression patterns were observed in the murine intestine after oral administration of RA and/or MNV-1.CW1. CCL6 directly decreased HuNoV replication in HG23 cells, and might indirectly regulate the immune response against NoV infection. Finally, relative replication levels of MNV-1.CW1 and MNV-1.CR6 were significantly increased in CCL6 knockout RAW 264.7 cells. This study is the first to comprehensively profile transcriptomes in response to NoV infection and vitamin A treatment in vitro, and thus may provide new insights into dietary prophylaxis and NoV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heetae Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea.
| | - Giljae Lee
- Center for Human and Environmental Microbiome, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Hee Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngcheon Song
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - GwangPyo Ko
- Center for Human and Environmental Microbiome, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Rowan NJ. Current decontamination challenges and potentially complementary solutions to safeguard the vulnerable seafood industry from recalcitrant human norovirus in live shellfish: Quo Vadis? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162380. [PMID: 36841407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Safeguarding the seafood industry is important given its contribution to supporting our growing global population. However, shellfish are filter feeders that bioaccumulate microbial contaminants in their tissue from wastewater discharged into the same coastal growing environments leading to significant human disease outbreaks unless appropriately mitigated. Removal or inactivation of enteric viruses is very challenging particularly as human norovirus (hNoV) binds to specific histo-blood ligands in live oyster tissue that are consumed raw or lightly cooked. The regulatory framework that sets out use of clean seawater and UV disinfection is appropriate for bacterial decontamination at the post-harvest land-based depuration (cleaning) stage. However, additional non-thermal technologies are required to eliminate hNoV in live shellfish (particularly oysters) where published genomic studies report that low-pressure UV has limited effectiveness in inactivating hNoV. The use of the standard genomic detection method (ISO 15, 216-1:2017) is not appropriate for assessing the loss of infectious hNoV in treated live shellfish. The use of surrogate viral infectivity methods appear to offer some insight into the loss of hNoV infectiousness in live shellfish during decontamination. This paper reviews the use of existing and potentially other combinational treatment approaches to enhance the removal or inactivation of enteric viruses in live shellfish. The use of alternative and complementary novel diagnostic approaches to discern viable hNoV are discussed. The effectiveness and virological safety of new affordable hNoV intervention(s) require testing and validating at commercial shellfish production in conjunction with laboratory-based research. Appropriate risk management planning should encompass key stakeholders including local government and the wastewater industry. Gaining a mechanistic understanding of the relationship between hNoV response at molecular and structural levels in individually treated oysters as a unit will inform predictive modeling and appropriate treatment technologies. Global warming of coastal growing environments may introduce additional contaminant challenges (such as invasive species); thus, underscoring need to develop real-time ecosystem monitoring of growing environments to alert shellfish producers to appropriately mitigate these threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Rowan
- Centre for Sustainable Disinfection and Sterilization, Bioscience Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon Midlands Midwest, Athlone Campus, Ireland.
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6
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Adcock AF, Wang P, Ferguson IS, Obu SC, Sun YP, Yang L. Inactivation of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus with Light-Activated Carbon Dots and Mechanistic Implications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:3158-3166. [PMID: 35797334 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The prevention of viral transmission is an important step to address the spread of viral infections. Using the enveloped vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) as a model, this study explored the antiviral functions of the specifically designed and prepared carbon dots (CDots). The CDots were prepared using small carbon nanoparticles with surface functionalization-passivation by oligomeric polyethylenimine (PEI). The results indicated that the PEI-CDots were readily activated by visible light to effectively and efficiently inactivate VSVs under various combinations of experimental conditions (viral titer, dot concentration, and treatment time). The photodynamically induced viral structural protein degradation and genomic RNA degradation were observed, suggesting the mechanistic origins, leading to the inactivation of virus. The results suggested CDots as a class of promising broad-spectrum antiviral agents for disinfection of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey F Adcock
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Isaiah S Ferguson
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - Somtochukwu C Obu
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - Ya-Ping Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Liju Yang
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
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Ezzatpanah H, Gómez‐López VM, Koutchma T, Lavafpour F, Moerman F, Mohammadi M, Raheem D. New food safety challenges of viral contamination from a global perspective: Conventional, emerging, and novel methods of viral control. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:904-941. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Ezzatpanah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | | | - Tatiana Koutchma
- Guelph Research and Development Center Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada Guelph Ontario Canada
| | | | - Frank Moerman
- Department of Chemistry Catholic University of Leuven ‐ KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | | | - Dele Raheem
- Arctic Centre (NIEM) University of Lapland Rovaniemi Finland
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Mariita RM, Davis JH, Randive RV. Illuminating Human Norovirus: A Perspective on Disinfection of Water and Surfaces Using UVC, Norovirus Model Organisms, and Radiation Safety Considerations. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020226. [PMID: 35215169 PMCID: PMC8879714 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a major cause of gastroenteritis and are associated with high morbidity because of their ability to survive in the environment and small inoculum size required for infection. Norovirus is transmitted through water, food, high touch-surfaces, and human-to-human contact. Ultraviolet Subtype C (UVC) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can disrupt the norovirus transmission chain for water, food, and surfaces. Here, we illuminate considerations to be adhered to when picking norovirus surrogates for disinfection studies and shine light on effective use of UVC for norovirus infection control in water and air and validation for such systems and explore the blind spot of radiation safety considerations when using UVC disinfection strategies. This perspective also discusses the promise of UVC for norovirus mitigation to save and ease life.
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Jubinville E, Trudel-Ferland M, Amyot J, Jean J. Inactivation of hepatitis A virus and norovirus on berries by broad-spectrum pulsed light. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 364:109529. [PMID: 35026446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne diseases are still a major global health and economic burden, and are mainly caused by viral pathogens, such as human norovirus and hepatitis A virus, which may remain infective for long times on food contact surfaces and on produce. The strategies of viral inactivation applied in the industry are not generally suitable for delicate foods such as berries. Brief exposure to high-intensity white light (UV to IR) has been shown to inactivate many bacteria. The effectiveness of this treatment against foodborne viruses on fresh produce is largely unknown. We show that pulsed light treatment causes a moderate drop in the luminosity (L*, which ranges from bright (high) to dark (low)) of blueberries (to 36.31 ± 0.99 from 42.47 ± 1.17) and affects the luminosity of lettuce slightly but does not affect the appearance of strawberries, blackberries or raspberries. Hepatitis A virus and murine norovirus 1 are thus reduced by 2 log cycles. Viral inactivation on blackberries was less effective. These results will help food industries evaluate the suitability of pulsed light disinfecting technology for specific fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Jubinville
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Mathilde Trudel-Ferland
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Janie Amyot
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Jean
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
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Gómez-López VM, Jubinville E, Rodríguez-López MI, Trudel-Ferland M, Bouchard S, Jean J. Inactivation of Foodborne Viruses by UV Light: A Review. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123141. [PMID: 34945692 PMCID: PMC8701782 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses on some foods can be inactivated by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. This green technology has little impact on product quality and, thus, could be used to increase food safety. While its bactericidal effect has been studied extensively, little is known about the viricidal effect of UV on foods. The mechanism of viral inactivation by UV results mainly from an alteration of the genetic material (DNA or RNA) within the viral capsid and, to a lesser extent, by modifying major and minor viral proteins of the capsid. In this review, we examine the potential of UV treatment as a means of inactivating viruses on food processing surfaces and different foods. The most common foodborne viruses and their laboratory surrogates; further explanation on the inactivation mechanism and its efficacy in water, liquid foods, meat products, fruits, and vegetables; and the prospects for the commercial application of this technology are discussed. Lastly, we describe UV’s limitations and legislation surrounding its use. Based on our review of the literature, viral inactivation in water seems to be particularly effective. While consistent inactivation through turbid liquid food or the entire surface of irregular food matrices is more challenging, some treatments on different food matrices seem promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente M. Gómez-López
- Catedra Alimentos para la Salud, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, E-30107 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Eric Jubinville
- Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Département des Sciences des Aliments, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (E.J.); (M.T.-F.); (S.B.)
| | - María Isabel Rodríguez-López
- Departamento de Tecnología de la Alimentación y Nutrición, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, E-30107 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Mathilde Trudel-Ferland
- Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Département des Sciences des Aliments, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (E.J.); (M.T.-F.); (S.B.)
| | - Simon Bouchard
- Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Département des Sciences des Aliments, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (E.J.); (M.T.-F.); (S.B.)
| | - Julie Jean
- Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Département des Sciences des Aliments, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (E.J.); (M.T.-F.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-418-656-2131 (ext. 413849)
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12
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Huang YM, Chang WC, Hsu CL. Inactivation of norovirus by atmospheric pressure plasma jet on salmon sashimi. Food Res Int 2021; 141:110108. [PMID: 33641975 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) jet, an emerging novel non-thermal technology, for the inactivation of human norovirus (NoV) on salmon sashimi. The influences of the non-thermal plasma on quality attributes of sashimi were also evaluated. Air, O2, and N2 (15 L/min) were used to produce the plasma jets. N2 plasma treatment for 12 min reduced NoV viral load (VL) (initial inoculums of 2.7 × 104 copies/g) by 2.17 × 104 copies/g, while air-based or O2-based plasma treatment for 9-12 min could reduce the VL to undetectable levels (below 100 copies/g). Under the same operating condition, the air-based or O2-based plasma treatment might increase slightly TBARS values in sashimi, yet the values (far below 1.0 mg MDA/kg) were within acceptable level for sashimi made with salmon fishes. The APP jets (APPJ) treatments could also retain the pH of sashimi at normal levels (6.29 ~ 6.02) to maintain the quality of salmon sashimi, the color quality of which was not affected evidently. The plasma-induced hardness and springiness changes in salmon sashimi were substantially low. These results suggested APPJ could be implemented as technology for inactivation of food-borne viruses and exhibited a high potential for application in fish sashimi processing, retaining product quality as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Huang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 41170, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chih Chang
- Department of Food Science, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Liang Hsu
- Department of Food Science, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
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13
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Jean J, Rodríguez-López MI, Jubinville E, Núñez-Delicado E, Gómez-López VM. Potential of pulsed light technology for control of SARS-CoV-2 in hospital environments. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2021; 215:112106. [PMID: 33383557 PMCID: PMC7767662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and its potential transmission through touching surfaces in clinical environments have impelled the use of conventional and novel methods of disinfection to prevent its spreading. Among the latter, pulsed light may be an effective, non-chemical decontamination alternative. Pulsed light technology inactivates microorganisms and viruses by using high intensity polychromatic light pulses, which degrades nucleic acids and proteins. This review describes this technology, compiles and critically analyzes the evidence about the virucidal efficacy of pulsed light technology with view on its potential use against SARS-CoV-2 in touching surfaces in health-care facilities. The efficacy of pulsed light proved against many different kind of viruses allows to conclude that is a suitable candidate to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 as long as the required fluence is applied and the appropriated exposure to contaminated surfaces is guaranteed. Pulsed light can inactivate many different types of viruses. Its antimicrobial efficacy has been proved in different health care facilities. Pulsed light produces fast inactivation and it is ecologically friendly. Evidence shows that it should be effective for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jean
- Département des Sciences des Aliments, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - María Isabel Rodríguez-López
- Departamento de Tecnología de la Alimentación y Nutrición, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, E-30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Eric Jubinville
- Département des Sciences des Aliments, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Estrella Núñez-Delicado
- Departamento de Tecnología de la Alimentación y Nutrición, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, E-30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Vicente M Gómez-López
- Catedra Alimentos para la Salud, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, E-30107 Murcia, Spain.
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Ahmed H, Maunula L, Korhonen J. Reduction of Norovirus in Foods by Nonthermal Treatments: A Review. J Food Prot 2020; 83:2053-2073. [PMID: 32649759 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Human noroviruses are enteric pathogens that cause a substantial proportion of acute gastroenteritis cases worldwide regardless of background variables such as age, ethnicity, and gender. Although person-to-person contact is the general route of transmission, foodborne infections are also common. Thorough cooking eliminates noroviruses, but several food products such as berries, leafy vegetables, and mollusks undergo only limited heat treatment, if any, before consumption. Novel applications of nonthermal processing technologies are currently being vigorously researched because they can be used to inactivate pathogens and extend product shelf life with limited effects on nutrient content and perceived quality. These technologies, adopted from several industrial fields, include some methods already approved for food processing that have been applied in the food industry for years. However, a majority of the research has been conducted with bacteria and simple matrixes or surfaces. This review focuses on elimination of norovirus in food matrixes by use of nonthermal technologies in four categories: high hydrostatic pressure, light, irradiation, and cold atmospheric plasma. We discuss the properties of noroviruses, principles and inactivation mechanisms of select technologies, and main findings of relevant studies. We also provide an overview of the current status of the research and propose future directions for related work. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Ahmed
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5876-3970 [H.A.])
| | - Leena Maunula
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0841-5353 [L.M.])
| | - Jenni Korhonen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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15
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Hadi J, Dunowska M, Wu S, Brightwell G. Control Measures for SARS-CoV-2: A Review on Light-Based Inactivation of Single-Stranded RNA Viruses. Pathogens 2020; 9:E737. [PMID: 32911671 PMCID: PMC7558314 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA virus classified in the family Coronaviridae. In this review, we summarize the literature on light-based (UV, blue, and red lights) sanitization methods for the inactivation of ssRNA viruses in different matrixes (air, liquid, and solid). The rate of inactivation of ssRNA viruses in liquid was higher than in air, whereas inactivation on solid surfaces varied with the type of surface. The efficacy of light-based inactivation was reduced by the presence of absorptive materials. Several technologies can be used to deliver light, including mercury lamp (conventional UV), excimer lamp (UV), pulsed-light, and light-emitting diode (LED). Pulsed-light technologies could inactivate viruses more quickly than conventional UV-C lamps. Large-scale use of germicidal LED is dependent on future improvements in their energy efficiency. Blue light possesses virucidal potential in the presence of exogenous photosensitizers, although femtosecond laser (ultrashort pulses) can be used to circumvent the need for photosensitizers. Red light can be combined with methylene blue for application in medical settings, especially for sanitization of blood products. Future modelling studies are required to establish clearer parameters for assessing susceptibility of viruses to light-based inactivation. There is considerable scope for improvement in the current germicidal light-based technologies and practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hadi
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University Ave and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Magdalena Dunowska
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University Manawatu (Turitea) Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand;
| | - Shuyan Wu
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University Ave and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Gale Brightwell
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University Ave and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University Manawatu (Turitea) Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
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16
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Applications of Pulsed Light Decontamination Technology in Food Processing: An Overview. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10103606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Consumers of the 21st century tend to be more aware and demand safe as well as nutritionally balanced food. Unfortunately, conventional thermal processing makes food safe at the cost of hampering nutritional value. The food industry is trying to develop non-thermal processes for food preservation. Pulsed light (PL) is one such emerging non-thermal food processing method that can decontaminate food products or food contact surfaces using white light. Exposure to intense light pulses (in infrared, visible, and ultraviolet (UV) regions) causes the death of microbial cells, rendering the food safe at room temperature. PL technology is an excellent and rapid method of disinfection of product surfaces and is increasingly being used for food surfaces and packaging decontamination, enabling the minimal processing of food. This paper aims to give an overview of the latest trends in pulsed light research, discuss principles of pulse generation, and review applications of various PL systems for the inactivation of microorganisms in vitro, in various food products, and on food contact surfaces. Effects of PL on food quality, challenges of the process, and its prospects are presented.
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Manoli K, Maffettone R, Sharma VK, Santoro D, Ray AK, Passalacqua KD, Carnahan KE, Wobus CE, Sarathy S. Inactivation of Murine Norovirus and Fecal Coliforms by Ferrate(VI) in Secondary Effluent Wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1878-1888. [PMID: 31886654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ferrate(VI) (FeVIO42, Fe(VI)) is an emerging oxidant/disinfectant to treat a wide range of contaminants and microbial pollutants in wastewater. This study describes the inactivation of murine norovirus (MNV) by Fe(VI) in phosphate buffer (PB) and secondary effluent wastewater (SEW). The decay of Fe(VI) had second-order kinetics in PB while Fe(VI) underwent an initial demand followed by first-order decay kinetics in SEW. The Chick-Watson inactivation kinetic model, based on integral CT (ICT) dose, well fitted the inactivation of MNV in both PB and SEW. In PB, the values of the inactivation rate constant (kd) decreased with an increase in pH, which was related to the reaction of protonated Fe(VI) species (HFeO4-) with MNV. Higher kd was observed in SEW than in PB. The inactivation of indigenous fecal coliforms (FC) in SEW was also measured. A two-population double-exponential model that accounted for both dispersed and particle-associated FC well fitted the inactivation data with determined kd and particle-associated inactivation rate constant (kp). Results show that Fe(VI) was more effective in inactivating dispersed FC than MNV. The MNV inactivation results obtained herein, coupled with the detailed modeling, provide important information in designing an Fe(VI) wastewater disinfection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos Manoli
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A5B9 , Canada
- Trojan Technologies , London , Ontario N5V4T7 , Canada
| | - Roberta Maffettone
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A5B9 , Canada
- Trojan Technologies , London , Ontario N5V4T7 , Canada
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health , Texas A&M University , 212 Adriance Lab Road , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A5B9 , Canada
- Trojan Technologies , London , Ontario N5V4T7 , Canada
| | - Ajay K Ray
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A5B9 , Canada
| | - Karla D Passalacqua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Kelly E Carnahan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Siva Sarathy
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A5B9 , Canada
- Trojan Technologies , London , Ontario N5V4T7 , Canada
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18
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Rowan NJ. Pulsed light as an emerging technology to cause disruption for food and adjacent industries – Quo vadis? Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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19
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Schottroff F, Fröhling A, Zunabovic-Pichler M, Krottenthaler A, Schlüter O, Jäger H. Sublethal Injury and Viable but Non-culturable (VBNC) State in Microorganisms During Preservation of Food and Biological Materials by Non-thermal Processes. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2773. [PMID: 30515140 PMCID: PMC6255932 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state, as well as sublethal injury of microorganisms pose a distinct threat to food safety, as the use of traditional, culture-based microbiological analyses might lead to an underestimation or a misinterpretation of the product's microbial status and recovery phenomena of microorganisms may occur. For thermal treatments, a large amount of data and experience is available and processes are designed accordingly. In case of innovative inactivation treatments, however, there are still several open points with relevance for the investigation of inactivation mechanisms as well as for the application and validation of the preservation processes. Thus, this paper presents a comprehensive compilation of non-thermal preservation technologies, i.e., high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), pulsed electric fields (PEFs), pulsed light (PL), and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, as well as cold plasma (CP) treatments. The basic technological principles and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action are described. Based on this, appropriate analytical methods are outlined, i.e., direct viable count, staining, and molecular biological methods, in order to enable the differentiation between viable and dead cells, as well as the possible occurrence of an intermediate state. Finally, further research needs are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Schottroff
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antje Fröhling
- Quality and Safety of Food and Feed, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Anna Krottenthaler
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Schlüter
- Quality and Safety of Food and Feed, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Henry Jäger
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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20
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Bosch A, Gkogka E, Le Guyader FS, Loisy-Hamon F, Lee A, van Lieshout L, Marthi B, Myrmel M, Sansom A, Schultz AC, Winkler A, Zuber S, Phister T. Foodborne viruses: Detection, risk assessment, and control options in food processing. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 285:110-128. [PMID: 30075465 PMCID: PMC7132524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In a recent report by risk assessment experts on the identification of food safety priorities using the Delphi technique, foodborne viruses were recognized among the top rated food safety priorities and have become a greater concern to the food industry over the past few years. Food safety experts agreed that control measures for viruses throughout the food chain are required. However, much still needs to be understood with regard to the effectiveness of these controls and how to properly validate their performance, whether it is personal hygiene of food handlers or the effects of processing of at risk foods or the interpretation and action required on positive virus test result. This manuscript provides a description of foodborne viruses and their characteristics, their responses to stress and technologies developed for viral detection and control. In addition, the gaps in knowledge and understanding, and future perspectives on the application of viral detection and control strategies for the food industry, along with suggestions on how the food industry could implement effective control strategies for viruses in foods. The current state of the science on epidemiology, public health burden, risk assessment and management options for viruses in food processing environments will be highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Bosch
- University of Barcelona, Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Diagonal 643, 8028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Elissavet Gkogka
- Arla Innovation Centre, Arla R&D, Agro Food Park 19, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark,.
| | - Françoise S Le Guyader
- IFREMER, Environment and Microbiology Laboratory, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21103, 44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Fabienne Loisy-Hamon
- bioMérieux, Centre Christophe Mérieux, 5 rue des berges, 38025 Grenoble, France.
| | - Alvin Lee
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Moffett Campus, 6502 South Archer Road, 60501-1957 Bedford Park, IL, United States.
| | - Lilou van Lieshout
- The International Life Sciences Institute, Av. E. Mounier 83/B.6, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Balkumar Marthi
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands; DaQsh Consultancy Services, 203, Laxmi Residency, Kothasalipeta, Visakhapatnam 530 002, India
| | - Mette Myrmel
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, P.O. Box 8146, 0033 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Annette Sansom
- Campden BRI Group, Station Road, Chipping Campden, GL55 6LD Gloucestershire, United Kingdom.
| | - Anna Charlotte Schultz
- National Food Institute Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, Building H, Room 204, 2860 Søborg, Denmark.
| | - Anett Winkler
- Cargill Deutschland GmbH, Cerestarstr. 2, 47809 Krefeld, Germany.
| | - Sophie Zuber
- Nestlé Research Centre, Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Science, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Box 44, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Trevor Phister
- PepsiCo Europe, Beaumont Park 4, Leycroft Road, LE4 1ET Leicester, United Kingdom.
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21
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John D, Ramaswamy HS. Pulsed light technology to enhance food safety and quality: a mini-review. Curr Opin Food Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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22
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Randazzo W, D'Souza DH, Sanchez G. Norovirus: The Burden of the Unknown. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2018; 86:13-53. [PMID: 30077220 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HNoVs) are primarily transmitted by the fecal-oral route, either by person-to-person contact, or by ingestion of contaminated food or water as well as by aerosolization. Moreover, HNoVs significantly contribute to foodborne diseases being the causative agent of one-fifth of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. As a consequence of globalization, transnational outbreaks of foodborne infections are reported with increasing frequency. Therefore, in this review, state-of-the-art information regarding molecular procedures for human norovirus detection in food as well common food processing technologies have been summarized. Besides, the purpose of this chapter is to consolidate basic information on various aspects of HNoVs and to summarize food processing technologies that can potentially be applied in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Randazzo
- IATA-CSIC, Valencia, Spain; University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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23
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Alidjinou EK, Sane F, Firquet S, Lobert PE, Hober D. Resistance of Enteric Viruses on Fomites. Intervirology 2017; 61:205-213. [PMID: 28614823 PMCID: PMC7179519 DOI: 10.1159/000448807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enteric viruses are associated with several clinical features, especially gastroenteritis. Large amounts of these viruses can be released in the environment and spread to people. Enteric viruses are nonenveloped viruses and have displayed good survival in the environment. They can be significantly resistant in food and water but also on fomites, and this is thought to play a role in transmission, leading to sporadic cases or outbreaks. The survival of enteric viruses on fomites relies on many factors including the virus itself, fomite properties, and extrinsic environmental factors such as temperature or relative humidity. Several reports in the literature have found an association with gastroenteritis cases or outbreaks and fomites naturally contaminated by enteric viruses. However, the study of virus survival following natural contamination is challenging, and most published studies are laboratory based, using experimental contamination. In addition, recent and detailed data on the resistance of each of the main enteric viruses on fomites are scarce. Many approaches, both physical and chemical, can be used to inactivate enteric viruses, the efficacy of which depends on the virus and the disinfection conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enagnon Kazali Alidjinou
- Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, CHU de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lille, Lille, France
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Abstract
This study reported the first assessment of carbon dots’ (CDots) antiviral activity to human norovirus virus-like-particles (VLPs), GI.1 and GII.4 VLPs. CDots with different surface passivation molecules, 2,2′-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine) (EDA)-CDots and 3-ethoxypropylamine (EPA)-CDots, were synthesized and evaluated. The results indicated both EDA- and EPA- CDots were highly effective to inhibit both strains of VLPs’ bindings to histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) receptors on human cells at CDots concentration of 5 µg/mL, with EDA-CDots achieving 100% inhibition and EPA CDots achieving 85–99% inhibition. At low CDots concentration (2 µg/mL), positively charged EDA-CDots exhibited higher inhibitory effect (~82%) than non-charged EPA-CDots (~60%), suggesting the surface charge status of CDots played a role in the interactions between CDots and the negatively charged VLPs. Both types of CDots also exhibited inhibitory effect on VLP’s binding to their respective antibodies, but much less effective than those to HBGA binding. After CDots treatments, VLPs remained intact, and no degradation was observed on VLPs’ capsid proteins. Taken together, the observed antiviral effects of CDots on noroviruses were mainly through the effective inhibition of VLPs’ binding to HBGA receptors and moderate inhibition of VLPs’ binding to their antibodies, without affecting the integrity of viral capsid protein and the viral particle.
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25
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Emmoth E, Rovira J, Rajkovic A, Corcuera E, Wilches Pérez D, Dergel I, Ottoson JR, Widén F. Inactivation of Viruses and Bacteriophages as Models for Swine Hepatitis E Virus in Food Matrices. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:20-34. [PMID: 27783334 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus has been recognised as a food-borne virus hazard in pork products, due to its zoonotic properties. This risk can be reduced by adequate treatment of the food to inactivate food-borne viruses. We used a spectrum of viruses and bacteriophages to evaluate the effect of three food treatments: high pressure processing (HPP), lactic acid (LA) and intense light pulse (ILP) treatments. On swine liver at 400 MPa for 10 min, HPP gave log10 reductions of ≥4.2, ≥5.0 and 3.4 for feline calicivirus (FCV) 2280, FCV wildtype (wt) and murine norovirus 1 (MNV 1), respectively. Escherichia coli coliphage ϕX174 displayed a lower reduction of 1.1, while Escherichia coli coliphage MS2 was unaffected. For ham at 600 MPa, the corresponding reductions were 4.1, 4.4, 2.9, 1.7 and 1.3 log10. LA treatment at 2.2 M gave log10 reductions in the viral spectrum of 0.29-2.1 for swine liver and 0.87-3.1 for ham, with ϕX174 and MNV 1, respectively, as the most stable microorganisms. The ILP treatment gave log10 reductions of 1.6-2.8 for swine liver, 0.97-2.2 for ham and 1.3-2.3 for sausage, at 15-60 J cm-2, with MS2 as the most stable microorganism. The HPP treatment gave significantly (p < 0.05) greater virus reduction on swine liver than ham for the viruses at equivalent pressure/time combinations. For ILP treatment, reductions on swine liver were significantly (p < 0.05) greater than on ham for all microorganisms. The results presented here could be used in assessments of different strategies to protect consumers against virus contamination and in advice to food producers. Conservative model indicators for the pathogenic viruses could be suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Emmoth
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jordi Rovira
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Food2Know, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Belgrade University, Nemanjina 6, Zemun-Belgrade, 11080, Serbia
| | - Elena Corcuera
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Diego Wilches Pérez
- Hiperbaric España Polígono Industrial Villalonquéjar, C/Condado de Treviño, 6, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Irene Dergel
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jakob R Ottoson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Risk-Benefit Analysis, National Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frederik Widén
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Kim SS, Kang DH. Synergistic effect of carvacrol and ohmic heating for inactivation of E. coli O157:H7, S . Typhimurium, L. monocytogenes , and MS-2 bacteriophage in salsa. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Kramer B, Wunderlich J, Muranyi P. Recent findings in pulsed light disinfection. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:830-856. [PMID: 28032924 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonthermal disinfection technologies are gaining increasing interest in the field of minimally processed food in order to improve the microbial safety or to extend the shelf life. Especially fresh-cut produce or meat and fish products are vulnerable to microbial spoilage, but, due to their sensitivity, they require gentle preservation measures. The application of intense light pulses of a broad spectral range comprising ultraviolet, visible and near infrared irradiation is currently investigated as a potentially suitable technology to reduce microbial loads on different food surfaces or in beverages. Considerable research has been performed within the last two decades, in which the impact of various process parameters or microbial responses as well as the suitability of pulsed light (PL) for food applications has been examined. This review summarizes the outcome of the latest studies dealing with the treatment of various foods including the impact of PL on food properties as well as recent findings about the microbicidal action and relevant process parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kramer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, Chair of Food Packaging Technology, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - J Wunderlich
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
| | - P Muranyi
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
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Kim SH, Shahbaz HM, Park D, Chun S, Lee W, Oh JW, Lee DU, Park J. A combined treatment of UV-assisted TiO2 photocatalysis and high hydrostatic pressure to inactivate internalized murine norovirus. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Aboubakr HA, Nauertz A, Luong NT, Agrawal S, El-Sohaimy SAA, Youssef MM, Goyal SM. In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Clove and Ginger Aqueous Extracts against Feline Calicivirus, a Surrogate for Human Norovirus. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1001-12. [PMID: 27296605 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne viruses, particularly human norovirus, are a concern for public health, especially in fresh vegetables and other minimally processed foods that may not undergo sufficient decontamination. It is necessary to explore novel nonthermal techniques for preventing foodborne viral contamination. In this study, aqueous extracts of six raw food materials (flower buds of clove, fenugreek seeds, garlic and onion bulbs, ginger rhizomes, and jalapeño peppers) were tested for antiviral activity against feline calicivirus (FCV) as a surrogate for human norovirus. The antiviral assay was performed using dilutions of the extracts below the maximum nontoxic concentrations of the extracts to the host cells of FCV, Crandell-Reese feline kidney (CRFK) cells. No antiviral effect was seen when the host cells were pretreated with any of the extracts. However, pretreatment of FCV with nondiluted clove and ginger extracts inactivated 6.0 and 2.7 log of the initial titer of the virus, respectively. Also, significant dosedependent inactivation of FCV was seen when host cells were treated with clove and ginger extracts at the time of infection or postinfection at concentrations equal to or lower than the maximum nontoxic concentrations. By comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, eugenol (29.5%) and R-(-)-1,2-propanediol (10.7%) were identified as the major components of clove and ginger extracts, respectively. The antiviral effect of the pure eugenol itself was tested; it showed antiviral activity similar to that of clove extract, albeit at a lower level, which indicates that some other clove extract constituents, along with eugenol, are responsible for inactivation of FCV. These results showed that the aqueous extracts of clove and ginger hold promise for prevention of foodborne viral contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamada A Aboubakr
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA; Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Aflaton Street, El-Shatby, 21545, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Andrew Nauertz
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Nhungoc T Luong
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Shivani Agrawal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Sobhy A A El-Sohaimy
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Arid Land Cultivation and Development Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg El Aarab, 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M Youssef
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Aflaton Street, El-Shatby, 21545, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sagar M Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA.
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Yi JY, Lee NH, Chung MS. Inactivation of bacteria and murine norovirus in untreated groundwater using a pilot-scale continuous-flow intense pulsed light (IPL) system. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Broglie JJ, Alston B, Yang C, Ma L, Adcock AF, Chen W, Yang L. Antiviral Activity of Gold/Copper Sulfide Core/Shell Nanoparticles against Human Norovirus Virus-Like Particles. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141050. [PMID: 26474396 PMCID: PMC4608711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide in a plethora of residential and commercial settings, including restaurants, schools, and hospitals. Methods for easily detecting the virus and for treating and preventing infection are critical to stopping norovirus outbreaks, and inactivation via nanoparticles (NPs) is a more universal and attractive alternative to other physical and chemical approaches. Using norovirus GI.1 (Norwalk) virus-like particles (VLPs) as a model viral system, this study characterized the antiviral activity of Au/CuS core/shell nanoparticles (NPs) against GI.1 VLPs for the rapid inactivation of HuNoV. Inactivation of VLPs (GI.1) by Au/CuS NPs evaluated using an absorbance-based ELISA indicated that treatment with 0.083 μM NPs for 10 min inactivated ~50% VLPs in a 0.37 μg/ml VLP solution and 0.83 μM NPs for 10 min completely inactivated the VLPs. Increasing nanoparticle concentration and/or VLP-NP contact time significantly increased the virucidal efficacy of Au/CuS NPs. Changes to the VLP particle morphology, size, and capsid protein were characterized using dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and Western blot analysis. The strategy reported here provides the first reported proof-of-concept Au/CuS NPs-based virucide for rapidly inactivating human norovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Jenkins Broglie
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brittny Alston
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Chang Yang
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lun Ma
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America
| | - Audrey F. Adcock
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America
| | - Liju Yang
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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