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Gisbert P, Hurtado A, Guatteo R. Efficacy and Safety of an Inactivated Phase I Coxiella burnetii Vaccine to Control Q Fever in Ruminants: A Systematic Review. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1484. [PMID: 38791700 PMCID: PMC11117324 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Q fever is a disease caused by Coxiella burnetii that affects many animal species and humans. In ruminants, the disease is responsible for several reproductive disorders (such as abortions, stillbirths, premature births, weak offspring, retained foetal membranes and infertility). An inactivated vaccine based on a phase I antigen of C. burnetii is available for cattle, goats and sheep. This review aims to summarise the scientific literature regarding the efficacy and safety of this vaccine to control the infection in these three domestic ruminant species. Forty-five publications and one experimental veterinary thesis reporting on experimental studies, case reports, mathematical modelling and intervention studies were selected according to the PRISMA guidelines. Although some studies lack control groups or statistical analyses, for all three species, published data show that vaccination often results in a reduction in abortions and an improvement in reproductive performance in comparison with absence of vaccination. There is also evidence, including in infected herds and animals, that vaccination is associated with a reduction in bacterial shedding, both in intensity and duration in comparison with absence of vaccination. For these reasons, in case of human outbreaks, vaccination is one of the pillars of control measures. Vaccination is generally well tolerated, despite the rare occurrence of mild, transient side-effects, such as hyperthermia and reduction in milk yield.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Hurtado
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER—Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Science and Technology Park 812L, 48160 Derio, Spain;
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Böttcher J, Bauer BU, Ambros C, Alex M, Domes U, Roth S, Boll K, Korneli M, Bogner KH, Randt A, Janowetz B. The immune response to a Coxiella burnetii vaccine in sheep varies according to their natural pre-exposure. Vaccine 2024; 42:1993-2003. [PMID: 38388237 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Q fever in humans is caused by Coxiella (C.) burnetii. In 2008 and 2012, cases of Q fever in humans were linked to an infected flock of approximately 650 ewes. Since 2013 gimmers (G'13, G'14, G'15 etc.) were primary vaccinated (two doses) with an inactivated C.burnetii vaccine without any revaccination. In 2013, 30 ewes were primary vaccinated (A'13). Shedding was annually monitored by qPCR-testing of vaginal and nasal swabs collected at lambing. Animals were tested for Phase I- (PhI) and PhII-antibodies (Ab) and for PhII-specific-interferon-γ (IFN-γ) before and after vaccination. The effect of a revaccination was determined in 2018 and 2023. Groups of randomly selected gimmers primary vaccinated in 2015, 2016 and 2017 and a mixed group of older animals (A'13, G'13 and G'14) were revaccinated once in 2018. The trial was repeated in 2023 on groups primary vaccinated in 2019-2023. Major shedding after the outbreak in 2012 ceased in 2014. Thereafter C.burnetii was only sporadically detected at low-level in 2018, 2021 and 2023. Sheep naturally exposed to C.burnetii during the outbreak in 2012 (A'13, G'13) mounted a strong and complete (PhI, PhII, IFN-γ) recall immune response after vaccination. A serological PhI+/PhII+ pattern dominated after vaccination. In contrast, since 2014 a weaker immune response (PhII-titre, IFN-γ) and a dominance of the PhI-/PhII+ pattern was observed in vaccinated gimmers. The number of serologically non-responding gimmers to vaccination increased to 25.0 % in G'16/G'17 and 40.4 % in G'19/G'20. But revaccination even three (G'15 in 2018) and four (G'19 in 2023) years after primary vaccination resulted in a strong and complete immune response. No difference of the immune response nor to more recently primary vaccinated animals (G'23 in 2023) nor to those animals that were present during the outbreak (A'13/G'13/G'14 in 2018) was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Böttcher
- Animal Health Service, Bavaria, Senator-Gerauer-Str. 23, 85586 Poing, Germany.
| | - Benjamin U Bauer
- Animal Health Service, Bavaria, Senator-Gerauer-Str. 23, 85586 Poing, Germany
| | - Christina Ambros
- Animal Health Service, Bavaria, Senator-Gerauer-Str. 23, 85586 Poing, Germany
| | - Michaela Alex
- Animal Health Service, Bavaria, Senator-Gerauer-Str. 23, 85586 Poing, Germany
| | - Ursula Domes
- Animal Health Service, Bavaria, Senator-Gerauer-Str. 23, 85586 Poing, Germany
| | - Sabine Roth
- Staatl. Veterinäramt, Landratsamt Main-Spessart, Würzburger Str. 9 a, D-97753 Karlstadt, Germany
| | - Kerstin Boll
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Eggenreuther Weg 43, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Korneli
- Staatl. Veterinäramt, Landratsamt Main-Spessart, Würzburger Str. 9 a, D-97753 Karlstadt, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Bogner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Eggenreuther Weg 43, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Randt
- Animal Health Service, Bavaria, Senator-Gerauer-Str. 23, 85586 Poing, Germany
| | - Britta Janowetz
- Animal Health Service, Bavaria, Senator-Gerauer-Str. 23, 85586 Poing, Germany
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Toledo-Perona R, Contreras A, Gomis J, Quereda JJ, García-Galán A, Sánchez A, Gómez-Martín Á. Controlling Coxiella burnetii in naturally infected sheep, goats and cows, and public health implications: a scoping review. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1321553. [PMID: 38425838 PMCID: PMC10901991 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1321553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Q fever is a worldwide zoonotic disease which domestic ruminants are the main source of infection for humans. This scoping review summarizes the control measures currently available to reduce Coxiella burnetii (Cb) infection in naturally infected sheep, goat and cattle herds. A total of 28 articles were included in the review. A lack of methodological standardization was noted in the articles analyzed. The results indicated that long-term vaccination in cows reduces bacterial excretion in milk and environmental contamination. In small ruminants, the results of vaccination in terms of efficacy are variable. In goats, there is a reduction in bacterial excretion, unlike in sheep, where a long-term vaccination program is necessary to reduce bacterial excretion. Moreover, the high persistence of viable Cb in the environment means that control measures for sheep are needed for several years. The use of antibiotics as a control measure in cows and sheep was not found to reduce excretion. However, the combination of vaccination with antibiotic therapy appears to have positive effects in small ruminants in terms of controlling outbreaks of Q fever. Hygiene and biosecurity measures are the basic means for controlling Cb infection on ruminant farms and ensuring public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Toledo-Perona
- Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBio), Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology. Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Gomis
- Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBio), Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology. Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan José Quereda
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology. Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
- Research Group Intracellular Pathogens: Biology and Infection, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana García-Galán
- Department of Animal Health, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Sánchez
- Department of Animal Health, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ángel Gómez-Martín
- Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBio), Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology. Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
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Selim A, Marawan MA, Abdelhady A, Alshammari FA, Alqhtani AH, Ba-Awadh HA, Olarinre IO, Swelum AA. Coxiella burnetii and its risk factors in cattle in Egypt: a seroepidemiological survey. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:29. [PMID: 36721142 PMCID: PMC9887742 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal production is greatly affected by Q fever. As a result of a lack of methodology and financial means to perform extensive epidemiological surveys, the disease's underdiagnosis has proven to be a challenge for effective control. The present study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of C. burnetii in cattle raising in four governorates situated at Nile Delta of Egypt and assess the associated risk factors for infection. A total of 480 serum samples were collected from cattle and examined for presence of anti-C. burnetii antibodies using indirect ELISA assay. The overall seroprevalence of C. burnetii among examined cattle was 19.8%, with the Qalyubia governorate having the highest prevalence. The results of multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed significant association between C. burnetii seropositivity and age, communal grazing and/or watering, contact with small ruminants and history of infertility. According to the findings of this work, C. burnetii is circulating among cattle living in Nile Delta. It is suggested that adequate hygiene procedures and biosecurity measures should be implemented to limit the transmission of pathogens within cow herds and potential human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelfattah Selim
- grid.411660.40000 0004 0621 2741Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, 13736 Egypt
| | - Marawan A. Marawan
- grid.411660.40000 0004 0621 2741Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, 13736 Egypt
| | - Abdelhamed Abdelhady
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fahdah Ayed Alshammari
- grid.449533.c0000 0004 1757 2152Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts-RAFHA, Northern Border University, Arar, 73213 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmohsen H. Alqhtani
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani A. Ba-Awadh
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Isiaka O. Olarinre
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman A. Swelum
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Coxiella burnetii and Co-Infections with Other Major Pathogens Causing Abortion in Small Ruminant Flocks in the Iberian Peninsula. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243454. [PMID: 36552374 PMCID: PMC9774532 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is an intracellular bacterium causing human Q fever and reproductive disorders in domestic ruminants. We analyzed the occurrence of C. burnetii and co-infections with six other major pathogens causing abortion in sheep (1242 cases) and goat (371 cases) flocks from Spain and Portugal. After real-time PCR detection, co-infections were established by principal component and cluster analysis that grouped cases based on the joint presence/absence of several microorganisms. C. burnetii and Chlamydia abortus were the most common abortifacient agents with approximately 75% of cases from both hosts testing positive, followed by Toxoplasma gondii, Campylobacter sp., Salmonella enterica, border disease virus and Neospora caninum. C. burnetii was significantly more common than C. abortus in goat abortions (p < 0.001). Co-infections with at least two pathogens were found in more than 66% cases of ovine abortions and 36% cases of caprine abortions testing positive for C. burnetii, mostly including mixed infections with only C. abortus. These findings indicate that both pathogens are the most significant ones to be readily prevented by vaccination in this geographical area. Biosecurity and biocontainment measures are also steadfastly recommended to prevent both the economic losses and public health risks associated with most of these abortifacient agents.
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Performance Evaluation and Validation of Air Samplers To Detect Aerosolized Coxiella burnetii. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0065522. [PMID: 36073825 PMCID: PMC9602806 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00655-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii, the etiological agent of Q fever, is an intracellular zoonotic pathogen transmitted via the respiratory route. Once released from infected animals, C. burnetii can travel long distances through air before infecting another host. As such, the ability to detect the presence of C. burnetii in air is important. In this study, three air samplers, AirPort MD8, BioSampler, and the Coriolis Micro, were assessed against a set of predetermined criteria in the presence of three different aerosolized C. burnetii concentrations. Two liquid collection media, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and alkaline polyethylene glycol (Alk PEG), were tested with devices requiring a collection liquid. Samples were tested by quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay (qPCR) targeting the single-copy com1 gene or multicopy insertion element IS1111. All air samplers performed well at detecting airborne C. burnetii across the range of concentrations tested. At high nebulized concentrations, AirPort MD8 showed higher, but variable, recovery probabilities. While the BioSampler and Coriolis Micro recovered C. burnetii at lower concentrations, the replicates were far more repeatable. At low and intermediate nebulized concentrations, results were comparable in the trials between air samplers, although the AirPort MD8 had consistently higher recovery probabilities. In this first study validating air samplers for their ability to detect aerosolized C. burnetii, we found that while all samplers performed well, not all samplers were equal. It is important that these results are further validated under field conditions. These findings will further inform efforts to detect airborne C. burnetii around known point sources of infection. IMPORTANCE Coxiella burnetii causes Q fever in humans and coxiellosis in animals. It is important to know if C. burnetii is present in the air around putative sources as it is transmitted via inhalation. This study assessed air samplers (AirPort MD8, BioSampler, and Coriolis Micro) for their efficacy in detecting C. burnetii. Our results show that all three devices could detect aerosolized bacteria effectively; however, at high concentrations the AirPort performed better than the other two devices, showing higher percent recovery. At intermediate and low concentrations AirPort detected at a level higher than or similar to that of other samplers. Quantification of samples was hindered by the limit of quantitation of the qPCR assay. Compared with the other two devices, the AirPort was easier to handle and clean in the field. Testing air around likely sources (e.g., farms, abattoirs, and livestock saleyards) using validated sampling devices will help better estimate the risk of Q fever to nearby communities.
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Böttcher J, Bauer BU, Ambros C, Alex M, Domes U, Roth S, Boll K, Korneli M, Bogner KH, Randt A, Janowetz B. Long-term control of Coxiellosis in sheep by annual primary vaccination of gimmers. Vaccine 2022; 40:5197-5206. [PMID: 35914960 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Coxiella (C.) burnetii, a Gram-negative intracellular bacterium, causes Q fever in humans and Coxiellosis in animals. Ruminants are a primary source of human infection with C.burnetii. In 2013, vaccination was implemented in a sheep flock with 650 ewes associated with two outbreaks of Q fever in humans in 2008 and 2012. Only gimmers (yearlings) received two doses of a commercial C.burnetii phase I whole cell vaccine three weeks apart (primary vaccination) without any revaccination. Vaginal and nasal swabs collected shortly after lambing were tested by qPCR. Additionally, a group of non-vaccinated sentinels was serologically monitored for phase I (PhI), II (PhII) antibodies and for Interferon γ (IFN-γ) after stimulation of whole blood cells with PhII-antigen with and without an IL-10-neutralizing monoclonal antibody. In 2021, 679 sera collected in 2014-2021 were retested retrospectively with three commercial ELISA kits and one batch of an in-house PhI/PhII-ELISA. A low-level shedding of C.burnetii (<103 mean C.burnetii/swab) was observed until 2014. In 2021 C.burnetii was detected in two animals (<103.1C.burnetii/swab), but vaginal swabs collected at two subsequent lambing seasons remained negative. Seroconversion of sentinels was detected until 2017. However, the retrospective analysis of sentinels in 2021 revealed additional single seropositive animals from 2018 to 2021. IFN-γ reactivity was observed during the whole study period; it peaked in 2014 and in 2018 and decreased thereafter. The sporadic detection of C.burnetii and the immune responses of sentinels suggested that a subliminal infection persisted despite vaccination. Nevertheless, vaccination of gimmers prevented the development of a major outbreak, it controlled the infection and reduced the risk of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Böttcher
- Animal Health Service, Bavaria, Senator-Gerauer-Str. 23, 85586 Poing, Germany.
| | - Benjamin U Bauer
- Animal Health Service, Bavaria, Senator-Gerauer-Str. 23, 85586 Poing, Germany; Current address: University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Ambros
- Animal Health Service, Bavaria, Senator-Gerauer-Str. 23, 85586 Poing, Germany
| | - Michaela Alex
- Animal Health Service, Bavaria, Senator-Gerauer-Str. 23, 85586 Poing, Germany
| | - Ursula Domes
- Animal Health Service, Bavaria, Senator-Gerauer-Str. 23, 85586 Poing, Germany
| | - Sabine Roth
- Staatl. Veterinäramt, Landratsamt Main-Spessart, Würzburger Str. 9 a, D-97753 Karlstadt
| | - Kerstin Boll
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Eggenreuther Weg 43, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Korneli
- Staatl. Veterinäramt, Landratsamt Main-Spessart, Würzburger Str. 9 a, D-97753 Karlstadt
| | - Karl-Heinz Bogner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Eggenreuther Weg 43, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Randt
- Animal Health Service, Bavaria, Senator-Gerauer-Str. 23, 85586 Poing, Germany
| | - Britta Janowetz
- Animal Health Service, Bavaria, Senator-Gerauer-Str. 23, 85586 Poing, Germany
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Jansen W, Cargnel M, Boarbi S, Mertens I, Van Esbroeck M, Fretin D, Mori M. Belgian bulk tank milk surveillance program reveals the impact of a continuous vaccination protocol for small ruminants against Coxiella burnetii. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e141-e152. [PMID: 34357703 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Endemic Q fever in small ruminants remains an ongoing challenge for veterinary and human public health agencies. Though surveillance programs are implemented in Belgium, infection patterns and vaccination profiles, driving variables, as well as geographical clustering were not presented until now. Based on data from a decade of bulk tank milk analysis between 2009 and 2019, shedding in dairy goat herds declined from 16% (8/50) to 6% (10/162), whereas seroprevalence remained between 32% and 40%. Merely up to two shedding dairy sheep flocks were detected until 2019; seroprevalence peaked in 2017 (43%, 12/28) and declined thereafter. The number of animals in the holding influenced significantly (p = .048) the likelihood of shedding, whereas other established risk factors such as uncovered manure, high abortion rates and diversified farm structure could not be confirmed to significantly affect infection on Belgian herd level. Intermittent, incomplete and unsynchronized vaccinated herds shed Coxiella burnetii significantly more often and longer (p < .001) than continuously, complete and synchronized vaccinated herds. Spatial analyses revealed restricted but matching, homogenous clusters with ≤35 km diameter, concentrated in the coastal region close to the border to the Netherlands from 2009 to 2012, and broadened, heterogeneous clusters with ≥45 km diameter between 2014 and 2016 spreading south-west. Though the majority of human cases was notified in this region, the animal clusters could not be allied with Q fever cases. The impact of environmental factors as well as the role of wildlife, rodents and ticks on the transmission between flocks and to humans remains to be elucidated to harness additional epidemiological drivers of Q fever in Belgium. In conclusion, attempts to reduce the burden of Q fever in Belgium should particularly focus on the timely, complete and synchronized vaccination of flocks, including the breeding sire, and particularity in high-risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Jansen
- Federal Research Institute for Health, Bacterial Zoonoses of Animals, Veterinary Bacteriology, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.,National Reference Center for Coxiella burnetii and Bartonella, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mickael Cargnel
- Federal Research Institute for Health, Veterinary Epidemiology, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samira Boarbi
- Federal Research Institute for Health, Bacterial Zoonoses of Animals, Veterinary Bacteriology, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ingeborg Mertens
- Federal Agency for the Safety in the Food Chain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marjan Van Esbroeck
- National Reference Center for Coxiella burnetii and Bartonella, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - David Fretin
- Federal Research Institute for Health, Bacterial Zoonoses of Animals, Veterinary Bacteriology, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.,National Reference Center for Coxiella burnetii and Bartonella, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marcella Mori
- Federal Research Institute for Health, Bacterial Zoonoses of Animals, Veterinary Bacteriology, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.,National Reference Center for Coxiella burnetii and Bartonella, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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Zendoia II, Barandika JF, Hurtado A, López CM, Alonso E, Beraza X, Ocabo B, García-Pérez AL. Analysis of environmental dust in goat and sheep farms to assess Coxiella burnetii infection in a Q fever endemic area: Geographical distribution, relationship with human cases and genotypes. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:666-676. [PMID: 34240552 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Real-time PCR analysis of environmental samples (dust and aerosols) is an easy tool to investigate the presence of Coxiella burnetii in the farm environment. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution of C. burnetii DNA in dust collected inside animal premises from 272 small ruminant farms in Bizkaia (northern Spain), a region with recent reports of human Q fever cases and outbreaks. Within each farm, 5 samples of dust were collected from difference surfaces, and data on animal census, management procedures, characteristics of the premises and geographic location were collected. Real-time PCR analysis of the dust samples detected presence of C. burnetii DNA in 98 farms (36.0%), flock-prevalence being higher in sheep (38.9%) or mixed ovine-caprine production systems (36.8%), compared to goats (25.0%). Larger bacterial burdens were observed in mixed farms, compared to sheep (p < .05). Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis identified 5 different genotypes, with SNP8 being the predominant genotype (73%), followed by SNP6 (11%), SNP2 (9%), SNP4 (5%) and SNP1 (2%). Proportion of farms where C. burnetii DNA was detected differed among the different agricultural counties, and a higher proportion of C. burnetii DNA positive farms was associated with the occurrence of recent human Q fever outbreaks at several geographical locations. Dust sampling in domestic ruminant farms coupled with real-time PCR to screen for the presence of C. burnetii and estimate bacterial load can be a useful tool to identify herds and regions with high prevalence, define priority actions and monitor the effect of control measures. If combined with molecular genotyping and spatial distribution maps, it can help to identify farm contamination sources and trace the origin of human outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion I Zendoia
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Jesús F Barandika
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Ana Hurtado
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Ceferino M López
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Eva Alonso
- Departamento de Salud del Gobierno Vasco, Subdirección de Salud Pública de Bizkaia, Unidad de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Xabier Beraza
- Departamento de Salud del Gobierno Vasco, Subdirección de Salud Pública de Bizkaia, Unidad de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Blanca Ocabo
- Departamento de Agricultura, Servicio de Ganadería, Diputación Foral de Bizkaia, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ana L García-Pérez
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
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Muleme M, Devlin JM, Campbell A, Vincent G, Benham PJ, Sprohnle C, Stent A, Cameron A, Islam A, Graves S, Wilks C, Stenos J, Firestone SM. A randomised controlled trial of the immunogenicity and safety of a formaldehyde-inactivated Coxiella burnetii vaccine in 8-week-old goats. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 236:110253. [PMID: 33940537 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii causes Q fever in individuals exposed to infected ruminants. Vaccination in 3-4-month-old goats, has been reported to result in significantly greater reduction in C. burnetii shedding compared to goats vaccinated one month before breeding, the most commonly used strategy of controlling Q fever on infected intensively-managed herds. It is possible that an even greater reduction in the number of animals shedding C. burnetii could be achieved if vaccination were administered shortly after protection from colostrum antibodies wanes and animals become susceptible to infection with C. burnetii. This study aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of a formaldehyde-inactivated phase 1 C. burnetii vaccine in 8-week-old goats. Two injections, four weeks apart, elicited specific IgM and IgG responses in all vaccinated goats (n = 6), while no antibodies were detected in two control groups (n = 12). Swelling at the site of inoculation was observed in all the vaccinated and in 10/11 of the placebo-treated goats but receded after 3 weeks. Weight change and rectal temperatures were also comparable between vaccinated and control goats. The data indicated that this vaccine could be suitable for immunising 8-week-old goats, although further trials to determine level of protection against challenge are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Muleme
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Joanne M Devlin
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Angus Campbell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Gemma Vincent
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul John Benham
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Cleide Sprohnle
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew Stent
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Alexander Cameron
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Aminul Islam
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen Graves
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Colin Wilks
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - John Stenos
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon M Firestone
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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11
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Bauer BU, Knittler MR, Prüfer TL, Wolf A, Matthiesen S, Runge M, Ganter M. Humoral immune response to Q fever vaccination of three sheep flocks naturally pre-infected with Coxiella burnetii. Vaccine 2021; 39:1499-1507. [PMID: 33558108 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Qfever is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii; Coxiella-infected ruminants are the main reservoir shedding the pathogen during abortion or parturition through birth products. Germany has a long history of small-scale Q fever epidemics in the human population mostly associated with lambing sheep. Therefore, fast and efficient control measures are essentially required to prevent transmission from infected sheep flocks to humans. In our present study, three sheep flocks were vaccinated with an inactivated C.burnetii phase I vaccine after a field infection with C.burnetii was diagnosed. Serum samples and vaginal swabs were collected at different time points to evaluate the extent of the outbreak and the consequences of the vaccination. The serum samples were examined by phase-specific IgG phase I and phase II ELISAs and a commercial ELISA, simultaneously detecting both phase variations. Moreover, vaginal swabs were analysed by qPCR. The fourth flock with no Q fever history and non-vaccinated animals were used as a control group to evaluate the phase-specific ELISAs. The inactivated C.burnetii phase I vaccine induced an IgG phase II response and boosted the humoral immune reaction against natural pre-infections. Furthermore, the longevity of vaccine-induced antibodies seems to depend on previous infections. Around 16 months after primary vaccination, mainly IgG phase I antibodies were detectable. Vaccination did not prevent shedding at the next lambing season. Most interestingly, the phase-specific ELISAs revealed more C.burnetii positive animals than the blended ELISA-Assay. Taken together, phase-specific ELISAs are suitable tools to provide insights into natural- or vaccine-induced humoral immune responses to C.burnetii in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin U Bauer
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Michael R Knittler
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - T Louise Prüfer
- Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Annika Wolf
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Svea Matthiesen
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Runge
- Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Ganter
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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12
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Abeykoon AMH, Clark NJ, Soares Magalhaes RJ, Vincent GA, Stevenson MA, Firestone SM, Wiethoelter AK. Coxiella burnetii in the environment: A systematic review and critical appraisal of sampling methods. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 68:165-181. [PMID: 33314733 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the intracellular bacterium, Coxiella burnetii. Its primary mode of transmission is by inhalation of aerosols originating from infected animals and contaminated environments. The organism has a very low infective dose, can persist in the environment for long periods of time and large outbreaks fuelled by windborne spread have been previously reported. Detection of C. burnetii in the environment is therefore important during human and animal outbreak investigations and for the control and prevention of Q fever. This study aimed to systematically review and critically appraise the published literature on sampling methods used to detect C. burnetii from different environmental samples. A search of four electronic databases with subsequent hand searching identified 47 eligible articles published since 1935. These articles described sampling of dust, air, soil and liquids in attempts to detect C. burnetii during 19 Q fever outbreaks and in 28 endemic settings. Environmental positivity was most commonly associated with ruminant livestock populations. Evidence describing spatio-temporal characteristics and associated geographical dispersion gradients was limited. The most commonly tested sample type was dust which also yielded the highest bacterial loads of >108 bacteria/cloth. The MD8 (Sartorius) air sampler was used widely for air sampling. Soil was the only sample type for which a validated laboratory protocol was established specifically for C. burnetii. Each environmental sample type has its advantages and limitations which are discussed in detail and a simplified framework to guide decisions around environmental sampling for C. burnetii is provided. In any type of environmental sampling, it is recommended to use standardized and validated methods and to match the most ideal sampling strategy and timing with the research context. These conditions are essential to be considered when designing future Q fever management plans that involve environmental sampling for C. burnetii.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Hasanthi Abeykoon
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas Joshua Clark
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Ricardo Jorge Soares Magalhaes
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia.,Children's Health and Environment Program, UQ Children's Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gemma Anne Vincent
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Anthony Stevenson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon Matthew Firestone
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anke Katrin Wiethoelter
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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13
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Bauer B, Prüfer L, Walter M, Ganter I, Frangoulidis D, Runge M, Ganter M. Comparison of Coxiella burnetii Excretion between Sheep and Goats Naturally Infected with One Cattle-Associated Genotype. Pathogens 2020; 9:E652. [PMID: 32823701 PMCID: PMC7459479 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The main reservoir of Coxiella (C.) burnetii are ruminants. They shed the pathogen through birth products, vaginal mucus, faeces and milk. A direct comparison of C. burnetii excretions between naturally infected sheep and goats was performed on the same farm to investigate species-specific differences. The animals were vaccinated with an inactivated C. burnetii phase I vaccine at the beginning of the study period for public health reasons. Vaginal and rectal swabs along with milk specimens were taken monthly during the lambing period and once again at the next lambing season. To estimate the environmental contamination of the animals' housings, nasal swabs from every animal were taken simultaneously. Moreover, dust samples from the windowsills and straw beddings were collected. All samples were examined by qPCR targeting the IS1111 gene and the MLVA/VNTR typing method was performed. Whole genome sequencing was applied to determine the number of IS1111 copies followed by a calculation of C. burnetii genome equivalents of each sample. The cattle-associated genotype C7 was detected containing 29 IS1111 copies. Overall, goats seem to shed more C. burnetii through vaginal mucus and in particular shed more and for longer via the rectal route than sheep. This is supported by the larger quantities of C. burnetii DNA detected in caprine nasal swabs and environmental samples compared to the ovine ones. Transmission of C. burnetii from cattle to small ruminants must also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bauer
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Louise Prüfer
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, Eintrachtweg 17, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (L.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Mathias Walter
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; (M.W.); (D.F.)
| | - Isabel Ganter
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Dimitrios Frangoulidis
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; (M.W.); (D.F.)
- Bundeswehr Medical Service Headquarters VI-2, Medical Intelligence & Information (MI2), Dachauer Straße 128, 80637 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Runge
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, Eintrachtweg 17, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (L.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Martin Ganter
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany;
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14
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Álvarez-Alonso R, Zendoia II, Barandika JF, Jado I, Hurtado A, López CM, García-Pérez AL. Monitoring Coxiella burnetii Infection in Naturally Infected Dairy Sheep Flocks Throughout Four Lambing Seasons and Investigation of Viable Bacteria. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:352. [PMID: 32754620 PMCID: PMC7365863 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression of Coxiella burnetii infection in four naturally infected sheep flocks, and in their farm environment, was monitored throughout four lambing seasons. Flocks with an active infection were selected based on the presence of C. burnetii DNA in bulk-tank milk (BTM) and a high seroprevalence in yearlings during the previous milking period (Spring 2015). During four consecutive lambing seasons (2015/16–2018/19), samples were collected within 1 week after each lambing period from animals (vaginal swabs, milk and feces from ewes, and yearlings) and the environment (dust indoor sheep premises). BTM samples and aerosols (outdoors and indoors) were monthly collected between lambing and the end of milking. Real-time PCR analyses showed different trends in C. burnetii shedding in the flocks, with a general progressive decrease in bacterial shedding throughout the years, interrupted in three flocks by peaks of reinfection associated with specific management practices. A significant relationship was found between C. burnetii fecal shedding and the bacterial burden detected in dust, whereas shedding by vaginal route affected the detection of C. burnetii in indoor aerosols. Three genotypes were identified: SNP8 (three flocks, 52.9% of the samples), SNP1 (two flocks, 44.8% samples), and SNP5 (one flock, two environmental samples). Coxiella burnetii viability in dust measured by culture in Vero cells was demonstrated in two of the flocks, even during the fourth lambing season. The results showed that infection can remain active for over 5 years if effective control and biosafety measures are not correctly implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Álvarez-Alonso
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Spain
| | - Ion I Zendoia
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Spain
| | - Jesús F Barandika
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Spain
| | - Isabel Jado
- Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Hurtado
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Spain
| | - Ceferino M López
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ana L García-Pérez
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Spain
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15
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Moradnejad P, Esmaeili S, Maleki M, Sadeghpour A, Kamali M, Rohani M, Ghasemi A, Bagheri Amiri F, Pasha HR, Boudagh S, Bakhshandeh H, Naderi N, Ghadrdoost B, Lotfian S, Dehghan Manshadi SA, Mostafavi E. Q Fever Endocarditis in Iran. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15276. [PMID: 31649268 PMCID: PMC6813299 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51600-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with the underlying valvular heart disease are at the high risk of developing sub-acute or chronic endocarditis secondary to Coxiella burnetii. Q fever endocarditis is the most common manifestation along with persistent the infection. There is some serologic and molecular evidence of C. burnetii infection in humans and livestock in Iran. As it is possible to observe chronic Q fever in Iran, it seems necessary to study the prevalence of Q fever endocarditis in this country. In the present study, Infective Endocarditis (IE) patients (possible or definite based on Duke Criteria) hospitalized in Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center were enrolled from August 2016 to September 2018. Culture-negative endocarditis patients were evaluated by Raoult criteria for diagnosis Q fever endocarditis. The serological results for brucellosis were negative for all subjects. All blood and tissue samples including valve samples were tested for C. burnetii infection using serology and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). In this study, 126 patients who were admitted to the hospital were enrolled; of which 52 subjects were culture-negative IE. Among the participants, 16 patients (30.77%) were diagnosed with Q fever IE and underwent medical treatment. The mean age of patients was 46.6 years ranging from 23 to 69 years and 75% of them were male. Considering the high prevalence of Q fever IE, evaluation of the patients with culture-negative IE for C. burnetii infections was highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardis Moradnejad
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saber Esmaeili
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Iran.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Maleki
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anita Sadeghpour
- Echocardiography Research center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Monireh Kamali
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Rohani
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Iran.,Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghasemi
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Iran.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Bagheri Amiri
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Pasha
- Echocardiography Research center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Boudagh
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooman Bakhshandeh
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Naderi
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behshid Ghadrdoost
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Lotfian
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Dehghan Manshadi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Mostafavi
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Iran. .,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Carrié P, Barry S, Rousset E, de Crémoux R, Sala C, Calavas D, Perrin JB, Bronner A, Gasqui P, Gilot-Fromont E, Becker CAM, Gache K, Jourdain E. Swab cloths as a tool for revealing environmental contamination by Q fever in ruminant farms. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1202-1209. [PMID: 30702810 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Q fever is a zoonotic abortive disease of ruminants mostly transmitted by inhalation of aerosols contaminated by Coxiella burnetii. Clusters of cases or even epidemics regularly occur in humans but, to date, there is no consensus about the best way to carry out outbreak investigations in order to identify potential farms at risk. Although environmental samples might be useful during such investigations, there are few baseline data on the presence of C. burnetii in the environment of ruminant farms. We thus investigated dust samples from cattle, sheep and goat farm buildings in order to (a) estimate C. burnetii detection frequency and bacterial loads in the environment, and (b) determine whether this environmental contamination is associated with series of abortions attributed to Q fever. We considered 113 herds with a recent abortive episode potentially related (n = 60) or not (n = 53) to C. burnetii. Dust was sampled using a swab cloth and tested by a quantitative PCR method targeting the IS1111 gene. Coxiella burnetii DNA was detected on 9 of 50 cattle farms, 13 of 19 goat farms and 30 of 40 sheep farms. On 16 cloths, bacterial loads were higher than 108 genome equivalents, levels as high as in infectious materials such as placentas and aborted foetuses. Overall, the probability of detecting C. burnetii DNA was higher on small ruminant farms than cattle farms, in herds suspected of Q fever and in large herds. We conclude that swab cloths are a putative indicator of contamination of ruminant farms by C. burnetii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Carrié
- EPIA, UMR 0346, Epidémiologie des maladies animales et zoonotiques, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Saint Genès Champanelle, France.,Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Séverine Barry
- EPIA, UMR 0346, Epidémiologie des maladies animales et zoonotiques, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Saint Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Elodie Rousset
- Q Fever NRL, Laboratory of Sophia Antipolis, Animal Q Fever Unit, ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Renée de Crémoux
- French Livestock Institute, Mixt Technological Unit on Small Ruminants Health, Albi, France
| | - Carole Sala
- Laboratory of Lyon, Epidemiology Unit, ANSES, Lyon, France
| | - Didier Calavas
- Laboratory of Lyon, Epidemiology Unit, ANSES, Lyon, France
| | | | - Anne Bronner
- French Directorate General for Food (DGAL), Animal Health Office, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Gasqui
- EPIA, UMR 0346, Epidémiologie des maladies animales et zoonotiques, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Saint Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France.,Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR5558, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Kristel Gache
- GDS France (National Animal Health Farmers' Organisation), Paris, France
| | - Elsa Jourdain
- EPIA, UMR 0346, Epidémiologie des maladies animales et zoonotiques, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Saint Genès Champanelle, France
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17
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Selim A, Ali AF, Moustafa SM, Ramadan E. Molecular and serological data supporting the role of Q fever in abortions of sheep and goats in northern Egypt. Microb Pathog 2018; 125:272-275. [PMID: 30243553 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Q fever is a worldwide zoonotic disease, caused by Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii), an obligate intracellular bacterium. The epidemiological data about the Q fever situation in Egypt is limited. The present study investigated the seroprevalence of Q fever among small ruminants in some localities in the northern Egypt and reported the shedders using specific real-time PCR (Rt-PCR). A total of 190 sera and vaginal swabs (110 sheep and 80 goats) were collected from aborted cases. Indirect ELISA was used to detect specific antibodies against C. burnetii, and Rt-PCR was used to detect DNA in the shedder animals. The study revealed that infection was significantly higher in sheep (22.7%) than in goats (12.5%) (p < 0.05). The Menoufia and Gharbia governorates had 20% seropositive animals while Qalubia and Alexandria had 15% and 17.5% seropositive animals, respectively. Using a Rt - PCR assay, C. burnetii was detected in 33.6% and 16.3% of sheep and goats, respectively. The findings of the study demonstrate that Q fever may be enzootic among small ruminants and distributed in the northern Egyptian Governorates. Further studies are needed in different regions to gain better understanding of the epidemiology of Q fever all over the country and to develop an appropriate preventive strategy for human and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelfattah Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Egypt.
| | - Abdel-Fattah Ali
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Egypt
| | - Samar M Moustafa
- Department of Zoonses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Egypt
| | - Eman Ramadan
- Department of Reproductive Diseases, Animal Reproduction Research Institute, ARC, Giza, Egypt
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18
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Plummer PJ, McClure JT, Menzies P, Morley PS, Van den Brom R, Van Metre DC. Management of Coxiella burnetii infection in livestock populations and the associated zoonotic risk: A consensus statement. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1481-1494. [PMID: 30084178 PMCID: PMC6189356 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Coxiella burnetii, commonly referred to as coxiellosis when occurring in animals and Query fever when occurring in humans, are an important cause of abortions, decreased reproductive efficiency, and subclinical infections in ruminants. The organism also represents an important zoonotic concern associated with its ability to aerosolize easily and its low infectious dose. Available diagnostic tests have limited sensitivity, which combined with the absence of treatment options in animals and limited approaches to prevention, result in difficulty managing this agent for optimal animal health and zoonotic disease outcomes. The purpose of this consensus statement is to provide veterinarians and public health officials with a summary of the available information regarding management of C. burnetii infection in livestock populations. A discussion of currently available testing options and their interpretation is provided, along with recommendations on management practices that can be implemented on‐farm in the face of an outbreak to mitigate losses. Emphasis is placed on biosecurity measures that can be considered for minimizing the zoonotic transmission risk in both field and veterinary facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Plummer
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine and the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - J Trenton McClure
- Dpeartment of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward, Canada
| | - Paula Menzies
- Department Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul S Morley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.,Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | - David C Van Metre
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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19
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Khor CS, Mohd-Rahim NF, Hassan H, Chandren JR, Nore SS, Johari J, Loong SK, Abd-Jamil J, Khoo JJ, Lee HY, Pike BL, Wong LP, Lim YAL, Zandi K, AbuBakar S. Seroprevalence of Q Fever Among the Indigenous People (Orang Asli) of Peninsular Malaysia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:131-137. [PMID: 29336685 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Q fever is a disease caused by Coxiella burnetii. It is a disease of public health concern in many parts of the world. In this study, we described the seroprevalence of Q fever among selected populations of Orang Asli (OA), indigenous people, many of whom live within the forest fringe areas of Peninsular Malaysia. Serum samples were obtained from 887 OA participants from selected villages. Samples were analyzed for the presence of IgG antibodies reactive against C. burnetii by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical methods were used to identify possible associations between seropositivity for C. burnetii and a number of demographic variables obtained from the questionnaires. In total, 9.6% (n = 85/887) of the serum samples were reactive to C. burnetii. Statistical results suggest that elderly male OA residing in OA village, Bukit Payung, were most likely to be tested seropositive for C. burnetii. This study suggests that OA are at a significant risk of contracting C. burnetii infection, and both demographic and geographic factors are important contributors to this risk. Further prospective studies are needed to establish the true burden of C. burnetii infection within the indigenous population as well as within Peninsular Malaysia as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee-Sieng Khor
- 1 Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurul-Farhana Mohd-Rahim
- 1 Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia .,2 Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Habibi Hassan
- 1 Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia .,2 Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Josephine Rebecca Chandren
- 3 Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti-Sarah Nore
- 1 Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jefree Johari
- 1 Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shih-Keng Loong
- 1 Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Juraina Abd-Jamil
- 1 Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jing-Jing Khoo
- 1 Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hai-Yen Lee
- 1 Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Brian L Pike
- 4 U.S. Naval Medical Research Center-Asia , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Ping Wong
- 3 Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yvonne Ai-Lian Lim
- 5 Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Keivan Zandi
- 1 Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia .,6 Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for AIDS Research, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sazaly AbuBakar
- 1 Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia .,2 Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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20
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González-Barrio D, Ortiz JA, Ruiz-Fons F. Estimating the Efficacy of a Commercial Phase I Inactivated Vaccine in Decreasing the Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii Infection and Shedding in Red Deer ( Cervus elaphus). Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:208. [PMID: 29270411 PMCID: PMC5723644 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The red deer (Cervus elaphus) is a relevant reservoir for Coxiella burnetii in Iberia. C. burnetii genotypes that infect red deer also infect humans and domestic animals. Integrated control approaches that target both domestic and wild ruminants are, therefore, required to reduce C. burnetii infection risks in Iberia, especially in wildlife–livestock–human interaction scenarios. The aim of this field experiment was to test the efficacy of an inactivated phase I vaccine [Inactivated phase I vaccine (IPIV); Coxevac®] when used to control C. burnetii shedding prevalence and burden in red deer as a tool to prevent transmission to livestock and humans. A semi-extensively bred red deer population in which C. burnetii is endemic was used as a model of the Iberian context. Around 75% of the reproductive hinds (>1 year old; N = 441) in the population were first vaccinated early in 2012 and were then revaccinated 3 weeks later; they were subsequently revaccinated biannually until January 2014. 75% of the yearling females left as replacement in 2012 and 2013 were vaccinated in June and revaccinated thereafter following the same protocol. 25% of the population, including the replacement females, was kept as a control group throughout the study. Changes in the humoral immune response after vaccination were estimated by analyzing sera collected at 10 different times between January 2011 and January 2015. The vaccinated and control hinds were surveyed at 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 months after calving in 2012, 2013, and 2014 to collect vaginal swabs, milk, and feces. The presence and burden of C. burnetii DNA in swabs, milk, and feces was evaluated by means of real-time PCR. Vaccination induced high antibody prevalence and levels. The proportion of animals shedding C. burnetii in vaginal secretions and milk did not change over time in the vaccination group with respect to the control group. In contrast, there was a significant reduction in the proportion of deer shedding C. burnetii in feces in both the vaccinated and control groups. The decrease in the proportion of fecal shedders coincided with a significant reduction in the incidence of infection of non-vaccinated yearling females in the population. This finding suggests that long-term vaccination with IPIV could reduce environmental contamination with C. burnetii and control transmission, perhaps making this a promising tool with which to control C. burnetii in red deer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- David González-Barrio
- Health and Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Ruiz-Fons
- Health and Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
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21
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Joulié A, Rousset E, Gasqui P, Lepetitcolin E, Leblond A, Sidi-Boumedine K, Jourdain E. Coxiella burnetii Circulation in a Naturally Infected Flock of Sheep: Individual Follow-Up of Antibodies in Serum and Milk. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e00222-17. [PMID: 28455328 PMCID: PMC5479003 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00222-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The control of Q fever, a zoonotic disease caused by the Coxiella burnetii bacterium, remains a scientific challenge. Domestic ruminants are considered the main reservoir, shedding C. burnetii essentially through parturition products during abortion or birth. Sheep are particularly frequently associated with human outbreaks, but there are insufficient field data to fully understand disease dynamics and to instigate efficient control measures. A longitudinal follow-up study of a naturally infected sheep flock was performed (i) to investigate relationships between seropositivity and bacterial shedding in the vaginal mucus, (ii) to describe the kinetics of antibodies, including responses to vaccination, (iii) to monitor maternal antibodies in ewe lambs, and (iv) to compare serological results for milk and serum samples. For 8 months, we collected blood samples every 3 weeks from 11 aborting and 26 nonaborting dairy ewes, 20 nonaborting suckler ewes, and 9 ewe lambs. Individual milk samples were also obtained from lactating females. All serum and milk samples were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), whereas vaginal swabs were tested by quantitative PCR. We found that some dairy females did not seroconvert despite shedding C. burnetii in their vaginal mucus. Overall, antibody levels in adult females were found to remain stable over time, with exceptions during the mating and lambing periods. Maternal antibodies decreased during the first month after birth. Interestingly, antibody levels in milk were correlated with those in serum. This study provides valuable field data that will help improve Q fever surveillance and within-flock management measures.IMPORTANCE Field data are necessary to improve the surveillance, diagnosis, and sanitary management of Q fever in livestock. Here, we provide extensive serological data obtained from serum and milk samples from infected and vaccinated ewes belonging to a naturally infected flock of sheep. We show that antibody levels are stable over time and seropositivity and vaginal shedding are not clearly correlated, whereas antibody levels in milk are strongly correlated with those in serum. Accordingly, we find that antibody levels in bulk tank milk are consistent with the variations observed in the serum of dairy females over time. We report the existence of maternal antibody transmission to ewe lambs and we show that the presence of maternal antibodies at birth does not prevent the development of a serological response to vaccination at the age of 4 months. Finally, we report that adult ewes generally seroconvert after vaccination, including during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Joulié
- EPIA, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- EPIA, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France
- ANSES, Laboratory of Sophia Antipolis, Animal Q Fever Unit, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - E Rousset
- ANSES, Laboratory of Sophia Antipolis, Animal Q Fever Unit, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - P Gasqui
- EPIA, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | | | - A Leblond
- EPIA, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- EPIA, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - K Sidi-Boumedine
- ANSES, Laboratory of Sophia Antipolis, Animal Q Fever Unit, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - E Jourdain
- EPIA, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
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22
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Zamri-Saad M, Kamarudin MI. Control of animal brucellosis: The Malaysian experience. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:1136-1140. [PMID: 27955740 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease characterized by reproductive failure in animals and undulent fever in humans. In cattle, it is caused by Brucella abortus while in goats by Brucella melitensis, the main cause of brucellosis in humans. Brucellosis in livestock has been associated with importation of animals from breeder herd of unknown disease status. The prevalence of bovine brucellosis Brucella abortus in 2014 ranged between 1% and 2% in Thailand and Indonesia, and 4%-5% in Malaysia and Myanmar. Prevalence of goat brucellosis Brucella melitensis is approximately 1% in Malaysia and Thailand. 'Test-and-slaughter' is the general policy against brucellosis adopted by most ASEAN countries to eradicate the disease. Under this program, the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) is used as the screening test to identify infected farm/herd while the complement fixation test (CFT) is the confirmatory test. The test-and-slaughter eradication strategy that was implemented since 1979 had managed to keep the prevalence rate to less than 5%, from 3.3% in 1979, 0.23% in 1988, 1% in 1998 and 5% in 2016. The test-and-slaughter program seemed effective in reducing the prevalence of brucellosis but was unable to eradicate the disease due to several factors, which include failure to locate and identify the remaining affected animals and to control their movement, importation of breeder animals from non-brucellosis free countries and lack of participation by the farmers following unreliable test results. To support the eradication policy, research activities since 1980s have suggested combinations of serological tests to improve diagnosis while surveillance should be focused on hotspots areas. The prevalence can be further reduced by strictly sourcing breeder animals from brucella-free areas or countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zamri-Saad
- Research Centre for Ruminant Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - M I Kamarudin
- Department of Veterinary Services Malaysia, Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry, 62250 Putrajaya, Malaysia
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23
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González-Barrio D, Hagen F, Tilburg JJHC, Ruiz-Fons F. Coxiella burnetii Genotypes in Iberian Wildlife. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2016; 72:890-897. [PMID: 27216529 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0786-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate if Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, genotypes circulating in wildlife are associated with those infecting livestock and humans, multiple-locus variable number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA-6-marker) was carried out over C. burnetii obtained from red deer (Cervus elaphus), Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa), European wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), black rat (Rattus rattus), and wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus). MLVA typing was performed by using six variable loci in C. burnetii: Ms23, Ms24, Ms27, Ms28, Ms33, and Ms34. The C. burnetii cooperative database from MLVABank 5.0 was employed to compare genotypes found in this study with 344 isolates of diverse origin. Twenty-two genotypes from wildlife and two genotypes from domestic goats were identified. Some MLVA genotypes identified in wildlife or in farmed game clustered with genotypes of human Q fever clinical cases, supporting the idea that humans and wildlife share C. burnetii genotypes. The major part of genotypes identified in coexisting red deer and rabbits clustered according to their host of origin, suggesting host specificity for particular C. burnetii genotypes. These findings provide important insights to understand the epidemiology of C. burnetii at the wildlife-livestock-human interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- David González-Barrio
- Health & Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Spanish Wildlife Research Institute IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J H C Tilburg
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Fons
- Health & Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Spanish Wildlife Research Institute IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
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24
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Shabbir MZ, Akram S, Hassan ZU, Hanif K, Rabbani M, Muhammad J, Chaudhary MH, Abbas T, Ghori MT, Rashid H, Jamil T, Islam ZU, Rasool H, Bano A, Ahmad A, Ali MA, Yaqub T, McVey W, Jayarao BM. Evidence of Coxiella burnetii in Punjab province, Pakistan. Acta Trop 2016; 163:61-9. [PMID: 27456937 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii causes query (Q) fever, an important zoonotic disease with worldwide significance. The role of environment in the ecology of C. burnetti, and its influence on seroconversion in animals has not been elucidated in Pakistan. We carried out a cross-sectional study in Punjab province to (1) determine the prevalence and distribution of C. burnetii in soil using an ISIIII gene-based real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, (2) analyze association between the occurrence of C. burnetii in soil and its predictors i.e. soil characteristics (macro- and micro-nutrients) and several likely risk factors including the seroconversion in small ruminants at places where its genome had or had not been detected, and (3) predict homology and genetic diversity of the identified strains using sequences originated from different hosts worldwide. A total of 2425 soil samples from nine districts of Punjab province were processed. C. burnetii DNA was detected in 47 samples (1.94%, 95% CI: ±0.55) originating from 35 villages of studied districts (7.22%, 95% CI: ±2.30). The highest prevalence was found in Attock (7.11%, 95% CI: ±3.36), followed by Lahore (4.83%, 95% CI: ±3.49), Sahiwal (4.70%, 95% CI: ±2.6), Dera Ghazi Khan (2.33%, 95% CI: ±2.02), Faisalabad (1.35%, 95% CI: ±1.18) and Sheikhupura (0.68%, 95% CI: ±0.94). The odds of detecting bacterial DNA in soil was increased with a unit increase in organic matter [2.511 (95% CI: 1.453-4.340), p=0.001] and sodium [1.013 (95% CI: 1.005-1.022), p=0.001], whereas, calcium [0.984 (95% CI: 0.975-0.994), p=0.002] and potassium [0.994 (95% CI: 0.990-0.999), p=0.011] had protective effect where a unit increase in each analyte decreased odds for its occurrence by 1.0% approximately. Likewise, for categorical variables (risk factors), the odds of detecting C. burnetii were higher at locations >500m away from a main road [1.95 (95% CI: 1.06-3.78), p=0.04]. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed an increased prevalence of antibodies in sheep (17.9%, 95% CI: ±5.54) compared with goats (16.4%, 95% CI: ±4.34). When determining the association between soil DNA and C. burnetii antibodies in small ruminants, the odds of detecting these antibodies were significant in sheep at the livestock barns [2.81 (95% CI: 1.20-7.37), p=0.02]. The IS1111 gene-based sequence analysis revealed a clustering of the DNA into two distinct groups with much genetic divergence (0.76-68.70%): the first group that contained sequences from Lahore district clustered with human and buffalo origin isolates, whereas the second group that contained the sequences from the remaining study districts clustered with goat-, rodent- and human-origin isolates. This study provides the first evidence of the presence of C. burnetii in the environment in Punjab province, Pakistan. Future studies are needed to ascertain the bacteria's molecular epidemiology over a wide geographical area, type the isolates, and evaluates the potential risks to human populations, particularly farmers and veterinarians.
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Khaled H, Sidi-Boumedine K, Merdja S, Dufour P, Dahmani A, Thiéry R, Rousset E, Bouyoucef A. Serological and molecular evidence of Q fever among small ruminant flocks in Algeria. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 47:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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González-Barrio D, Fernández-de-Mera IG, Ortiz JA, Queirós J, Ruiz-Fons F. Long-Term Dynamics of Coxiella burnetii in Farmed Red Deer (Cervus elaphus). Front Vet Sci 2015; 2:74. [PMID: 26697437 PMCID: PMC4676194 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several aspects of the dynamics of Coxiella burnetii that are relevant for the implementation of control strategies in ruminant herds with endemic Q fever are unknown. We designed a longitudinal study to monitor the dynamics of exposure to C. burnetii in a red deer herd with endemic infection in order to allow the design of Q fever-specific control approaches. Other relevant aspects of the dynamics of C. burnetii – the effect of herd immune status, age, season, and early infection on exposure, the average half-life of antibodies, the presence and duration of maternal humoral immunity, and the age of first exposure – were analyzed. The dynamics of C. burnetii in deer herds seems to be modulated by host herd and host individual factors and by particular host life-history traits. Red deer females become exposed to C. burnetii at the beginning of their second year since maternal antibodies protect them after birth and during the main pathogen shedding season – at the end of spring-early summer. Infection pressure varies between years, probably associated with herd immunity effects, determining inter-annual variation in the risk of exposure. These results suggest that any strategy applied to control C. burnetii in deer herds should be designed to induce immunity in their first year of life immediately after losing maternal antibodies. The short average life of C. burnetii antibodies suggests that any protection based on humoral immunity would require re-vaccination every 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- David González-Barrio
- Health and Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Spanish Wildlife Research Institute IREC (CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha) , Ciudad Real , Spain
| | - Isabel G Fernández-de-Mera
- Health and Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Spanish Wildlife Research Institute IREC (CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha) , Ciudad Real , Spain
| | | | - João Queirós
- Health and Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Spanish Wildlife Research Institute IREC (CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha) , Ciudad Real , Spain ; Centro de Investigacão em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO), InBio Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto , Vairão , Portugal ; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Fons
- Health and Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Spanish Wildlife Research Institute IREC (CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha) , Ciudad Real , Spain
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27
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Alonso E, Lopez-Etxaniz I, Hurtado A, Liendo P, Urbaneja F, Aspiritxaga I, Olaizola JI, Piñero A, Arrazola I, Barandika JF, Hernáez S, Muniozguren N, García- Pérez AL. Q Fever Outbreak among Workers at a Waste-Sorting Plant. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138817. [PMID: 26398249 PMCID: PMC4580639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of Q fever occurred in February-April 2014 among workers at a waste-sorting plant in Bilbao (Spain). The outbreak affected 58.5% of investigated employees, 47.2% as confirmed cases (PCR and/or serology) and 11.3% as probable cases (symptoms without laboratory confirmation). Only employees who had no-access to the waste processing areas of the plant were not affected and incidence of infection was significantly higher among workers not using respiratory protection masks. Detection by qPCR of Coxiella burnetii in dust collected from surfaces of the plant facilities confirmed exposure of workers inside the plant. Animal remains sporadically detected among the residues received for waste-sorting were the most probable source of infection. After cleaning and disinfection, all environmental samples tested negative. Personal protection measures were reinforced and made compulsory for the staff and actions were taken to raise farmers' awareness of the biological risk of discharging animal carcasses as urban waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Alonso
- Department of Epidemiology, Subdirección de Salud Pública de Bizkaia, Gobierno Vasco, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Idoia Lopez-Etxaniz
- Department of Epidemiology, OSALAN- Instituto Vasco de Seguridad y Salud Laborales, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ana Hurtado
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER- Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Paloma Liendo
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Felix Urbaneja
- Department of Epidemiology, OSALAN- Instituto Vasco de Seguridad y Salud Laborales, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Aspiritxaga
- Department of Epidemiology, Subdirección de Salud Pública de Bizkaia, Gobierno Vasco, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio Olaizola
- Department of Epidemiology, OSALAN- Instituto Vasco de Seguridad y Salud Laborales, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Alvaro Piñero
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER- Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Iñaki Arrazola
- Department of Agriculture, Diputación Foral de Bizkaia, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jesús F. Barandika
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER- Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Silvia Hernáez
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Nerea Muniozguren
- Department of Epidemiology, Subdirección de Salud Pública de Bizkaia, Gobierno Vasco, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ana L. García- Pérez
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER- Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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28
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Shabbir MZ, Jamil T, Ali AA, Ahmad A, Naeem M, Chaudhary MH, Bilal M, Ali MA, Muhammad K, Yaqub T, Bano A, Mirza AI, Shabbir MAB, McVey WR, Patel K, Francesconi S, Jayarao BM, Rabbani M. Prevalence and distribution of soil-borne zoonotic pathogens in Lahore district of Pakistan. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:917. [PMID: 26441860 PMCID: PMC4564694 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A multidisciplinary, collaborative project was conducted to determine the prevalence and distribution of soil-borne zoonotic pathogens in Lahore district of Pakistan and ascertain its Public Health Significance. Using a grid-based sampling strategy, soil samples (n = 145) were collected from villages (n = 29, 5 samples/village) and examined for Bacillus anthracis, Burkholderia mallei/pseudomallei, Coxiella burnetii, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia pestis using real time PCR assays. Chemical analysis of soil samples was also performed on these samples. The relationship between soil composition and absence or presence of the pathogen, and seven risk factors was evaluated. DNA of B. anthracis (CapB), B. mallei/pseudomallei (chromosomal gene), C. burnetii (IS1111, transposase gene), and F. tularensis (lipoprotein/outer membrane protein) was detected in 9.6, 1.4, 4.8, and 13.1% of soil samples, respectively. None of the samples were positive for protective antigen plasmid (PA) of B. anthracis and Y. pestis (plasminogen activating factor, pPla gene). The prevalence of B. anthracis (CapB) was found to be associated with organic matter, magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), sodium (Na), ferrous (Fe), calcium (Ca), and potassium (K). Phosphorous (P) was found to be associated with prevalence of F. tularensis while it were Mg, Co, Na, Fe, Ca, and K for C. burnetii. The odds of detecting DNA of F. tularensis were 2.7, 4.1, and 2.7 higher when soil sample sites were >1 km from animal markets, >500 m from vehicular traffic roads and animal density of < 1000 animals, respectively. While the odds of detecting DNA of C. burnetii was 32, 11.8, and 5.9 higher when soil sample sites were >500 m from vehicular traffic roads, presence of ground cover and animal density of < 1000 animals, respectively. In conclusion, the distribution pattern of the soil-borne pathogens in and around the areas of Lahore district puts both human and animal populations at a high risk of exposure. Further studies are needed to explore the genetic nature and molecular diversity of prevailing pathogens together with their seroconversion in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tariq Jamil
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asad A Ali
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arfan Ahmad
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Muhammad Bilal
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A Ali
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Khushi Muhammad
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Yaqub
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Ali I Mirza
- Government College University Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Walter R McVey
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA, USA
| | - Ketan Patel
- Naval Medical Research Unit Frederick, MA, USA
| | | | - Bhushan M Jayarao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA, USA
| | - Masood Rabbani
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan
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Circulation of Coxiella burnetii in a Naturally Infected Flock of Dairy Sheep: Shedding Dynamics, Environmental Contamination, and Genotype Diversity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:7253-60. [PMID: 26253679 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02180-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Q fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii. Domestic ruminants are considered to be the main reservoir. Sheep, in particular, may frequently cause outbreaks in humans. Because within-flock circulation data are essential to implementing optimal management strategies, we performed a follow-up study of a naturally infected flock of dairy sheep. We aimed to (i) describe C. burnetii shedding dynamics by sampling vaginal mucus, feces, and milk, (ii) assess circulating strain diversity, and (iii) quantify barn environmental contamination. For 8 months, we sampled vaginal mucus and feces every 3 weeks from aborting and nonaborting ewes (n=11 and n=26, respectively); for lactating females, milk was obtained as well. We also sampled vaginal mucus from nine ewe lambs. Dust and air samples were collected every 3 and 6 weeks, respectively. All samples were screened using real-time PCR, and strongly positive samples were further analyzed using quantitative PCR. Vaginal and fecal samples with sufficient bacterial burdens were then genotyped by multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) using 17 markers. C. burnetii burdens were higher in vaginal mucus and feces than in milk, and they peaked in the first 3 weeks postabortion or postpartum. Primiparous females and aborting females tended to shed C. burnetii longer and have higher bacterial burdens than nonaborting and multiparous females. Six genotype clusters were identified; they were independent of abortion status, and within-individual genotype diversity was observed. C. burnetii was also detected in air and dust samples. Further studies should determine whether the within-flock circulation dynamics observed here are generalizable.
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Piñero A, Barandika JF, Hurtado A, García-Pérez AL. Progression of Coxiella burnetii infection after implementing a two-year vaccination program in a naturally infected dairy cattle herd. Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:47. [PMID: 25053249 PMCID: PMC4115166 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-014-0047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The high prevalence of Coxiella burnetii infection in dairy cattle herds recently reported and the long survival time of the bacterium in the environment pose a risk to human and animal health that calls for the implementation of control measures at herd level. This study presents the results of a 2-year vaccination program with an inactivated phase I vaccine in a Spanish dairy herd naturally infected with C. burnetii. Calves older than 3 months and non-pregnant heifers and cows were vaccinated in April 2011 and the farm was subsequently visited at a monthly basis for vaccination of recently calved cows and calves that reached the age of 3 months. Annual booster doses were given to previous vaccinated animals as well. The effectiveness of the vaccine was assessed in terms of level of C. burnetii shedding through milk and uterine fluids and environmental contamination as determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results The percentage of shedder animals through uterine fluids and milk progressively decreased, and C. burnetii DNA load in bulk-tank milk samples was low at the end of the study. The average seroconversion rate in not yet vaccinated animals, which acted as control group, was 8.6% during the first year and 0% in the second year. DNA of C. burnetii was found in aerosols and dust samples taken in the calving area only at the beginning of the study, whereas slurry samples remained C. burnetii PCR positive for at least 18 months. Multiple Locus Variable number tandem-repeat Analysis identified the same genotype in all C. burnetii DNA positive samples. Conclusions In the absence of any changes in biosecurity, the overall reduction of C. burnetii infection in animals to 1.2% milk shedders and the reduced environment contamination found at the end of the study was ascribed to the effects of vaccination together with the culling of milk shedders. Vaccination has to be planned as a medium-long term strategy to suppress risks of re-infection.
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Piñero A, Ruiz-Fons F, Hurtado A, Barandika J, Atxaerandio R, García-Pérez A. Changes in the dynamics of Coxiella burnetii infection in dairy cattle: An approach to match field data with the epidemiological cycle of C. burnetii in endemic herds. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:2718-30. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gürtler L, Bauerfeind U, Blümel J, Burger R, Drosten C, Gröner A, Heiden M, Hildebrandt M, Jansen B, Offergeld R, Pauli G, Seitz R, Schlenkrich U, Schottstedt V, Strobel J, Willkommen H. Coxiella burnetii - Pathogenic Agent of Q (Query) Fever. Transfus Med Hemother 2014; 41:60-72. [PMID: 24659949 PMCID: PMC3949614 DOI: 10.1159/000357107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rainer Seitz
- Arbeitskreis Blut, Untergruppe «Bewertung Blutassoziierter Krankheitserreger»
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33
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Monath TP. Vaccines against diseases transmitted from animals to humans: a one health paradigm. Vaccine 2013; 31:5321-38. [PMID: 24060567 PMCID: PMC7130581 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the immunization of animals as a means of preventing human diseases (zoonoses). Three frameworks for the use of vaccines in this context are described, and examples are provided of successes and failures. Framework I vaccines are used for protection of humans and economically valuable animals, where neither plays a role in the transmission cycle. The benefit of collaborations between animal health and human health industries and regulators in developing such products is discussed, and one example (West Nile vaccine) of a single product developed for use in animals and humans is described. Framework II vaccines are indicated for domesticated animals as a means of preventing disease in both animals and humans. The agents of concern are transmitted directly or indirectly (e.g. via arthropod vectors) from animals to humans. A number of examples of the use of Framework II vaccines are provided, e.g. against brucellosis, Escherichia coli O157, rabies, Rift Valley fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, and Hendra virus. Framework III vaccines are used to immunize wild animals as a means of preventing transmission of disease agents to humans and domesticated animals. Examples are reservoir-targeted, oral bait rabies, Mycobacterium bovis and Lyme disease vaccines. Given the speed and lost cost of veterinary vaccine development, some interventions based on the immunization of animals could lead to rapid and relatively inexpensive advances in public health. Opportunities for vaccine-based approaches to preventing zoonotic and emerging diseases that integrate veterinary and human medicine (the One Health paradigm) are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Monath
- One Health Initiative Pro Bono Team, United States(1); Austria; PaxVax Inc., United States.
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34
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Evaluation of the efficacy of oxytetracycline treatment followed by vaccination against Q fever in a highly infected sheep flock. Vet J 2013; 196:81-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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de Bruin A, Janse I, Koning M, de Heer L, van der Plaats RQJ, van Leuken JPG, van Rotterdam BJ. Detection of Coxiella burnetii DNA in the environment during and after a large Q fever epidemic in the Netherlands. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 114:1395-404. [PMID: 23398323 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the Coxiella burnetii DNA content in environmental samples that may contribute to the transmission of C. burnetii. METHODS AND RESULTS During a large Q fever outbreak in the Netherlands, surface swabs and aerosol samples were collected inside stables and around six Q fever-affected ruminant farms, which are located in municipalities varying in Q fever incidence. After the outbreak in 2010, aerosol samples were collected in the same geographical areas. The use of an optimized multiplex qPCR for the detection of C. burnetii DNA revealed that all samples obtained inside stables were positive. In addition, the C. burnetii DNA content in aerosol samples collected in stables is significantly higher than in aerosol samples collected around the farms. Finally, the C. burnetii DNA content in aerosol samples collected in the same geographical locations was lower in 2010 in comparison with 2009. CONCLUSIONS The reduction in C. burnetii DNA content in aerosol samples between 2009 and 2010 is in agreement with the reduction in Q fever incidence in the same geographical areas. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The presence of C. burnetii DNA in environmental samples collected on and around ruminant farms supports the hypothesis that C. burnetii can be disseminated from ruminant farms to the surrounding areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de Bruin
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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36
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Astobiza I, Tilburg JJHC, Piñero A, Hurtado A, García-Pérez AL, Nabuurs-Franssen MH, Klaassen CHW. Genotyping of Coxiella burnetii from domestic ruminants in northern Spain. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:241. [PMID: 23227921 PMCID: PMC3528428 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Information on the genotypic diversity of Coxiella burnetii isolates from infected domestic ruminants in Spain is limited. The aim of this study was to identify the C. burnetii genotypes infecting livestock in Northern Spain and compare them to other European genotypes. A commercial real-time PCR targeting the IS1111a insertion element was used to detect the presence of C. burnetii DNA in domestic ruminants from Spain. Genotypes were determined by a 6-loci Multiple Locus Variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) panel and Multispacer Sequence Typing (MST). Results A total of 45 samples from 4 goat herds (placentas, N = 4), 12 dairy cattle herds (vaginal mucus, individual milk, bulk tank milk, aerosols, N = 20) and 5 sheep flocks (placenta, vaginal swabs, faeces, air samples, dust, N = 21) were included in the study. Samples from goats and sheep were obtained from herds which had suffered abortions suspected to be caused by C. burnetii, whereas cattle samples were obtained from animals with reproductive problems compatible with C. burnetii infection, or consisted of bulk tank milk (BTM) samples from a Q fever surveillance programme. C. burnetii genotypes identified in ruminants from Spain were compared to those detected in other countries. Three MLVA genotypes were found in 4 goat farms, 7 MLVA genotypes were identified in 12 cattle herds and 4 MLVA genotypes were identified in 5 sheep flocks. Clustering of the MLVA genotypes using the minimum spanning tree method showed a high degree of genetic similarity between most MLVA genotypes. Overall 11 different MLVA genotypes were obtained corresponding to 4 different MST genotypes: MST genotype 13, identified in goat, sheep and cattle from Spain; MST genotype 18, only identified in goats; and, MST genotypes 8 and 20, identified in small ruminants and cattle, respectively. All these genotypes had been previously identified in animal and human clinical samples from several European countries, but some of the MLVA genotypes are described here for the first time. Conclusions Genotyping revealed a substantial genetic diversity among domestic ruminants from Northern Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ianire Astobiza
- NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Department of Animal Health, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
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37
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Piñero A, Barandika JF, Hurtado A, García-Pérez AL. Evaluation ofCoxiella burnetiiStatus in Dairy Cattle Herds with Bulk-tank Milk Positive by ELISA and PCR. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 61:163-8. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Piñero
- Department of Animal Health; NEIKER- Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario; Bizkaia Spain
| | - J. F. Barandika
- Department of Animal Health; NEIKER- Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario; Bizkaia Spain
| | - A. Hurtado
- Department of Animal Health; NEIKER- Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario; Bizkaia Spain
| | - A. L. García-Pérez
- Department of Animal Health; NEIKER- Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario; Bizkaia Spain
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Detection of Coxiella burnetii DNA on small-ruminant farms during a Q fever outbreak in the Netherlands. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:1652-7. [PMID: 22247143 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07323-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During large Q fever outbreaks in the Netherlands between 2007 and 2010, dairy goat farms were implicated as the primary source of human Q fever. The transmission of Coxiella burnetii to humans is thought to occur primarily via aerosols, although available data on C. burnetii in aerosols and other environmental matrices are limited. During the outbreak of 2009, 19 dairy goat farms and one dairy sheep farm were selected nationwide to investigate the presence of C. burnetii DNA in vaginal swabs, manure, surface area swabs, milk unit filters, and aerosols. Four of these farms had a positive status during the Coxiella burnetii bulk milk monitoring program in 2009 and additionally reported abortion waves in 2008 or 2009. Eleven farms were reported as having positive bulk milk only, and five selected (control) farms had a bulk milk-negative status in 2009 and no reported Q fever history. Screening by quantitative PCR (qPCR) revealed that on farms with a history of abortions related to C. burnetii and, to a lesser extent, on farms positive by bulk milk monitoring, generally higher proportions of positive samples and higher levels of C. burnetii DNA within positive samples were observed than on the control farms. The relatively high levels of C. burnetii DNA in surface area swabs and aerosols sampled in stables of bulk milk-positive farms, including farms with a Q fever-related abortion history, support the hypothesis that these farms can pose a risk for the transmission of C. burnetii to humans.
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