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Correa Lopes B, Chen CC, Sung CH, Ishii PE, Medina LFDC, Gaschen FP, Suchodolski JS, Pilla R. Correlation between Peptacetobacter hiranonis, the baiCD Gene, and Secondary Bile Acids in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:216. [PMID: 38254385 PMCID: PMC10812727 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile acid metabolism is a key pathway modulated by intestinal microbiota. Peptacetobacter (Clostridium) hiranonis has been described as the main species responsible for the conversion of primary into secondary fecal unconjugated bile acids (fUBA) in dogs. This multi-step biochemical pathway is encoded by the bile acid-inducible (bai) operon. We aimed to assess the correlation between P. hiranonis abundance, the abundance of one specific gene of the bai operon (baiCD), and secondary fUBA concentrations. In this retrospective study, 133 fecal samples were analyzed from 24 dogs. The abundances of P. hiranonis and baiCD were determined using qPCR. The concentration of fUBA was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The baiCD abundance exhibited a strong positive correlation with secondary fUBA (ρ = 0.7377, 95% CI (0.6461, 0.8084), p < 0.0001). Similarly, there was a strong correlation between P. hiranonis and secondary fUBA (ρ = 0.6658, 95% CI (0.5555, 0.7532), p < 0.0001). Animals displaying conversion of fUBA and lacking P. hiranonis were not observed. These results suggest P. hiranonis is the main converter of primary to secondary bile acids in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Correa Lopes
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (C.-C.C.); (C.-H.S.); (P.E.I.); (L.F.d.C.M.); (J.S.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Chih-Chun Chen
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (C.-C.C.); (C.-H.S.); (P.E.I.); (L.F.d.C.M.); (J.S.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Chi-Hsuan Sung
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (C.-C.C.); (C.-H.S.); (P.E.I.); (L.F.d.C.M.); (J.S.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Patricia Eri Ishii
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (C.-C.C.); (C.-H.S.); (P.E.I.); (L.F.d.C.M.); (J.S.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Luis Fernando da Costa Medina
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (C.-C.C.); (C.-H.S.); (P.E.I.); (L.F.d.C.M.); (J.S.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Frederic P. Gaschen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (C.-C.C.); (C.-H.S.); (P.E.I.); (L.F.d.C.M.); (J.S.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (C.-C.C.); (C.-H.S.); (P.E.I.); (L.F.d.C.M.); (J.S.S.); (R.P.)
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2
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Reuter MA, Tucker M, Marfori Z, Shishani R, Bustamante JM, Moreno R, Goodson ML, Ehrlich A, Taha AY, Lein PJ, Joshi N, Brito I, Durbin-Johnson B, Nandakumar R, Cummings BP. Dietary resistant starch supplementation increases gut luminal deoxycholic acid abundance in mice. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2315632. [PMID: 38375831 PMCID: PMC10880513 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2315632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) are among the most abundant metabolites produced by the gut microbiome. Primary BAs produced in the liver are converted by gut bacterial 7-α-dehydroxylation into secondary BAs, which can differentially regulate host health via signaling based on their varying affinity for BA receptors. Despite the importance of secondary BAs in host health, the regulation of 7-α-dehydroxylation and the role of diet in modulating this process is incompletely defined. Understanding this process could lead to dietary guidelines that beneficially shift BA metabolism. Dietary fiber regulates gut microbial composition and metabolite production. We tested the hypothesis that feeding mice a diet rich in a fermentable dietary fiber, resistant starch (RS), would alter gut bacterial BA metabolism. Male and female wild-type mice were fed a diet supplemented with RS or an isocaloric control diet (IC). Metabolic parameters were similar between groups. RS supplementation increased gut luminal deoxycholic acid (DCA) abundance. However, gut luminal cholic acid (CA) abundance, the substrate for 7-α-dehydroxylation in DCA production, was unaltered by RS. Further, RS supplementation did not change the mRNA expression of hepatic BA producing enzymes or ileal BA transporters. Metagenomic assessment of gut bacterial composition revealed no change in the relative abundance of bacteria known to perform 7-α-dehydroxylation. P. ginsenosidimutans and P. multiformis were positively correlated with gut luminal DCA abundance and increased in response to RS supplementation. These data demonstrate that RS supplementation enriches gut luminal DCA abundance without increasing the relative abundance of bacteria known to perform 7-α-dehydroxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A. Reuter
- Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California – Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Madelynn Tucker
- Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California – Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zara Marfori
- Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California – Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Rahaf Shishani
- Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California – Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Miranda Bustamante
- Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California – Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rosalinda Moreno
- Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California – Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michael L. Goodson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Allison Ehrlich
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ameer Y. Taha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nikhil Joshi
- Bioinformatics Core, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ilana Brito
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Bioinformatics Core, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Renu Nandakumar
- Biomarkers Core Laboratory, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bethany P. Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California – Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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3
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Shayya NW, Bandick R, Busmann LV, Mousavi S, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM. Metabolomic signatures of intestinal colonization resistance against Campylobacter jejuni in mice. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1331114. [PMID: 38164399 PMCID: PMC10757985 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1331114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Campylobacter jejuni stands out as one of the leading causes of bacterial enteritis. In contrast to humans, specific pathogen-free (SPF) laboratory mice display strict intestinal colonization resistance (CR) against C. jejuni, orchestrated by the specific murine intestinal microbiota, as shown by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) earlier. Methods Murine infection models, comprising SPF, SAB, hma, and mma mice were employed. FMT and microbiota depletion were confirmed by culture and culture-independent analyses. Targeted metabolome analyses of fecal samples provided insights into the associated metabolomic signatures. Results In comparison to hma mice, the murine intestinal microbiota of mma and SPF mice (with CR against C. jejuni) contained significantly elevated numbers of lactobacilli, and Mouse Intestinal Bacteroides, whereas numbers of enterobacteria, enterococci, and Clostridium coccoides group were reduced. Targeted metabolome analysis revealed that fecal samples from mice with CR contained increased levels of secondary bile acids and fatty acids with known antimicrobial activities, but reduced concentrations of amino acids essential for C. jejuni growth as compared to control animals without CR. Discussion The findings highlight the role of microbiota-mediated nutrient competition and antibacterial activities of intestinal metabolites in driving murine CR against C. jejuni. The study underscores the complex dynamics of host-microbiota-pathogen interactions and sets the stage for further investigations into the mechanisms driving CR against enteric infections.
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Horrocks V, King OG, Yip AYG, Marques IM, McDonald JAK. Role of the gut microbiota in nutrient competition and protection against intestinal pathogen colonization. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001377. [PMID: 37540126 PMCID: PMC10482380 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The human gut microbiota can restrict the growth of pathogens to prevent them from colonizing the intestine ('colonization resistance'). However, antibiotic treatment can kill members of the gut microbiota ('gut commensals') and reduce competition for nutrients, making these nutrients available to support the growth of pathogens. This disturbance can lead to the growth and expansion of pathogens within the intestine (including antibiotic-resistant pathogens), where these pathogens can exploit the absence of competitors and the nutrient-enriched gut environment. In this review, we discuss nutrient competition between the gut microbiota and pathogens. We also provide an overview of how nutrient competition can be harnessed to support the design of next-generation microbiome therapeutics to restrict the growth of pathogens and prevent the development of invasive infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Horrocks
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Olivia G. King
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alexander Y. G. Yip
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Inês Melo Marques
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Julie A. K. McDonald
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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5
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Ridlon JM, Daniel SL, Gaskins HR. The Hylemon-Björkhem pathway of bile acid 7-dehydroxylation: history, biochemistry, and microbiology. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100392. [PMID: 37211250 PMCID: PMC10382948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are detergents derived from cholesterol that function to solubilize dietary lipids, remove cholesterol from the body, and act as nutrient signaling molecules in numerous tissues with functions in the liver and gut being the best understood. Studies in the early 20th century established the structures of bile acids, and by mid-century, the application of gnotobiology to bile acids allowed differentiation of host-derived "primary" bile acids from "secondary" bile acids generated by host-associated microbiota. In 1960, radiolabeling studies in rodent models led to determination of the stereochemistry of the bile acid 7-dehydration reaction. A two-step mechanism was proposed, which we have termed the Samuelsson-Bergström model, to explain the formation of deoxycholic acid. Subsequent studies with humans, rodents, and cell extracts of Clostridium scindens VPI 12708 led to the realization that bile acid 7-dehydroxylation is a result of a multi-step, bifurcating pathway that we have named the Hylemon-Björkhem pathway. Due to the importance of hydrophobic secondary bile acids and the increasing measurement of microbial bai genes encoding the enzymes that produce them in stool metagenome studies, it is important to understand their origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Ridlon
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Center for Advanced Study, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Steven L Daniel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL, USA
| | - H Rex Gaskins
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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6
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Wise JL, Cummings BP. The 7-α-dehydroxylation pathway: An integral component of gut bacterial bile acid metabolism and potential therapeutic target. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1093420. [PMID: 36699589 PMCID: PMC9868651 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1093420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays a significant role in maintaining host metabolic health through the production of metabolites. Comprising one of the most abundant and diverse forms of gut metabolites, bile acids play a key role in blood glucose regulation, insulin sensitivity, obesity, and energy expenditure. A central pathway in gut bacterial bile acid metabolism is the production of secondary bile acids via 7-ɑ-dehydroxylation. Despite the important role of 7-ɑ-dehydroxylation in gut bacterial bile acid metabolism and the pathophysiology of metabolic disease, the regulation of this pathway is not completely understood. This review aims to outline our current understanding of 7-ɑ-dehydroxylation and to identify key knowledge gaps that will be integral in further characterizing gut bacterial bile acid metabolism as a potential therapeutic target for treating metabolic dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Journey L. Wise
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Bethany P. Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
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7
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Min YW, Rezaie A, Pimentel M. Bile Acid and Gut Microbiota in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 28:549-561. [PMID: 36250362 PMCID: PMC9577585 DOI: 10.5056/jnm22129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota and their metabolites like bile acid (BA) have been investigated as causes of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms. Primary BAs are synthesized and conjugated in the liver and released into the duodenum. BA biotransformation by gut microbiota begins in the intestine and results in production of a broad range of secondary BAs. Deconjugation is considered the gateway reaction for further modification and is mediated by bile salt hydrolase, which is widely expressed by the gut microbiota. However, gut bacteria that convert primary BAs to secondary BAs belong to a limited number of species, mainly Clostridiales. Like gut microbiota modify BA profile, BAs can shape gut microbiota via direct and indirect actions. BAs have prosecretory effects and regulates gut motility. BAs can also affect gut sensitivity. Because of the vital role of the gut microbiota and BAs in gut function, their bidirectional relationship may contribute to the pathophysiology of IBS. Individuals with IBS have been reported to have altered microbial profiles and modified BA profiles. A significant increase in fecal primary BA and a corresponding decrease in secondary BA have been observed in IBS with predominant diarrhea. In addition, primary BA was positively correlated with IBS symptoms. In IBS with predominant diarrhea, bacteria with reduced abundance mainly belonged to the genera in Ruminococcaceae and exhibited a negative correlation with primary BAs. Integrating the analysis of the gut microbiota and BAs could better understanding of IBS pathophysiology. The gap in this field needs to be further filled in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Won Min
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ali Rezaie
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark Pimentel
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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8
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Bai Y, Zhao T, Gao M, Zou Y, Lei X. A Novel Gene Alignment in Dorea sp. AM58-8 Produces 7-Dehydroxy-3β Bile Acids from Primary Bile Acids. Biochemistry 2022; 61:2870-2878. [PMID: 36130198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are essential metabolites and signaling molecules in mammals. Primary bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver. At the same time, the microbiota in the mammalian gut has many interactions with bile acid, including various biotransformation processes such as 7-dehydroxylation and 3-epimerization. 7-Dehydroxylation is mediated by a bile acid-inducible (bai) operon, while 7-dehydroxylation and 3-epimerization are independently observed in only a few strains. Herein, we describe a novel microbe, Dorea sp. AM58-8, that can accomplish a two-step transformation and turn primary bile acids into both 3α secondary bile acids like deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid, and 3β secondary bile acids like isodeoxycholic acid and isolithocholic acid. We subsequently characterized BaiA, BaiB, BaiE, and their substrate profiles biochemically. The potential bai gene clusters in the metagenomes were further mined. Their evolution, potential functions, and possible regulatory pathways were predicted using bioinformatics based on our understanding of the 7-dehydroxylation pathway in Dorea sp. AM58-8. This study of Dorea sp. AM58-8 also helps us distinguish the inactive bacteria that seem to have the 7-dehydroxylation pathway proteins and discover the 7-dehydroxylation pathway in other mammalian gut microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianhu Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mengyu Gao
- BGI-Beijing, Beijing 100101, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Yuanqiang Zou
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518116, China.,Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Detection and Intervention of the Human Intestinal Microbiome, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518116, China.,Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Institute for Cancer Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518107, China
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9
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Kean IRL, Wagner J, Wijeyesekera A, De Goffau M, Thurston S, Clark JA, White DK, Ridout J, Agrawal S, Kayani R, O'Donnell R, Ramnarayan P, Peters MJ, Klein N, Holmes E, Parkhill J, Baker S, Pathan N. Profiling gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism in critically ill children. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10432. [PMID: 35729169 PMCID: PMC9213539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13640-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Broad-spectrum antimicrobial use during the treatment of critical illness influences gastrointestinal fermentation endpoints, host immune response and metabolic activity including the conversion of primary to secondary bile acids. We previously observed reduced fermentation capacity in the faecal microbiota of critically ill children upon hospital admission. Here, we further explore the timecourse of the relationship between the microbiome and bile acid profile in faecal samples collected from critically ill children. The microbiome was assayed by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, and faecal water bile acids were measured by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. In comparison to admission faecal samples, members of the Lachnospiraceae recovered during the late-acute phase (days 8-10) of hospitalisation. Patients with infections had a lower proportion of Lachnospiraceae in their gut microbiota than controls and patients with primary admitting diagnoses. Keystone species linked to ecological recovery were observed to decline with the length of PICU admission. These species were further suppressed in patients with systemic infection, respiratory failure, and undergoing surgery. Bile acid composition recovers quickly after intervention for critical illness which may be aided by the compositional shift in Lachnospiraceae. Our findings suggest gut microbiota recovery can be readily assessed via measurement of faecal bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Wagner
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anisha Wijeyesekera
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus De Goffau
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Thurston
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John A Clark
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah K White
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jenna Ridout
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- EACH, Milton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shruti Agrawal
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Riaz Kayani
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Roddy O'Donnell
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Padmanabhan Ramnarayan
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- St Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Peters
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Klein
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Baker
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nazima Pathan
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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10
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Joyce SA, O'Malley D. Bile acids, bioactive signalling molecules in interoceptive gut-to-brain communication. J Physiol 2022; 600:2565-2578. [PMID: 35413130 PMCID: PMC9325455 DOI: 10.1113/jp281727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aside from facilitating solubilisation and absorption of dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins, amphipathic bile acids (BAs) also act as bioactive signalling molecules. A plethora of conjugated or un-conjugated primary and bacterially-modified secondary BA moieties have been identified, with significant divergence between species. These molecules are excreted into the external environment of the intestinal lumen, yet nuclear and membrane receptors that are sensitive to BAs are expressed internally in the liver, intestinal and neural tissues, amongst others. The diversity of BAs and receptors underpins the multitude of distinct bioactive functions attributed to BAs, but also hampers elucidation of the physiological mechanisms underpinning these actions. In this topical review, we have considered the potential of BAs as cross-barrier signalling molecules that contribute to interoceptive pathways informing the central nervous system of environmental changes in the gut lumen. Activation of BAs on FGF19 -secreting enterocytes, enteroendocrine cells coupled to sensory nerves or intestinal immune cells would facilitate indirect signalling, whereas direct activation of BA receptors in the brain are likely to occur primarily under pathophysiological conditions when concentrations of BAs are elevated. Abstract figure legend The figure illustrates the microbial modification of hepatic primary bile acids into secondary bile acids. In addition to facilitating lipid digestion and absorption, bile acids act as bioactive signalling molecules by binding to bile acid receptors expressed on enterocytes, neural afferent-coupled enteroendocrine cells and immune cells. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Joyce
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Dervla O'Malley
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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11
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Song I, Gotoh Y, Ogura Y, Hayashi T, Fukiya S, Yokota A. Comparative Genomic and Physiological Analysis against Clostridium scindens Reveals Eubacterium sp. c-25 as an Atypical Deoxycholic Acid Producer of the Human Gut Microbiota. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112254. [PMID: 34835380 PMCID: PMC8623032 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut houses bile acid 7α-dehydroxylating bacteria that produce secondary bile acids such as deoxycholic acid (DCA) from host-derived bile acids through enzymes encoded by the bai operon. While recent metagenomic studies suggest that these bacteria are highly diverse and abundant, very few DCA producers have been identified. Here, we investigated the physiology and determined the complete genome sequence of Eubacterium sp. c-25, a DCA producer that was isolated from human feces in the 1980s. Culture experiments showed a preference for neutral to slightly alkaline pH in both growth and DCA production. Genomic analyses revealed that c-25 is phylogenetically distinct from known DCA producers and possesses a multi-cluster arrangement of predicted bile-acid inducible (bai) genes that is considerably different from the typical bai operon structure. This arrangement is also found in other intestinal bacterial species, possibly indicative of unconfirmed 7α-dehydroxylation capabilities. Functionality of the predicted bai genes was supported by the induced expression of baiB, baiCD, and baiH in the presence of cholic acid substrate. Taken together, Eubacterium sp. c-25 is an atypical DCA producer with a novel bai gene cluster structure that may represent an unexplored genotype of DCA producers in the human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah Song
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; (I.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Yasuhiro Gotoh
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (Y.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Yoshitoshi Ogura
- Department of Infectious Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan;
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (Y.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Satoru Fukiya
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; (I.S.); (A.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-11-706-2501
| | - Atsushi Yokota
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; (I.S.); (A.Y.)
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12
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Bacteria in Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention: A Review Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm.107956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Context: Although conventional therapies improve the conditions of patients with cancer, adverse side effects, and resistance to different therapies have convinced scientists to use alternative methods to overcome these problems. One of the most promising research directions is the application of specific types of bacteria and their components to prevent and treat different cancers. Apart from the ability of bacteria to modulate immune responses, various particular properties such as toxin production and anaerobic lifestyle, have made them one of the potential candidates to help cancer therapy. Evidence Acquisition: In this review, the latest information on the role of bacteria in carcinogenesis and cancer prevention in PubMed, Google scholar, and Science Direct databases in 2020 were considered using a combination of keywords “bacteria”, “carcinogenesis”, “cancer” and “prevention”. Results: Bacteria-cancer interactions can be studied in 2 areas of bacteria and carcinogenesis and the other bacteria and cancer treatment or prevention. In this review, bacterial carcinogenicity has been mentioned with 3 main mechanisms: bacterial toxin, bacterial metabolites, and chronic inflammation caused by bacteria. Bacterial-mediated tumor therapy (BMTT) is briefly discussed in 8 mechanisms including tumor-targeting bacterial therapy, gene therapy and vectors, bacterial products, arginine metabolism, magnetotactic bacteria, combination bacteriolytic therapy (COBALT), immunomodulation of bacteria in cancer, and immune survival. Conclusions: The importance of bacteria in terms of diversity in their interaction with humans, as well as their components that can affect homeostasis and the immune system, has made them a powerful factor in describing the human condition in health and disease. These important elements can be used in the prevention and treatment of many complex diseases with different origins like cancer. The present study can provide an overview of the role of bacteria in cancer development or prevention and potential approaches for bacteria in cancer therapy.
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13
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Hullar MAJ, Jenkins IC, Randolph TW, Curtis KR, Monroe KR, Ernst T, Shepherd JA, Stram DO, Cheng I, Kristal BS, Wilkens LR, Franke A, Le Marchand L, Lim U, Lampe JW. Associations of the gut microbiome with hepatic adiposity in the Multiethnic Cohort Adiposity Phenotype Study. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1965463. [PMID: 34491886 PMCID: PMC8425768 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1965463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a risk factor for liver cancer and prevalence varies by ethnicity. Along with genetic and lifestyle factors, the gut microbiome (GM) may contribute to NAFLD and its progression to advanced liver disease. Our cross-sectional analysis assessed the association of the GM with hepatic adiposity among African American, Japanese American, White, Latino, and Native Hawaiian participants in the Multiethnic Cohort. We used MRI to measure liver fat and determine nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) status (n = 511 cases) in 1,544 participants, aged 60-77 years, with 12-53% overall adiposity (BMI of 17.8-46.2 kg/m2). The GM was measured by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and, on a subset, by metagenomic sequencing. Alpha diversity was lower overall with NAFLD and in certain ethnicities (African Americans, Whites, and Latinos). In models regressing genus on NAFLD status, 62 of 149 genera (40%) exhibited a significant interaction between NAFLD and ethnicity stratified analysis found 69 genera significantly associated with NAFLD in at least one ethnic group. No single genus was significantly associated with NAFLD across all ethnicities. In contrast, the same bacterial metabolic pathways were over-represented in participants with NAFLD regardless of ethnicity. Imputed secondary bile acid and carbohydrate pathways were associated with NAFLD, the latter of which was corroborated by metagenomics, although different genera in different ethnicities were associated with these pathways. Overall, we found that NAFLD was associated with altered bacterial composition and metabolism, and that bacterial endotoxin, assessed by plasma lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), may mediate liver fat-associated systemic inflammation in a manner that seems to vary by ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A. J. Hullar
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
| | - Isaac C. Jenkins
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
| | - Timothy W. Randolph
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
| | - Keith R. Curtis
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
| | - Kristine R. Monroe
- Preventive Medicine, Keck School Of Medicine, University Of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Thomas Ernst
- John A. Burns School Of Medicine, University Of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A
| | - John A. Shepherd
- University Of Hawaii Cancer Center, University Of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A
| | - Daniel O. Stram
- Keck School Of Medicine, University Of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Iona Cheng
- School Of Medicine, University Of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, U.S.A
| | - Bruce S. Kristal
- Department Of Medicine, Brigham And Women’s Hospital And Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Lynne R. Wilkens
- University Of Hawaii Cancer Center, University Of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A
| | - Adrian Franke
- University Of Hawaii Cancer Center, University Of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- University Of Hawaii Cancer Center, University Of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A
| | - Unhee Lim
- University Of Hawaii Cancer Center, University Of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A
| | - Johanna W. Lampe
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
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14
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Abstract
Bile acids are a group of chemically different steroids generated at the host/microbial interface. Indeed, while primary bile acids are the end-product of cholesterol breakdown in the host liver, secondary bile acids are the products of microbial metabolism. Primary and secondary bile acids along with their oxo derivatives have been identified as signaling molecules acting on a family of cell membrane and nuclear receptors collectively known as "bile acid-activated receptors." Members of this group of receptors are highly expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract and mediate the bilateral communications of the intestinal microbiota with the host immune system. The expression and function of bile acid-activated receptors FXR, GPBAR1, PXR, VDR, and RORγt are highly dependent on the structure of the intestinal microbiota and negatively regulated by intestinal inflammation. Studies from gene ablated mice have demonstrated that FXR and GPBAR1 are essential to maintain a tolerogenic phenotype in the intestine, and their ablation promotes the polarization of intestinal T cells and macrophages toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype. RORγt inhibition by oxo-bile acids is essential to constrain Th17 polarization of intestinal lymphocytes. Gene-wide association studies and functional characterizations suggest a potential role for impaired bile acid signaling in development inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In this review, we will focus on how bile acids and their receptors mediate communications of intestinal microbiota with the intestinal immune system, describing dynamic changes of bile acid metabolism in IBD and the potential therapeutic application of targeting bile acid signaling in these disorders.
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15
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Streidl T, Karkossa I, Segura Muñoz RR, Eberl C, Zaufel A, Plagge J, Schmaltz R, Schubert K, Basic M, Schneider KM, Afify M, Trautwein C, Tolba R, Stecher B, Doden HL, Ridlon JM, Ecker J, Moustafa T, von Bergen M, Ramer-Tait AE, Clavel T. The gut bacterium Extibacter muris produces secondary bile acids and influences liver physiology in gnotobiotic mice. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1-21. [PMID: 33382950 PMCID: PMC7781625 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1854008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extibacter muris is a newly described mouse gut bacterium which metabolizes cholic acid (CA) to deoxycholic acid (DCA) via 7α-dehydroxylation. Although bile acids influence metabolic and inflammatory responses, few in vivo models exist for studying their metabolism and impact on the host. Mice were colonized from birth with the simplified community Oligo-MM12 with or without E. muris. As the metabolism of bile acids is known to affect lipid homeostasis, mice were fed either a low- or high-fat diet for eight weeks before sampling and analyses targeting the gut and liver. Multiple Oligo-MM12 strains were capable of deconjugating primary bile acids in vitro. E. muris produced DCA from CA either as pure compound or in mouse bile. This production was inducible by CA in vitro. Ursodeoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic, and β-muricholic acid were not metabolized under the conditions tested. All gnotobiotic mice were stably colonized with E. muris, which showed higher relative abundances after HF diet feeding. The presence of E. muris had minor, diet-dependent effects on Oligo-MM12 communities. The secondary bile acids DCA and surprisingly LCA and their taurine conjugates were detected exclusively in E. muris-colonized mice. E. muris colonization did not influence body weight, white adipose tissue mass, liver histopathology, hepatic aspartate aminotransferase, or blood levels of cholesterol, insulin, and paralytic peptide (PP). However, proteomics revealed shifts in hepatic pathways involved in amino acid, glucose, lipid, energy, and drug metabolism in E. muris-colonized mice. Liver fatty acid composition was substantially altered by dietary fat but not by E. muris.In summary, E. muris stably colonized the gut of mice harboring a simplified community and produced secondary bile acids, which affected proteomes in the liver. This new gnotobiotic mouse model can now be used to study the pathophysiological role of secondary bile acids in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Streidl
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Isabel Karkossa
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Eberl
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alex Zaufel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Plagge
- Research Group Lipid Metabolism, ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Schmaltz
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Kristin Schubert
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marijana Basic
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kai Markus Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of RWTH, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mamdouh Afify
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of RWTH, Aachen, Germany
- Clinic for Cardiology (Internal Medicine I), University Hospital of RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - René Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bärbel Stecher
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF); Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Heidi L. Doden
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jason M. Ridlon
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Josef Ecker
- Research Group Lipid Metabolism, ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - Tarek Moustafa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Amanda E. Ramer-Tait
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Hannover, NE, USA
| | - Thomas Clavel
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of RWTH, Aachen, Germany
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16
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Suzuki A, Ueda K, Segawa T, Suzuki M. Fecal microbiota of captive Antillean manatee Trichechus manatus manatus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 366:5519860. [PMID: 31210263 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbivorous animals have unique intestinal microbiota that greatly helps with plant digestion in the host; however, knowledge on the microbiota of marine herbivores is limited. To better understand the taxonomy of intestinal microbiota in manatees, and the possible effects of captive conditions on that, we characterized the fecal microbiota of captive Antillean manatee Trichechus manatus manatus and compared the bacterial community with that of wild Florida manatees Trichechus manatus latirostris. Fecal samples were collected from four captive Antillean manatees in Ocean Expo Park, Okinawa, Japan. The high-quality sequences of the V3-V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA obtained using an Illumina MiSeq platform were assigned to 16 bacterial phyla, and the most dominant was Firmicutes (84.05 ± 3.50%), followed by Bacteroidetes (8.60 ± 1.71%). Seven of the top 20 bacterial genera were responsible for hydrolyzing cellulose and metabolizing bile acid. The microbiota composition was remarkably different from that found in wild Florida manatees and more diverse than the composition in wild Florida manatees; hence, this result may be dependent on a captive environment. Our results highlight the unique intestinal microbiota in captive manatees, reflecting their diet and possibly an impact of the captive environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ueda
- Okinawa Churashima Foundation, 888 Motobu, Kunigami, Okinawa 905-0206, Japan
| | - Takao Segawa
- Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.,Cetacean Research Center, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Miwa Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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17
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Horvath TD, Haidacher SJ, Hoch KM, Auchtung JM, Haag AM. A high-throughput LC-MS/MS method for the measurement of the bile acid/salt content in microbiome-derived sample sets. MethodsX 2020; 7:100951. [PMID: 32637329 PMCID: PMC7327831 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.100951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the physicochemical properties of bile acids/salts (i.e., hydrophobic and ionizable), the application of reverse-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based methods are ideally suited for the measurement of these compounds in a host of microbiologically-relevant matrices. Here, we provide a detailed bioanalytical protocol that contains several modifications of a method previously described by Wegner et al. [1]. Briefly, this modified method exhibits the following advantages for the measurement of cholic acid (CA), taurocholic acid (TCA), and deoxycholic acid (DCA) in microbiome-relevant sample matrices: i) fecal sample processing has been streamlined by the elimination of lyophilization and manual homogenization steps; ii) the Sciex 6500 QTRAP hybrid triple-quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometer has sufficient sensitivity to perform the measurement of bile acids/salts in negative ion mode - ammonium adducts of bile acids/salts are not required for detection; and, iii) assay throughput has been boosted by more than 5-fold by shortening the chromatographic duty cycle of a single sample injection from 45 min to 8.4 min. Recently, the method was used to perform 508 sequential injections (72 calibration standards, 52 blank-internal standard sample, and 368 MiniBioReactor Array (MBRA)-derived samples) from four separate batches over a 4-day time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Horvath
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, United States.,Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Ave, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Sigmund J Haidacher
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, United States.,Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Ave, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Kathleen M Hoch
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, United States.,Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Ave, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Jennifer M Auchtung
- Food Science and Technology Department, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1400 R Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Anthony M Haag
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, United States.,Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Ave, Houston, TX 77030, United States
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18
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Lin Q, Tan X, Wang W, Zeng W, Gui L, Su M, Liu C, Jia W, Xu L, Lan K. Species Differences of Bile Acid Redox Metabolism: Tertiary Oxidation of Deoxycholate is Conserved in Preclinical Animals. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:499-507. [PMID: 32193215 PMCID: PMC11022903 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.090464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently disclosed that CYP3A is responsible for the tertiary stereoselective oxidations of deoxycholic acid (DCA), which becomes a continuum mechanism of the host-gut microbial cometabolism of bile acids (BAs) in humans. This work aims to investigate the species differences of BA redox metabolism and clarify whether the tertiary metabolism of DCA is a conserved pathway in preclinical animals. With quantitative determination of the total unconjugated BAs in urine and fecal samples of humans, dogs, rats, and mice, it was confirmed that the tertiary oxidized metabolites of DCA were found in all tested animals, whereas DCA and its oxidized metabolites disappeared in germ-free mice. The in vitro metabolism data of DCA and the other unconjugated BAs in liver microsomes of humans, monkeys, dogs, rats, and mice showed consistencies with the BA-profiling data, confirming that the tertiary oxidation of DCA is a conserved pathway. In liver microsomes of all tested animals, however, the oxidation activities toward DCA were far below the murine-specific 6β-oxidation activities toward chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), ursodeoxycholic acid, and lithocholic acid (LCA), and 7-oxidation activities toward murideoxycholic acid and hyodeoxycholic acid came from the 6-hydroxylation of LCA. These findings provided further explanations for why murine animals have significantly enhanced downstream metabolism of CDCA compared with humans. In conclusion, the species differences of BA redox metabolism disclosed in this work will be useful for the interspecies extrapolation of BA biology and toxicology in translational researches. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: It is important to understand the species differences of bile acid metabolism when deciphering biological and hepatotoxicology findings from preclinical studies. However, the species differences of tertiary bile acids are poorly understood compared with primary and secondary bile acids. This work confirms that the tertiary oxidation of deoxycholic acid is conserved among preclinical animals and provides deeper understanding of how and why the downstream metabolism of chenodeoxycholic acid dominates that of cholic acid in murine animals compared with humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, (M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., K.L.)
| | - Xianwen Tan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, (M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., K.L.)
| | - Wenxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, (M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., K.L.)
| | - Wushuang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, (M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., K.L.)
| | - Lanlan Gui
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, (M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., K.L.)
| | - Mingming Su
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, (M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., K.L.)
| | - Changxiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, (M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., K.L.)
| | - Wei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, (M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., K.L.)
| | - Liang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, (M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., K.L.)
| | - Ke Lan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, (M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., K.L.)
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19
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Elevated Coefficient of Variation in Total Fecal Bile Acids Precedes Diagnosis of Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:249. [PMID: 31937876 PMCID: PMC6959237 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of bile acids (BAs) may mediate development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Serial fecal samples were collected from premature infants with birth weight (BW) ≤ 1800 g, estimated gestational age (EGA) ≤ 32 weeks, and <30 days old prior to initiation of enteral feeding. Nine infants that developed Bell’s Stage ≥ II NEC were matched with control infants based on BW, EGA, day of life (DOL) enteral feeding was initiated and DOL of the first sample. From each subject, five samples matched by DOL collected were analyzed for BA levels and composition. Fifteen individual BA species were measured via LC-MS/MS and total BA levels were measured using the Diazyme Total Bile Acid Assay kit. No statistically significant differences in composition were observed between control and NEC at the level of individual species (p = 0.1133) or grouped BAs (p = 0.0742). However, there was a statistically significant difference (p = 0.000012) in the mean coefficient of variation (CV) between the two groups with infants developing NEC having more than four-fold higher mean CV than controls. Importantly, these variations occurred prior to NEC diagnosis. These data suggest fluctuations in total fecal BA levels could provide the basis for the first predictive clinical test for NEC.
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20
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Ducarmon QR, Zwittink RD, Hornung BVH, van Schaik W, Young VB, Kuijper EJ. Gut Microbiota and Colonization Resistance against Bacterial Enteric Infection. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2019; 83:e00007-19. [PMID: 31167904 PMCID: PMC6710460 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00007-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is critical in providing resistance against colonization by exogenous microorganisms. The mechanisms via which the gut microbiota provide colonization resistance (CR) have not been fully elucidated, but they include secretion of antimicrobial products, nutrient competition, support of gut barrier integrity, and bacteriophage deployment. However, bacterial enteric infections are an important cause of disease globally, indicating that microbiota-mediated CR can be disturbed and become ineffective. Changes in microbiota composition, and potential subsequent disruption of CR, can be caused by various drugs, such as antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, antidiabetics, and antipsychotics, thereby providing opportunities for exogenous pathogens to colonize the gut and ultimately cause infection. In addition, the most prevalent bacterial enteropathogens, including Clostridioides difficile, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio cholerae, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Listeria monocytogenes, can employ a wide array of mechanisms to overcome colonization resistance. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on how the gut microbiota can mediate colonization resistance against bacterial enteric infection and on how bacterial enteropathogens can overcome this resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q R Ducarmon
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Experimental Bacteriology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - R D Zwittink
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Experimental Bacteriology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - B V H Hornung
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Experimental Bacteriology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - W van Schaik
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - V B Young
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases Division, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - E J Kuijper
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Experimental Bacteriology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Netherlands Donor Feces Bank, Leiden, Netherlands
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21
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Chetwynd AJ, Ogilvie LA, Nzakizwanayo J, Pazdirek F, Hoch J, Dedi C, Gilbert D, Abdul-Sada A, Jones BV, Hill EM. The potential of nanoflow liquid chromatography-nano electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry for global profiling the faecal metabolome. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1600:127-136. [PMID: 31047664 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Faeces are comprised of a wide array of metabolites arising from the circulatory system as well as the human microbiome. A global metabolite analysis (metabolomics) of faecal extracts offers the potential to uncover new compounds which may be indicative of the onset of bowel diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC). To date, faecal metabolomics is still in its infancy and the compounds of low abundance present in faecal extracts poorly characterised. In this study, extracts of faeces from healthy subjects were profiled using a sensitive nanoflow-nanospray LC-MS platform which resulted in highly repeatable peak retention times (<2% CV) and intensities (<15% CV). Analysis of the extracts revealed wide coverage of the faecal metabolome including detection of low abundant signalling compounds such as sex steroids and eicosanoids, alongside highly abundant pharmaceuticals and tetrapyrrole metabolites. A small pilot study investigating differences in metabolomics profiles of faecal samples obtained from 7 CRC, 25 adenomatous polyp and 26 healthy groups revealed that secondary bile acids, conjugated androgens, eicosanoids, phospholipids and an unidentified haem metabolite were potential classes of metabolites that discriminated between the CRC and control sample groups. However, much larger follow up studies are needed to confirm which components of the faecal metabolome are associated with actual CRC disease rather than dietary influences. This study reveals the potential of nanospray-nanoflow LC-MS profiling of faecal samples from large scale cohort studies for uncovering the role of the faecal metabolome in colorectal disease formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Chetwynd
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Lesley A Ogilvie
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Jonathan Nzakizwanayo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Filip Pazdirek
- Surgery Department, 2nd Medical Faculty of Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Hoch
- Surgery Department, 2nd Medical Faculty of Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Cinzia Dedi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Duncan Gilbert
- Sussex Cancer Centre, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, BN2 5DA, UK
| | - Alaa Abdul-Sada
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Brian V Jones
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Elizabeth M Hill
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK.
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22
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Khan TJ, Hasan MN, Azhar EI, Yasir M. Association of gut dysbiosis with intestinal metabolites in response to antibiotic treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humic.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Marion S, Studer N, Desharnais L, Menin L, Escrig S, Meibom A, Hapfelmeier S, Bernier-Latmani R. In vitro and in vivo characterization of Clostridium scindens bile acid transformations. Gut Microbes 2018; 10:481-503. [PMID: 30589376 PMCID: PMC6748637 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1549420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut hosts trillions of microorganisms that exert a profound influence on human biology. Gut bacteria communicate with their host by secreting small molecules that can signal to distant organs in the body. Bile acids are one class of these signaling molecules, synthesized by the host and chemically transformed by the gut microbiota. Among bile acid metabolizers, bile acid 7-dehydroxylating bacteria are commensals of particular importance as they carry out the 7-dehydroxylation of liver-derived primary bile acids to 7-dehydroxylated bile acids. The latter represents a major fraction of the secondary bile acid pool. The microbiology of this group of gut microorganisms is understudied and warrants more attention. Here, we detail the bile acid transformations carried out by the 7-dehydroxylating bacterium Clostridium scindens in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, C. scindens exhibits not only 7α-dehydroxylating capabilities but also, the ability to oxidize other hydroxyl groups and reduce ketone groups in primary and secondary bile acids. This study revealed 12-oxolithocholic acid as a major transient product in the 7α-dehydroxylation of cholic acid. Furthermore, the in vivo study included complementing a gnotobiotic mouse line (devoid of the ability to 7-dehydroxylate bile acids) with C. scindens and investigating its colonization dynamics and bile acid transformations. Using NanoSIMS (Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry), we demonstrate that the large intestine constitutes a niche for C. scindens, where it efficiently 7-dehydroxylates cholic acid to deoxycholic acid. Overall, this work reveals a novel transient species during 7-dehydroxylation as well as provides direct evidence for the colonization and growth of 7-dehydroxylating bacteria in the large intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solenne Marion
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Studer
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lyne Desharnais
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laure Menin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Escrig
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anders Meibom
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland,Center for Advanced Surface Analysis, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Rizlan Bernier-Latmani
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland,CONTACT Rizlan Bernier-Latmani Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Fecal microbiota transplantation and its potential therapeutic uses in gastrointestinal disorders. North Clin Istanb 2018; 5:79-88. [PMID: 29607440 PMCID: PMC5864716 DOI: 10.14744/nci.2017.10692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Typical human gut flora has been well characterized in previous studies and has been noted to have significant differences when compared with the typical microbiome of various disease states involving the gastrointestinal tract. Such diseases include Clostridium difficile colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, functional bowel syndromes, and various states of liver disease. A growing number of studies have investigated the use of a fecal microbiota transplant as a potential therapy for these disease states.
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25
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Li R, Wang H, Shi Q, Wang N, Zhang Z, Xiong C, Liu J, Chen Y, Jiang L, Jiang Q. Effects of oral florfenicol and azithromycin on gut microbiota and adipogenesis in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181690. [PMID: 28742883 PMCID: PMC5526540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain antibiotics detected in urine are associated with childhood obesity. In the current experimental study, we investigated two representative antibiotics detected in urine, florfenicol and azithromycin, for their early effects on adipogenesis, gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and bile acids in mice. Thirty C57BL/6 mice aged four weeks were randomly divided into three groups (florfenicol, azithromycin and control). The two experimental groups were administered florfenicol or azithromycin at 5 mg/kg/day for four weeks. Body weight was measured weekly. The composition of the gut microbiota, body fat, SCFAs, and bile acids in colon contents were measured at the end of the experiment. The composition of the gut microbiota was determined by sequencing the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. The concentration of SCFAs and bile acids was determined using gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. The composition of the gut microbiota indicated that the two antibiotics altered the gut microbiota composition and decreased its richness and diversity. At the phylum level, the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes increased significantly in the antibiotic groups. At the genus level, there were declines in Christensenella, Gordonibacter and Anaerotruncus in the florfenicol group, in Lactobacillus in the azithromycin group, and in Alistipes, Desulfovibrio, Parasutterella and Rikenella in both the antibiotic groups. The decrease in Rikenella in the azithromycin group was particularly noticeable. The concentration of SCFAs and secondary bile acids decreased in the colon, but the concentration of primary bile acids increased. These findings indicated that florfenicol and azithromycin increased adipogenesis and altered gut microbiota composition, SCFA production, and bile acid metabolism, suggesting that exposure to antibiotics might be one risk factor for childhood obesity. More studies are needed to investigate the specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hexing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingfeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenglong Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lufang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Qingwu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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26
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He Y, Mao C, Wen H, Chen Z, Lai T, Li L, Lu W, Wu H. Influence of ad Libitum Feeding of Piglets With Bacillus Subtilis Fermented Liquid Feed on Gut Flora, Luminal Contents and Health. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44553. [PMID: 28291252 PMCID: PMC5349548 DOI: 10.1038/srep44553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Some scholars caution that long-term ad libitum feeding with probiotic fermented food poses potential health risks to baby animals. We conducted a feeding experiment to investigate the influence of ad libitum feeding of pre-and post-weaned piglets with a Bacillus subtilis fermented diet on the gut microbiome, gut metabolomic profiles, bile acid metabolism, proinflammatory cytokines and faecal consistency. Compared with piglets fed a Bacillus subtilis-supplemented pellet diet, piglets fed the Bacillus subtilis fermented liquid diet had lower intestinal bacterial diversity (P > 0.05), higher intestinal fungal diversity (P > 0.05), more Firmicutes (P > 0.05), fewer Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria (P > 0.05), higher concentrations of 3-hydroxypropionic acid (P < 0.05), orotic acid (P < 0.05), interleukin-6 (P < 0.01), lactic acid (P < 0.01), deoxycholic acid (P > 0.05) and lithocholic acid (P < 0.01) and a higher incidence of diarrhoea (P > 0.05). The data show that ad libitum feeding of piglets with a Bacillus subtilis fermented liquid diet during the suckling and early post-weaning periods promotes the growth of lactic acid bacteria, bile salt hydrolase-active bacteria and 7a-dehydroxylase-active bacteria in the intestinal lumen; disturbs the normal production of lactic acid, orotic acid and unconjugated bile acids; and increases circulating interleukin-6 levels and diarrhoea incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyong He
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Chunxia Mao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Hong Wen
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Veterinary Drugs and Feed Control, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Zhiyu Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Tao Lai
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Lingyu Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Huadong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
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27
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Bile Acids Function Synergistically To Repress Invasion Gene Expression in Salmonella by Destabilizing the Invasion Regulator HilD. Infect Immun 2016; 84:2198-2208. [PMID: 27185788 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00177-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are carried by and can acutely infect agricultural animals and humans. After ingestion, salmonellae traverse the upper digestive tract and initiate tissue invasion of the distal ileum, a virulence process carried out by the type III secretion system encoded within Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1). Salmonellae coordinate SPI-1 expression with anatomical location via environmental cues, one of which is bile, a complex digestive fluid that causes potent repression of SPI-1 genes. The individual components of bile responsible for SPI-1 repression have not been previously characterized, nor have the bacterial signaling processes that modulate their effects been determined. Here, we characterize the mechanism by which bile represses SPI-1 expression. Individual bile acids exhibit repressive activity on SPI-1-regulated genes that requires neither passive diffusion nor OmpF-mediated entry. By using genetic methods, the effects of bile and bile acids were shown to require the invasion gene transcriptional activator hilD and to function independently of known upstream signaling pathways. Protein analysis techniques showed that SPI-1 repression by bile acids is mediated by posttranslational destabilization of HilD. Finally, we found that bile acids function synergistically to achieve the overall repressive activity of bile. These studies demonstrate a common mechanism by which diverse environmental cues (e.g., certain short-chain fatty acids and bile acids) inhibit SPI-1 expression. These data provide information relevant to Salmonella pathogenesis during acute infection in the intestine and during chronic infection of the gallbladder and inform the basis for development of therapeutics to inhibit invasion as a means of repressing Salmonella pathogenicity.
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28
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Biomarkers for nutrient intake with focus on alternative sampling techniques. GENES AND NUTRITION 2016; 11:12. [PMID: 27551313 PMCID: PMC4968438 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-016-0527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers of nutrient intake or nutrient status are important objective measures of foods/nutrients as one of the most important environmental factors people are exposed to. It is very difficult to obtain accurate data on individual food intake, and there is a large variation of nutrient composition of foods consumed in a population. Thus, it is difficult to obtain precise measures of exposure to different nutrients and thereby be able to understand the relationship between diet, health, and disease. This is the background for investing considerable resources in studying biomarkers of nutrients believed to be important in our foods. Modern technology with high sensitivity and specificity concerning many nutrient biomarkers has allowed an interesting development with analyses of very small amounts of blood or tissue material. In combination with non-professional collection of blood by finger-pricking and collection on filters or sticks, this may make collection of samples and analyses of biomarkers much more available for scientists as well as health professionals and even lay people in particular in relation to the marked trend of self-monitoring of body functions linked to mobile phone technology. Assuming standard operating procedures are used for collection, drying, transport, extraction, and analysis of samples, it turns out that many analytes of nutritional interest can be measured like metabolites, drugs, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and many types of peptides and proteins. The advantage of this alternative sampling technology is that non-professionals can collect, dry, and mail the samples; the samples can often be stored under room temperature in a dry atmosphere, requiring small amounts of blood. Another promising area is the potential relation between the microbiome and biomarkers that may be measured in feces as well as in blood.
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29
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Ridlon JM, Harris SC, Bhowmik S, Kang DJ, Hylemon PB. Consequences of bile salt biotransformations by intestinal bacteria. Gut Microbes 2016; 7:22-39. [PMID: 26939849 PMCID: PMC4856454 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1127483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 623] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence strongly suggest that the human "microbiome" plays an important role in both health and disease. Bile acids function both as detergents molecules promoting nutrient absorption in the intestines and as hormones regulating nutrient metabolism. Bile acids regulate metabolism via activation of specific nuclear receptors (NR) and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). The circulating bile acid pool composition consists of primary bile acids produced from cholesterol in the liver, and secondary bile acids formed by specific gut bacteria. The various biotransformation of bile acids carried out by gut bacteria appear to regulate the structure of the gut microbiome and host physiology. Increased levels of secondary bile acids are associated with specific diseases of the GI system. Elucidating methods to control the gut microbiome and bile acid pool composition in humans may lead to a reduction in some of the major diseases of the liver, gall bladder and colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Ridlon
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Spencer C. Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Shiva Bhowmik
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dae-Joong Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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30
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Abstract
There has been increasing interest in understanding the role of the human gut microbiome to elucidate the therapeutic potential of its manipulation. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is the administration of a solution of fecal matter from a donor into the intestinal tract of a recipient in order to directly change the recipient's gut microbial composition and confer a health benefit. FMT has been used to successfully treat recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. There are preliminary indications to suggest that it may also carry therapeutic potential for other conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and functional gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaan Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Emma Allen-Vercoe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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31
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Hay AJ, Zhu J. In Sickness and in Health: The Relationships Between Bacteria and Bile in the Human Gut. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 96:43-64. [PMID: 27565580 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Colonization of a human host with a commensal microbiota has a complex interaction in which bacterial communities provide numerous health benefits to the host. An equilibrium between host and microbiota is kept in check with the help of biliary secretions by the host. Bile, composed primarily of bile salts, promotes digestion. It also provides a barrier between host and bacteria. After bile salts are synthesized in the liver, they are stored in the gallbladder to be released after food intake. The set of host-secreted bile salts is modified by the resident bacteria. Because bile salts are toxic to bacteria, an equilibrium of modified bile salts is reached that allows commensal bacteria to survive, yet rebuffs invading pathogens. In addition to direct toxic effects on cells, bile salts maintain homeostasis as signaling molecules, tuning the immune system. To cause disease, gram-negative pathogenic bacteria have shared strategies to survive this harsh environment. Through exclusion of bile, efflux of bile, and repair of bile-induced damage, these pathogens can successfully disrupt and outcompete the microbiota to activate virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Hay
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - J Zhu
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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32
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Yano JM, Yu K, Donaldson GP, Shastri GG, Ann P, Ma L, Nagler CR, Ismagilov RF, Mazmanian SK, Hsiao EY. Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis. Cell 2015; 161:264-76. [PMID: 25860609 PMCID: PMC4393509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2045] [Impact Index Per Article: 227.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains much of the body's serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), but mechanisms controlling the metabolism of gut-derived 5-HT remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the microbiota plays a critical role in regulating host 5-HT. Indigenous spore-forming bacteria (Sp) from the mouse and human microbiota promote 5-HT biosynthesis from colonic enterochromaffin cells (ECs), which supply 5-HT to the mucosa, lumen, and circulating platelets. Importantly, microbiota-dependent effects on gut 5-HT significantly impact host physiology, modulating GI motility and platelet function. We identify select fecal metabolites that are increased by Sp and that elevate 5-HT in chromaffin cell cultures, suggesting direct metabolic signaling of gut microbes to ECs. Furthermore, elevating luminal concentrations of particular microbial metabolites increases colonic and blood 5-HT in germ-free mice. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that Sp are important modulators of host 5-HT and further highlight a key role for host-microbiota interactions in regulating fundamental 5-HT-related biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Yano
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Kristie Yu
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Gregory P Donaldson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Gauri G Shastri
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Phoebe Ann
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Liang Ma
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Cathryn R Nagler
- Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rustem F Ismagilov
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Elaine Y Hsiao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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Plotnikoff GA. Three measurable and modifiable enteric microbial biotransformations relevant to cancer prevention and treatment. Glob Adv Health Med 2014; 3:33-43. [PMID: 24891992 PMCID: PMC4030612 DOI: 10.7453/gahmj.2014.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Interdisciplinary scientific evaluation of the human microbiota has identified three enteric microbial biotransformations of particular relevance for human health and well-being, especially cancer. Two biotransformations are counterproductive; one is productive. First, selective bacteria can reverse beneficial hepatic hydroxylation to produce toxic secondary bile acids, especially deoxycholic acid. Second, numerous bacterial species can reverse hepatic detoxification-in a sense, retoxify hormones and xeonobiotics-by deglucuronidation. Third, numerous enteric bacteria can effect a very positive biotransformation through the production of butyrate, a small chain fatty acid with anti-cancer activity. Each biotransformation is addressed in sequence for its relevance in representative gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal cancers. This is not a complete review of their connection with every type of cancer. The intent is to introduce the reader to clinically relevant microbial biochemistry plus the emerging evidence that links these to both carcinogenesis and treatment. Included is the evidence base to guide counseling for potentially helpful dietary adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Plotnikoff
- Penny George Institute for Health and Healing, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
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Weingarden AR, Chen C, Bobr A, Yao D, Lu Y, Nelson VM, Sadowsky MJ, Khoruts A. Microbiota transplantation restores normal fecal bile acid composition in recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G310-9. [PMID: 24284963 PMCID: PMC3920123 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00282.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has emerged as a highly effective therapy for refractory, recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), which develops following antibiotic treatments. Intestinal microbiota play a critical role in the metabolism of bile acids in the colon, which in turn have major effects on the lifecycle of C. difficile bacteria. We hypothesized that fecal bile acid composition is altered in patients with recurrent CDI and that FMT results in its normalization. General metabolomics and targeted bile acid analyses were performed on fecal extracts from patients with recurrent CDI treated with FMT and their donors. In addition, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to determine the bacterial composition of pre- and post-FMT fecal samples. Taxonomic bacterial composition of fecal samples from FMT recipients showed rapid change and became similar to the donor after the procedure. Pre-FMT fecal samples contained high concentrations of primary bile acids and bile salts, while secondary bile acids were nearly undetectable. In contrast, post-FMT fecal samples contained mostly secondary bile acids, as did non-CDI donor samples. Therefore, our analysis showed that FMT resulted in normalization of fecal bacterial community structure and metabolic composition. Importantly, metabolism of bile salts and primary bile acids to secondary bile acids is disrupted in patients with recurrent CDI, and FMT corrects this abnormality. Since individual bile salts and bile acids have pro-germinant and inhibitory activities, the changes suggest that correction of bile acid metabolism is likely a major mechanism by which FMT results in a cure and prevents recurrence of CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa R Weingarden
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate and The BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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35
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Weingarden AR, Chen C, Bobr A, Yao D, Lu Y, Nelson VM, Sadowsky MJ, Khoruts A. Microbiota transplantation restores normal fecal bile acid composition in recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013. [PMID: 24284963 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has emerged as a highly effective therapy for refractory, recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), which develops following antibiotic treatments. Intestinal microbiota play a critical role in the metabolism of bile acids in the colon, which in turn have major effects on the lifecycle of C. difficile bacteria. We hypothesized that fecal bile acid composition is altered in patients with recurrent CDI and that FMT results in its normalization. General metabolomics and targeted bile acid analyses were performed on fecal extracts from patients with recurrent CDI treated with FMT and their donors. In addition, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to determine the bacterial composition of pre- and post-FMT fecal samples. Taxonomic bacterial composition of fecal samples from FMT recipients showed rapid change and became similar to the donor after the procedure. Pre-FMT fecal samples contained high concentrations of primary bile acids and bile salts, while secondary bile acids were nearly undetectable. In contrast, post-FMT fecal samples contained mostly secondary bile acids, as did non-CDI donor samples. Therefore, our analysis showed that FMT resulted in normalization of fecal bacterial community structure and metabolic composition. Importantly, metabolism of bile salts and primary bile acids to secondary bile acids is disrupted in patients with recurrent CDI, and FMT corrects this abnormality. Since individual bile salts and bile acids have pro-germinant and inhibitory activities, the changes suggest that correction of bile acid metabolism is likely a major mechanism by which FMT results in a cure and prevents recurrence of CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa R Weingarden
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate and The BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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36
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Rajilić-Stojanović M. Function of the microbiota. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 27:5-16. [PMID: 23768548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota of humans is complex but stable in composition and function. Metabolic conversions performed by the members of the microbiota yield both beneficial and hazardous compounds, and have a systematic impact on human health. Comparative studies have shown that the microbiota of patients, suffering from a number of diseases, is in dysbiosis, which is characterized by a distinct composition. Compositional differences have also been noted between members of geographically distant healthy populations. To be able to identify which compositional changes promote compromised health, it is of interest to identify members of the microbiota that perform essential metabolic transformations. This review provides an insight into the microbial contribution to the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and bile acids, and focuses on the link between diversity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Rajilić-Stojanović
- Department for Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Wu WT, Chen HL. Effects of konjac glucomannan on putative risk factors for colon carcinogenesis in rats fed a high-fat diet. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:989-994. [PMID: 21208006 DOI: 10.1021/jf103532x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine effects of konjac glucomannan (KGM) in a high fat corn oil diet on risk factors of colon carcinogenesis, that is, fecal β-glucuronidase, mucinase, and bile acids, and on preventive factors, that is, fecal microflora and cecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8 animals per group) were fed a normal-fat fiber-free (5% corn oil, w/w) or high-fat (25% corn oil, w/w) diet containing no fiber, KGM (5%, w/w), or inulin (5%, w/w, as a prebiotic control) for 4 weeks. Results indicated that the high-fat fiber-free diet significantly elevated the fecal β-glucuronidase and mucinase activities and total bile acid concentration and decreased cecal SCFA contents, as compared with its normal-fat counterpart. The incorporation of KGM, as well as inulin, into the high-fat fiber-free diet beneficially reduced the fecal β-glucuronidase and mucinase activities and lithocholic acid (secondary bile acid) concentration. Although KGM elevated the daily fecal total bile acid excretion, the change was due to the primary, instead of the secondary, bile acids. In addition, KGM beneficially promoted the daily fecal excretion of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli and cecal SCFA contents, as compared with the high-fat fiber-free diet. Therefore, the present study suggests that KGM potentially attenuated the high fat-induced risk in colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tzu Wu
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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38
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Abstract
Although scientific knowledge in viral oncology has exploded in the 20th century, the role of bacteria as mediators of oncogenesis has been less well elucidated. Understanding bacterial carcinogenesis has become increasingly important as a possible means of cancer prevention. This review summarizes clinical, epidemiological, and experimental evidence as well as possible mechanisms of bacterial induction of or protection from malignancy.
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39
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Lepercq P, Hermier D, David O, Michelin R, Gibard C, Beguet F, Relano P, Cayuela C, Juste C. Increasing ursodeoxycholic acid in the enterohepatic circulation of pigs through the administration of living bacteria. Br J Nutr 2007; 93:457-69. [PMID: 15946407 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20041386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the feasibility of increasing ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in the enterohepatic circulation of pigs by administering living bacteria capable of epimerising endogenous amidated chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) to UDCA. We first demonstrated that combining Bifidobacterium animalis DN-173 010, as a bile salt-hydrolysing bacterium, and Clostridium absonum ATCC 27555, as a CDCA to UDCA epimerising bacterium, led to the efficient epimerisation of glyco- and tauro-CDCA in vitro, with respective UDCA yields of 55·8 (se 2·8) and 36·6 (se 1·5)%. This strain combination was then administered to hypercholesterolaemic pigs over a 3-week period, as two daily preprandial doses of either viable (six experimental pigs) or heat-inactivated bacteria (six controls). The main effects of treatment were on unconjugated bile acids (P=0·035) and UDCA (P<0·0001) absorbed into the portal vein, which increased 1·6–1·7- and 3·5–7·5-fold, respectively, under administration of living compared with inactivated bacteria. In bile, UDCA did not increase significantly, but the increase in biliary lithocholic acid with time in the controls was not observed in the experimental pigs (P=0·007), and the same trend was observed in faeces. All other variables (biliary lipid equilibrium, plasma lipid levels and partition of cholesterol between the different lipoprotein classes) remained unaffected by treatment throughout the duration of the experiment. In conclusion, it is feasible to increase the bioavailability of UDCA to the intestine and the liver by administering active bacteria. This may represent an interesting new probiotic activity, provided that in future it could be expressed by a safe food micro-organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Lepercq
- Unité d'Ecologie et de Physiologie du Système Digestif, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
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40
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Narushima S, Itoha K, Miyamoto Y, Park SH, Nagata K, Kuruma K, Uchida K. Deoxycholic acid formation in gnotobiotic mice associated with human intestinal bacteria. Lipids 2007; 41:835-43. [PMID: 17152920 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-5038-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In humans and animals, intestinal flora is indispensable for bile acid transformation. The goal of our study was to establish gnotobiotic mice with intestinal bacteria of human origin in order to examine the role of intestinal bacteria in the transformation of bile acids in vivo using the technique of gnotobiology. Eight strains of bile acid-deconjugating bacteria were isolated from ex-germ-free mice inoculated with a human fecal dilution of 10(-6), and five strains of 7alpha-dehydroxylating bacteria were isolated from the intestine of limited human flora mice inoculated only with clostridia. The results of biochemical tests and 16S rDNA sequence analysis showed that seven out of eight bile acid-deconjugating strains belong to a bacteroides cluster (Bacteroides vulgatus, B. distasonis, and B. uniformis), and one strain had high similarity with Bilophila wadsworthia. All five strains that converted cholic acid to deoxycholic acid had greatest similarity with Clostridium hylemonae. A combination of 10 isolated strains converted taurocholic acid into deoxycholic acid both in vitro and in the mouse intestine. These results indicate that the predominant bacteria, mainly Bacteroides, in human feces comprise one of the main bacterial groups for the deconjugation of bile acids, and clostridia may play an important role in 7aplha-dehydroxylation of free-form primary bile acids in the intestine although these strains are not predominant. The gnotobiotic mouse with bacteria of human origin could be a useful model in studies of bile acid metabolism by human intestinal bacteria in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiko Narushima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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41
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Abstract
Secondary bile acids, produced solely by intestinal bacteria, can accumulate to high levels in the enterohepatic circulation of some individuals and may contribute to the pathogenesis of colon cancer, gallstones, and other gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. Bile salt hydrolysis and hydroxy group dehydrogenation reactions are carried out by a broad spectrum of intestinal anaerobic bacteria, whereas bile acid 7-dehydroxylation appears restricted to a limited number of intestinal anaerobes representing a small fraction of the total colonic flora. Microbial enzymes modifying bile salts differ between species with respect to pH optima, enzyme kinetics, substrate specificity, cellular location, and possibly physiological function. Crystallization, site-directed mutagenesis, and comparisons of protein secondary structure have provided insight into the mechanisms of several bile acid-biotransforming enzymatic reactions. Molecular cloning of genes encoding bile salt-modifying enzymes has facilitated the understanding of the genetic organization of these pathways and is a means of developing probes for the detection of bile salt-modifying bacteria. The potential exists for altering the bile acid pool by targeting key enzymes in the 7alpha/beta-dehydroxylation pathway through the development of pharmaceuticals or sequestering bile acids biologically in probiotic bacteria, which may result in their effective removal from the host after excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Ridlon
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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42
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Bull ID, Lockheart MJ, Elhmmali MM, Roberts DJ, Evershed RP. The origin of faeces by means of biomarker detection. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2002; 27:647-654. [PMID: 11934114 DOI: 10.1016/s0160-4120(01)00124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Bull
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, UK
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43
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NARUSHIMA S, ITOH K, KURUMA K, UCHIDA K. Bile Acid Transformation in Gnotobiotic Mice Associated with Human Intestinal Flora. Biosci Microflora 2002. [DOI: 10.12938/bifidus1996.21.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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44
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Narushima S, Ito K, Kuruma K, Uchida K. Composition of cecal bile acids in ex-germfree mice inoculated with human intestinal bacteria. Lipids 2000; 35:639-44. [PMID: 10901426 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-000-0568-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Germfree (GF) mice were orally inoculated with human fecal suspension or various components of human fecal microbiota. Three weeks after the inoculation, cecal bile acid composition of these mice was examined. More than 80% of total bile acids was deconjugated in the cecal contents of ex-GF mice associated with human fecal dilutions of 10(-2) or 10(-6), or anaerobic growth from a dilution of 10(-6). In these ex-GF mice, deoxycholic acid accounted for about 20% of total bile acids. In the cecal contents of ex-GF mice associated only with clostridia, unconjugated bile acids made up less than 40% of total bile acids, about half of those in other ex-GF groups. However, the percentage of deoxycholic acid in these mice was the same as that in the other groups. These results indicate that dominant anaerobic bacterial combination is efficient for deconjugation of primary bile acids, and that clostridia in the human feces may play an important role in 7alpha-dehydroxylation of unconjugated primary bile acids in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Narushima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
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45
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Wells JE, Berr F, Thomas LA, Dowling RH, Hylemon PB. Isolation and characterization of cholic acid 7alpha-dehydroxylating fecal bacteria from cholesterol gallstone patients. J Hepatol 2000; 32:4-10. [PMID: 10673060 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(00)80183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The development of cholesterol gallstones, in some patients, has been associated with increased proportions of deoxycholic acid in the bile acid pool. Deoxycholic acid is a microbial product of cholic acid 7alpha-dehydroxylation in the intestines. The levels and activities of bile acid 7alpha-dehydroxylating bacteria have been reported to be increased in gallstone patients. The aim of the current study was to isolate 7alpha-dehydroxylating bacteria from gallstone patients and determine if these individuals are colonized by similar bacterial species. METHODS The levels of 7alpha-dehydroxylating bacteria in fecal samples were determined by fecal dilutions in 24 gallstone patients and 10 controls. 7alpha-Dehydroxylating bacteria were isolated by a non-selective streak plate technique and 7alpha-dehydroxylation activity was determined by measuring the conversion of [14C]-cholic acid to [14C]-deoxycholic acid using thin-layer chromatography. RESULTS Gallstone patients had >42-fold (p<0.01) higher levels of 7alpha-dehydroxylating bacteria than patients who had not developed gallstones. Eighteen strains of 7alpha-dehydroxylating bacteria were isolated from eight gallstone patients. Attempts to isolate 7alpha-dehydroxylating bacteria from ten control patients were unsuccessful using identical isolation techniques. Surprisingly, all strains of bacteria isolated from gallstone patients appear to belong to the genus Clostridium. CONCLUSION Gallstone patients have higher levels of 7alpha-dehydroxylating fecal bacteria and appear to harbor only members of the genus Clostridium with this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Wells
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0678, USA
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46
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Narushima S, Itoh K, Takamine F, Uchida K. Absence of cecal secondary bile acids in gnotobiotic mice associated with two human intestinal bacteria with the ability to dehydroxylate bile acids in vitro. Microbiol Immunol 1999; 43:893-7. [PMID: 10553682 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1999.tb01224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Germ-free mice were orally inoculated with human intestinal 7alpha-dehydroxylating bacterial strains to evaluate their ability to transform bile acids in vivo. Three weeks after inoculation of the bacteria, cecal bile acids were examined. Among free-form bile acids, only beta-muricholic acid was detected in the cecal contents of gnotobiotic mice associated with Bacteroides distasonis strain K-5. No secondary bile acid was observed in the cecal contents of any of the gnotobiotic mice associated with 7alpha-dehydroxylating bacteria, Clostridium species strain TO-931 or Eubacterium species strain 36S.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Narushima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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47
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Eyssen HJ, De Pauw G, Van Eldere J. Formation of hyodeoxycholic acid from muricholic acid and hyocholic acid by an unidentified gram-positive rod termed HDCA-1 isolated from rat intestinal microflora. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:3158-63. [PMID: 10388717 PMCID: PMC91470 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.7.3158-3163.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
From the rat intestinal microflora we isolated a gram-positive rod, termed HDCA-1, that is a member of a not previously described genomic species and that is able to transform the 3alpha,6beta, 7beta-trihydroxy bile acid beta-muricholic acid into hyodeoxycholic acid (3alpha,6alpha-dihydroxy acid) by dehydroxylation of the 7beta-hydroxy group and epimerization of the 6beta-hydroxy group into a 6alpha-hydroxy group. Other bile acids that were also transformed into hyodeoxycholic acid were hyocholic acid (3alpha, 6alpha,7alpha-trihydroxy acid), alpha-muricholic acid (3alpha,6beta, 7alpha-trihydroxy acid), and omega-muricholic acid (3alpha,6alpha, 7beta-trihydroxy acid). The strain HDCA-1 could not be grown unless a nonconjugated 7-hydroxylated bile acid and an unidentified growth factor produced by a Ruminococcus productus strain that was also isolated from the intestinal microflora were added to the culture medium. Germfree rats selectively associated with the strain HDCA-1 plus a bile acid-deconjugating strain and the growth factor-producing R. productus strain converted beta-muricholic acid almost completely into hyodeoxycholic acid.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism
- Cholic Acids/metabolism
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Deoxycholic Acid/metabolism
- Genes, rRNA
- Germ-Free Life
- Gram-Positive Rods/classification
- Gram-Positive Rods/genetics
- Gram-Positive Rods/isolation & purification
- Gram-Positive Rods/metabolism
- Intestines/microbiology
- Mice
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Rats
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Eyssen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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48
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Mackie RI, Sghir A, Gaskins HR. Developmental microbial ecology of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69:1035S-1045S. [PMID: 10232646 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/69.5.1035s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 781] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract of a normal fetus is sterile. During the birth process and rapidly thereafter, microbes from the mother and surrounding environment colonize the gastrointestinal tract of the infant until a dense, complex microbiota develops. The succession of microbes colonizing the intestinal tract is most marked in early development, during which the feeding mode shifts from breast-feeding to formula feeding to weaning to the introduction of solid food. Dynamic balances exist between the gastrointestinal microbiota, host physiology, and diet that directly influence the initial acquisition, developmental succession, and eventual stability of the gut ecosystem. In this review, the development of the intestinal microbiota is discussed in terms of initial acquisition and subsequent succession of bacteria in human infants. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing succession and their health significance are discussed. The advantages of modern molecular ecology techniques that provide sensitive and specific, culture-independent evaluation of the gastrointestinal ecosystem are introduced and discussed briefly. Further advances in our understanding of developmental microbial ecology in the neonatal gastrointestinal tract are dependent on the application of these modern molecular techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Mackie
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, USA.
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49
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Uchida K, Satoh T, Narushima S, Itoh K, Takase H, Kuruma K, Nakao H, Yamaga N, Yamada K. Transformation of bile acids and sterols by clostridia (fusiform bacteria) in Wistar rats. Lipids 1999; 34:269-73. [PMID: 10230721 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-999-0363-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects on bile acid and sterol transformation of clostridia (fusiform bacteria), the dominant intestinal bacteria in rodents (ca. 10(10) counts per g wet feces) were examined in Wistar rats. After inoculation of clostridia into germ-free rats and into rats previously inoculated solely with Escherichia coli, most of the endogenous bile acids were deconjugated, and cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid were 7alpha-dehydroxylated to deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid, respectively. Tauro-beta-muricholic acid, another major bile acid in rats, was deconjugated, but only part of it (ca. 30%) was transformed into hyodeoxycholic acid. Cholesterol and sitosterol were also reduced to coprostanol and sitostanol, respectively. Escherichia coli transformed neither bile acids nor sterols. These data suggest that clostridia play an important role in the formation of secondary bile acids and coprostanol in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Uchida
- Strategic Information Unit, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan.
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Doerner KC, Takamine F, LaVoie CP, Mallonee DH, Hylemon PB. Assessment of fecal bacteria with bile acid 7 alpha-dehydroxylating activity for the presence of bai-like genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:1185-8. [PMID: 9055436 PMCID: PMC168411 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.3.1185-1188.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Eubacterium sp. strain VPI 12708 has several bile acid-inducible (bai) genes which encode enzymes in the bile acid 7 alpha-dehydroxylation (7 alpha DeOH) pathway. Twelve 7 alpha DeOH-positive intestinal bacterial strains were assayed for 7 alpha DeOH activity, and 13 strains were tested for hybridization with bai genes. Cholic acid 7 alpha DeOH activity varied greatly (> 100-fold) among these strains. Southern blot experiments showed that DNA prepared from 7 of 13 strains hybridized with at least one of the bai genes from Eubacterium sp. strain VPI 12708.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Doerner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University-Medical College of Virginia, Richmond 23298-0678, USA
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