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Chen M, Bruisson S, Bapaume L, Darbon G, Glauser G, Schorderet M, Reinhardt D. VAPYRIN attenuates defence by repressing PR gene induction and localized lignin accumulation during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis of Petunia hybrida. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3481-3496. [PMID: 33231304 PMCID: PMC7986166 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The intimate association of host and fungus in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis can potentially trigger induction of host defence mechanisms against the fungus, implying that successful symbiosis requires suppression of defence. We addressed this phenomenon by using AM-defective vapyrin (vpy) mutants in Petunia hybrida, including a new allele (vpy-3) with a transposon insertion close to the ATG start codon. We explore whether abortion of fungal infection in vpy mutants is associated with the induction of defence markers, such as cell wall alterations, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), defence hormones and induction of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. We show that vpy mutants exhibit a strong resistance against intracellular colonization, which is associated with the generation of cell wall appositions (papillae) with lignin impregnation at fungal entry sites, while no accumulation of defence hormones, ROS or callose was observed. Systematic analysis of PR gene expression revealed that several PR genes are induced in mycorrhizal roots of the wild-type, and even more in vpy plants. Some PR genes are induced exclusively in vpy mutants. Our results suggest that VPY is involved in avoiding or suppressing the induction of a cellular defence syndrome that involves localized lignin deposition and PR gene induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgCH‐1700Switzerland
| | | | - Laure Bapaume
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgCH‐1700Switzerland
| | - Geoffrey Darbon
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgCH‐1700Switzerland
| | - Gaëtan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical ChemistryUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchâtel2000Switzerland
| | | | - Didier Reinhardt
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgCH‐1700Switzerland
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2
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Bertolazi AA, de Souza SB, Ruas KF, Campostrini E, de Rezende CE, Cruz C, Melo J, Colodete CM, Varma A, Ramos AC. Inoculation With Piriformospora indica Is More Efficient in Wild-Type Rice Than in Transgenic Rice Over-Expressing the Vacuolar H +-PPase. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1087. [PMID: 31156595 PMCID: PMC6530341 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving food security in a context of environmental sustainability is one of the main challenges of the XXI century. Two competing strategies to achieve this goal are the use of genetically modified plants and the use of plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPMs). However, few studies assess the response of genetically modified plants to PGPMs. The aim of this study was to compare the response of over-expressing the vacuolar H+-PPase (AVP) and wild-type rice types to the endophytic fungus; Piriformospora indica. Oryza sativa plants (WT and AVP) were inoculated with P. indica and 30 days later, morphological, ecophysiological and bioenergetic parameters, and nutrient content were assessed. AVP and WT plant heights were strongly influenced by inoculation with P. indica, which also promoted increases in fresh and dry matter of shoot in both genotypes. This may be related with the stimulatory effect of P. indica on ecophysiological parameters, especially photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intrinsic water use efficiency and carboxylation efficiency. However, there were differences between the genotypes concerning the physiological mechanisms leading to biomass increment. In WT plants, inoculation with P. indica stimulated all H+ pumps. However, in inoculated AVP plants, H+-PPase was stimulated, but P- and V-ATPases were inhibited. Fungal inoculation enhanced nutrient uptake in both shoots and roots of WT and AVP plants, compared to uninoculated plants; but among inoculated genotypes, the nutrient uptake was lower in AVP than in WT plants. These results clearly demonstrate that the symbiosis between P. indica and AVP plants did not benefit those plants, which may be related to the inefficient colonization of this fungus on the transgenic plants, demonstrating an incompatibility of this symbiosis, which needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Azevedo Bertolazi
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Universidade Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Sávio Bastos de Souza
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, CCTA, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Katherine Fraga Ruas
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, CCTA, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Eliemar Campostrini
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, CCTA, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo de Rezende
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences, CBB, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Cristina Cruz
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (Ce3C), Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Portugal
| | - Juliana Melo
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (Ce3C), Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Portugal
| | - Carlos Moacir Colodete
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Universidade Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Ajit Varma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Alessandro Coutinho Ramos
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Universidade Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha, Brazil
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Nogueira-Lopez G, Greenwood DR, Middleditch M, Winefield C, Eaton C, Steyaert JM, Mendoza-Mendoza A. The Apoplastic Secretome of Trichoderma virens During Interaction With Maize Roots Shows an Inhibition of Plant Defence and Scavenging Oxidative Stress Secreted Proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:409. [PMID: 29675028 PMCID: PMC5896443 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In Nature, almost every plant is colonized by fungi. Trichoderma virens is a biocontrol fungus which has the capacity to behave as an opportunistic plant endophyte. Even though many plants are colonized by this symbiont, the exact mechanisms by which Trichoderma masks its entrance into its plant host remain unknown, but likely involve the secretion of different families of proteins into the apoplast that may play crucial roles in the suppression of plant immune responses. In this study, we investigated T. virens colonization of maize roots under hydroponic conditions, evidencing inter- and intracellular colonization by the fungus and modifications in root morphology and coloration. Moreover, we show that upon host penetration, T. virens secretes into the apoplast an arsenal of proteins to facilitate inter- and intracellular colonization of maize root tissues. Using a gel-free shotgun proteomics approach, 95 and 43 secretory proteins were identified from maize and T. virens, respectively. A reduction in the maize secretome (36%) was induced by T. virens, including two major groups, glycosyl hydrolases and peroxidases. Furthermore, T. virens secreted proteins were mainly involved in cell wall hydrolysis, scavenging of reactive oxygen species and secondary metabolism, as well as putative effector-like proteins. Levels of peroxidase activity were reduced in the inoculated roots, suggesting a strategy used by T. virens to manipulate host immune responses. The results provide an insight into the crosstalk in the apoplast which is essential to maintain the T. virens-plant interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David R. Greenwood
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Martin Middleditch
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher Winefield
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Carla Eaton
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, New Zealand and Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza
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Kahlon JG, Jacobsen HJ, Cahill JF, Hall LM. Antifungal genes expressed in transgenic pea (Pisum sativum L.) do not affect root colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:683-694. [PMID: 28608039 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0781-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetically modified crops have raised concerns about unintended consequences on non-target organisms including beneficial soil associates. Pea transformed with four antifungal genes 1-3 β glucanase, endochitinase, polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins, and stilbene synthase is currently under field-testing for efficacy against fungal diseases in Canada. Transgenes had lower expression in the roots than leaves in greenhouse experiment. To determine the impact of disease-tolerant pea or gene products on colonization by non-target arbuscular mycorrhizae and nodulation by rhizobium, a field trial was established. Transgene insertion, as single gene or stacked genes, did not alter root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus (AMF) or root nodulation by rhizobium inoculation in the field. We found no effect of transgenes on the plant growth and performance although, having a dual inoculant with both AMF and rhizobium yielded higher fresh weight shoot-to-root ratio in all the lines tested. This initial risk assessment of transgenic peas expressing antifungal genes showed no deleterious effect on non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagroop Gill Kahlon
- Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, 410 Agriculture/Forestry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6K 2P5, Canada.
| | - Hans-Jörg Jacobsen
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Section of Plant Biotechnology, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - James F Cahill
- Department of Biological sciences, B717a, Biological Sciences Bldg., University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Linda M Hall
- Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, 410 Agriculture/Forestry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6K 2P5, Canada
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Kaur J, Fellers J, Adholeya A, Velivelli SLS, El-Mounadi K, Nersesian N, Clemente T, Shah D. Expression of apoplast-targeted plant defensin MtDef4.2 confers resistance to leaf rust pathogen Puccinia triticina but does not affect mycorrhizal symbiosis in transgenic wheat. Transgenic Res 2017; 26:37-49. [PMID: 27582300 PMCID: PMC5243879 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Rust fungi of the order Pucciniales are destructive pathogens of wheat worldwide. Leaf rust caused by the obligate, biotrophic basidiomycete fungus Puccinia triticina (Pt) is an economically important disease capable of causing up to 50 % yield losses. Historically, resistant wheat cultivars have been used to control leaf rust, but genetic resistance is ephemeral and breaks down with the emergence of new virulent Pt races. There is a need to develop alternative measures for control of leaf rust in wheat. Development of transgenic wheat expressing an antifungal defensin offers a promising approach to complement the endogenous resistance genes within the wheat germplasm for durable resistance to Pt. To that end, two different wheat genotypes, Bobwhite and Xin Chun 9 were transformed with a chimeric gene encoding an apoplast-targeted antifungal plant defensin MtDEF4.2 from Medicago truncatula. Transgenic lines from four independent events were further characterized. Homozygous transgenic wheat lines expressing MtDEF4.2 displayed resistance to Pt race MCPSS relative to the non-transgenic controls in growth chamber bioassays. Histopathological analysis suggested the presence of both pre- and posthaustorial resistance to leaf rust in these transgenic lines. MtDEF4.2 did not, however, affect the root colonization of a beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. This study demonstrates that the expression of apoplast-targeted plant defensin MtDEF4.2 can provide substantial resistance to an economically important leaf rust disease in transgenic wheat without negatively impacting its symbiotic relationship with the beneficial mycorrhizal fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdeep Kaur
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA.
| | - John Fellers
- USDA-ARS-HWWGRU, Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Alok Adholeya
- Mycorrhizal Applications, 1005 North Warson Road, BRDG Park, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | | | - Kaoutar El-Mounadi
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
- Department of Biology, Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, Kutztown, PA, 19530, USA
| | - Natalya Nersesian
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Thomas Clemente
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture/Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Dilip Shah
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
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Colombo RP, Ibarra JG, Bidondo LF, Silvani VA, Bompadre MJ, Pergola M, Lopez NI, Godeas AM. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Association in Genetically Modified Drought-Tolerant Corn. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2017; 46:227-231. [PMID: 28177408 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2016.04.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The commercial use of genetically modified (GM) plants has significantly increased worldwide. The interactions between GM plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are of considerable importance given the agricultural and ecological role of AM and the lack of knowledge regarding potential effects of drought-tolerant GM corn ( L.) on AM fungal symbiosis. This work studied AM fungal colonization in five corn lines growing under two different irrigation regimes (30 and 100% of soil field capacity [SFC]). Four of the lines were GM corn, and two of these were drought tolerant. The experiment was conducted for 60 d in a growth chamber under constant irrigation, after which mycorrhization, corn biomass, and days to plant senescence (DTS) were evaluated. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species of the order were predominant in the soil inocula. At the end of the experiment, all plants showed AM colonization. Mycorrhization was higher at 30% SFC than at 100% SFC. Within the same corn line, the AM fungi produced more vesicles in plant roots under drought stress. Among treatments, DTS varied significantly, and drought-tolerant GM corn lines survived longer than the wild-type corn when maintained at 100% SFC. Corn biomass did not vary among treatments, and no correlations were found between DTS or biomass and mycorrhization. We conclude that overexpression of the gene in corn plants under the experimental conditions of this study did not affect AM fungal infectivity and improved the tolerance of the corn to drought stress.
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7
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Liang J, Meng F, Sun S, Wu C, Wu H, Zhang M, Zhang H, Zheng X, Song X, Zhang Z. Community Structure of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Rhizospheric Soil of a Transgenic High-Methionine Soybean and a Near Isogenic Variety. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145001. [PMID: 26658560 PMCID: PMC4682847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of transgenic plants in agriculture provides many economic benefits, but it also raises concerns over the potential impact of transgenic plants on the environment. We here examined the impact of transgenic high-methionine soybean ZD91 on the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community structure in rhizosphere soil. Our investigations based on clone libraries were conducted in field trials at four growth stages of the crops each year from 2012 to 2013. A total of 155 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of AM fungi were identified based on the sequences of small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) genes. There were no significant differences found in AM fungal diversity in rhizosphere soil during the same growth stage between transgenic soybean ZD91 and its non-transgenic parental soybean ZD. In addition, plant growth stage and year had the strongest effect on the AM fungal community structure while the genetically modified (GM) trait studied was the least explanatory factor. In conclusion, we found no indication that transgenic soybean ZD91 cultivation poses a risk for AM fungal communities in agricultural soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingang Liang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- Development Center of Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Meng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Shi Sun
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), MOA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Science, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cunxiang Wu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), MOA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Science, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiying Wu
- Nanchong Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanchong, China
| | - Mingrong Zhang
- Nanchong Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanchong, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyuan Song
- Agro-biotechnology Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
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Watrud LS, Seidler RJ. Nontarget Ecological Effects of Plant, Microbial, and Chemical Introductions to Terrestrial Systems. SSSA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS 2015. [DOI: 10.2136/sssaspecpub52.c11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia S. Watrud
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Health and Ecological Effects Research Laboratory; Corvallis Oregon
| | - Ramon J. Seidler
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Health and Ecological Effects Research Laboratory; Corvallis Oregon
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9
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Turrini A, Sbrana C, Giovannetti M. Belowground environmental effects of transgenic crops: a soil microbial perspective. Res Microbiol 2015; 166:121-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Zhang H, Franken P. Comparison of systemic and local interactions between the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae and the root pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches in Medicago truncatula. MYCORRHIZA 2014; 24:419-430. [PMID: 24419810 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0553-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown in a number of pathosystems that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi confer resistance against root pathogens, including in interactions between Medicago truncatula and the root rot-causing oomycete Aphanomyces euteiches. For the current study of these interactions, a split root system was established for plant marker gene analysis in order to study systemic defense responses and to compare them with local interactions in conventional pot cultures. It turned out, however, that split root systems and pot cultures were in different physiological stages. Genes for pathogenesis-related proteins and for enzymes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were generally more highly expressed in split root systems, accompanied by changes in RNA accumulation for genes encoding enzymes involved in phytohormone biosynthesis. Against expectations, the pathogen showed increased activity in these split root systems when the AM fungus Funneliformis mosseae was present separately in the distal part of the roots. Gene expression analysis revealed that this is associated in the pathogen-infected compartment with a systemic down-regulation of a gene coding for isochorismate synthase (ICS), a key enzyme of salicylic acid biosynthesis. At the same time, transcripts of genes encoding pathogenesis-related proteins and for enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids accumulated to lower levels. In conventional pot cultures showing decreased A. euteiches activity in the presence of the AM fungus, the ICS gene was down regulated only if both the AM fungus and the pathogen were present in the root system. Such negative priming of salicylic acid biosynthesis could result in increased activities of jasmonate-regulated defense responses and could explain mycorrhiza-induced resistance. Altogether, this study shows that the split root system does not reflect a systemic interaction between F. mosseae and A. euteiches in M. truncatula and indicates the importance of testing such systems prior to the analysis of mycorrhiza-induced resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqiang Zhang
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Grossbeeren, Germany
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11
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Glandorf D, Bakker P, Loon LCV. Influence of the production of antibacterial and antifungal proteins by transgenic plants on the saprophytic soil microflora. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/plb.1997.46.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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12
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Tracking fungal community responses to maize plants by DNA- and RNA-based pyrosequencing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69973. [PMID: 23875012 PMCID: PMC3715498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed soil fungal diversity and community structure at two sampling times (t1 = 47 days and t2 = 104 days of plant age) in pots associated with four maize cultivars, including two genetically modified (GM) cultivars by high-throughput pyrosequencing of the 18S rRNA gene using DNA and RNA templates. We detected no significant differences in soil fungal diversity and community structure associated with different plant cultivars. However, DNA-based analyses yielded lower fungal OTU richness as compared to RNA-based analyses. Clear differences in fungal community structure were also observed in relation to sampling time and the nucleic acid pool targeted (DNA versus RNA). The most abundant soil fungi, as recovered by DNA-based methods, did not necessary represent the most “active” fungi (as recovered via RNA). Interestingly, RNA-derived community compositions at t1 were highly similar to DNA-derived communities at t2, based on presence/absence measures of OTUs. We recovered large proportions of fungal sequences belonging to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Basidiomycota, especially at the RNA level, suggesting that these important and potentially beneficial fungi are not affected by the plant cultivars nor by GM traits (Bt toxin production). Our results suggest that even though DNA- and RNA-derived soil fungal communities can be very different at a given time, RNA composition may have a predictive power of fungal community development through time.
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Meyer JB, Song-Wilson Y, Foetzki A, Luginbühl C, Winzeler M, Kneubühler Y, Matasci C, Mascher-Frutschi F, Kalinina O, Boller T, Keel C, Maurhofer M. Does wheat genetically modified for disease resistance affect root-colonizing pseudomonads and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi? PLoS One 2013; 8:e53825. [PMID: 23372672 PMCID: PMC3553117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of genetically modified (GM) wheat with introduced pm3b mildew resistance transgene, on two types of root-colonizing microorganisms, namely pseudomonads and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Our investigations were carried out in field trials over three field seasons and at two locations. Serial dilution in selective King's B medium and microscopy were used to assess the abundance of cultivable pseudomonads and AMF, respectively. We developed a denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method to characterize the diversity of the pqqC gene, which is involved in Pseudomonas phosphate solubilization. A major result was that in the first field season Pseudomonas abundances and diversity on roots of GM pm3b lines, but also on non-GM sister lines were different from those of the parental lines and conventional wheat cultivars. This indicates a strong effect of the procedures by which these plants were created, as GM and sister lines were generated via tissue cultures and propagated in the greenhouse. Moreover, Pseudomonas population sizes and DGGE profiles varied considerably between individual GM lines with different genomic locations of the pm3b transgene. At individual time points, differences in Pseudomonas and AMF accumulation between GM and control lines were detected, but they were not consistent and much less pronounced than differences detected between young and old plants, different conventional wheat cultivars or at different locations and field seasons. Thus, we conclude that impacts of GM wheat on plant-beneficial root-colonizing microorganisms are minor and not of ecological importance. The cultivation-independent pqqC-DGGE approach proved to be a useful tool for monitoring the dynamics of Pseudomonas populations in a wheat field and even sensitive enough for detecting population responses to altered plant physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Beatrice Meyer
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yi Song-Wilson
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Foetzki
- Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carolin Luginbühl
- Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Winzeler
- Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yvan Kneubühler
- Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil Research Station ACW, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Caterina Matasci
- Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil Research Station ACW, Nyon, Switzerland
| | | | - Olena Kalinina
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Boller
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Keel
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Monika Maurhofer
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
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Miransari M, Abrishamchi A, Khoshbakht K, Niknam V. Plant hormones as signals in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2012; 34:123-33. [PMID: 23113535 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2012.731684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are non-specific symbionts developing mutual and beneficial symbiosis with most terrestrial plants. Because of the obligatory nature of the symbiosis, the presence of the host plant during the onset and proceeding of symbiosis is necessary. However, AM fungal spores are able to germinate in the absence of the host plant. The fungi detect the presence of the host plant through some signal communications. Among the signal molecules, which can affect mycorrhizal symbiosis are plant hormones, which may positively or adversely affect the symbiosis. In this review article, some of the most recent findings regarding the signaling effects of plant hormones, on mycorrhizal fungal symbiosis are reviewed. This may be useful for the production of plants, which are more responsive to mycorrhizal symbiosis under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Miransari
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University , Tehran , Iran
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15
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Hassan F, Noorian MS, Jacobsen HJ. Effect of antifungal genes expressed in transgenic pea (Pisum sativum L.) on root colonization with Glomus intraradices. GM CROPS & FOOD 2012; 3:301-9. [PMID: 22922179 DOI: 10.4161/gmcr.21897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi have always been a major problem in agriculture. One of the effective methods for controlling pathogen fungi to date is the introduction of resistance genes into the genome of crops. It is interesting to find out whether the induced resistance in crops will have a negative effect on non-target organisms such as root colonization with the AM fungi. The objective of the present research was to study the influence of producing antifungal molecules by four transgenic pea (Pisum sativum L.) lines expressing PGIP gene from raspberry, VST-stilbene synthase from vine, a hybrid of PGIP/VST and bacterial Chitinase gene (Chit30) from Streptomyces olivaceoviridis respectively on the colonization potential of Glomus intraradices. Four different experiments were done in greenhouse and climate chamber, colonization was observed in all replications. The following parameters were used for evaluation: frequency of mycorrhization, the intensity of mycorrhization, the average presence of arbuscules within the colonized areas and the presence of arbuscules in the whole root system which showed insignificant difference between transgenic and non-transgenic plants. The root/shoot ratio exhibited different values according to the experiment condition. Compared with negative non-transgenic control all transgenic lines showed the ability to establish symbiosis and the different growth parameters had insignificant effect due to mycorrhization. The results of the present study proved that the introduced pathogen resistance genes did not affect the mycorrhization allocations in pea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathi Hassan
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Section of Plant Biotechnology, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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16
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Verbruggen E, Kuramae EE, Hillekens R, de Hollander M, Kiers ET, Röling WFM, Kowalchuk GA, van der Heijden MGA. Testing potential effects of maize expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab endotoxin (Bt maize) on mycorrhizal fungal communities via DNA- and RNA-based pyrosequencing and molecular fingerprinting. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:7384-92. [PMID: 22885748 PMCID: PMC3457118 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01372-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops has increased significantly over the last decades. However, concerns have been raised that some GM traits may negatively affect beneficial soil biota, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), potentially leading to alterations in soil functioning. Here, we test two maize varieties expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab endotoxin (Bt maize) for their effects on soil AM fungal communities. We target both fungal DNA and RNA, which is new for AM fungi, and we use two strategies as an inclusive and robust way of detecting community differences: (i) 454 pyrosequencing using general fungal rRNA gene-directed primers and (ii) terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) profiling using AM fungus-specific markers. Potential GM-induced effects were compared to the normal natural variation of AM fungal communities across 15 different agricultural fields. AM fungi were found to be abundant in the experiment, accounting for 8% and 21% of total recovered DNA- and RNA-derived fungal sequences, respectively, after 104 days of plant growth. RNA- and DNA-based sequence analyses yielded most of the same AM fungal lineages. Our research yielded three major conclusions. First, no consistent differences were detected between AM fungal communities associated with GM plants and non-GM plants. Second, temporal variation in AMF community composition (between two measured time points) was bigger than GM trait-induced variation. Third, natural variation of AMF communities across 15 agricultural fields in The Netherlands, as well as within-field temporal variation, was much higher than GM-induced variation. In conclusion, we found no indication that Bt maize cultivation poses a risk for AMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Verbruggen
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Schäfer T, Hanke MV, Flachowsky H, König S, Peil A, Kaldorf M, Polle A, Buscot F. Chitinase activities, scab resistance, mycorrhization rates and biomass of own-rooted and grafted transgenic apple. Genet Mol Biol 2012; 35:466-73. [PMID: 22888297 PMCID: PMC3389536 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572012000300014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of constitutively expressed Trichoderma atroviride genes encoding exochitinase nag70 or endochitinase ech42 in transgenic lines of the apple cultivar Pinova on the symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). We compared the exo- and endochitinase activities of leaves and roots from non-transgenic Pinova and the transgenic lines T386 and T389. Local and systemic effects were examined using own-rooted trees and trees grafted onto rootstock M9. Scab susceptibility was also assessed in own-rooted and grafted trees. AMF root colonization was assessed microscopically in the roots of apple trees cultivated in pots with artificial substrate and inoculated with the AMF Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae. Own-rooted transgenic lines had significantly higher chitinase activities in their leaves and roots compared to non-transgenic Pinova. Both of the own-rooted transgenic lines showed significantly fewer symptoms of scab infection as well as significantly lower root colonization by AMF. Biomass production was significantly reduced in both own-rooted transgenic lines. Rootstock M9 influenced chitinase activities in the leaves of grafted scions. When grafted onto M9, the leaf chitinase activities of non-transgenic Pinova (M9/Pinova) and transgenic lines (M9/T386 and M9/T389) were not as different as when grown on their own roots. M9/T386 and M9/T389 were only temporarily less infected by scab than M9/Pinova. M9/T386 and M9/T389 did not differ significantly from M9/Pinova in their root chitinase activities, AMF root colonization and biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Schäfer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Faculty of Biological Science, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle, Germany
| | - Magda-Viola Hanke
- Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan König
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Peil
- Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Kaldorf
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Faculty of Biological Science, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - François Buscot
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Faculty of Biological Science, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle, Germany
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Zavaliev R, Ueki S, Epel BL, Citovsky V. Biology of callose (β-1,3-glucan) turnover at plasmodesmata. PROTOPLASMA 2011; 248:117-30. [PMID: 21116665 PMCID: PMC9473521 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The turnover of callose (β-1,3-glucan) within cell walls is an essential process affecting many developmental, physiological and stress related processes in plants. The deposition and degradation of callose at the neck region of plasmodesmata (Pd) is one of the cellular control mechanisms regulating Pd permeability during both abiotic and biotic stresses. Callose accumulation at Pd is controlled by callose synthases (CalS; EC 2.4.1.34), endogenous enzymes mediating callose synthesis, and by β-1,3-glucanases (BG; EC 3.2.1.39), hydrolytic enzymes which specifically degrade callose. Transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of some CalSs and BGs are strongly controlled by stress signaling, such as that resulting from pathogen invasion. We review the role of Pd-associated callose in the regulation of intercellular communication during developmental, physiological, and stress response processes. Special emphasis is placed on the involvement of Pd-callose in viral pathogenicity. Callose accumulation at Pd restricts virus movement in both compatible and incompatible interactions, while its degradation promotes pathogen spread. Hence, studies on mechanisms of callose turnover at Pd during viral cell-to-cell spread are of importance for our understanding of host mechanisms exploited by viruses in order to successfully spread within the infected plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Zavaliev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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Campos-Soriano L, García-Garrido JM, San Segundo B. Activation of basal defense mechanisms of rice plants by Glomus intraradices does not affect the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 188:597-614. [PMID: 20659300 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
• Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi establish symbiotic associations with a wide range of plant species. AM fungi must then have the ability to suppress, neutralize or evade the plant defense response. We investigated the physiological and molecular responses of rice to inoculation with the AM fungus Glomus intraradices, focusing on the relevance of the plant defense response during the symbiotic mycorrhizal interaction. • Defense gene expression analysis and proteomic approaches were used. The impact of defense gene expression on the mycorrhizal process was analyzed using transgenic PRms (Pathogenesis-Related maize seed) rice plants, the PRms plants exhibiting constitutive expression of endogenous defense genes. • Inoculation with G. intraradices stimulated growth and biomass production in wild-type and PRms plants. Evidence is presented on the activation of the basal defense response in mycorrhizal rice roots. Analysis of the symbiotic proteome confirmed the accumulation of stress-related proteins in mycorrhizal roots, including PR proteins and antioxidant enzymes. Although constitutive expression of defense genes occurred in the roots of PRms plants, the symbiotic efficiency of G. intraradices in these plants was not affected. • These results suggest that AM fungi have evolved the capacity to circumvent defense mechanisms that are controlled by the plant's immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Campos-Soriano
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB, Department of Molecular Genetics, Barcelona, Spain
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Stefani FOP, Tanguay P, Pelletier G, Piché Y, Hamelin RC. Impact of endochitinase-transformed white spruce on soil fungal biomass and ectendomycorrhizal symbiosis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:2607-14. [PMID: 20173071 PMCID: PMC2849194 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02807-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of transgenic white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] containing the endochitinase gene (ech42) on soil fungal biomass and on the ectendomycorrhizal fungi Wilcoxina spp. was tested using a greenhouse trial. The measured level of endochitinase in roots of transgenic white spruce was up to 10 times higher than that in roots of nontransformed white spruce. The level of endochitinase in root exudates of three of four ech42-transformed lines was significantly greater than that in controls. Analysis soil ergosterol showed that the amount of fungal biomass in soil samples from control white spruce was slightly larger than that in soil samples from ech42-transformed white spruce. Nevertheless, the difference was not statistically significant. The rates of mycorrhizal colonization of transformed lines and controls were similar. Sequencing the internal transcribed spacer rRNA region revealed that the root tips were colonized by the ectendomycorrhizal fungi Wilcoxina spp. and the dark septate endophyte Phialocephala fortinii. Colonization of root tips by Wilcoxina spp. was monitored by real-time PCR to quantify the fungus present during the development of ectendomycorrhizal symbiosis in ech42-transformed and control lines. The numbers of Wilcoxina molecules in the transformed lines and the controls were not significantly different (P > 0.05, as determined by analysis of covariance), indicating that in spite of higher levels of endochitinase expression, mycorrhization was not inhibited. Our results indicate that the higher levels of chitinolytic activity in root exudates and root tissues from ech42-transformed lines did not alter the soil fungal biomass or the development of ectendomycorrhizal symbiosis involving Wilcoxina spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck O P Stefani
- Université Laval, Faculté de Foresterie, de Géographie et de Géomatique, Pavillon Abitibi-Price, 2405 Rue de la Terrasse, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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21
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Liu W. Do genetically modified plants impact arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi? ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2010; 19:229-238. [PMID: 19806453 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-009-0423-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The development and use of genetically modified plants (GMPs), as well as their ecological risks have been a topic of considerable public debate since they were first released in 1996. To date, no consistent conclusions have been drawn dealing with ecological risks on soil microorganisms of GMPs for the present incompatible empirical data. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), important in regulating aboveground and underground processes in ecosystems, are the most crucial soil microbial community worthy of being monitored in ecological risks assessment of GMPs for their sensitivity to environmental alterations (plant, soil, climatic factor etc.). Based on current data, we suggest that there is a temporal-spatial relevance between expression and rhizosphere secretion of anti-disease and insecticidal proteins (e.g., Bt-Bacillus thuringiensis toxins) in and outer roots, and AMF intraradical and extraradical growth and development. Therefore, taking Bt transgenic plants (BTPs) for example, Bt insecticidal proteins constitutive expression and rhizosphere release during cultivation of BTPs may damage some critical steps of the AMF symbiotic development. More important, these processes of BTPs coincide with the entire life cycle of AMF annually, which may impact the diversity of AMF after long-term cultivation period. It is proposed that interactions between GMPs and AMF should be preferentially studied as an indicator for ecological impacts of GMPs on soil microbial communities. In this review, advances in impacts of GMPs on AMF and the effect mechanisms were summarized, highlighting the possible ecological implications of interactions between GMPs and AMF in soil ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenke Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Nutrition and Fertilization, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China.
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22
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Piriformospora indica, a cultivable root endophyte with multiple biotechnological applications. Symbiosis 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-009-0009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Pasonen HL, Lu J, Niskanen AM, Seppänen SK, Rytkönen A, Raunio J, Pappinen A, Kasanen R, Timonen S. Effects of sugar beet chitinase IV on root-associated fungal community of transgenic silver birch in a field trial. PLANTA 2009; 230:973-983. [PMID: 19697057 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-1005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Heterogenous chitinases have been introduced in many plant species with the aim to increase the resistance of plants to fungal diseases. We studied the effects of the heterologous expression of sugar beet chitinase IV on the intensity of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) colonization and the structure of fungal communities in the field trial of 15 transgenic and 8 wild-type silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) genotypes. Fungal sequences were separated in denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and identified by sequencing the ITS1 region to reveal the operational taxonomic units. ECM colonization was less intense in 7 out of 15 transgenic lines than in the corresponding non-transgenic control plants, but the slight decrease in overall ECM colonization in transgenic lines could not be related to sugar beet chitinase IV expression or total endochitinase activity. One transgenic line showing fairly weak sugar beet chitinase IV expression without significantly increased total endochitinase activity differed significantly from the non-transgenic controls in the structure of fungal community. Five sequences belonging to three different fungal genera (Hebeloma, Inocybe, Laccaria) were indicative of wild-type genotypes, and one sequence (Lactarius) indicated one transgenic line. In cluster analysis, the non-transgenic control grouped together with the transgenic lines indicating that genotype was a more important factor determining the structure of fungal communities than the transgenic status of the plants. With the tested birch lines, no clear evidence for the effect of the heterologous expression of sugar beet chitinase IV on ECM colonization or the structure of fungal community was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna-Leena Pasonen
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Landi L, Capocasa F, Costantini E, Mezzetti B. ROLC strawberry plant adaptability, productivity, and tolerance to soil-borne disease and mycorrhizal interactions. Transgenic Res 2009; 18:933-42. [PMID: 19466576 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-009-9279-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The potential to improve strawberry cultivation was assessed regarding the use the rolC genes from Agrobacterium rhizogenes that can confer higher levels of free cytokinins. Strawberry (cv. Calypso) rolC lines were produced by genetic transformation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Yield and fruit quality of the control and transgenic lines were measured under open-field conditions. The effects of the transgenic rolC lines depended on gene copy number: rolC lines with one (Line A) or two gene (Line B) copies showed 30% greater yields than controls, due to 20% more fruit per plant and an increased fruit weight. Line A also differed in terms of the highest fruit quality, due to 10.5% increased soluble solids and 12.7% higher acidity. Moreover, cv. Calypso rolC lines A and B had increased tolerance to greenhouse infection by Phytophthora cactorum. Conversely, for all of these characters, Line F (five rolC copies) was not significantly different from the control line. The same lines were also used to examine their symbiosis with root arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) using vital and non-vital staining of roots collected at different stages of plant growth. Control and rolC plants showed similar intensities of AMF infection according to plant phenology and/or physiology. Furthermore, possible horizontal gene transfer of the rolC gene was tested for the AMF spores by PCR, with all AMF samples negative using rolC primers. The use of the rolC gene should be considered for the improvements provided in productivity, fruit quality and disease resistance of cultivated strawberry that show no effects on soil microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Landi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali e delle Produzioni Vegetali, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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Yan R, Hou J, Ding D, Guan W, Wang C, Wu Z, Li M. In vitro antifungal activity and mechanism of action of chitinase against four plant pathogenic fungi. J Basic Microbiol 2008; 48:293-301. [PMID: 18720488 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200700392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To determine why chitinase has different antifungal activity on different pathogenic fungi in vitro, we purified recombinant rice chitinase from Pichia pastoris and investigated its antifungal activity against four fungi - Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. et Fr.) Vuill, Botrytis squamosa Walker, Pythium aphanidermatum (eds.) Fitzp, and Aspergillus niger van Tiegh. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to analyze the surface microstructure and proportion of chitin in the cell wall of the four fungi, respectively. The results showed that the chitinase exhibited different antifungal activities against the four fungi, which was directly correlated to the surface microstructure and the proportion of chitin in the fungal cell wall. It will help understanding the antifungal mechanism of the recombinant chitinase and further determining its application scope on crop protection and post-harvest storage of fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixiang Yan
- The Key Laboratory for Bioactive Material of Ministry of Education, Institute for Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
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Asghari HR, Amerian MR, Gorbani H. Soil salinity affects arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of halophytes. Pak J Biol Sci 2008; 11:1909-1915. [PMID: 18983032 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2008.1909.1915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to determine the effects of soil salinity on AM fungi colonization in halophytes, plants of semi-arid region of North-Eastern Iran were examined for their colonization in soils with different salinity levels. Roots of several halophytes were colonized and showed typical structure of AM fungi with different levels of colonization. Haloxylon aphyllum, Kochia stellaris, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Seidlitzia rosmarinus and Salsola sp. of the Chenopodiaceae and Zygophyllum eurypterum and Peganum harmala of the Zygophyllaceae were found to be colonized by AM fungi. In several species the mycorrhizal status is reported for the first time. The results of this study revealed that AM colonization in halophytes in soil with high salinity level (16 dS m(-1)), but colonization was inhibited by very high salinity (45 dS m(-1)). The AM fungi colonization was absent in halophytes in very high soil salinity conditions may was due to inability of AM fungi to survive such salinity conditions, which may limit the beneficial effects of AM fungi in halophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Asghari
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, P.O. Box 3619995161-316, Shahrood, Iran
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Newhouse AE, Schrodt F, Liang H, Maynard CA, Powell WA. Transgenic American elm shows reduced Dutch elm disease symptoms and normal mycorrhizal colonization. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2007; 26:977-87. [PMID: 17310333 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-007-0313-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The American elm (Ulmus americana L.) was once one of the most common urban trees in eastern North America until Dutch-elm disease (DED), caused by the fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, eliminated most of the mature trees. To enhance DED resistance, Agrobacterium was used to transform American elm with a transgene encoding the synthetic antimicrobial peptide ESF39A, driven by a vascular promoter from American chestnut. Four unique, single-copy transgenic lines were produced and regenerated into whole plants. These lines showed less wilting and significantly less sapwood staining than non-transformed controls after O. novo-ulmi inoculation. Preliminary observations indicated that mycorrhizal colonization was not significantly different between transgenic and wild-type trees. Although the trees tested were too young to ensure stable resistance was achieved, these results indicate that transgenes encoding antimicrobial peptides reduce DED symptoms and therefore hold promise for enhancing pathogen resistance in American elm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Newhouse
- Faculty of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Widmer F. Assessing effects of transgenic crops on soil microbial communities. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 107:207-34. [PMID: 17522827 DOI: 10.1007/10_2007_047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deleterious effects of transgenic plants on soils represent an often expressed concern, which has catalyzed numerous studies in the recent past. In this literature review, studies addressing this question have been compiled. A total of 60 studies has been found, and their findings as well as their analytical approaches are summarized. These studies analyzed the effects of seven different types of genetically engineered traits, i.e., herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, virus resistance, proteinase inhibitors, antimicrobial activity, environmental application, and biomolecule production. Sixteen genetically engineered plant species were investigated in these studies including corn, canola, soybean, cotton, potato, tobacco, alfalfa, wheat, rice, tomato, papaya, aubergine, and silver birch. Many of these plants and traits have not been commercialized and represent experimental model systems. Effects on soil microbial characteristics have been described in various studies, indicating the sensitivity and feasibility of the analytical approaches applied. However, classification of the observed effects into acceptable and unacceptable ones has not been possible so far. Establishment of validated indicators for adverse effects represents a scientific challenge for the near future, and will assist risk assessment and regulation of transgenic plants commercially released to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Widmer
- Molecular Ecology, Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046, Zürich, Switzerland.
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29
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Troedsson U, Olsson PA, Jarl-Sunesson CI. Application of antisense transformation of a barley chitinase in studies of arbuscule formation by a mycorrhizal fungus. Hereditas 2006; 142:65-72. [PMID: 16970614 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.2005.01903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants of two commercial cultivars were transformed with sense and antisense constructs of a chitinase class II gene in order to develop a transformation system for this gene in barley. Transformation of embryos with the two antisense constructs resulted in ten regenerated plants, while no plants could be obtained using the sense construct. The presence of the inserted construct could be confirmed for six of the plants by PCR analysis. This system was used to study the role of class II chitinase in the regulation of mycorrhizal symbiosis. The colonization of two of the antisense transformants by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices was investigated microscopically and by use of signature fatty acids. The arbuscular incidence increased in transformed barley, and one transformant supported higher extraradical mycelium biomass. It is concluded that antisense transformation of barley could be a useful tool in investigations on the symbiosis between barley and mycorrhizal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Troedsson
- Lund University, Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Sölvegatan 35B, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
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Maximova SN, Marelli JP, Young A, Pishak S, Verica JA, Guiltinan MJ. Over-expression of a cacao class I chitinase gene in Theobroma cacao L. enhances resistance against the pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. PLANTA 2006; 224:740-9. [PMID: 16362326 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Theobroma cacao L. plants over-expressing a cacao class I chitinase gene (TcChi1) under the control of a modified CaMV-35S promoter were obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of somatic embryo cotyledons. Southern blot analysis confirmed insertion of the transgene in eight independent lines. High levels of TcChi1 transgene expression in the transgenic lines were confirmed by northern blot analysis. Chitinase activity levels were measured using an in vitro fluorometric assay. The transgene was expressed at varying levels in the different transgenic lines with up to a sixfold increase of endochitinase activity compared to non-transgenic and transgenic control plants. The in vivo antifungal activity of the transgene against the foliar pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was evaluated using a cacao leaf disk bioassay. The assay demonstrated that the TcChi1 transgenic cacao leaves significantly inhibited the growth of the fungus and the development of leaf necrosis compared to controls when leaves were wound inoculated with 5,000 spores. These results demonstrate for the first time the utility of the cacao transformation system as a tool for gene functional analysis and the potential utility of the cacao chitinase gene for increasing fungal pathogen resistance in cacao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siela N Maximova
- The Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Chester, PA 16802, USA
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Abstract
La publication d’un article scientifique sur les effets néfastes d’un hybride de maïs transgénique exprimant une δ-endotoxine duBacillus thuringiensiscontre des larves du papillon monarque causait, il y a quelques années, une controverse sans précédent sur l’impact environnemental des caractères recombinants introduits au bagage génétique des cultures agricoles. Le présent article de synthèse, complémentaire à un article de ce même numéro abordant la migration des transgènes dans l’environnement (Michaud 2005), discute de l’impact des caractères recombinants encodés par les transgènes sur l’incidence et le développement des différents organismes vivants du milieu. L’impact des nouveaux caractères est d’abord considéré à l’échelle des écosystèmes, à la lumière des effets exercés par les pratiques agricoles courantes sur la diversité biologique au champ. L’impact de ces caractères est ensuite considéré en fonction des interactions spécifiques établies au champ ou en conditions de laboratoire entre la plante modifiée et une gamme d’espèces modèles incluant des ravageurs herbivores secondaires, des arthropodes prédateurs et différents organismes du sol.
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Li HY, Yang GD, Shu HR, Yang YT, Ye BX, Nishida I, Zheng CC. Colonization by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme induces a defense response against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in the grapevine (Vitis amurensis Rupr.), which includes transcriptional activation of the class III chitinase gene VCH3. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 47:154-63. [PMID: 16326755 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pci231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Inoculation of the grapevine (Vitis amurensis Rupr.) with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus versiforme significantly increased resistance against the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita. Studies using relative quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RQRT-PCR) analysis of grapevine root inoculation with the AM fungus revealed an up-regulation of VCH3 transcripts. This increase was greater than that observed following infection with RKN. However, inoculation of the mycorrhizal grapevine roots with RKN was able to enhance VCH3 transcript expression further. Moreover, the increase in VCH3 transcripts appeared to result in a higher level of resistance against subsequent RKN infection. Constitutive expression of VCH3 cDNA in transgenic tobacco under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter also conferred resistance against RKN, but had no significant effect on the growth of the AM fungus. We analyzed beta-glucuronidase (GUS) activity directed by a 1,216 bp VCH3 promoter in transgenic tobacco following inoculation with both the AM fungus and RKN. GUS activity was negligible in the root tissues before inoculation, and was more effectively induced after inoculation with the AM fungus than with RKN. Moreover, GUS staining in the mycorrhizal transgenic tobacco roots was enhanced by subsequent RKN infection, and was found ubiquitously throughout the whole root tissue. Together, these results suggest that AM fungus induced a defense response against RKN in the mycorrhizal grapevine roots, which appeared to involve transcriptional control of VCH3 expression throughout the whole root tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, PR China
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van Loon LC, Rep M, Pieterse CMJ. Significance of inducible defense-related proteins in infected plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2006; 44:135-62. [PMID: 16602946 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.44.070505.143425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1637] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Inducible defense-related proteins have been described in many plant species upon infection with oomycetes, fungi, bacteria, or viruses, or insect attack. Several types of proteins are common and have been classified into 17 families of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs). Others have so far been found to occur more specifically in some plant species. Most PRs and related proteins are induced through the action of the signaling compounds salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, or ethylene, and possess antimicrobial activities in vitro through hydrolytic activities on cell walls, contact toxicity, and perhaps an involvement in defense signaling. However, when expressed in transgenic plants, they reduce only a limited number of diseases, depending on the nature of the protein, plant species, and pathogen involved. As exemplified by the PR-1 proteins in Arabidopsis and rice, many homologous proteins belonging to the same family are regulated developmentally and may serve different functions in specific organs or tissues. Several defense-related proteins are induced during senescence, wounding or cold stress, and some possess antifreeze activity. Many defense-related proteins are present constitutively in floral tissues and a substantial number of PR-like proteins in pollen, fruits, and vegetables can provoke allergy in humans. The evolutionary conservation of similar defense-related proteins in monocots and dicots, but also their divergent occurrence in other conditions, suggest that these proteins serve essential functions in plant life, whether in defense or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C van Loon
- Phytopathology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Castaldini M, Turrini A, Sbrana C, Benedetti A, Marchionni M, Mocali S, Fabiani A, Landi S, Santomassimo F, Pietrangeli B, Nuti MP, Miclaus N, Giovannetti M. Impact of Bt corn on rhizospheric and soil eubacterial communities and on beneficial mycorrhizal symbiosis in experimental microcosms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:6719-29. [PMID: 16269702 PMCID: PMC1287690 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.11.6719-6729.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A polyphasic approach has been developed to gain knowledge of suitable key indicators for the evaluation of environmental impact of genetically modified Bt 11 and Bt 176 corn lines on soil ecosystems. We assessed the effects of Bt corn (which constitutively expresses the insecticidal toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis, encoded by the truncated Cry1Ab gene) and non-Bt corn plants and their residues on rhizospheric and bulk soil eubacterial communities by means of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analyses of 16S rRNA genes, on the nontarget mycorrhizal symbiont Glomus mosseae, and on soil respiration. Microcosm experiments showed differences in rhizospheric eubacterial communities associated with the three corn lines and a significantly lower level of mycorrhizal colonization in Bt 176 corn roots. In greenhouse experiments, differences between Bt and non-Bt corn plants were detected in rhizospheric eubacterial communities (both total and active), in culturable rhizospheric heterotrophic bacteria, and in mycorrhizal colonization. Plant residues of transgenic plants, plowed under at harvest and kept mixed with soil for up to 4 months, affected soil respiration, bacterial communities, and mycorrhizal establishment by indigenous endophytes. The multimodal approach utilized in our work may be applied in long-term field studies aimed at monitoring the real hazard of genetically modified crops and their residues on nontarget soil microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Castaldini
- Istituto Sperimentale per lo Studio e la Difesa del Suolo, CRA, Florence, Italy
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TROEDSSON U, OLSSON PA, JARL-SUNESSON CI. Application of antisense transformation of a barley chitinase in studies of arbuscule formation by a mycorrhizal fungus. Hereditas 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2005.0018-0661.01903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Elfstrand M, Feddermann N, Ineichen K, Nagaraj VJ, Wiemken A, Boller T, Salzer P. Ectopic expression of the mycorrhiza-specific chitinase gene Mtchit 3-3 in Medicago truncatula root-organ cultures stimulates spore germination of glomalean fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2005; 167:557-70. [PMID: 15998406 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01397.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Expression of Mtchit 3-3, a class III chitinase gene, is specifically induced by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in roots of the model legume Medicago truncatula and its transcripts accumulate in cells containing arbuscules. Agrobacterium rhizogenes-transformed roots and root-organ cultures of M. truncatula were used to study effects of Mtchit 3-3 on AM fungi. * This work provides evidence for enzymatic activity of the Mtchit 3-3 gene product and shows with promoter:gus fusions that a 2 kb fragment located 5' upstream from the translational start codon of Mtchit 3-3 is sufficient to confer arbuscule-dependent gene expression. By fusing the Mtchit 3-3 coding region to the CaMV 35S promoter the expression pattern was disrupted. Surprisingly, disruption stimulated spore germination of Glomus intraradices and Glomus constrictum, and in the case of G. intraradices resulted in a higher probability of root colonization and spore formation. However, no effect on the abundance of arbuscules within colonized roots became apparent. These observations demonstrate that disruption of the tight arbuscule-dependent expression pattern of Mtchit 3-3 has effects on the early interaction between roots and AM fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Elfstrand
- Botanical Institute, University of Basle, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Gao LL, Knogge W, Delp G, Smith FA, Smith SE. Expression patterns of defense-related genes in different types of arbuscular mycorrhizal development in wild-type and mycorrhiza-defective mutant tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2004; 17:1103-13. [PMID: 15497403 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2004.17.10.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The expression of defense-related genes was analyzed in the interactions of six arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi with the roots of wild-type tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. 76R and of the near-isogenic mycorrhiza-defective mutant rmc. Depending on the fungal species, wild-type tomato forms both major morphological AM types, Arum and Paris. The mutant rmc blocks the penetration of the root surface or invasion of the root cortex by most species of AM fungi, but one fungus has been shown to develop normal mycorrhizas. In the wild-type tomato, accumulation of mRNA representing a number of defense-related genes was low in Arum-type interactions, consistent with findings for this AM morphotype in other plant species. In contrast, Paris-type colonization, particularly by members of the family Gigasporaceae, was accompanied by a substantial transient increase in expression of some defense-related genes. However, the extent of root colonization did not differ significantly in the two wild-type AM morphotypes, suggesting that accumulation of defense gene products per se does not limit mycorrhiza development. In the mutant, interactions in which the fungus failed to penetrate the root lacked significant accumulation of defense gene mRNAs. However, phenotypes in which the fungus penetrated epidermal or hypodermal cells were associated with an enhanced and more prolonged gene expression. These results are discussed in relation to the mechanisms that may underlie the specificity of the interactions between AM fungi and the rmc mutant.
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Turrini A, Sbrana C, Pitto L, Ruffini Castiglione M, Giorgetti L, Briganti R, Bracci T, Evangelista M, Nuti MP, Giovannetti M. The antifungal Dm-AMP1 protein from Dahlia merckii expressed in Solanum melongena is released in root exudates and differentially affects pathogenic fungi and mycorrhizal symbiosis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2004; 163:393-403. [PMID: 33873617 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• Transformed aubergine plants constitutively expressing the Dm-AMP1 antimicrobial defensin (from Dahlia merckii) were generated and characterized. • Transgenic plants were selected on kanamycin and screened by polymerase chain reaction analysis. The expression of Dm-AMP1 in plant tissues and its release in root exudates were detected by Western blot analyses. Dm-AMP1 localization was performed by immunohistochemical experiments. • Dm-AMP1 expression ranged from 0.2% to 0.48% of total soluble proteins in primary transformants and from 0.16% to 0.66% in F2 plants. Transformed clones showed resistance to the pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea, whose development on leaves was reduced by 36-100%, with respect to controls. The protein was released in root exudates of the transformed plants and was active in reducing the growth of the co-cultured pathogenic fungus Verticillium albo-atrum, whereas it did not interfere with recognition responses and symbiosis establishment by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. • Dm-AMP1 transformants may represent a useful model to study the interactions between genetically modified plants and pathogenic fungi or beneficial nontarget microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Turrini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biotecnologie Agrarie, Università di Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - C Sbrana
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, Sezione di Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - L Pitto
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, CNR, Area della Ricerca, via Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - M Ruffini Castiglione
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, Sezione di Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - L Giorgetti
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, Sezione di Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - R Briganti
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, Sezione di Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - T Bracci
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, Sezione di Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - M Evangelista
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, CNR, Area della Ricerca, via Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - M P Nuti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biotecnologie Agrarie, Università di Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, Sezione di Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - M Giovannetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biotecnologie Agrarie, Università di Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, Sezione di Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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The Old Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in the Light of the Molecular Era. PROGRESS IN BOTANY 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-18819-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Gadkar V, David-Schwartz R, Kunik T, Kapulnik Y. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization. Factors involved in host recognition. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001. [PMID: 11743093 DOI: 10.1104/pp.010783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V Gadkar
- Department of Agronomy and Natural Resources, Institute of Field and Garden Crops, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box, 6 Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50-250 Israel
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Shaul O, Galili S, Volpin H, Ginzberg I, Elad Y, Chet I, Kapulnik Y. Mycorrhiza-induced changes in disease severity and PR protein expression in tobacco leaves. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 1999; 12:1000-1007. [PMID: 10550896 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.1999.12.11.1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of leaf disease symptoms and the accumulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins were monitored in leaves of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthinc) plants colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. Leaves of mycorrhizal plants infected with the leaf pathogens Botrytis cinerea or tobacco mosaic virus showed a higher incidence and severity of necrotic lesions than those of nonmycorrhizal controls. Similar plant responses were obtained at both low (0.1 mM) and high (1.0 mM) nutritional P levels and with mutant plants (NahG) that are unable to accumulate salicylic acid. Application of PR-protein activators induced PR-1 and PR-3 expression in leaves of both nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal plants; however, accumulation and mRNA steady-site levels of these proteins were lower, and their appearance delayed, in leaves of the mycorrhizal plants. Application of 0.3 mM phosphate to the plants did not mimic the delay in PR expression observed in the mycorrhizal tobacco. Together, these data strongly support the existence of regulatory processes, initiated in the roots of mycorrhizal plants, that modify disease-symptom development and gene expression in their leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Shaul
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations formed between a wide range of plant species including angiosperms, gymnosperms, pteridophytes, and some bryophytes, and a limited range of fungi belonging to a single order, the Glomales. The symbiosis develops in the plant roots where the fungus colonizes the apoplast and cells of the cortex to access carbon supplied by the plant. The fungal contribution to the symbiosis is complex, but a major aspect includes the transfer of mineral nutrients, particularly phosphate from the soil to the plant. Development of this highly compatible association requires the coordinate molecular and cellular differentiation of both symbionts to form specialized interfaces over which bi-directional nutrient transfer occurs. Recent insights into the molecular events underlying these aspects of the symbiosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Harrison
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73402; e-mail:
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David R, Itzhaki H, Ginzberg I, Gafni Y, Galili G, Kapulnik Y. Suppression of tobacco basic chitinase gene expression in response to colonization by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 1998; 11:489-97. [PMID: 9612947 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.1998.11.6.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A differentially displayed cDNA clone (MD17) was isolated from tobacco roots (nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi-nc) infected with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus intraradices. The isolated DNA fragment exhibited a reduced level of expression in response to AM establishment and 90% identity with the 3' noncoding sequence of two basic chitinases (EC 3.2.1.14) from N. tabacum. Northern (RNA) blots and Western blots (immunoblots), probed with tobacco basic chitinase gene-specific probe and polyclonal antibodies raised against the chitinase enzyme, yielded hybridization patterns similar to those of MD17. Moreover, the up-regulation of the 32-kDa basic chitinase gene expression in tobacco roots by (1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) was less effective in mycorrhizal roots than in nonmycorrhizal controls. Suppression of endogenous basic chitinase (32-kDa) expression was also observed in transgenic mycorrhizal plants that constitutively express the 34-kDa basic chitinase A isoform. When plants were grown with an increased phosphate supply, no suppression of the 32-kDa basic chitinase was obtained. These findings indicate that during the colonization and establishment of G. intraradices in tobacco roots, expression of the basic chitinase gene is down-regulated at the mRNA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- R David
- Institute of Field and Garden Crops, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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