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Itarte M, Forés E, Martínez-Puchol S, Scheiber L, Vázquez-Suñé E, Bofill-Mas S, Rusiñol M. Exploring viral contamination in urban groundwater and runoff. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174238. [PMID: 38925381 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The reliance of the global population on urban aquifers is steadily increasing, and urban aquifers are susceptible to pathogenic contamination through sources such as sewer leakage or urban runoff. However, there is insufficient monitoring of groundwater quality in urban areas. In this study, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was employed to evaluate the presence of human fecal viral indicators and viral pathogens in urban wastewater (n = 13) and groundwater (n = 12) samples from four locations in Barcelona with different degrees of urbanization, as well as in runoff samples (n = 2). Additionally, a target enrichment sequencing (TES) approach was utilized to explore the viral diversity within groundwater and runoff samples, offering insights into viral contamination and potential virus transmission routes in urban areas. Human adenovirus (HAdV) was identified in all wastewater samples, 67 % (8/12) of groundwater samples, and one runoff sample by qPCR indicating human viral fecal contamination. The viral pathogen Norovirus genogroup GI (NoV GI) was detected in wastewater and two winter groundwater samples from highly and medium urbanized areas. NoV genogroup GII (NoV GII), Enterovirus (EV) and SARS-CoV-2 were exclusively detected in wastewater. Human and other vertebrate viruses were detected in groundwater and runoff samples using TES. This study gives insights about the virome present in urban water sources, emphasizing the need for thorough monitoring and deeper understanding to address emerging public health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Itarte
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08001 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Eva Forés
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08001 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Martínez-Puchol
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Vicerectorat de Recerca, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Scheiber
- Department of Geosciences, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Vázquez-Suñé
- Department of Geosciences, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Bofill-Mas
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08001 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Rusiñol
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08001 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Carducci A, Arzilli G, Atomsa NT, Lauretani G, Verani M, Pistelli F, Tavoschi L, Federigi I, Fornili M, Petri D, Lomonaco T, Meschi C, Pagani A, Agostini A, Carrozzi L, Baglietto L, Paolotti D, Cattuto C, Dall’Amico L, Rizzo C. Integrated environmental and clinical surveillance for the prevention of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in indoor environments and vulnerable communities (Stell-ARI): Protocol. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0309111. [PMID: 39348341 PMCID: PMC11441648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The epidemiological relevance of viral acute respiratory infections (ARIs) has been dramatically highlighted by COVID-19. However, other viruses cannot be neglected, such as influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human adenovirus. These viruses thrive in closed spaces, influenced by human and environmental factors. High-risk closed communities are the most vulnerable settings, where the real extent of viral ARIs is often difficult to evaluate, due to the natural disease progression and case identification complexities. During the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater-based epidemiology has demonstrated its great potential for monitoring the circulation and evolution of the virus in the environment. The "Prevention of ARIs in indoor environments and vulnerable communities" study (Stell-ARI) addresses the urgent need for integrated surveillance and early detection of ARIs within enclosed and vulnerable communities such as long-term care facilities, prisons and primary schools. The rapid transmission of ARIs in such environments underscores the importance of comprehensive surveillance strategies to minimise the risk of outbreaks and safeguard community health, enabling proactive prevention and control strategies to protect the health of vulnerable populations. This study consists of designing and validating tools for integrated clinical and environmental-based surveillance for each setting, coupled with analytical methods for environmental matrices. The clinical surveillance involves specialized questionnaires and nasopharyngeal swabs for virus identification, while the environmental surveillance includes air and surface microbiological and chemical monitoring, and virological analysis of wastewater. Integrating this information and the collection of behavioural and environmental risk factors into predictive and risk assessment models will provide a useful tool for early warning, risk assessment and informed decision-making. The study aims to integrate clinical, behavioural, and environmental data to establish and validate a predictive model and risk assessment tool for the early warning and risk management of viral ARIs in closed and vulnerable communities prior to the onset of an outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalaura Carducci
- Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Arzilli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nebiyu Tariku Atomsa
- Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Lauretani
- Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Verani
- Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Pistelli
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lara Tavoschi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ileana Federigi
- Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Fornili
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide Petri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Lomonaco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Meschi
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pagani
- Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonello Agostini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Carrozzi
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Baglietto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniela Paolotti
- Italian Institute for Scientific Interchange, ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - Ciro Cattuto
- Italian Institute for Scientific Interchange, ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Dall’Amico
- Italian Institute for Scientific Interchange, ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - Caterina Rizzo
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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3
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Ter Ü, Ertürk Gürkan S, Gürkan M, Kunili IE, Aksoy E. Pathological and oxidative stress responses of Mytilus galloprovincialis to Vibrio mediterranei infection: An in vivo challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 154:109889. [PMID: 39250984 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Since the identification of Vibrio mediterranei as a causative agent in mass mortalities of pen shells across the Mediterranean, elucidating its pathogenicity, virulence, and interactions with other bivalves has gained importance. While the cellular and immune responses of bivalves to various Vibrio species have been extensively studied, the infectious characteristics of this Vibrio species, particularly in the context of pen shell outbreaks, remain unclear for other bivalves. Therefore, to evaluate its pathogenicity, we investigated the histological and oxidative effects on the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), a key species in aquaculture. Two distinct infection setups were established: one involving the inoculation of seawater with the bacterial isolate and another involving direct injection of the bacteria into the mussels. After a 24-h exposure period, histological evaluations were conducted on the mantle, gill, and digestive gland tissues of the mussels. Additionally, measurements of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and lipid peroxidation levels were performed in the gill and digestive gland tissues. Oxidative responses were significantly elevated in both infection setups compared to the control group, with the directly injected samples exhibiting the highest oxidative responses (p < 0.05). Histological findings indicated that tissue-specific responses to host-pathogen interactions were consistent under both infection conditions. Notable observations included intense hemocytic infiltration in tissues, epithelial hyperplasia, and vacuolization in the gills, as well as focal necrotic areas in the digestive gland. The findings of this study indicate that V. mediterranei, a relatively novel pathogen, can provoke significant acute immune responses and tissue-level reactions in M. galloprovincialis, a species that is both widely distributed and vital to the food chain. These insights into the potential susceptibility of mussels underscore the need for further comprehensive research and inform the development of effective management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ümmügülsüm Ter
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Selin Ertürk Gürkan
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Çanakkale, Turkey.
| | - Mert Gürkan
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Ender Kunili
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Department of Fishing and Processing Technology, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Emircan Aksoy
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Çanakkale, Turkey
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Elfellaki N, Berrouch S, Biary A, Goïta S, Rafi H, Lachkar H, Dehhani O, Rougemont AD, Bourlet T, Hafid JE. Comparison of four concentration methods of adenovirus, norovirus and rotavirus in tap water. J Virol Methods 2024; 330:115013. [PMID: 39209160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.115013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Human enteric viruses, as adenovirus (HAdV), norovirus (HuNoV) and rotavirus (RVA) are significant causes of gastroenteritis associated with consumption of contaminated water worldwide. Various methods have been described for their detection and monitoring in water. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of four conditions for concentrating HAdV, HuNoV and RVA from water matrices, in order to develop a single protocol that could simultaneously concentrate all target viruses from tap water. The tested conditions were based on the adsorption-elution using electronegative filters, in which we evaluated cation-coated filtration by MgCl2 with or without acid rinse by H2SO4 and two elution buffers, namely NaOH and tris-glycine-beef extract. Genomic material was extracted and amplified by real-time PCR and real-time RT-PCR using commercial kits. Based on the statistical analysis of amplification results (cycles of quantification), the condition involving cation-coated filtration by MgCl2 using electronegative filters with acid rinse by H2SO4 combined with NaOH elution allowed efficient recovery of both HAdV, HuNoV and RVA from tap water compared to the other conditions. These findings confirm the effectiveness of the approach used to monitor three major enteric viruses in tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouhaila Elfellaki
- Laboratory of Bioresources and Food Safety, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Salma Berrouch
- Laboratory of Bioresources and Food Safety, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco; Higher School of Technology of El Kelâa des Sraghna, Cadi Ayyad University, El Kelâa des Sraghna, Morocco
| | - Abdelkader Biary
- Laboratory of Bioresources and Food Safety, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Simeon Goïta
- Laboratory of Bioresources and Food Safety, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Houda Rafi
- Laboratory of Bioresources and Food Safety, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Hibatallah Lachkar
- Laboratory of Bioresources and Food Safety, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Oussama Dehhani
- Laboratory of Bioresources and Food Safety, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Alexis de Rougemont
- National Reference Centre for Gastroenteritis Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon Bourgogne, France
| | - Thomas Bourlet
- Infectious Agents and Hygiene Department, University Hospital of Saint Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Jamal Eddine Hafid
- Laboratory of Bioresources and Food Safety, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco.
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Mejías-Molina C, Estarlich-Landajo I, Martínez-Puchol S, Bofill-Mas S, Rusiñol M. Exploring waterborne viruses in groundwater: Quantification and Virome characterization via passive sampling and targeted enrichment sequencing. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 266:122305. [PMID: 39216128 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Aquifers, which provide drinking water for nearly half the world's population, face significant challenges from microbial contamination, particularly from waterborne viruses such as human adenovirus (HAdV), norovirus (NoV) and enterovirus (EV). This study, conducted as part of the UPWATER project, investigates the sources of urban groundwater contamination using viral passive sampling (VPS) and target enrichment sequencing (TES). We assessed the abundance of eight viral pathogens (HAdV, EV, NoV genogroup I and II, rotavirus, influenza A virus, hepatitis E virus and SARS-CoV-2) and investigated the virome diversity of groundwater in the aquifer of the Besòs River Delta in Catalonia. Over a period of 7 months, we collected 114 samples from the aquifer using nylon and nitrocellulose membranes to adsorb viruses over a 10-day period. Human faecal contamination was detected in nearly 50 % of the groundwater samples, with mean HAdV total counts ranging from 1.23E+02 to 3.66E+03 GC, and occasional detections of EV and NoV GI and GII. In addition, deep sequencing revealed a diverse virome in the aquifer, with detection of human pathogens, including adenovirus, astrovirus, calicivirus, enterovirus, herpesvirus, papillomavirus and rotavirus. Time-integrated sampling using VPS increases the likelihood of virus detection and, when combined with TES, can provide a deeper understanding of virus prevalence in this important water compartment. This approach is expected to streamline long-term monitoring efforts and enable small communities or water managers with limited resources to effectively manage their groundwater reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mejías-Molina
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08001 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Estarlich-Landajo
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Martínez-Puchol
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Vicerectorat de Recerca, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Bofill-Mas
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08001 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Rusiñol
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08001 Barcelona, Spain.
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Alves JCDS, Teixeira DM, Siqueira JAM, de Deus DR, Oliveira DDS, Ferreira JL, Lobo PDS, Soares LDS, Tavares FN, Gabbay YB. Epidemiology and molecular detection of human adenovirus and non-polio enterovirus in fecal samples of children with acute gastroenteritis: A five-year surveillance in northern Brazil. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296568. [PMID: 39093896 PMCID: PMC11296658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a common pediatric infection that remains a significant cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in low-income regions. Thus, the objective of this study was to detect human adenovirus (HAdV) and non-polio enterovirus (NPEV) in fecal samples from the Gastroenteritis Surveillance Network, and to identify circulating strains by nucleotide sequencing. A total of 801 fecal samples were tested using qPCR/RT-qPCR, and 657 (82.0%) were inoculated into HEp-2C and RD cell lines. The HAdV and NPEV positivity rates obtained using qPCR/RT-qPCR were 31.7% (254/801) and 10.5% (84/801), respectively, with 5.4% (43/801) co-detection. Cytopathic effect was observed in 9.6% (63/657) of patients, 2.7% (18/657) associated with HAdV, and 6.2% (41/657) associated with NPEV after testing by ICC-PCR. A comparison of the two methodologies demonstrated an agreement of 93.5% for EVNP and 64.4% for HAdV. These two viruses were detected throughout the study period, with HAdV positivity rates ranging from 41% in Amapá to 18% in Pará. The NEPV varied from 18% in Pará/Rondônia to 3% in Acre. The most affected age group was over 60 months for both HAdV and NPEV. Samples previously positive for rotavirus and norovirus, which did not show a major difference in the presence or absence of diarrhea, fever, and vomiting, were excluded from the clinical analyses of these two viruses. These viruses circulated over five years, with a few months of absence, mainly during the months corresponding to the waves of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Brazil. Five HAdV species were identified (A, B, C, D, and F), with a greater predominance of HAdV-F41 (56.5%) followed by HAdV-C (15.2%). Three NPEV species (A, B, and C) were detected, with serotypes E14 (19.3%) and CVA-24 (16.1%) being the most prevalent. The present study revealed a high diversity of NPEV and HAdV types circulating in children with AGE symptoms in the northern region of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jainara Cristina dos Santos Alves
- Postgraduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environmental Surveillance, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Dielle Monteiro Teixeira
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat for Health Surveillance and Environment, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Danielle Rodrigues de Deus
- Postgraduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environmental Surveillance, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Darleise de Souza Oliveira
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat for Health Surveillance and Environment, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - James Lima Ferreira
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat for Health Surveillance and Environment, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Patricia dos Santos Lobo
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat for Health Surveillance and Environment, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Luana da Silva Soares
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat for Health Surveillance and Environment, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Fernando Neto Tavares
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat for Health Surveillance and Environment, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Yvone Benchimol Gabbay
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat for Health Surveillance and Environment, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
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Syngouna VI, Georgopoulou MP, Bellou MI, Vantarakis A. Effect of Human Adenovirus Type 35 Concentration on Its Inactivation and Sorption on Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2024; 16:143-158. [PMID: 38308001 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09582-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Removal of pathogenic viruses from water resources is critically important for sanitation and public health. Nanotechnology is a promising technology for virus inactivation. In this paper, the effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) anatase nanoparticles (NPs) on human adenovirus type 35 (HAdV-35) removal under static and dynamic (with agitation) batch conditions were comprehensively studied. Batch experiments were performed at room temperature (25 °C) with and without ambient light using three different initial virus concentrations. The virus inactivation experimental data were satisfactorily fitted with a pseudo-first-order expression with a time-dependent rate coefficient. The experimental results demonstrated that HAdV-35 sorption onto TiO2 NPs was favored with agitation under both ambient light and dark conditions. However, no distinct relationships between virus initial concentration and removal efficiency could be established from the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki I Syngouna
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece.
| | | | - Maria I Bellou
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Apostolos Vantarakis
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece
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8
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Itarte M, Calvo M, Martínez-Frago L, Mejías-Molina C, Martínez-Puchol S, Girones R, Medema G, Bofill-Mas S, Rusiñol M. Assessing environmental exposure to viruses in wastewater treatment plant and swine farm scenarios with next-generation sequencing and occupational risk approaches. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 259:114360. [PMID: 38555823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to pathogens can pose health risks. This study investigates the viral exposure of workers in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and a swine farm by analyzing aerosol and surfaces samples. Viral contamination was evaluated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays, and target enrichment sequencing (TES) was performed to identify the vertebrate viruses to which workers might be exposed. Additionally, Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) was conducted to estimate the occupational risk associated with viral exposure for WWTP workers, choosing Human Adenovirus (HAdV) as the reference pathogen. In the swine farm, QMRA was performed as an extrapolation, considering a hypothetical zoonotic virus with characteristics similar to Porcine Adenovirus (PAdV). The modelled exposure routes included aerosol inhalation and oral ingestion through contaminated surfaces and hand-to-mouth contact. HAdV and PAdV were widespread viruses in the WWTP and the swine farm, respectively, by qPCR assays. TES identified human and other vertebrate viruses WWTP samples, including viruses from families such as Adenoviridae, Circoviridae, Orthoherpesviridae, Papillomaviridae, and Parvoviridae. In the swine farm, most of the identified vertebrate viruses were porcine viruses belonging to Adenoviridae, Astroviridae, Circoviridae, Herpesviridae, Papillomaviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, and Retroviridae. QMRA analysis revealed noteworthy risks of viral infections for WWTP workers if safety measures are not taken. The probability of illness due to HAdV inhalation was higher in summer compared to winter, while the greatest risk from oral ingestion was observed in workspaces during winter. Swine farm QMRA simulation suggested a potential occupational risk in the case of exposure to a hypothetical zoonotic virus. This study provides valuable insights into WWTP and swine farm worker's occupational exposure to human and other vertebrate viruses. QMRA and NGS analyses conducted in this study will assist managers in making evidence-based decisions, facilitating the implementation of protection measures, and risk mitigation practices for workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Itarte
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Miquel Calvo
- Secció d'Estadística, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lola Martínez-Frago
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Mejías-Molina
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Martínez-Puchol
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosina Girones
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sílvia Bofill-Mas
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Rusiñol
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Secció de Microbiologia, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Verani M, Pagani A, Federigi I, Lauretani G, Atomsa NT, Rossi V, Viviani L, Carducci A. Wastewater-Based Epidemiology for Viral Surveillance from an Endemic Perspective: Evidence and Challenges. Viruses 2024; 16:482. [PMID: 38543847 PMCID: PMC10975420 DOI: 10.3390/v16030482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is currently used to monitor not only the spread of the viral SARS-CoV-2 pandemic but also that of other viruses in endemic conditions, particularly in the absence of syndromic surveillance. The continuous monitoring of sewage requires high expenditure and significant time investments, highlighting the need for standardized methods and structured monitoring strategies. In this context, we conducted weekly wastewater monitoring in northwestern Tuscany (Italy) and targeted human adenovirus (HAdV), norovirus genogroup II (NoVggII), enterovirus (EV), and SARS-CoV-2. Samples were collected at the entrances of treatment plants and concentrated using PEG/NaCl precipitation, and viral nucleic acids were extracted and detected through real-time reverse transcription qPCR. NoVggII was the most identified target (84.4%), followed by HAdV, SARS-CoV-2, and EV. Only HAdV and EV exhibited seasonal peaks in spring and summer. Compared with data that were previously collected in the same study area (from February 2021 to September 2021), the results for SARS-CoV-2 revealed a shift from an epidemic to an endemic pattern, at least in the region under investigation, which was likely due to viral mutations that led to the spreading of new variants with increased resistance to summer environmental conditions. In conclusion, using standardized methods and an efficient monitoring strategy, WBE proves valuable for viral surveillance in pandemic and epidemic scenarios, enabling the identification of temporal-local distribution patterns that are useful for making informed public health decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ileana Federigi
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56123 Pisa, Italy; (M.V.); (A.P.); (G.L.); (N.T.A.); (V.R.); (L.V.); (A.C.)
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10
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Cantelli CP, Tavares GCL, Sarmento SK, Burlandy FM, Fumian TM, Maranhão AG, da Silva EDSRF, Horta MAP, Miagostovich MP, Yang Z, Leite JPG. Assessment of Gastroenteric Viruses in Marketed Bivalve Mollusks in the Tourist Cities of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2022. Viruses 2024; 16:317. [PMID: 38543684 PMCID: PMC10974528 DOI: 10.3390/v16030317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of gastroenteric viruses in mussels and oysters in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. One hundred and thirty-four marketed bivalve samples were obtained between January and December 2022. The viral analysis was performed according to ISO/TS 15216, and the screening revealed the detection of norovirus GII/GI (40.3%), sapovirus (SaV; 12.7%), human mastadenovirus (7.5%), and rotavirus A (RVA; 5.9%). In total, 44.8% (60) of shellfish samples tested positive for one or more viruses, 46.7% (28/60) of the positive samples tested positive for a single viral agent, 26.7% (16) tested positive for two viral agents, 8.3% (5) for three viral agents, and 13.3% (8) for four viral agents. Additionally, three mussel samples were contaminated with the five investigated viruses (5%, 3/60). Norovirus GII showed the highest mean viral load (3.4 × 105 GC/g), followed by SaV (1.4 × 104 GC/g), RVA (1.1 × 104 GC/g), human mastadenovirus (3.9 × 103 GC/g), and norovirus GI (6.7 × 102 GC/g). Molecular characterization revealed that the recovered norovirus strains belonged to genotypes GII.2, GII.6, GII.9, GII.17, and GII.27; SaV belonged to genotypes GI.1 and GIV.1; RVA to genotypes G6, G8, P[8]-III, and human mastadenovirus to types F40 and F41. The GII.27 norovirus characterized in this study is the only strain of this genotype reported in Brazil. This study highlights the dissemination and diversity of gastroenteric viruses present in commercialized bivalves in a touristic area, indicating the potential risk to human health and the contribution of bivalves in the propagation of emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Pacheco Cantelli
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Sylvia Kahwage Sarmento
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Zhihui Yang
- Division of Molecular Biology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - José Paulo Gagliardi Leite
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
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11
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Shaheen MNF, Ahmed N, Rady Badr K, Elmahdy EM. Detection and quantification of adenovirus, polyomavirus, and papillomavirus in urban sewage. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:401-413. [PMID: 38421633 PMCID: wh_2024_322 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the occurrence and seasonal frequency of human adenovirus (HAdV), human polyomavirus (HPyV), and human papillomavirus (HPV) in urban sewage. The detection of these viruses was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and then the viral concentrations in the positive samples were quantified by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Additionally, HAdV and HPyV genotyping was also performed by PCR. A total of 38/60 (63.3%) positive samples were found. HAdV was the most prevalent virus (26/60; 43.3%), followed by HPyV (21/60; 35%) and HPV (21/60; 35%). The viral concentrations ranged from 3.56 × 102 to 7.55 × 107 genome copies/L. The most common dual viral agents was found between HAdV and HPyV, in eight samples (8/38, 21%). HAdV types 40 and 41 as well as HPyV types JC and BK were identified, with HAdV-40 and HPyV JC being the most prevalent types. Furthermore, the detection rates of HAdV, HPyV, and HPV were higher during the winter season than the other seasons. The high prevalence of HAdV and HPyV supports their suitability as viral indicators of sewage contamination. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the advantages of environmental surveillance as a tool to elucidate the community-circulating viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N F Shaheen
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Center, 12622 Dokki, Cairo, Egypt E-mail: ;
| | - Nehal Ahmed
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Center, 12622 Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kareem Rady Badr
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Center, 12622 Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elmahdy Mohamed Elmahdy
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Center, 12622 Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Valdivia-Carrera CA, Ho-Palma AC, Munguia-Mercado A, Gonzalez-Pizarro K, Ibacache-Quiroga C, Dinamarca A, Stehlík M, Rusiñol M, Girones R, Lopez-Urbina MT, Basaldua Galarza A, Gonzales-Gustavson E. Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2, rotavirus, norovirus genogroup II, and human adenovirus in wastewater as an epidemiological tool to anticipate outbreaks of COVID-19 and acute gastroenteritis in a city without a wastewater treatment plant in the Peruvian Highlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167161. [PMID: 37730068 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has demonstrated that Wastewater Based Epidemiology is a fast and economical alternative for monitoring severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at the community level in high-income countries. In the present study, wastewater from a city in the Peruvian Highlands, which lacks a wastewater treatment plant, was monitored for one year to assess the relationship between the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 and the reported cases of COVID-19 in the community. Additionally, we compared the relationship between rotavirus (RV), norovirus genogroup II (NoV GGII), and human adenovirus (HAdV) with the number of reported cases of acute gastroenteritis. Before commencing the analysis of the samples, the viral recovery efficacy of three processing methods was determined in spiked wastewater with SARS-CoV-2. This evaluation demonstrated the highest recovery rate with direct analysis (72.2 %), as compared to ultrafiltration (50.8 %) and skimmed milk flocculation (5.6 %). Wastewater monitoring revealed that 72 % (36/50) of the samples tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, with direct analysis yielding the highest detection frequency and quantification of SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, a strong correlation was observed between the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and the reported cases of COVID-19, mainly when we shift the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 by two weeks, which allows us to anticipate the onset of the fourth and fifth waves of the pandemic in Peru up to two weeks in advance. All samples processed using the skimmed milk flocculation method tested positive and showed high concentrations of RV, NoV GGII, and HAdV. In fact, the highest RV concentrations were detected up to four weeks before outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis reported in children under four years of age. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that periodic wastewater monitoring is an excellent epidemiological tool for surveillance and can anticipate outbreaks of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Valdivia-Carrera
- Tropical and Highlands Veterinary Research Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Jr. 28 de Julio s/n, Km 34, margen izquierda, Carretera Central, El Mantaro, Jauja, Junin, Peru; Department of Animal Health and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Circunvalacion 2800, San Borja, Lima, Peru.
| | - Ana C Ho-Palma
- Department of Human Medicine, School of Human Medicine, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Peru, Av. Mariscal Castilla 3909, Huancayo, Peru.
| | - Astrid Munguia-Mercado
- Tropical and Highlands Veterinary Research Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Jr. 28 de Julio s/n, Km 34, margen izquierda, Carretera Central, El Mantaro, Jauja, Junin, Peru.
| | - Karoll Gonzalez-Pizarro
- Centro de Micro-Bioinnovación, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1093, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Claudia Ibacache-Quiroga
- Centro de Micro-Bioinnovación, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1093, Valparaíso, Chile; Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1093, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Alejandro Dinamarca
- Centro de Micro-Bioinnovación, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1093, Valparaíso, Chile; Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1093, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Milan Stehlík
- Institute of Statistics, Universidad de Valparaiso, Av. Gran Bretana 1111, Valparaiso, Chile; Linz Institute of Technology & Department of Applied Statistics, Johannes Kepler University in Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria.
| | - Marta Rusiñol
- Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Rosina Girones
- Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Maria T Lopez-Urbina
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Circunvalacion 2800, San Borja, Lima, Peru.
| | - Anani Basaldua Galarza
- Department of Human Medicine, School of Human Medicine, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Peru, Av. Mariscal Castilla 3909, Huancayo, Peru; Dirección Ejecutiva de Epidemiología, Dirección Regional de Salud, Jr. Julio Cesar Tello 488, Huancayo 12004, Junin, Peru.
| | - Eloy Gonzales-Gustavson
- Tropical and Highlands Veterinary Research Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Jr. 28 de Julio s/n, Km 34, margen izquierda, Carretera Central, El Mantaro, Jauja, Junin, Peru; Department of Animal Health and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Circunvalacion 2800, San Borja, Lima, Peru.
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13
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das Neves Costa LCP, Siqueira JAM, Teixeira DM, da Piedade GJL, Júnior ECS, Ferreira JL, da Silva LD, Gabbay YB. Circulation of adenovirus and other viruses in urban drainage channels: an environmental surveillance in Belém, Amazon region, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2939-2949. [PMID: 37747624 PMCID: PMC10689653 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Urban channels in amazon cities are very polluted, with garbage and sewage disposal in these aquatic environments, favoring the high dissemination of waterborne viruses such as human adenovirus (HAdV). The aim of this study was to perform the detection and molecular characterization of adenovirus in urban channels and in a wastewater treatment plant located in a metropolitan city in the Amazon. Additionally, metagenomic analyses were performed to assess viral diversity. Samples were concentrated by organic flocculation, analyzed by quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) and sequenced (Sanger e next generation sequencing). Cell culture was performed to verify the viability of HAdV particles. A total of 104 samples were collected, being the HAdV positivity of 76% (79/104). Among the positive samples, 29.1% (23/79) were characterized as HAdV-F40 (87%, 20/23), HAdV-F41 (8.7%, 2/23), and HAdV-B (4.3%, 1/23). Average precipitation rates ranged from 163 to 614 mm, while the pH ranged from 6.9 to 7.6. Eight positive samples were inoculated into A549 cells and in 4 of these, was observed changes in the structure of the cell monolayer, alteration in the structure of the cell monolayer was observed, but without amplification when analyzed by PCR. The metagenomic data demonstrated the presence of 14 viral families, being the most abundant: Myoviridae (41% of available reads), Siphoviridae (24.5%), Podoviridae (14.1%), and Autographiviridae (6.9%) with more than 85% of the total number of identified reads. This study reinforcing that continuous surveillance may contribute to monitoring viral diversity in aquatic environments and provide early warning of potential outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jones Anderson Monteiro Siqueira
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health and Environment Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | - Dielle Monteiro Teixeira
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health and Environment Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Junior Leite da Piedade
- Postgraduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health and Environment Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | - Edivaldo Costa Sousa Júnior
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health and Environment Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | - James Lima Ferreira
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health and Environment Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | - Luciana Damascena da Silva
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health and Environment Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | - Yvone Benchimol Gabbay
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health and Environment Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
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14
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Fumian TM, Malta FC, Sarmento SK, Fernandes SB, Negri CM, Belettini SADA, Machado MH, Guimarães MAAM, de Assis RMS, Baduy GA, Fialho AM, Burlandy FM. Acute gastroenteritis outbreak associated with multiple and rare norovirus genotypes after storm events in Santa Catarina, Brazil. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29205. [PMID: 37933896 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus is a major cause of acute diarrheal disease (ADD) outbreaks worldwide. In the present study, we investigated an ADD outbreak caused by norovirus in several municipalities of Santa Catarina state during the summer season, southern Brazil in 2023. As of the 10th epidemiological week of 2023, approximately 87 000 ADD cases were reported, with the capital, Florianópolis, recording the highest number of cases throughout the weeks. By using RT-qPCR and sequencing, we detected 10 different genotypes, from both genogroups (G) I and II. Some rare genotypes were also identified. Additionally, rotavirus and human adenovirus were sporadically detected among the ADD cases. Several features of the outbreak suggest that sewage-contaminated water could played a role in the surge of ADD cases. Storm events in Santa Catarina state that preceded the outbreak likely increased the discharge of contaminated wastewater and stormwater into water bodies, such as rivers and beaches during a high touristic season in the state. Climate change-induced extreme weather events, including intensified rainfall and frequent floods, can disturb healthcare and sanitation systems. Implementing public policies for effective sanitation, particularly during peak times, is crucial to maintain environmental equilibrium and counter marine pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio Correia Malta
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sylvia Kahwage Sarmento
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Cynthia Maria Negri
- Central Laboratory of Public Health-LACEN, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Angelica Arpon Marandino Guimarães
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosane Maria Santos de Assis
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Assad Baduy
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Madi Fialho
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Marcicano Burlandy
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Prado T, Magalhães MGP, Moreira DA, Brandão ML, Fumian TM, Ferreira FC, Chame M, Leomil L, Degrave WMS, Leite JPG, Miagostovich MP. Microbiome and virome on indoor surfaces of an Antarctic research ship. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023; 118:e230084. [PMID: 37672426 PMCID: PMC10481937 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760230084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have focused on microbial diversity in indoor environments of ships, as well as the role of the microbiome and its ecological interconnections. In this study, we investigated the microbiome and virome present on the internal surfaces of a polar ship in different stages (beginning, during, and at the end) of the Brazilian Antarctic expedition in order to evaluate abundance of microorganisms in different periods. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS We used shotgun metagenomic analysis on pooled samples from sampling surfaces in the ship's interior to track the microbial diversity. FINDINGS Considering the total fraction of the microbiome, the relative abundance of bacteria, eukaryotes, viruses, and archaea was 83.7%, 16.2%, 0.04%, and 0.002%, respectively. Proteobacteria was the most abundant bacterial phyla, followed by Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Concerning the virome, the greatest richness of viral species was identified during the middle of the trip, including ten viral families after de novo assembly: Autographiviridae, Chrysoviridae, Genomoviridae, Herelleviridae, Myoviridae, Partitiviridae, Podoviridae, Potyviridae, Siphoviridae, and Virgaviridae. MAIN CONCLUSIONS This study contributed to the knowledge of microbial diversity in naval transportation facilities, and variations in the abundance of microorganisms probably occurred due to factors such as the number of passengers and activities on the ship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Prado
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Exantemáticos, Enterovírus e Emergências Virais, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Laboratório de Genômica Aplicada e BioInovações, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Daniel Andrade Moreira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Laboratório de Genômica Aplicada e BioInovações, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Martha Lima Brandão
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Projeto FioAntar/VPPIS, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fernando Cesar Ferreira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marcia Chame
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Plataforma Institucional para Biodiversidade e Saúde Animal, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Luciana Leomil
- Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial, Centro Tecnológico para Indústria Química e Têxtil, Biotecnologia, Parque Tecnológico da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - José Paulo Gagliardi Leite
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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16
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Ali AS, Gari SR, Goodson ML, Walsh CL, Dessie BK, Ambelu A. Fecal Contamination in the Wastewater Irrigation System and its Health Threat to Wastewater-Based Farming Households in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2023; 17:11786302231181307. [PMID: 37362237 PMCID: PMC10286199 DOI: 10.1177/11786302231181307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Due to rapidly growing demand, the production of vegetables is increasing along the Akaki Rivers. The objective of this study was to examine the degree of fecal contamination and levels of fecal contamination and dissemination throughout the wastewater irrigation system. Irrigation water, irrigated soil, and leafy vegetables were collected twice during 2 vegetable growing seasons, at the maturity period of the growing season, from 19 sampling points along the 2 Akaki Rivers. Composite samples were taken from all sampling points and E.coli was enumerated. The mean E.coli load in wastewater and non-wastewater sources were 1.16±5.53 CFU/100 ml and 2.232±1.292 CFU/100 ml respectively. All counts of E. coli in the wastewater exceeded the WHO's standards indicating that the irrigation water quality was unacceptable. In the wastewater-irrigated and non-wastewater-irrigated soil, the mean E.coli were 3.62 ±1.582 CFU/g and 1.322±87.1 CFU/g respectively. Meanwhile, the mean E.coli counts on the lettuce and Swiss chard were 78 ± 2 CFU/g and 44 ±3CFU/g respectively. The E.coli count on the leafy vegetables was found to be associated with the E.coli in the wastewater and soil. The production of leafy vegetables using wastewater with unacceptably high levels of E.coli and high occupational exposure introduces high levels of risk to the farming communities and to the consumers. Leafy, low-growing raw edible vegetables need careful treatment during food production and harvesting procedures or activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adane Sirage Ali
- Division of Water and Health, Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Environmental Management, Kotebe University of Education, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sirak Robele Gari
- Division of Water and Health, Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Michaela L Goodson
- Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia, Iskandar Puteri, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Claire L Walsh
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Bitew K Dessie
- Water and Land Resource Centre, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Argaw Ambelu
- Division of Water and Health, Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Pedrosa de Macena LDG, Castiglia Feitosa R, Couto da Silva J, Ferreira FC, Maranhão AG, Brandão MLL, Caldeira NGS, Couto JS, Coelho de Azevedo MG, Barbosa de Paula B, Miagostovich MP. Environmental assessment of sewage contamination in the surroundings of a marine outfall combining human mastadenovirus and fecal indicator bacteria. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 193:115110. [PMID: 37307749 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the microbiological contamination of the marine area of a metropolitan region, where a marine outfall is used as a sanitary solution for domestic sewage. For human mastadenovirus (HAdV) quantification 134 water samples were concentrated by skimmed milk flocculation method and analyzed with qPCR and PMAxx-qPCR, being the latter to assess the capsid integrity viral. HAdV with intact capsids were detected in 10 % (16/102) of samples classified as suitable for bathing using at least one fecal bacterial indicator. Spatial analysis of the results showed that the drainage channels of the basin that flow into the sea are the main sources of microbiological contamination in the foreshore zone, where intact HAdV reached a concentration of up to 3 log genomic copies/L. HAdV serotypes A12, D, F40 and F41 were characterized. Our results suggest the use of intact HAdV as a complementary parameter to assess the quality of recreational waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena da Graça Pedrosa de Macena
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Renato Castiglia Feitosa
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, National School of Public Health (ENSP), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1.480, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, Brazil
| | - Jansen Couto da Silva
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Fernando César Ferreira
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Luiz Lima Brandão
- Laboratory of Microbiology Control, Department of Quality Control, Institute of Technology in Immunobiologicals (Bio-Manguinhos), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil, 4365 - Centro Administrativo Vinicius Fonseca - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Gonçalves Santos Caldeira
- Laboratory of Food and Sanitizes, Department of Microbiology, National Institute Quality Control in Health (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Jessica Soldani Couto
- Laboratory of Food and Sanitizes, Department of Microbiology, National Institute Quality Control in Health (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana Gonçalves Coelho de Azevedo
- Laboratory of Food and Sanitizes, Department of Microbiology, National Institute Quality Control in Health (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna Barbosa de Paula
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
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18
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Saco A, Rey-Campos M, Novoa B, Figueras A. Mussel antiviral transcriptome response and elimination of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 136:108735. [PMID: 37044187 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
As filter-feeding bivalves, mussels have been traditionally studied as possible vectors of different bacterial or viral pathogens. The absence of a known viral pathogen in these bivalves makes it particularly interesting to study the interaction of the mussel innate immune system with a virus of interest. In the present work, mussels were challenged with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), which is a pathogen in several fish species. The viral load was eliminated after 24 h and mussels evidenced antiviral activity towards VHSV, demonstrating that the virus was recognized and eliminated by the immune system of the host and confirming that mussels are not VHSV vectors in the marine environment. The transcriptome activating the antiviral response was studied, revealing the involvement of cytoplasmic viral sensors with the subsequent activation of the JAK-STAT pathway and several downstream antiviral effectors. The inflammatory response was inhibited with the profound downregulation of MyD88, shifting the immune balance towards antiviral functions. High modulation of retrotransposon activity was observed, revealing a mechanism that facilitates the antiviral response and that had not been previously observed in these species. The expression of several inhibitors of apoptosis and apoptosis-promoting genes was modulated, although clear inhibition of apoptosis in bivalves after severe viral infection and subsequent disease was not observed in this study. Finally, the modulated expression of several long noncoding RNAs that were correlated with genes involved in the immune response was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaro Saco
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Novoa
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Galicia, Spain
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19
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Dos Santos DRL, Silva-Sales M, Fumian TM, Maranhão AG, Malta FC, Ferreira FC, Pimenta MM, Miagostovich MP. Investigation of Human and Animal Viruses in Water Matrices from a Rural Area in Southeastern Region of Brazil and Their Potential Use as Microbial Source-Tracking Markers. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2023; 15:21-31. [PMID: 36629977 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the sources of contamination of water matrices in a rural area using detection of a host-specific virus (human adenovirus [HAdV], porcine adenovirus [PAdV] and bovine polyomaviruses [BoPyV]) as potential microbial source-tracking tool, and rotavirus A [RVA], given its epidemiological importance in Brazil. From July 2017 to June 2018, 92 samples were collected from eight points (P1-P8) of surface and raw waters in southeastern region of Brazil. Fifty-five (59.8%) were positive for HAdV, 41 (44.5%) for RVA, 10 (10.9%) for PAdV and four (4.3%) for BoPyV. HAdV and RVA were detected at all sites, and over the entire sampling period, PAdV was detected at a porcine breeding area and at Guarda River site, presenting high concentrations up to 2.6 × 109 genome copies per liter [GC/L], and viral concentrations ranging from 9.6 × 101 to 7.1 × 107, while BoPyV (1.5 × 104 GC/L-9.2 × 105 GC/L) was only detected in samples from the bovine breeding areas. The combination of human and animal virus circulation presents a potential impact in the environment due to raw sewage discharge from regional communities, as well as potential hazard to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Regina Lopes Dos Santos
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Federal Rural Do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marcelle Silva-Sales
- Institute of Public Health and Tropical Pathology, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio Correia Malta
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando César Ferreira
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Maria Pimenta
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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20
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Li C, Sylvestre É, Fernandez-Cassi X, Julian TR, Kohn T. Waterborne virus transport and the associated risks in a large lake. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119437. [PMID: 36476383 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne enteric viruses in lakes, especially at recreational water sites, may have a negative impact on human health. However, their fate and transport in lakes are poorly understood. In this study, we propose a coupled water quality and quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model to study the transport, fate and infection risk of four common waterborne viruses (adenovirus, enterovirus, norovirus and rotavirus), using Lake Geneva as a study site. The measured virus load in raw sewage entering the lake was used as the source term in the water quality simulations for a hypothetical scenario of discharging raw wastewater at the lake surface. After discharge into the lake, virus inactivation was modeled as a function of water temperature and solar irradiance that varied both spatially and temporally during transport throughout the lake. Finally, the probability of infection, while swimming at a popular beach, was quantified and compared among the four viruses. Norovirus was found to be the most abundant virus that causes an infection probability that is at least 10 times greater than the other viruses studied. Furthermore, environmental inactivation was found to be an essential determinant in the infection risks posed by viruses to recreational water users. We determined that infection risks by enterovirus and rotavirus could be up to 1000 times lower when virus inactivation by environmental stressors was accounted for compared with the scenarios considering hydrodynamic transport only. Finally, the model highlighted the role of the wind field in conveying the contamination plume and hence in determining infection probability. Our simulations revealed that for beaches located west of the sewage discharge, the infection probability under eastward wind was 43% lower than that under westward wind conditions. This study highlights the potential of combining water quality simulation and virus-specific risk assessment for a safe water resources usage and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojie Li
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Émile Sylvestre
- Department Environmental Microbiology, Eawag-Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Fernandez-Cassi
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Timothy R Julian
- Department Environmental Microbiology, Eawag-Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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21
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Carducci A, Federigi I, Balestri E, Lardicci C, Castelli A, Maltagliati F, Zhao H, Menicagli V, Valente R, De Battisti D, Verani M. Virus contamination and infectivity in beach environment: Focus on sand and stranded material. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114342. [PMID: 36395711 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To assess the exposure of beachgoers to viruses, a study on seawater, sand, and beach-stranded material was carried out, searching for human viruses, fecal indicator organisms, and total fungi. Moreover, for the first time, the genome persistence and infectivity of two model viruses was studied in laboratory-spiked sand and seawater samples during a one-week experiment. Viral genome was detected in 13.6 % of the environmental samples, but it was not infectious (Human Adenovirus - HAdV, and enterovirus). Norovirus and SARS-CoV-2 were not detected. The most contaminated samples were from sand and close to riverine discharges. In lab-scale experiments, the infectivity of HAdV5 decreased by ~1.5-Log10 in a week, the one of Human Coronavirus-229E disappeared in <3 h in sand. The genome of both viruses persisted throughout the experiment. Our results confirm viral contamination of the beach and suggest HAdV as an index pathogen for beach monitoring and quantitative risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalaura Carducci
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ileana Federigi
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Elena Balestri
- Unit of Marine Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Lardicci
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa, via S. Maria 53, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Center for Instrument Sharing University of Pisa (CISUP), Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Castelli
- Unit of Marine Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Maltagliati
- Unit of Marine Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Hongrui Zhao
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Virginia Menicagli
- Unit of Marine Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Center for Instrument Sharing University of Pisa (CISUP), Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossella Valente
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide De Battisti
- Unit of Marine Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Department of Biology, Chioggia Hydrobiological Station Umberto D'Ancona, University of Padova, Chioggia, Italy
| | - Marco Verani
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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22
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Lopatek M, Wieczorek K, Osek J. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens Isolated from Raw Bivalve Molluscs Subjected to Consumption in Poland during a Ten-Year Period. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213521. [PMID: 36360134 PMCID: PMC9657009 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological contamination of raw bivalve molluscan shellfish (BMS) available on the Polish market and determinate the antimicrobial resistance of the obtained isolates. A total of 1000 mollusc samples were tested for the presence of Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes, V. parahaemolyticus, and S. aureus using the ISO standard methods. Additionally, the bacterial isolates’ susceptibility to antimicrobials was determined using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. The obtained results showed that Salmonella spp. was detected in 31 (3.1%) samples, and 51.6% of the bacterial isolates were classified as Salmonella Typhimurium. A total of 74.2% of the Salmonella isolates were sensitive to all antimicrobial agents, whereas three isolates were multiresistant. L. monocytogenes was isolated from 18 (1.8%) BMS, and the isolates belonged to serogroups IIa, IIb, and IVb. Most of them were resistant to ceftriaxone (77.8%) and oxacillin (55.6%). V. parahaemolyticus was present in 24.2% BMS. These isolates were mainly resistant to ampicillin (77.3%) and streptomycin (64.0%). Moreover, 15.2% of the bivalve molluscs were contaminated with S. aureus. Most isolates belonging to this species were resistant to penicillin (84.9%). A total of 60 (6.0%) bivalve molluscs were contaminated with more than one pathogen simultaneously. In addition, the tested bacteria were more likely to be identified during the warmer period (53.9%) compared to the samples analyzed in colder months (35.7%). The obtained results indicate that raw bivalve molluscs from the Polish market are frequently contaminated with bacterial foodborne pathogens, which may be resistant to antimicrobials.
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do Nascimento LG, Sarmento SK, Leonardo R, Gutierrez MB, Malta FC, de Oliveira JM, Guerra CR, Coutinho R, Miagostovich MP, Fumian TM. Detection and Molecular Characterization of Enteric Viruses in Bivalve Mollusks Collected in Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Viruses 2022; 14:2359. [PMID: 36366459 PMCID: PMC9695388 DOI: 10.3390/v14112359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral bivalve contamination is a recognized food safety hazard. Therefore, this study investigated the detection rates, seasonality, quantification, and genetic diversity of enteric viruses in bivalve samples (mussels and oysters). We collected 97 shellfish samples between March 2018 and February 2020. The screening of samples by qPCR or RT-qPCR revealed the detection of norovirus (42.3%), rotavirus A (RVA; 16.5%), human adenovirus (HAdV; 24.7%), and human bocavirus (HBoV; 13.4%). There was no detection of hepatitis A virus. In total, 58.8% of shellfish samples tested positive for one or more viruses, with 42.1% of positive samples contaminated with two or more viruses. Norovirus showed the highest median viral load (3.3 × 106 GC/g), followed by HAdV (median of 3.5 × 104 GC/g), RVA (median of 1.5 × 103 GC/g), and HBoV (median of 1.3 × 103 GC/g). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that norovirus strains belonged to genotype GII.12[P16], RVA to genotype I2, HAdV to types -C2, -C5, and -F40, and HBoV to genotypes -1 and -2. Our results demonstrate the viral contamination of bivalves, emphasizing the need for virological monitoring programs to ensure the quality and safety of shellfish for human consumption and as a valuable surveillance tool to monitor emerging viruses and novel variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Gonçalves do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sylvia Kahwage Sarmento
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raphael Leonardo
- Laboratory of Viral Morphology and Morphogenesis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Meylin Bautista Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fábio Correia Malta
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Mendes de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Caroline Rezende Guerra
- Laboratory of Marine Genetics, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Sea Studies Institute Admiral Paulo Moreira (IEAPM), Arraial do Cabo 28930-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Coutinho
- Laboratory of Marine Genetics, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Sea Studies Institute Admiral Paulo Moreira (IEAPM), Arraial do Cabo 28930-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
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Human enteric adenovirus F40/41 as a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in children in Brazil, 2018 to 2020. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11220. [PMID: 35780169 PMCID: PMC9250496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15413-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus (HAdV) types F40/41 have long been recognized as major viral agents of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children. Despite this, studies on HAdV molecular epidemiology are sparse, and their real impact is likely under-estimated. Thus, our goal was to investigate HAdV incidence, enteric and non-enteric types circulation, co-detections with rotavirus and norovirus and DNA shedding in stool samples from inpatients and outpatients from eleven Brazilian states. During the three-year study, 1012 AGE stool samples were analysed by TaqMan-based qPCR, to detect and quantify HAdV. Positive samples were genotyped by partial sequencing of the hexon gene followed by phylogenetic analysis. Co-detections were accessed by screening for rotavirus and norovirus. Overall, we detected HAdV in 24.5% of single-detected samples (n = 248), with a prevalence of type F41 (35.8%). We observed a higher incidence in children between 6 to 24 months, without marked seasonality. Additionally, we observed a statistically higher median viral load among single-detections between enteric and non-enteric types and a significantly lower HAdV viral load compared to rotavirus and norovirus in co-detections (p < 0.0001). Our study contributes to the knowledge of HAdV epidemiology and reinforces the need for the inclusion of enteric types F40/41 in molecular surveillance programs.
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Quantification of infectious Human mastadenovirus in environmental matrices using PMAxx-qPCR. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1465-1471. [PMID: 35666431 PMCID: PMC9168632 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00775-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular methodologies providing data on viral concentration and infectivity have been successfully used in environmental virology, supporting quantitative risk assessment studies. The present study aimed to assess human mastadenovirus (HAdV) intact particles using a derivative of propidium monoazide associated with qPCR (PMAxx-qPCR) in aquatic matrices. Initially, different concentrations of PMAxx were evaluated to establish an optimal protocol for treating different naturally contaminated matrices, using 10 min incubation in the dark at 200 rpm at room temperature and 15 min of photoactivation in the PMA-Lite™ LED photolysis device. There was no significant reduction in the quantification of infectious HAdV with increasing concentration of PMAxx used (20 μM, 50 μM, and 100 μM), except for sewage samples. In this matrix, a reduction of 5.01 log of genomic copies (GC)/L was observed from the concentration of 50 μM and revealed 100% HAdV particles with damaged capsids. On the other hand, the mean reduction of 0.51 log in stool samples using the same concentration mentioned above demonstrated 83% of damaged particles eliminated in the stool. Following, 50 μM PMAxx-qPCR protocol revealed a log reduction of 0.91, 0.67, and 1.05 in other samples of raw sewage, brackish, and seawater where HAdV concentration reached 1.47 × 104, 6.81 × 102, and 2.33 × 102 GC/L, respectively. Fifty micrometers of PMAxx protocol helped screen intact viruses from different matrices, including sea and brackish water.
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Hydrophobic cellulose-based and non-woven fabrics coated with mesoporous TiO2 and their virucidal properties under indoor light. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2022. [PMCID: PMC8717712 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral hydrophobic cellulose-based cotton or non-woven fabrics containing mesoporous TiO2 particles were developed for potential use in healthcare and in other contaminated environments. Hydrosols made with the sol-gel method using two different amounts of the Ti precursor were applied to cotton and non-woven fabrics and their virucidal effect on Murine Coronavirus (MHV-3) and Human Adenovirus (HAdV-5) was evaluated under indoor light irradiation. The results show 90% reduction of HAdV-5 and up to 99% of MHV-3 in non-woven fabric, and 90% reduction of MHV-3 and no reduction of HAdV-5 in cotton fabric. The antiviral activity was related to the properties of the TiO2 powders and coatings characterized by BET surface area, DRX, DLS, FTIR, DRS, SEM, TEM and water contact angle. The hydrophobic characteristic of the treated fabrics and the high surface area of the TiO2 particles favor interaction with the virus, especially MHV-3. These results demonstrate that non-woven fabric and cotton, coated with TiO2, can be highly effective in preventing contamination with MHV-3 and HAdV-5 viruses, particularly for applications in healthcare indoor environments.
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27
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Portal TM, Vanmechelen B, Van Espen L, Jansen D, Teixeira DM, de Sousa ESA, da Silva VP, de Lima JS, Reymão TKA, Sequeira CG, da Silva Ventura AMR, da Silva LD, Resque HR, Matthijnssens J, Gabbay YB. Molecular characterization of the gastrointestinal eukaryotic virome in elderly people in Belem, Para, Brazil. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 99:105241. [PMID: 35150892 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis is one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide, affecting mainly children, the immunocompromised and elderly people. Enteric viruses, especially rotavirus A, are considered important etiological agents, while long-term care facilities are considered favorable environments for the occurrence of sporadic cases and outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. Therefore, it is important to monitor the viral agents present in nursing homes, especially because studies involving the elderly population in Brazil are scarce, resulting in a lack of available virological data. As a result, the causative agent remains unidentified in a large number of reported acute gastroenteritis cases. However, the advent of next-generation sequencing provides new opportunities for viral detection and discovery. The aim of this study was to identify the viruses that circulate among elderly people with and without acute gastroenteritis, living in residential care homes in Belém, Pará, Brazil, between 2017 and 2019. Ninety-three samples were collected and screened by immunochromatography and qPCR. After, the samples were analyzed individually or in pools by next generation sequencing to identify the viruses circulating in this population. In 26 sequenced samples, members of 13 eukaryotic virus families were identified. The most abundantly present virus families were Parvoviridae, Genomoviridae and Smacoviridae. Contigs displaying similarity to pegiviruses were also detected. Furthermore, a near-complete rotavirus A genome was obtained and could be classified as G3P[8] genotype with the equine DS-1-like genetic background. Complete sequences of the VP4 and VP7 genes of a rotavirus C were also detected, belonging to G4P[2]. This study demonstrates the first characterization of the gastrointestinal virome in elderly in Northern Brazil. A diversity of viruses was found to be present in patients with and without diarrhea, reinforcing the need to monitor elderly people residing in long-term care facilities, especially in cases of acute gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayara Morais Portal
- Postgraduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Bert Vanmechelen
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lore Van Espen
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daan Jansen
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dielle Monteiro Teixeira
- Postgraduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Emanuella Sarmento Alho de Sousa
- Scientific Initiation with CNPq and FAPESPA scholarships from Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Victor Pereira da Silva
- Scientific Initiation with CNPq and FAPESPA scholarships from Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Juliana Silva de Lima
- Scientific Initiation with CNPq and FAPESPA scholarships from Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Tammy Katlhyn Amaral Reymão
- Federal University of Pará, Institute of Biological Sciences, Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Graduate Program, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luciana Damascena da Silva
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Hugo Reis Resque
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yvone Benchimol Gabbay
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
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Surveillance of Adenovirus and Norovirus Contaminants in the Water and Shellfish of Major Oyster Breeding Farms and Fishing Ports in Taiwan. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030316. [PMID: 35335640 PMCID: PMC8954279 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric viruses, including adenovirus (AdVs) and norovirus (NoVs), in shellfish is a significant food safety risk. This study investigated the prevalence, seasonal occurrence, genetic diversity, and quantification of AdVs and NoVs in the water and cultured shellfish samples at the four major coastal oyster breeding farms (COBF), five major fishing ports (FP), and their markets in Taiwan. The AdVs/NoVs in the water and shellfish samples were isolated by the membrane filtration and direct elution methods. The RNA of NoVs was reverse-transcribed into complementary DNA through reverse transcription reaction. Further NoVs and AdVs were detected using nested PCR. A higher detection rate was recorded in the low-temperature period than high-temperature. Detection difference was noted between nested PCR and qPCR outcomes for AdVs. The total detection rate of AdVs was higher in the water samples (COBF-40.6%, FP 20%) than the shellfish samples (COBF-11.7% and FP 6.3%). The AdVs load in the water and shellfish samples ranged from 1.23 × 103 to 1.00 × 106 copies/L and 3.57 × 103 to 4.27 × 104 copies/100g, respectively. The total detection of NoVs was highest in the water samples of the FP and their market shellfish samples (11.1% and 3.2%, respectively). Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis were identified as the prevalent AdVs and NoVs genotypes in the water and shellfish samples: A species HAdVs serotype 12; F species HAdVs serotype 41; and C species PAdVs serotype 5 (NoVs GI.2, GI.3 and GII.2). No significant differences were observed between the presence of AdVs, and all of the water quality parameters evaluated (heterotrophic plate count, water temperature, turbidity, pH, salinity, and dissolved oxygen). The virus contamination occurs mainly due to the direct discharge of domestic sewage, livestock farm, and fishing market wastewater into the coastal environment. Thus, this study suggested framing better estuarine management to prevent AdVs/NoVs transmission in water and cultured/distributed shellfish.
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Prado T, Shubo T, Freitas L, Leomil L, Maranhão AG, Miagostovich MP. Virome in roof-harvested rainwater of a densely urbanized low-income region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150778. [PMID: 34619218 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rainwater harvesting has been considered an affordable practice to supplement the conventional sources of water supply for potable and non-potable uses worldwide. This study characterizes the viral community found in roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW) samples obtained under different rain volumes in a densely urbanized low-income region in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Three pilot-scale standardized metal-sheet roofs (same catchment area, material age, and slope - 3%) were installed in the study area aiming at obtaining more reliable and representative samples. Fifty-four samples were collected from six rainfall events from January to April 2019 and concentrated by the skimmed-milk flocculation method. Pools of different rainfall volumes were submitted to high throughput sequencing using the shotgun metagenomic approach. Sequencing was performed on NextSeq platform. Genomic analysis of the virus community revealed that most are RNA non-human viruses, including two main families: Dicistroviridae and Iflaviridae, recognized for infecting arthropods. Bacteriophages were also relatively abundant, with a predominance of DNA phages belonging to Microviridae and Siphoviridae families, showing percentages from 5.3 and 3.7% of the total viral hits present in these samples, respectively. Viral genomic RNA viruses (77%) predominated over DNA viruses (23%). Concerning number of viral species identified, a higher percentage was observed for plant viruses (12 families, 58%). Hepatitis A virus and human klassevirus 1 were detected among the established human pathogens, suggesting the need for RHRW treatment before it is considered for human consumption. Australian bat lyssavirus was also detected, emphasizing the importance of environmental monitoring facing emerging viruses. The results corroborate the influence of the surrounding area on the rainwater quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Prado
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Tatsuo Shubo
- Sergio Arouca Public Health National School, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil
| | - Lucas Freitas
- Laboratory of Respiratory Virus and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil
| | - Luciana Leomil
- SENAI Innovation Institute for Biosynthetics and Fibers, Technology Center for Chemical and Textile Industry, SENAI CETIQT - R: Fernando de Souza Barros, 120 - Cidade Universitária Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro CEP: 21941-857, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Lanzarini NM, Federigi I, Marinho Mata R, Neves Borges MD, Mendes Saggioro E, Cioni L, Verani M, Carducci A, Costa Moreira J, Ferreira Mannarino C, Pereira Miagostovich M. Human adenovirus in municipal solid waste leachate and quantitative risk assessment of gastrointestinal illness to waste collectors. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 138:308-317. [PMID: 34922305 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Leachate is a variable effluent from waste management systems generated during waste collection and on landfills. Twenty-two leachate samples from waste collection trucks and a landfill were collected from March to December 2019 in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) and were analyzed for Human Adenovirus (HAdV), bacterial indicators and physico-chemical parameters. For viral analysis, samples were concentrated by ultracentrifugation and processed for molecular analysis using QIAamp Fast DNA Stool mini kit® for DNA extraction followed by nested-PCR and qPCR/PMA-qPCR TaqMan® system. HAdV was detected by nested-PCR in 100% (9/9) and 83.33% (12/13) of the truck and landfill leachate samples, respectively. Viral concentrations ranged from 8.31 × 101 to 6.68 × 107 genomic copies per 100 ml by qPCR and PMA-qPCR. HAdV species A, B, C, and F were characterized using nucleotide sequencing. HAdV were isolated in A549 culture cells in 100% (9/9) and 46.2% (6/13) from truck and landfill leachate samples, respectively. Regardless of the detection methods, HAdV concentration was predicted by the quantity of total suspended solids. A quantitative microbial risk assessment was performed to measure the probability of gastrointestinal (GI) illness attributable to inadvertent oral ingestion of truck leachate, revealing the higher probability of disease for the direct splashing into the oral cavity (58%) than for the gloved hand-to-mouth (33%). In a scenario where waste collectors do not wear gloves as protective personal equipment, the risk increases to 67%. This is the first study revealing infectious HAdV in solid waste leachate and indicates a potential health risk for waste collectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Maria Lanzarini
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Ileana Federigi
- Hygiene and Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Rafaela Marinho Mata
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Denise Neves Borges
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Enrico Mendes Saggioro
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lorenzo Cioni
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Verani
- Hygiene and Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- Hygiene and Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Josino Costa Moreira
- Center for Studies on Workers' Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Camille Ferreira Mannarino
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Shubo T, Maranhão AG, Ferreira FC, de Silva E Mouta Júnior S, de Pedrosa Macena LDG, do Rosário Vaz Morgado C, Warish A, Sidhu JPS, Miagostovich MP. Microbiological characterization of stormwater in a high-income neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:51. [PMID: 34985601 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09677-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater harvesting and reuse in the urban environment is emerging as an alternative water source, despite human pathogens in the stormwater may represent a hazard to public health. This study presents the results of 1-year monitoring to evaluate the quality of stormwater obtained in a high-income neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro for a set of microbiological parameters as total coliforms, Escherichia coli (E. coli), human adenovirus (HAdV), human JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), Group A rotavirus (RVA), and norovirus GI and GII. Forty-eight stormwater samples obtained from two multiplex units presented total coliforms and E. coli in 91.7% (n = 44) and 58.3% (n = 28) of samples, while HAdV and JCPyV were detected in 20.8% (n = 10) and 12.5% (n = 6), respectively. Viral quantification ranged from 103 to 104 genomic copies/liter (GC/L) for HAdV and from 101 to 104 GC/L for JCPyV. Neither RVA nor norovirus GI and GII was detected. Fifteen out of sixteen (93.8%) samples containing viruses were compliant as per fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) according to Brazilian standards for rainwater reuse and US EPA Guidelines for Water Reuse, suggesting that viruses monitoring should complement the study of bacterial indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Shubo
- Environmental Engineering Program (PEA), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brazil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando César Ferreira
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sérgio de Silva E Mouta Júnior
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lorena da Graça de Pedrosa Macena
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Ahmed Warish
- Environmental Contaminant Mitigation & Biotechnologies (ECMB), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jatinder P S Sidhu
- Ecoscience Precinct, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, 41 Boggo Road, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Silva MR, Ferreira FC, Maranhão AG, Lanzarini NM, de Carvalho Castro KN, Miagostovich MP. Assessment of Viral Contamination of Five Brazilian Artisanal Cheese Produced from Raw Milk: a Randomized Survey. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:528-534. [PMID: 34318441 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses have been described as important contaminants in fresh and ready-to-eat foods such as sandwiches, deli meat and dairy products. This is a cross-sectional randomized survey to estimate the prevalence of norovirus and human adenovirus (HAdV) from 100 Brazilian artisanal raw milk cheese samples (Minas and Coalho) obtained from different agroindustries in four producing regions in the states of Minas Gerais and one in Piauí, respectively. From October 2017 to April 2018, norovirus genogroups I and II and HAdV were investigated in these cheese samples by RT-qPCR and qPCR, respectively. Viruses were detected in 43 samples, being 26 norovirus GI strains, 14 HAdV, and 3 both viruses. Norovirus GII strains were not detected. Viral concentrations ranged from 6.17 × 104 to 1.44 × 107 genome copies/L-1 and murine norovirus 1 used as internal process control showed 100% success rate of recovery with efficiency of 10%. There was a trend towards a higher positivity rate for both viruses in the rainy season, and HAdV were more commonly found among samples with higher fecal coliform counts. This study is a first step in assessing the risk that this contamination may pose to the consumer of raw products as well as emphasizing the need for good manufacturing practices, quality control systems in the dairy industry and markets. As a randomized survey, we established baseline figures for viruses' prevalence in five types of ready-to-eat raw milk artisanal Brazilian cheese, to allow any monitoring trends, setting control targets and future local risk analyses studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando César Ferreira
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Natália Maria Lanzarini
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
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Fiorito F, Di Concilio D, Lambiase S, Amoroso MG, Langellotti AL, Martello A, Esposito M, Galiero G, Fusco G. Oyster Crassostrea gigas, a good model for correlating viral and chemical contamination in the marine environment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 172:112825. [PMID: 34388447 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To establish a relationship between viruses and chemicals, they were analysed in oyster Crassostrea gigas from an Italian experimental station. The chemicals concentrations were: Σ6 NDL-PCBs 0.82-7.12 ng g-1; BaP LOQ (<0.2 μg kg-1) to 1.2 μg kg-1; PAH4 LOQ (<0.2 μg kg-1) to 9.8 μg kg-1; Cd 0.073-0.365 mg kg-1; Pb 0.010-0.487 mg kg-1; and Hg < LOQ (0.089 mg kg-1). The viruses identified included: noroviruses (NoVGI/GII), astrovirus (AsV), rotavirus (RV), adenovirus (AdV), and sapovirus (SaV), while hepatitis A, hepatitis E, and Aichi viruses were not detected. Significant correlations were observed for NDL-PCBs with NoVGI, NoVGII, and AdV; BaP and PAH4 with NoVGI and AsV; Cd with RV; Pb with NoVGI and AsV; PAHs with Pb; AsV with NoVGI; and AdV with NoVGII. The study indicated as C. gigas is a model for correlating pollutants and foodborne viruses, whose co-presence may represent an additional food safety risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Fiorito
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Denise Di Concilio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Lambiase
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Antonio L Langellotti
- Centro di Ateneo per l'Innovazione e lo Sviluppo dell'Industria Alimentare (CAISIAL), Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Martello
- Centro di Ateneo per l'Innovazione e lo Sviluppo dell'Industria Alimentare (CAISIAL), Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Mauro Esposito
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy; Centro di Referenza Nazionale per l'Analisi e Studio di Correlazione tra Ambiente, Animale e Uomo, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgio Galiero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy
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Savini F, Giacometti F, Tomasello F, Pollesel M, Piva S, Serraino A, De Cesare A. Assessment of the Impact on Human Health of the Presence of Norovirus in Bivalve Molluscs: What Data Do We Miss? Foods 2021; 10:2444. [PMID: 34681492 PMCID: PMC8535557 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the latest One Health ECDC EFSA technical report, Norovirus in fish and fishery products have been listed as the agent/food pair causing the highest number of strong-evidence outbreaks in the EU in 2019. This review aims to identify data gaps that must be filled in order to increase knowledge on Norovirus in bivalve molluscs, perform a risk assessment and rank the key mitigation strategies for this biological hazard, which is relevant to public health. Virologic determinations are not included in any of the food safety and process hygiene microbiologic criteria reflected in the current European regulations. In addition, the Escherichia coli-based indices of acceptable faecal contamination for primary production, as well as the food safety criteria, do not appear sufficient to indicate the extent of Norovirus contamination. The qualitative risk assessment data collected in this review suggests that bivalve molluscs present a high risk to human health for Norovirus only when consumed raw or when insufficiently cooked. On the contrary, the risk can be considered negligible when they are cooked at a high temperature, while information is still scarce for non-thermal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (F.S.); (F.T.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (A.D.C.)
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Rusiñol M, Zammit I, Itarte M, Forés E, Martínez-Puchol S, Girones R, Borrego C, Corominas L, Bofill-Mas S. Monitoring waves of the COVID-19 pandemic: Inferences from WWTPs of different sizes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 787:147463. [PMID: 33989864 PMCID: PMC8103791 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater based epidemiology was employed to track the spread of SARS-CoV-2 within the sewershed areas of 10 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Catalonia, Spain. A total of 185 WWTPs inflow samples were collected over the period consisting of both the first wave (mid-March to June) and the second wave (July to November). Concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 RNA (N1 and N2 assays) were quantified in these wastewaters as well as those of Human adenoviruses (HAdV) and JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), as indicators of human faecal contamination. SARS-CoV-2 N gene daily loads strongly correlated with the number of cases diagnosed one week after sampling i.e. wastewater levels were a good predictor of cases to be diagnosed in the immediate future. The conditions present at small WWTPs relative to larger WWTPs influence the ability to follow the pandemic. Small WWTPs (<24,000 inhabitants) had lower median loads of SARS-CoV-2 despite similar incidence of infection within the municipalities served by the different WWTP (but not lower loads of HAdV and JCPyV). The lowest incidence resulting in quantifiable SARS-CoV-2 concentration in wastewater differed between WWTP sizes, being 0.11 and 0.82 cases/1000 inhabitants for the large and small sized WWTP respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rusiñol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment & Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Zammit
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Plaça de Sant Domènec 3, 17004 Girona, Spain
| | - M Itarte
- University of Barcelona, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Forés
- University of Barcelona, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Barcelona, Spain; The Water Institute of the University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Martínez-Puchol
- University of Barcelona, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Barcelona, Spain; The Water Institute of the University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Girones
- University of Barcelona, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Barcelona, Spain; The Water Institute of the University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Borrego
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Plaça de Sant Domènec 3, 17004 Girona, Spain
| | - Ll Corominas
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Plaça de Sant Domènec 3, 17004 Girona, Spain.
| | - S Bofill-Mas
- University of Barcelona, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Barcelona, Spain; The Water Institute of the University of Barcelona, Spain.
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Shubo T, Maranhão A, Ferreira FC, Fumian TM, Pimenta MMA, do Rosário Vaz Morgado C, Toze S, Ahmed W, Sidhu J, Miagostovich MP. Virological Characterization of Roof-Harvested Rainwater of Densely Urbanized Low-Income Region. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:412-420. [PMID: 34185277 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09484-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW) is considered relatively clean water, even though the possible presence of pathogens in the water may pose human health risks. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of enteric viruses in the first flush (10 mm) of RHRW from a densely populated and low-income urbanized region of Rio de Janeiro. One hundred samples (5 L) were collected from 10 rainfall events between April 2015 and March 2017. RNA and DNA viruses were concentrated using the skimmed milk flocculation method and analyzed using the TaqMan® quantitative RT-qPCR and qPCR. Human adenoviruses, noroviruses, rotaviruses A, and avian parvoviruses were detected in 54%, 31%, 12%, and 12% of the positive samples. JC polyomavirus, also targeted, was not detected. Virus concentrations ranged from 1.09 × 101 to 2.58 × 103 genome copies/Liter (GC/L). Partial nucleotide sequence confirmed the presence of HAdV type 41, norovirus genotype GII.4, and avian parvovirus 1. The results suggest that the first flush diversion devices may not adequately remove enteric virus from the rainwater. Additional treatment of RHRW is required to mitigate potential health risks from potable use of captured water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Shubo
- Sanitation and Environmental Health Department, Sergio Arouca Public Health National School, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando César Ferreira
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Márcia Maria Araújo Pimenta
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Simon Toze
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Jatinder Sidhu
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Business Unit, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Monteiro S, Ebdon J, Santos R, Taylor H. Elucidation of fecal inputs into the River Tagus catchment (Portugal) using source-specific mitochondrial DNA, HAdV, and phage markers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:147086. [PMID: 34088114 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Determining the source of fecal contamination in a water body is important for the application of appropriate remediation measures. However, it has been suggested in the extant literature that this can best be achieved using a 'toolbox' of molecular- and culture-based methods. In response, this study deployed three indicators (Escherichia coli (EC), intestinal enterococci (IE) and somatic coliphages (SC)), one culture-dependent human marker (Bacteroides (GB-124) bacteriophage) and five culture-independent markers (human adenovirus (HAdV), human (HMMit), cattle (CWMit), pig (PGMit) and poultry (PLMit) mitochondrial DNA markers (mtDNA)) within the River Tagus catchment (n = 105). Water samples were collected monthly over a 13-month sampling campaign at four sites (impacted by significant specific human and non-human inputs and influenced by differing degrees of marine and freshwater mixing) to determine the dominant fecal inputs and assess geographical, temporal, and meteorological (precipitation, UV, temperature) fluctuations. Our results revealed that all sampling sites were not only highly impacted by fecal contamination but that this contamination originated from human and from a range of agricultural animal sources. HMMit was present in a higher percentage (83%) and concentration (4.20 log GC/100 mL) than HAdV (32%, 2.23 log GC/100 mL) and GB-124 bacteriophage with the latter being detected once. Animal mtDNA markers were detected, with CWMit found in 73% of samples with mean concentration of 3.74 log GC/100 mL. Correlation was found between concentrations of fecal indicators (EC, IE and SC), CWMit and season. Levels of CWMit were found to be related to physico-chemical parameters, such as temperature and UV radiation, possibly as a result of the increasing presence of livestock outside in warmer months. This study provides the first evaluation of such a source-associated 'toolbox' for monitoring surface water in Portugal, and the conclusions may inform future implementation of surveillance and remediation strategies for improving water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Monteiro
- School of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK; Laboratorio Analises, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - J Ebdon
- School of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - R Santos
- Laboratorio Analises, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - H Taylor
- School of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
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Bonura F, Mascarella C, Filizzolo C, Bonura C, Ferraro D, Di Bernardo F, Collura A, Martella V, Giammanco GM, De Grazia S. Evaluation of the diagnostic performances of two commercially available assays for the detection of enteric adenovirus antigens. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 101:115459. [PMID: 34280672 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The performance of 2 antigenic commercial assays for enteric adenovirus (AdV) infection, bioNexia Rota-Adeno ImmunoChromatographic Tests (ICT) and LIAISON® Adenovirus ChemiLuminescence Immuno Assays (CLIA), was evaluated on 321 stools from children hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis in Palermo, Italy, using a Real time-PCR (Rt-PCR) as reference method. The CLIA showed higher sensitivity (77% vs 60%), accuracy (94.4 vs 90.9) and concordance (k: 0.81 vs 0.67) with respect to ICT, despite equivalent specificity (98.8%). Using the Ct values of the Rt-PCR as a proxy of the fecal viral load, similar Ct values (mean 9.32 vs 9.89) were observed among the true positive samples, whilst a significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed in false negative samples of CLIA (mean Ct 25.68) and ICT (mean Ct 19.87). Cross-reactivity with other enteric viruses was not observed. These results indicate that both the assays tested are suitable for diagnosis of AdV gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana Bonura
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile "G. D'Alessandro", Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Mascarella
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile "G. D'Alessandro", Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Filizzolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile "G. D'Alessandro", Palermo, Italy
| | - Celestino Bonura
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile "G. D'Alessandro", Palermo, Italy
| | - Donatella Ferraro
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile "G. D'Alessandro", Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Bernardo
- Unità Operativa di Microbiologia e Virologia, Ospedale Civico e Di Cristina, ARNAS, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Collura
- Unità Operativa di Microbiologia e Virologia, Ospedale Civico e Di Cristina, ARNAS, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Giovanni M Giammanco
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile "G. D'Alessandro", Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona De Grazia
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile "G. D'Alessandro", Palermo, Italy.
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Cadamuro RD, Viancelli A, Michelon W, Fonseca TG, Mass AP, Krohn DMA, Peter NRW, Fongaro G. Enteric viruses in lentic and lotic freshwater habitats from Brazil's Midwest and South regions in the Guarani Aquifer area. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:31653-31658. [PMID: 33609241 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13029-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports the monitoring of viruses indicating fecal contamination in two distinct regions affected by poor management of wastewater located above the Guarani Aquifer, which is one of the biggest freshwater reservoirs in the world. In the city of Três Lagoas (located in the Midwest region, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul), water samples were collected from Lagoa Maior, a lake used for recreation, and in Concórdia (located in the South region, in the state of Santa Catarina), from the Queimados River, which crosses the urban area. Four sampling sites were monitored from March to July 2018 in Lagoa Maior, and four sampling sites were monitored along the urban part of the Queimados River area over two periods (rainy and dry). Water samples were analyzed by concentration of Human adenovirus (HAdV), Norovirus (NoV), Rotavirus A (RAV), and Hepatitis A virus (HAV) for the Lagoa Maior samples and RVA, HAV, and Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) for the Queimados River samples. All sampling sites presented enteric viruses, demonstrating fecal input and potential contamination of groundwater. Results highlight the need for wastewater management to improve environmental health quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Dorighello Cadamuro
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, João Pio Duarte Silva, 241, Córrego Grande, Florianópolis, SC, 88037-000, Brazil
| | - Aline Viancelli
- Universidade do Contestado, PMPECSA-UnC, Victor Sopelsa, 3000, Salete, Concórdia, SC, 89711-330, Brazil
| | - William Michelon
- Universidade do Contestado, PMPECSA-UnC, Victor Sopelsa, 3000, Salete, Concórdia, SC, 89711-330, Brazil
| | - Tauani Gabriela Fonseca
- Universidade do Contestado, PMPECSA-UnC, Victor Sopelsa, 3000, Salete, Concórdia, SC, 89711-330, Brazil
| | - Apolline Parise Mass
- Universidade do Contestado, PMPECSA-UnC, Victor Sopelsa, 3000, Salete, Concórdia, SC, 89711-330, Brazil
| | | | - Nivia Rosana Weber Peter
- Universidade do Contestado, PMPECSA-UnC, Victor Sopelsa, 3000, Salete, Concórdia, SC, 89711-330, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, João Pio Duarte Silva, 241, Córrego Grande, Florianópolis, SC, 88037-000, Brazil.
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40
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Forés E, Bofill-Mas S, Itarte M, Martínez-Puchol S, Hundesa A, Calvo M, Borrego CM, Corominas LL, Girones R, Rusiñol M. Evaluation of two rapid ultrafiltration-based methods for SARS-CoV-2 concentration from wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:144786. [PMID: 33429117 PMCID: PMC7789912 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative measurements of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in raw wastewater have been implemented worldwide since the beginning of the pandemic. Recent efforts are being made to evaluate different viral concentration methodologies to overcome supplier shortages during lockdowns. A set of 22-wastewater samples seeded with murine hepatitis virus (MHV), a member of the Coronaviridae family, and the bacteriophage MS2, were used to characterize and compare two ultrafiltration-based methods: a centrifugal ultrafiltration device (Centricon® Plus-70) and the automated concentrating pipette CP-Select™. Based on the recovery efficiencies, significant differences were observed for MHV, with Centricon® Plus-70 (24%) being the most efficient method. Nevertheless, concentrations of naturally occurring SARS-CoV-2, Human adenoviruses and JC polyomaviruses in these samples did not result in significant differences between methods suggesting that testing naturally occurring viruses may complement the evaluation of viral concentration methodologies. Based on the virus adsorption to solids and the necessity of a pre-centrifugation step to remove larger particles and avoid clogging when using ultrafiltration methods, we assessed the percentage of viruses not quantified after ultrafiltration. Around 23% of the detected SARS-CoV-2 would be discarded during the debris removal step. The CP-Select™ provided the highest concentration factor (up to 333×) and the lowest LoD (6.19 × 103 GC/l) for MHV and proved to be fast, automatic, highly reproducible and suitable to work under BSL-2 measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Forés
- Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Spain; The Water Institute of the University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Bofill-Mas
- Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Spain; The Water Institute of the University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Itarte
- Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Spain; The Water Institute of the University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Martínez-Puchol
- Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Spain; The Water Institute of the University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Hundesa
- Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Calvo
- Section of Statistics, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - C M Borrego
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, E-17003 Girona, Spain; Group of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, E-17003 Girona, Spain
| | - L L Corominas
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, E-17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, E-17003 Girona, Spain
| | - R Girones
- Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Spain; The Water Institute of the University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Rusiñol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment & Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
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Ballesté E, Blanch AR, Mendez J, Sala-Comorera L, Maunula L, Monteiro S, Farnleitner AH, Tiehm A, Jofre J, García-Aljaro C. Bacteriophages Are Good Estimators of Human Viruses Present in Water. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:619495. [PMID: 34012424 PMCID: PMC8128106 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.619495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of fecal viral pathogens in water is hampered by their great variety and complex analysis. As traditional bacterial indicators are poor viral indicators, there is a need for alternative methods, such as the use of somatic coliphages, which have been included in water safety regulations in recent years. Some researchers have also recommended the use of reference viral pathogens such as noroviruses or other enteric viruses to improve the prediction of fecal viral pollution of human origin. In this work, phages previously tested in microbial source tracking studies were compared with norovirus and adenovirus for their suitability as indicators of human fecal viruses. The phages, namely those infecting human-associated Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron strain GA17 (GA17PH) and porcine-associated Bacteroides strain PG76 (PGPH), and the human-associated crAssphage marker (crAssPH), were evaluated in sewage samples and fecal mixtures obtained from different animals in five European countries, along with norovirus GI + GII (NoV) and human adenovirus (HAdV). GA17PH had an overall sensitivity of ≥83% and the highest specificity (>88%) for human pollution source detection. crAssPH showed the highest sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%) in northern European countries but a much lower specificity in Spain and Portugal (10 and 30%, respectively), being detected in animal wastewater samples with a high concentration of fecal indicators. The correlations between GA17PH, crAssPH, or the sum of both (BACPH) and HAdV or NoV were higher than between the two human viruses, indicating that bacteriophages are feasible indicators of human viral pathogens of fecal origin and constitute a promising, easy to use and affordable alternative to human viruses for routine water safety monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisenda Ballesté
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anicet R. Blanch
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Mendez
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Sala-Comorera
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leena Maunula
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Silvia Monteiro
- Laboratório Analises, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreas H. Farnleitner
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics 166/5/3, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
- Research Division Water Quality and Health, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Andreas Tiehm
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Joan Jofre
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Aljaro
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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42
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Hess S, Niessner R, Seidel M. Quantitative detection of human adenovirus from river water by monolithic adsorption filtration and quantitative PCR. J Virol Methods 2021; 292:114128. [PMID: 33716046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Water contaminated with fecally derived viruses, also known as enteric viruses, represents a particularly high risk for human health. However, they have not been included in water quality regulations yet. The detection of these viruses is often more expensive and time-consuming compared to the analysis of conventional fecal indicator organisms. In addition, most methods are not sensitive enough to detect small viral loads that may already cause serious health issues if present in water. In this study, we established a workflow for the successful and direct enrichment of human adenovirus (HAdV) from artificially contaminated river water based on monolithic adsorption filtration (MAF) and quantitative polymerase reaction (qPCR). With a clear focus on efficiency, we used targeted synthetic DNA fragments as standard for the quantification of HAdV by qPCR, leading to accurate and robust results with a qPCR efficiency of 95 %, a broad working range over 6 orders of magnitude and an LOD of 1 GU/μL. We carried out a cascade of spiking experiments, enhancing the complexity of the spiking matrix with each step to progressively evaluate MAF for the direct concentration of HAdV. We found that negatively charged MAF using monoliths with hydroxyl groups (MAF-OH) showed a better reproducibility and a significantly faster turnaround time than skimmed milk flocculation (SMF) when concentrating HAdV35 from artificially contaminated, acidified mineral water. We then validated positively charged MAF using monoliths with diethyl aminoethyl groups (MAF-DEAE) for the direct concentration of HAdV5 without pre-conditioning of water samples using tap water as spiking matrix with a less defined and controlled water chemistry. Finally, we evaluated MAF-DEAE for the direct concentration of HAdV5 from surface water using river water as representative matrix with an undefined water chemistry. We found, that MAF-DEAE achieved reproducible recoveries of HAdV5, independently of the spiked concentration level or sample volume. Furthermore, we showed, that MAF-DEAE drastically reduced the limit of detection (LOD) of HAdV5 by a factor of 115 from 6.0 ∙ 103 GU/mL before to 5.2 ∙ 101 GU/mL after MAF-DEAE. We identified that recoveries increased for smaller processing volumes with a peak at 0.5 L of 84.0 % and showed that recovery efficiency depends on sample volume and matrix type. The here presented workflow based on MAF-DEAE and qPCR offers an easy-to-implement and highly efficient alternative to existing approaches and allows for a fast detection of HAdV in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hess
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Niessner
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Seidel
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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43
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Assessment of Full-Scale Indirect Potable Water Reuse in El Port de la Selva, Spain. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13030325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In 2015, the town of El Port de la Selva in Spain implemented soil-aquifer treatment (SAT) using tertiary treated wastewater effluents to replenish the local potable aquifer. This study evaluated the initial phase of this indirect potable water reuse system including a characterization of hydraulic conditions in the aquifer and monitoring of microbial contaminants and 151 chemicals of emerging concern (CECs). The combined treatment resulted in very low abundances of indicator bacteria, enteric viruses and phages in the monitoring wells after three days of infiltration and a reduction of antibiotic microbial resistance to background levels of local groundwater. After tertiary treatment, 94 CECs were detected in the infiltration basin of which 15 chemicals exceeded drinking water thresholds or health-based monitoring trigger levels. Although SAT provided an effective barrier for many chemicals, 5 CECs were detected above health-based threshold levels in monitoring wells after short hydraulic retention times. However, additional attenuation is expected due to dilution prior to abstraction via downstream drinking water wells and during granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration, which was recently installed to mitigate residual CECs. Overall, the results demonstrate that indirect potable water reuse can be a reliable option for smaller communities, if related risks from microbial and chemical contaminants are adequately addressed by tertiary treatment and subsequent SAT, providing sufficient hydraulic retention times for pathogen decay and CEC removal.
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44
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Pedrosa de Macena LDG, Castiglia Feitosa R, Vieira CB, Araújo IT, Taniuchi M, Miagostovich MP. Microbiological assessment of an urban lagoon system in the coastal zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:1170-1180. [PMID: 32839906 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to assess microbiological contamination using a molecular tool for detection of multiple enteropathogens in a coastal ecosystem area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Ten litres of superficial water samples were obtained during the spring ebb tide from sampling sites along the Jacarepaguá watershed. Samples were concentrated using skimmed milk flocculation method for TaqMan array card (TAC), designed to identify 35 enteric pathogens simultaneously, and single TaqMan qPCR analysis for detecting human adenovirus (HAdV) and JC human polyomavirus (JCPyV) as faecal indicator viruses (FIV). TAC results identified 17 enteric pathogens including 4/5 viral species investigated, 8/15 bacteria, 4/6 protozoa and 1/7 helminths. Escherichia coli concentration was also measured as faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) using Colilert Quanti-Tray System with positivity in all samples studied. HAdV and JCPyV qPCR were detected in 8 and 4 samples, respectively, with concentration ranging from 8 × 102 to 2 × 106 genome copies/L. Partial nucleotide sequencing demonstrated the occurrence of species HAdV A, C, D, and F, present in faeces of individuals with enteric and non-enteric infections, and JCPyV type 3 (Af2), prevalent in a high genetically mixed population like the Brazilian. The diversity of enteropathogens detected by TAC emphasizes the utility of this methodology for quick assessment of microbiological contamination of the aquatic ecosystems, speeding up mitigation actions where the risk of the exposed population is detected, as well as pointing out the infrastructure gaps in areas where accelerated urban growth is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena da Graça Pedrosa de Macena
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Helio e Peggy Pereira Pavilion, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Renato Castiglia Feitosa
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, National School of Public Health (ENSP), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1.480, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-210, Brazil
| | - Carmen Baur Vieira
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology (MIP), Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Rua Professor Hernani Melo, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Irene Trigueiros Araújo
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Helio e Peggy Pereira Pavilion, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Mami Taniuchi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Helio e Peggy Pereira Pavilion, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
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45
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Guerrero-Latorre L, Ballesteros I, Villacrés-Granda I, Granda MG, Freire-Paspuel B, Ríos-Touma B. SARS-CoV-2 in river water: Implications in low sanitation countries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140832. [PMID: 32679506 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.14.20131201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Since the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic studies on viral shedding have reported that this virus is excreted in feces in most patients. High viral loads are found at the sewage pipeline or at the entrance of wastewater treatment plants from cities where the number of COVID-19 cases are significant. In Quito (Ecuador) as in many other cities worldwide, wastewater is directly discharged into natural waters. The aim of this study was to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 presence in urban streams from a low sanitation context. Three river locations along the urban rivers of Quito were sampled on the 5th of June during a peak of COVID-19 cases. River samples were evaluated for water quality parameters and afterwards, concentrated for viral analysis using skimmed milk flocculation method. The viral concentrates were quantified for SARS-CoV-2 (N1 and N2 target regions) and Human Adenovirus as a human viral indicator. The results showed that SARS-CoV-2 was detected for both target regions in all samples analyzed in a range of 2,91E+05 to 3,19E+06 GC/L for N1 and from 2,07E+05 to 2,22E+06 GC/L for N2. The high values detected in natural waters from a low sanitation region have several implications in health and ecology that should be further assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Guerrero-Latorre
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud, Facultad de Ingenierías y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, Ecuador; Department of Biology, Area of Microbiology, University of Girona, Spain
| | - Isabel Ballesteros
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud, Facultad de Ingenierías y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | - Blanca Ríos-Touma
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud, Facultad de Ingenierías y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, Ecuador.
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Guerrero-Latorre L, Ballesteros I, Villacrés-Granda I, Granda MG, Freire-Paspuel B, Ríos-Touma B. SARS-CoV-2 in river water: Implications in low sanitation countries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140832. [PMID: 32679506 PMCID: PMC7343659 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic studies on viral shedding have reported that this virus is excreted in feces in most patients. High viral loads are found at the sewage pipeline or at the entrance of wastewater treatment plants from cities where the number of COVID-19 cases are significant. In Quito (Ecuador) as in many other cities worldwide, wastewater is directly discharged into natural waters. The aim of this study was to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 presence in urban streams from a low sanitation context. Three river locations along the urban rivers of Quito were sampled on the 5th of June during a peak of COVID-19 cases. River samples were evaluated for water quality parameters and afterwards, concentrated for viral analysis using skimmed milk flocculation method. The viral concentrates were quantified for SARS-CoV-2 (N1 and N2 target regions) and Human Adenovirus as a human viral indicator. The results showed that SARS-CoV-2 was detected for both target regions in all samples analyzed in a range of 2,91E+05 to 3,19E+06 GC/L for N1 and from 2,07E+05 to 2,22E+06 GC/L for N2. The high values detected in natural waters from a low sanitation region have several implications in health and ecology that should be further assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Guerrero-Latorre
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud, Facultad de Ingenierías y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, Ecuador; Department of Biology, Area of Microbiology, University of Girona, Spain
| | - Isabel Ballesteros
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud, Facultad de Ingenierías y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | - Blanca Ríos-Touma
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud, Facultad de Ingenierías y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, Ecuador.
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47
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An XL, Wang JY, Pu Q, Li H, Pan T, Li HQ, Pan FX, Su JQ. High-throughput diagnosis of human pathogens and fecal contamination in marine recreational water. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 190:109982. [PMID: 32745749 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne pathogens and their associated diseases are major threats to public health, and surveillance of pathogens and identification of the sources of pollution are imperative for preventing infections. However, simultaneously quantitative detection of multiple pathogens and pollution sources in water environments is the major challenge. In this study, we developed and validated a highly sensitive (mostly >80%) and highly specific (>99%) high-throughput quantitative PCR (HT-qPCR) approach, which could simultaneously quantify 68 marker genes of 33 human pathogens and 23 fecal markers of 10 hosts. The HT-qPCR approach was then successfully used to investigate pathogens and fecal pollution in marine recreational water samples of Xiamen, China. Totally, seven pathogenic marker genes were found in 13 beach bathing waters, which targeted Acanthamoeba spp., Clostridium perfringens, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibrio cholera/V. parahaemolyticus and Legionella spp.. Fecal markers from human and dog were the most frequently detected, indicating human and dog feces were the main contamination in the recreational waters. Nanopore sequencing of full-length 16S rRNA gene revealed that 28 potential human pathogens were detected and electrical conductivity, salinity, oxidation-reduction potential and dissolved oxygen were significantly correlated with the variation in bacterial community. Our results demonstrated that HT-qPCR approach had the potential rapid quantification of microbial contamination, providing useful data for assessment of microbial pathogen associated health risk and development of management practices to protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Li An
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Jia-Ying Wang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiang Pu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hu Li
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huan-Qin Li
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; College of the Environmental & Ecology, Xiamen University, 361102, China
| | - Fu-Xia Pan
- Jinan Environmental Research Institute, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Su
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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Elmahdy EM, Shaheen MNF, Rizk NM, Saad-Hussein A. Quantitative Detection of Human Adenovirus and Human Rotavirus Group A in Wastewater and El-Rahawy Drainage Canal Influencing River Nile in the North of Giza, Egypt. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:218-225. [PMID: 32388732 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09429-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental monitoring is critical in a developing country like Egypt where there is an insufficient framework for recording and tracking outbreaks. In this study, the prevalence of human adenovirus (HAdV), rotavirus group A (RVA) was determined in urban sewage, activated sludge, drainage water, drainage sediment, Nile water, and Nile sediment, using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. HAdV was detected in 50% of urban sewage with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 genome copies/liter (GC/L), 33% of activated sludge with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/kilogram (GC/kg), 95% of drainage water with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/L, 75% of drainage sediment with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/L, 50% of Nile water with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/L, and 45% of Nile sediment with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/kg. RVA was detected in 50% of urban sewage with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/L, 75% of activated sludge with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/L, 58% of drainage water with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/L, 50% of drainage sediment with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/L, and 45% of Nile water with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/kg. In conclusion, Abu-Rawash WWTP acts as a source of HAdV and RVA, releasing them into El-Rahawy drain then to the River Nile Rosetta branch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmahdy M Elmahdy
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed N F Shaheen
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Neveen M Rizk
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Amal Saad-Hussein
- Environmental & Occupational Medicine Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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Lanzarini NM, Marinho Mata R, Mendes Saggioro E, Costa Moreira J, Ferreira Mannarino C, Pereira Miagostovich M. Evaluation of Viral Recovery Methodologies from Solid Waste Landfill Leachate. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:209-217. [PMID: 32578012 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leachate from solid waste landfill is a dark liquid of variable composition and possible source of contamination of groundwater and surface waters. This study aims to assess skimmed milk flocculation and ultracentrifugation as viral concentration methods associated to different nucleic acid extraction protocols in order to establish a methodology for virus recovery from sanitary landfill leachate. Spiking experiments using human adenovirus (HAdV) and bacteriophage PP7 revealed the association of QIAamp Fast DNA Stool mini kit® nucleic acid extraction and ultracentrifugation as an effective method for recovering HAdV (346.18%) and PP7 (523.97%) when compared to organic flocculation method (162.64% for HAdV and 0.61% for PP7) that presented PCR inhibition in all undiluted samples. Ultracentrifugation applied in three landfill samples confirm efficiency of the methodology detecting HAdV in all samples with a mean of 3.44E + 06 ± 1.56E + 06 genomic copies/mL. Nucleotide sequencing characterized HAdV as belonging to group B and F. JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) was also investigated in those samples; however, detection was not observed. Methodologies for detection of viruses in leachate can be useful to generate data for future health risk analysis of workers who have contact with solid urban waste, as well as populations exposed to different environmental matrices contaminated by these effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Maria Lanzarini
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil.
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Rafaela Marinho Mata
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Enrico Mendes Saggioro
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Josino Costa Moreira
- Center for Studies On Workers' Health and Human Ecology, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Camille Ferreira Mannarino
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
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50
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Farkas K, Walker DI, Adriaenssens EM, McDonald JE, Hillary LS, Malham SK, Jones DL. Viral indicators for tracking domestic wastewater contamination in the aquatic environment. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 181:115926. [PMID: 32417460 PMCID: PMC7211501 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne enteric viruses are an emerging cause of disease outbreaks and represent a major threat to global public health. Enteric viruses may originate from human wastewater and can undergo rapid transport through aquatic environments with minimal decay. Surveillance and source apportionment of enteric viruses in environmental waters is therefore essential for accurate risk management. However, individual monitoring of the >100 enteric viral strains that have been identified as aquatic contaminants is unfeasible. Instead, viral indicators are often used for quantitative assessments of wastewater contamination, viral decay and transport in water. An ideal indicator for tracking wastewater contamination should be (i) easy to detect and quantify, (ii) source-specific, (iii) resistant to wastewater treatment processes, and (iv) persistent in the aquatic environment, with similar behaviour to viral pathogens. Here, we conducted a comprehensive review of 127 peer-reviewed publications, to critically evaluate the effectiveness of several viral indicators of wastewater pollution, including common enteric viruses (mastadenoviruses, polyomaviruses, and Aichi viruses), the pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), and gut-associated bacteriophages (Type II/III FRNA phages and phages infecting human Bacteroides species, including crAssphage). Our analysis suggests that overall, human mastadenoviruses have the greatest potential to indicate contamination by domestic wastewater due to their easy detection, culturability, and high prevalence in wastewater and in the polluted environment. Aichi virus, crAssphage and PMMoV are also widely detected in wastewater and in the environment, and may be used as molecular markers for human-derived contamination. We conclude that viral indicators are suitable for the long-term monitoring of viral contamination in freshwater and marine environments and that these should be implemented within monitoring programmes to provide a holistic assessment of microbiological water quality and wastewater-based epidemiology, improve current risk management strategies and protect global human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Farkas
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK; School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK.
| | - David I Walker
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | | | - James E McDonald
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Luke S Hillary
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Shelagh K Malham
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK
| | - Davey L Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK; UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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