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Arias-Moliz MT, Pérez-Carrasco V, Uroz-Torres D, Santana Ramos JD, García-Salcedo JA, Soriano M. Identification of keystone taxa in root canals and periapical lesions of post-treatment endodontic infections: Next generation microbiome research. Int Endod J 2024; 57:933-942. [PMID: 38357799 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to analyse and compare the microbiome present in root canals and periapical lesions of teeth with post-treatment infections, and to identify the presence of keystone taxa in both habitats using next-generation sequencing analysis. METHODOLOGY Apices and periapical lesions of patients with post-treatment apical periodontitis were surgically extracted. Specimens were cryo-pulverized, bacterial DNA was extracted, and the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced using the Illumina Miseq platform. Bioinformatic analysis was carried out with Mothur software, whilst diversity indices were obtained using operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The diversity indices were compared with the Kruskal-Wallis test, and community composition differences were explored with Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA). A bacterial functional study was performed with the Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) analysis. Co-occurrence network analyses were performed using the Sparse Correlations for Compositional data (SparCC). Eigencentrality, clr-based abundance and ubiquitousness were applied to infer keystone taxa. P values <.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS Thirty-two apices and thirty-nine periapical lesions were sequenced and analysed. A similar alpha-diversity (p < .05) and community composition (p = .91) was observed for apices and lesion samples. The most abundant OTUs identified amongst all samples included Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella loescheii, Streptococcus intermedius, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Parvimonas micra, Synergistetes bacterium, Tannerella forsythia and Peptostreptococcus stomatis. The metabolic pathways with >0.81% abundances included membrane transport, genetic information processing and metabolic pathways. F. nucleatum was identified as a keystone taxon as it showed ubiquitousness, an eigenvector centrality value of 0.83 and a clr-based abundance >4. CONCLUSIONS The microbiome in apices and periapical lesions of post-treatment endodontic infections showed a similar diversity and taxonomic composition. Co-occurrence network analyses at OTU level identified F. nucleatum as a keystone taxon candidate in these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Arias-Moliz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Virginia Pérez-Carrasco
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
- Microbiology Unit, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Jose Antonio García-Salcedo
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
- Microbiology Unit, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Soriano
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
- Center for Research in Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Almería, Spain
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Pérez-Carrasco V, Uroz-Torres D, Soriano M, Solana C, Ruiz-Linares M, Garcia-Salcedo JA, Arias-Moliz MT. Microbiome in paired root apices and periapical lesions and its association with clinical signs in persistent apical periodontitis using next-generation sequencing. Int Endod J 2023; 56:622-636. [PMID: 36689323 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess and compare the microbiome of paired root apices and periapical lesions from cases with failed endodontic treatment and to associate the microbiome and bacterial metabolic pathways in both sites with asymptomatic apical periodontitis (AAP) and symptomatic apical periodontitis (SAP), using next-generation sequencing (NGS). METHODOLOGY Matched root apices and periapical lesions of patients with failed root canal treatments were surgically extracted. Specimens were cryopulverized, bacterial DNA was extracted and the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the 16 S rRNA gene were amplified and sequenced using the Illumina Miseq platform. Diversity and community composition were studied in the paired samples, as well as in AAP and SAP cases. Diversity indices were compared in each case by means of the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank and Mann-Whitney U tests. Differences in the community composition were explored with multivariate statistical analysis and Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe). Bacterial functional study was performed through the Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) analysis. RESULTS Twenty-one paired apices and lesions were successfully sequenced and analysed, identifying a total of 21 phyla and 600 genera. A higher alpha-diversity was observed in the periapical lesions, although no global differences in the community composition between the two sites were found (p = .87), the most prevalent genera being Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas and Streptococcus. Prevotella, Clostridiales_vadinBB60_group, Bosea, Phreatobacter, Afipia and Xanthobacteriaceae_unclassified were enriched in SAP samples, while Pseudopropionibacterium, Campylobacter and Peptoniphilus were significantly more abundant in AAP cases (p < .05). Metabolic pathways involved in the amino acid metabolism or degradation and flagellum assembly were more abundant in SAP samples, whereas glucose metabolism-related pathways were associated with AAP. CONCLUSIONS The bacterial community composition was similar in the apices and periapical lesions. The microbiome was different in AAP and SAP samples, gram-negative bacteria showing higher relative abundances in SAP cases. An association was observed between amino acid degradation and flagellum assembly pathways, and the development of tenderness to percussion or palpation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Pérez-Carrasco
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain.,Microbiology Unit, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - David Uroz-Torres
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.,Private Practice, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Soriano
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain.,Center for Research in Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Almería, Spain
| | - Carmen Solana
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.,Private Practice, Granada, Spain
| | - Matilde Ruiz-Linares
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.,Department of Stomatology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Garcia-Salcedo
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain.,Microbiology Unit, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Arias-Moliz
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Villanueva-Castellote Á, Llena Puy C, Carda-Diéguez M, Mira Á, Ferrer MD. Ex vivo evaluation of antibiotic sensitivity in samples from endodontic infections. J Oral Microbiol 2022; 15:2160536. [PMID: 36583208 PMCID: PMC9793940 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2160536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To develop an in vitro model for real-time monitoring of endodontic biofilm growth and evaluate the ex vivo effect of antibiotics on biofilm growth. Material and Methods Root canal samples were taken from 40 patients and inoculated into 96-well plates in a system that measures biofilm growth through electrical impedance. Biofilm bacterial composition at the genus and species level was analyzed by Illumina sequencing. ANCOM-BC corrected data were used to compare bacterial composition after antibiotic treatment through compositional analysis, and to compare microbiological with clinical data. Results The stationary phase was reached at 8 hours. The biofilm formed had a similar bacterial composition to the inoculum, and Enterococcus faecalis was virtually absent from the samples. The bacterial composition and the effect of antibiotics were sample-dependent. Metronidazole was the antibiotic that most inhibited biofilm formation and azithromycin the one that inhibited it in the highest percentage of cases. The antibiotic effect could not be related to the biofilm original bacterial composition. Conclusions The impedance system allowed real-time monitoring of endodontic biofilm formation, and we propose it as a model for ex vivo evaluation of the whole biofilm susceptibility to antimicrobials, as opposed to evaluating antibiotic sensitivity of specific bacterial isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Llena Puy
- Department of Stomatology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain,CONTACT Carmen Llena Puy Department of Stomatology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Carda-Diéguez
- Genomics&Health Department, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Álex Mira
- Genomics&Health Department, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain,CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María D. Ferrer
- Genomics&Health Department, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
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Evidence on the Use of Mouthwash for the Control of Supragingival Biofilm and Its Potential Adverse Effects. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060727. [PMID: 35740134 PMCID: PMC9219991 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial mouthwash improves supragingival biofilm control when used in conjunction with mechanical removal as part of an oral hygiene routine. Mouthwash is intended to suppress bacterial adhesion during biofilm formation processes and is not aimed at mature biofilms. The most common evidence-based effects of mouthwash on the subgingival biofilm include the inhibition of biofilm accumulation and its anti-gingivitis property, followed by its cariostatic activities. There has been no significant change in the strength of the evidence over the last decade. A strategy for biofilm control that relies on the elimination of bacteria may cause a variety of side effects. The exposure of mature oral biofilms to mouthwash is associated with several possible adverse reactions, such as the emergence of resistant strains, the effects of the residual structure, enhanced pathogenicity following retarded penetration, and ecological changes to the microbiota. These concerns require further elucidation. This review aims to reconfirm the intended effects of mouthwash on oral biofilm control by summarizing systematic reviews from the last decade and to discuss the limitations of mouthwash and potential adverse reactions to its use. In the future, the strategy for oral biofilm control may shift to reducing the biofilm by detaching it or modulating its quality, rather than eliminating it, to preserve the benefits of the normal resident oral microflora.
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Sun X, Yang Z, Nie Y, Hou B. Microbial Communities in the Extraradicular and Intraradicular Infections Associated With Persistent Apical Periodontitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:798367. [PMID: 35096647 PMCID: PMC8791237 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.798367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms in the complex root canal system and the extraradicular regions, including the periapical lesions and extraradicular biofilm may cause root canal treatment failures. However, few studies described the difference between the intraradicular and extraradicular infections from the same tooth associated with persistent apical periodontitis. This study aimed to characterize the microbiome present in the root canal, extraradicular biofilm, and periapical lesions associated with persistent apical periodontitis. The microbial communities in the root canal, extraradicular biofilm, and periapical lesions were investigated by Illumina high-throughput sequencing using Illumina Hiseq 2500 platform. The dominant phyla in the extraradicular and intraradicular infections associated with persistent apical periodontitis were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, and the genera Fusobacterium, Morganella, Porphyromonas, Streptococcus, and Bifidobacterium dominated across all samples. Although extraradicular infection sites showed higher OTU richness and β-diversity compared to intraradicular samples, the occurrence of sinus tract rather than the sampling sites demarcated the microbial communities in the infections associated with persistent apical periodontitis. PERMANOVA analysis confirmed that the samples with or without sinus tracts contained significantly different microbial communities. Porphyromonas, Eubacterium, Treponema, and Phocaeicola were found in significantly higher levels with sinus tracts, whilst Microbacterium and Enterococcus were more abundant in samples without sinus tracts. In conclusion, diverse bacteria were detected in both intraradicular and extraradicular infections associated with persistent apical periodontitis, which might be influenced by the occurrence of the sinus tract. The results may provide new insight into the pathogenesis of persistent apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Sun
- The Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zi Yang
- The Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Nie
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Benxiang Hou
- The Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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6
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Local immunomodulatory effects of intracanal medications in apical periodontitis. J Endod 2022; 48:430-456. [PMID: 35032538 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is an extremely complex biological network that plays a crucial role in the hemostasis of periapical tissue, pathogenesis of apical periodontitis (AP) as well as periapical tissue healing. The successful elimination of microbial infections remains a significant challenge, mostly due to the ever-growing development of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. The bacterial endurance in the root canal system contributes to features ranging from altered post-treatment healing to exacerbation of chronic periradicular immune response, that compromise the outcome of endodontic treatment. A highly effective strategy for combating infectious diseases and the associated inflammation-mediated tissue damage is to modulate the host immune response in conjunction with antimicrobial therapy. There are several medications currently used in endodontic treatment, however, they suffer various levels of microbial resistance and do not deliver all the required characteristics to simultaneously address both intracanal bacteria and periapical inflammation. Interaction of antimicrobial agents with the immune system can impact its function, leading to immune-suppressive or immune-stimulatory effects. The group of non-conventional antimicrobial medications, such as antimicrobial peptides, propolis, and nanomaterials, are agents that provide strong antimicrobial effectiveness and concomitant immunomodulatory and/or reparative effect, without any host tissue damages. Herein, we provide an overview of local immune modulation in AP and a comprehensive review of the immunomodulatory effect of antimicrobials intracanal medications applied in endodontics with specific emphasis on the antimicrobial nanomaterial-based approaches that provide immunomodulatory potential for successful clinical deployment in endodontics.
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Torralba MG, Aleti G, Li W, Moncera KJ, Lin YH, Yu Y, Masternak MM, Golusinski W, Golusinski P, Lamperska K, Edlund A, Freire M, Nelson KE. Oral Microbial Species and Virulence Factors Associated with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 82:1030-1046. [PMID: 33155101 PMCID: PMC8551143 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The human microbiome has been the focus of numerous research efforts to elucidate the pathogenesis of human diseases including cancer. Oral cancer mortality is high when compared with other cancers, as diagnosis often occurs during late stages. Its prevalence has increased in the USA over the past decade and accounts for over 40,000 new cancer patients each year. Additionally, oral cancer pathogenesis is not fully understood and is likely multifactorial. To unravel the relationships that are associated with the oral microbiome and their virulence factors, we used 16S rDNA and metagenomic sequencing to characterize the microbial composition and functional content in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tumor tissue, non-tumor tissue, and saliva from 18 OSCC patients. Results indicate a higher number of bacteria belonging to the Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes phyla associated with tumor tissue when compared with all other sample types. Additionally, saliva metaproteomics revealed a significant increase of Prevotella in five OSCC subjects, while Corynebacterium was mostly associated with ten healthy subjects. Lastly, we determined that there are adhesion and virulence factors associated with Streptococcus gordonii as well as from known oral pathogens belonging to the Fusobacterium genera found mostly in OSCC tissues. From these results, we propose that not only will the methods utilized in this study drastically improve OSCC diagnostics, but the organisms and specific virulence factors from the phyla detected in tumor tissue may be excellent biomarkers for characterizing disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolito G Torralba
- Department of Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Gajender Aleti
- Department of Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Weizhong Li
- Department of Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kelvin Jens Moncera
- Department of Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yi-Han Lin
- Department of Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yanbao Yu
- Department of Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive Suite 150, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Michal M Masternak
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd, Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Wojciech Golusinski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, The Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15, 61-866, Poznan, Poland
| | - Pawel Golusinski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, The Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15, 61-866, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Otolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Zielona Gora, Podgórna 50, 65-246, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Lamperska
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 15th Garbary Street, room 5025, 61-866, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Edlund
- Department of Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Marcelo Freire
- Department of Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Karen E Nelson
- Department of Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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Plasma Rich in Growth Factors in the Treatment of Endodontic Periapical Lesions in Adult Patients: A Narrative Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14101041. [PMID: 34681265 PMCID: PMC8539488 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet concentrates have been widely used in regenerative medicine, including endodontics. The aim of this manuscript was to assess critically the efficacy of PRF in the treatment of endodontic periapical lesions in adult patients on the basis of the literature. The PICO approach was used to properly develop literature search strategies. The PubMed database was analyzed with the keywords: "((PRP) OR (PRF) OR (PRGF) OR (CGF)) AND (endodontic) AND ((treatment) OR (therapy))". After screening of 155 results, 14 articles were included in this review. Different types of platelet concentrates are able to stimulate the processes of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Platelet rich fibrin (PRF) releases growth factors for at least 7 days at the application site. Growth factors and released cytokines stimulate the activity of osteoblasts. Moreover, the release of growth factors accelerates tissue regeneration by increasing the migration of fibroblasts. It was not possible to assess the efficacy of PRF supplementation in the treatment of endodontic periapical lesions in permanent, mature teeth with closed apexes, due to the lack of well-designed scientific research. Further studies are needed to analyze the effect of PRF on the healing processes in the periapical region.
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Zhang C, Yang Z, Hou B. Diverse bacterial profile in extraradicular biofilms and periradicular lesions associated with persistent apical periodontitis. Int Endod J 2021; 54:1425-1433. [PMID: 33711170 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To characterize the bacterial community present in the extraradicular biofilm and periradicular lesions associated with persistent apical periodontitis. METHODOLOGY Eighteen adult patients who presented with persistent periradicular lesions after root canal treatment and scheduled for endodontic surgery were selected. During surgery, extraradicular samples of biofilms and periradicular lesions were collected. Ten pairs of periradicular lesions and extraradicular biofilm samples were randomly selected for ribosomal 16S rRNA cloning and sequencing. A Wilcoxon's rank-sum test was used to compare total bacterial counts and the levels of individual genera and species between the two groups (P < 0.05). RESULTS Overall, seventy-three phylotypes belonging to six different phyla were identified from 1000 sequenced clones. Mogibacterium timidum, Streptococcus intermedius and Enterococcus faecalis predominated in both extraradicular biofilm and periapical lesions. Propionibacterium propionicus, Abiotrophia adiacens, Peptostreptococcus prevotii, Campylobacter gracilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were found in significantly higher levels in the extraradicular biofilm than periapical lesions, whilst Parvimonas micra and Atopobium rimae were more abundant in periapical lesions (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The microbial profile of extraradicular biofilms differed from periapical lesions, indicating the presence of diverse bacterial populations in these regions. Several genera and species were significantly associated with the formation of extraradicular biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Z Yang
- Department of Endodontics, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - B Hou
- Department of Endodontics, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Koller G, Foschi F, Mitchell P, Witherden E, Bruce K, Mannocci F. Amoebae in Chronic, Polymicrobial Endodontic Infections Are Associated with Altered Microbial Communities of Increased Virulence. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113700. [PMID: 33218015 PMCID: PMC7698792 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections of the root canal space involve polymicrobial biofilms and lead to chronic, low grade inflammatory responses arising from the seeding of microbes and by-products. Acute exacerbation and/or disseminating infections occur when established microbial communities undergo sudden changes in phenotypic behaviour. METHODS Within clinical endodontic infections, we assessedcategorical determinants comprising, and changing microbial composition of, chronic polymicrobial infections and their association with amoebae. After standardised assessment, primary or secondary infections underwent sampling and DNA processing, targeting bacteria, fungi and amoebae, including 16S high-throughput sequencing. After taxonomic assignment, community composition was correlated with clinical signs and symptoms. Diversity and abundance analyses were carried out in relation to the presence of non-bacterial amplicons. RESULTS Clinical specimens revealed two distinct community clusters, where specific changes correlated with clinical signs. An association between the compositions of microbiomes was found between these groups and the presence of Entamoeba gingivalis in 44% of cases. When amoebae were present in endodontic infections, we demonstrate changes in microbial community structure that mirror those observed in treatment-resistant or recurrent infections. CONCLUSIONS Amoeba are present in endodontic infections at a high prevalence, and may promote increased virulence by enrichment for phagocytosis-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrit Koller
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Floor 22 Tower Wing, Guy’s Dental Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK; (G.K.); (P.M.); (F.M.)
- Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King’s College London Dental Institute at Guy’s Hospital, King’s Health Partners, London SE1 9RT, UK;
- LCN—London Centre for Nanotechnology, 19 Gordon St, Bloomsbury, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Federico Foschi
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Floor 22 Tower Wing, Guy’s Dental Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK; (G.K.); (P.M.); (F.M.)
- Centre for Oral, Clinical and Translational Sciences, Floor 25, Tower Wing, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)207-188-1573
| | - Philip Mitchell
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Floor 22 Tower Wing, Guy’s Dental Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK; (G.K.); (P.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Elizabeth Witherden
- Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King’s College London Dental Institute at Guy’s Hospital, King’s Health Partners, London SE1 9RT, UK;
| | - Kenneth Bruce
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NN, UK;
| | - Francesco Mannocci
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Floor 22 Tower Wing, Guy’s Dental Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK; (G.K.); (P.M.); (F.M.)
- Centre for Oral, Clinical and Translational Sciences, Floor 25, Tower Wing, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Rusu D, Stratul SI, Calniceanu H, Boariu M, Ogodescu A, Milicescu S, Didilescu A, Roman A, Surlin P, Locovei C, Chiperi M, Solomon S, Nica L. A qualitative and semiquantitative SEM study of the morphology of the biofilm on root surfaces of human teeth with endodontic-periodontal lesions. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:201. [PMID: 33133249 PMCID: PMC7593830 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) proved to be invaluable for ultrastructural investigation, allowing imaging of the overall appearance and/or specific features of oral biofilms, e.g., microbial colonies and individual cells, glycocalyx, the presence of inorganic products. The aim of this study was the observation and evaluation of the morphology of the biofilm of endodontic-periodontal lesions (EPL) with a modified protocol involving a simplified histologic sample preparation and a low-vacuum SEM examination method. Twenty-one teeth with endodontic-periodontal involvement, extracted for periodontal reasons, were carefully washed with saline, underwent fixation in modified Karnovsky solution and were dehydrated in alcohol series. Samples were examined under low-vacuum SEM. Radicular surfaces were evaluated qualitatively and semiquantitatively for several characteristics, including the presence of bacterial types, the biofilm morphology and the content of root resorptions. Radicular surfaces were divided in four conventional zones Surfaces were evaluated for several characteristics: Presence of bacterial types, biofilm morphology, presence of root resorptions. High-quality images, relevant for endodontic-periodontal biofilms were collected. Continuous, established biofilm was found on all examined surfaces, its detection varying from 19% of the samples on the wall of cemental cone to 52.3% on the radicular surface of the periodontal pocket. Observed microorganisms included cocci, rods an filaments. Spirils and motile bacteria were only accidentally found. SEM investigation of surfaces involved in EPL revealed less surfaces covered by mature biofilm (in only 28.5% of the samples in the ‘transition zone’), especially rods and filaments associated with cemental resorptions and calculus. Biofilm elements were better represented in periodontal pockets than in other zones of EPL (detected in up to 81% of the samples). A strong correlation between mature biofilm and the presence of cocci appears on all investigated zones (P<0.01). Microbiota appeared to be morphologically similar in apical and periodontal areas, especially in old EPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darian Rusu
- Department of Periodontology, 'Victor Babes' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Stefan-Ioan Stratul
- Department of Periodontology, 'Victor Babes' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Horia Calniceanu
- Department of Periodontology, 'Victor Babes' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Marius Boariu
- Department of Endodontics, 'Victor Babes' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexandru Ogodescu
- Department of Pedodontics, 'Victor Babes' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Stefan Milicescu
- Department of Prosthodontics, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Didilescu
- Department of Embryology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra Roman
- Department of Periodontology, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Petra Surlin
- Department of Periodontology, University of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Cosmin Locovei
- Department of Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Timisoara 300006, Romania
| | | | - Sorina Solomon
- Department of Periodontology, 'Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700020 Iasi, Romania
| | - Luminita Nica
- Department of Endodontics, 'Victor Babes' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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Porphyromonas spp. have an extensive host range in ill and healthy individuals and an unexpected environmental distribution: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Anaerobe 2020; 66:102280. [PMID: 33011277 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the anaerobic bacteria Porphyromonas, mainly focused on P. gingivalis, have revealed new bacterial structures, metabolic pathways, and physiologic functionalities. Porphyromonas are mainly described as being associated with mammals and involved in chronic oral infections and secondary pathologies such as cancers or neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we collected and analyzed information regarding Porphyromonas isolation sites and associated conditions and showed that Porphyromonas are detected in numerous pristine and anthropic environments and that their host range appears wider than previously believed, including aquatic animals, arthropods, and birds, even if their predominant hosts remain humans, pets, and farm animals. Our analyses also revealed their presence in multiple organs and in a substantial proportion of healthy contexts. Overall, the growing numbers of microbiota studies have allowed unprecedented advances in the understanding of Porphyromonas ecology but raise questions regarding their phylogenic assignment. In conclusion, this systematic and meta-analysis provides an overview of current knowledge regarding Porphyromonas ecological distribution and encourages additional research to fill the knowledge gaps to better understand their environmental distribution and inter- and intra-species transmission.
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Multi-modular bone healing assessment in a randomized controlled clinical trial of root-end surgery with the use of leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin and an occlusive membrane. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:4439-4453. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Disturbed bone remodelling activity varies in different stages of experimental, gradually progressive apical periodontitis in rats. Int J Oral Sci 2019; 11:27. [PMID: 31451690 PMCID: PMC6802676 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-019-0058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone remodelling keeps going through the lifespan of human by bone formation and bone resorption. In the craniofacial region, mandibles act as the main force for biting and chewing, and also become susceptible to a common bone-loss disease, namely, apical periodontitis, once infected dental pulp is not treated timely, during which bone resorption occurs from the apical foramen to the apical bone area. Although conventional root canal treatment (RCT) can remove the most of the infection, chronical apical periodontitis due to incomplete removal of dental pulp and subsequent microleakage will become refractory and more challenging, and this process has scarcely been specifically studied as a bone remodelling issue in rat models. Therefore, to study chronical and refractory apical periodontitis owing to incomplete cleaning of infected dental pulp and microleackage in vivo, we establish a modified rat model of gradually progressive apical periodontitis by sealing residual necrotic dental pulp and introducing limited saliva, which simulates gradually progressive apical periodontitis, as observed in the clinical treatment of chronical and refractory apical periodontitis. We show that bone-loss is inevitable and progressive in this case of apical periodontitis, which confirms again that complete and sound root canal treatment is crucial to halt the progression of chronical and refractory apical periodontitis and promote bone formation. Interestingly, bone remodelling was enhanced at the initial stage of apical periodontitis in this model while reduced with a high osteoblast number afterwards, as shown by the time course study of the modified model. Suggesting that the pathological apical microenvironment reserve its hard tissue formation ability to some degree but in a disturbed manner. Hopefully, our findings can provide insights for future bone regenerative treatment for apical periodontitis-associated bone loss.
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Ganesh A, Veronica AK, Ashok R, Varadan P, Deivanayagam K. Quantification of Fusobacterium nucleatum at Depths of Root Dentinal Tubules in the Tooth Using Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction: An In Vitro Study. Cureus 2019; 11:e4711. [PMID: 31355071 PMCID: PMC6650189 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microorganisms have been known to cause pain and infection in the tooth. Fusobacterium nucleatum was always found predominantly in failed root canal treatments. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to quantify Fusobacterium nucleatum at the inner and peripheral half of coronal, middle and apical region of the root by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). METHODS Extracted maxillary incisors were taken. After shaping and cleaning, the root canals were inoculated with Fusobacterium nucleatum. Samples were taken from both the inner and peripheral halves of dentin. The inoculated teeth were maintained in anaerobic jars for two weeks, and the bacterial isolates were changed every third day. The quantification was done using qPCR. RESULTS The cycle threshold (Ct) value in all groups showed the presence of Fusobacterium nucleatum. CONCLUSION Fusobacterium nucleatum penetrates to the entire thickness of dentin in the middle and apical region. The coaggregation with other microorganisms could be responsible for the symptomatic endodontic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arathi Ganesh
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND
| | | | - Rupa Ashok
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND
| | - Preethi Varadan
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND
| | - Kandaswamy Deivanayagam
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND
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Toubes KM, Tonelli SQ, Oliveira BJD, Duarte G, Nunes E, Silveira FF. Apical periodontitis associated with a calculus-like deposit: A case report of a rare fan-shaped manifestation. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2019; 41:1-5. [PMID: 30962929 PMCID: PMC6434093 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bacterial biofilms can be calcified. Granulomas or cystic lesions are the most commonly found entities in endodontics. Surprisingly, this case report presents a rare radiopaque image, in a fan shape, of a calculus-like deposit in the periapical region of the maxillary left central incisor. Case presentation A 34-year-old male, with a history of trauma, presented with apical periodontitis associated with an uncommon image, similar to a calculus-like deposit adhered to the apical region of the maxillary left central incisor. Nonsurgical endodontic intervention was performed, followed by apicoectomy and histopathological analysis of the collected material. The results of the biopsy were not compatible with a cyst or granuloma but showed fibrous connective tissue with calcified areas. Discussion Correct diagnosis in endodontics is possible with a well-conducted anamnesis, complementary imaging exams and, in some cases, histopathological analysis. The periapical calculus-like deposit, associated with a periapical radiolucent lesion, was a result of the body's fight for healing, producing unusual radiopacity. Conclusion The presence of the calculus-like deposit in a fan shape at the root surface represented dystrophic calcification as a manifestation of the attempt to heal. In the present case, apicoectomy and tissue biopsy for histological evaluation were fundamental for the correct diagnosis. Root canal is critical area for biofilm development. Extraradicular biofilm on the surface of the root may cause persistent periapical lesions. Uncommon radiopaque image association with endodontic periapical lesions was related. Persistent periapical lesions associate with extraradicular biofilm represents a challenge for Endodontic treatment. Only surgical resection was capable to repair the injury.
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Prada I, Micó-Muñoz P, Giner-Lluesma T, Micó-Martínez P, Collado-Castellano N, Manzano-Saiz A. Influence of microbiology on endodontic failure. Literature review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2019; 24:e364-e372. [PMID: 31041915 PMCID: PMC6530959 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.22907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main cause of endodontic failure is the persistence of microorganisms that cause an intraradicular or extratradicular infection and that become resistant to disinfection measures. The objective of this review is to identify the microbiota associated with endodontic failure, as well as the reasons why these microorganisms are capable of surviving basic disinfection measures. MATERIAL AND METHODS Systematic search of scientific articles in the databases PubMed with the following keywords "Endodontic Infections", "Endodontic Microbiology", "Endodontic Failure", "Enterococcus Faecalis", "Endodontics Retreatment" was carried out. Case reports and articles with publication date prior to 2000 were not included in this review. RESULTS Most authors highlight E. faecalis as the main microorganism associated with endodontic failure, nevertheless there are recent studies that isolate, to a greater extent, other bacteria such as Fusobacterium nucleatum and Propionibacterium. DISCUSSION These microorganisms have in common the following proprieties, which make them able to escape the disinfection measures: the ability to form a biofilm, to locate in areas unreachable to root canal instrumentation techniques, synergism, the ability to express survival genes and activate alternative metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Prada
- Calle Literato Gabriel Miro 34 4 11, Valencia 46008, Spain,
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18
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Genc Sen O, Kaya M. Effect of Root Canal Disinfection with a Diode Laser on Postoperative Pain After Endodontic Retreatment. PHOTOBIOMODULATION PHOTOMEDICINE AND LASER SURGERY 2019; 37:85-90. [PMID: 31050927 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2018.4539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the influence of root canal disinfection with a 940-nm diode laser on the intensity of pain after endodontic retreatment. Background data: Microorganisms are the most common causes of tooth pain. Therefore, clinical studies are needed to explore the effect of disinfection techniques on postoperative pain. Methods: Eighty-four patients scheduled for endodontic retreatment were allocated to two groups in a 1:1 ratio (n = 42 each). After root canal filling removal and chemomechanical procedures, the root canals were disinfected with a 940-nm diode laser in one group [laser disinfection (LD) group]. In the other group, a mock application of laser was made with the power off [pseudo-laser disinfection (PLD) group]. All retreatment procedures were completed in a single visit. The patients assessed their pain levels at 24, 48, and 72 h after retreatment using a numeric rating scale. The number of analgesic pills used during this period was also recorded. The collected data were statistically analyzed using Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests. Results: Postoperative pain on the first 2 days was significantly lesser in the LD group than in the PLD group (p < 0.05), and the difference became insignificant on the third day (p > 0.05). Moreover, analgesic intake over 3 days and pain on percussion on the fourth day were significantly lesser in the LD group than in the PLD group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Elimination of microorganisms from root canals is important for preventing postoperative complications. Our findings suggest that diode LD can reduce postoperative pain and provide comfort after endodontic retreatment. This study is registered in www.ClinicalTrials.gov database with the identifier number NCT03584880.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Genc Sen
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Melih Kaya
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
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Shimizu R, Tanaka K, Oikawa Y, Tomioka H, Kayamori K, Ikeda T, Yoshioka T, Ebihara A, Harada H. Epithelioid cell granuloma with caseating necrosis possibly caused by periapical periodontitis: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2018; 12:365. [PMID: 30537983 PMCID: PMC6290520 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-018-1891-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epithelioid cell granuloma with caseating necrosis is a typical pathological finding in tuberculosis. While specific inflammation, including that related to tuberculosis, can induce caseating granuloma formation, there have been very few reports on the induction of caseating granuloma by non-specific inflammation. Chronic periapical periodontitis is usually related to bacterial biofilm formation as well as fungal or viral infection in the periapical lesion. However, it is difficult to eliminate these extraradicular pathogenic microbes by normal endodontic therapy alone, and more invasive surgical removal is almost always required. Case presentation Here we describe the case of a 30-year-old Japanese woman who had suffered from dull pain related to periapical periodontitis for approximately 10 years. Although the causal tooth had been previously extracted at the Department of Oral Surgery of another hospital in 2015, inflammation of the surrounding tissue had not abated. She was referred to our hospital in May 2016 and underwent surgical debridement via an intra/extraoral approach under general anesthesia. A caseating granuloma accompanied by a small amount of fungi was histopathologically confirmed in the excised specimen. Her inflammation has not been exacerbated since the operation. Conclusions This is the first report in which non-specific inflammation is shown to induce caseating granuloma arising in the jaw. Our report also highlights the importance of sufficient root canal treatment during the first stage of the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Shimizu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Kae Tanaka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Yu Oikawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tomioka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Kou Kayamori
- Section of Diagnostic Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Tohru Ikeda
- Section of Diagnostic Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Takatomo Yoshioka
- Yoshioka Dental Office, 2-3-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Arata Ebihara
- Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Harada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
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Zancan RF, Canali LCF, Tartari T, Andrade FBD, Vivan RR, Duarte MAH. Do different strains of E. faecalis have the same behavior towards intracanal medications in in vitro research? Braz Oral Res 2018; 32:e46. [PMID: 29846391 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial action of different endodontic pastes against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, isolated from the urinary tract, and compare the action with E. faecalis ATCC 4083, isolated from the root canal. For this purpose, dentin blocks were infected for 21 days with both bacteria at different time-intervals to ensure there would be no cross contamination. After this period, blocks were immersed in the test medications for 7 days, according to the following groups: CH/S, CH/P, CH/CMCP, CH/CHX, CH/DAP and TAP. Images of the samples were captured with a confocal microscope and the percentage of live cells was computed by means of the Bioimage program. The ATCC 29212 strain was shown to be more resistant to CH/SS, Calen, CH/DAP, and TAP than the ATCC 4083 strain. The antimicrobial action of the medications against each strain were divergent concerning the order of susceptibility. The authors concluded that the strains behaved in a different manner: in general, those extracted from the urinary tract were more resistant to the tested medications. Therefore, when E. faecalis must be used for in vitro research in endodontics, we suggest the use of ATCC 4083 strain to obtain results that are closer to the clinical reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Fernandes Zancan
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Bauru Dental School, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Lyz Cristina Furquim Canali
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Bauru Dental School, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Talita Tartari
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Bauru Dental School, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Ricci Vivan
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Bauru Dental School, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Yamaguchi M, Noiri Y, Itoh Y, Komichi S, Yagi K, Uemura R, Naruse H, Matsui S, Kuriki N, Hayashi M, Ebisu S. Factors that cause endodontic failures in general practices in Japan. BMC Oral Health 2018; 18:70. [PMID: 29703201 PMCID: PMC5924503 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial biofilms that develop on root surfaces outside apical foramens have been found to be associated with refractory periapical periodontitis. However, several other factors cause endodontic failures apart from extraradicular biofilms. The aim of this study was to identify the factors causing endodontic failures in general practices in Japan. METHODS Patients diagnosed as having refractory periapical periodontitis by general practitioners and who requested endodontic treatment at Osaka University Dental Hospital were selected by checking medical records from April 2009 to March 2013. Factors causing endodontic failures were identified. RESULTS A total of 103 teeth were selected, and 76 teeth completed root-canal treatment. Tooth extractions were required for 18 teeth after or without endodontic treatment. Six teeth required apicoectomy after endodontic treatment. One tooth needed hemisection. One tooth needed intentional replantation. One tooth needed adhesion and replantation. The main causes of treatment failure were open apices (24 teeth), perforation (18 teeth), and root fracture (13 teeth). In six teeth with open apices that required apicoectomy or extraction, extraradicular biofilms may have been related to endodontic failure. CONCLUSIONS Most endodontic cases diagnosed with refractory periapical periodontitis by general practitioners were compromised by any other factors rather than extraradicular biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuichiro Noiri
- Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Itoh
- Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shungo Komichi
- Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kyoko Yagi
- Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Reo Uemura
- Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruna Naruse
- Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Saori Matsui
- Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nanako Kuriki
- Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mikako Hayashi
- Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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Microbial analysis of root canal and periradicular lesion associated to teeth with endodontic failure. Anaerobe 2017; 48:12-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yuan X, Liu Y, Kong J, Gu B, Qi Y, Wang X, Sun M, Chen P, Sun W, Wang H, Zhou F, Gao S. Different frequencies of Porphyromonas gingivalis infection in cancers of the upper digestive tract. Cancer Lett 2017; 404:1-7. [PMID: 28705771 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The high incidence rate of multiple carcinomas in the upper digestive tract is often explained in terms of involvement of the same underlying risk factors. It has been reported that the oral bacterium Streptococcus anginosus is associated with esophageal, gastric, and pharyngeal cancers. We previously reported occurrence of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) DNA in esophagus cancer. In this study, the presence of P. gingivalis in specimens of various types of cancer from the upper digestive tract was investigated. Here we report that P. gingivalis was preferentially and frequently present in specimens of esophageal cancer as well as in those from dysplasia of the esophagus but rarely in matched noncancerous portions and are quite low or absent in cancers from the cardia or stomach. Therefore, it led us to propose that, the microorganism does not survive in conditions of high acidity. We then investigate the pH dependence of survival of P. gingivalis as well as the acid tolerance of it. We found that, exposure to acidic buffers of a wide range of pH values led to a decline in colony forming units of P. gingivalis, thus, providing a possible explanation for variations in frequencies of P. gingivalis infection in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yuan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Yiwen Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Jinyu Kong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Bianli Gu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Yijun Qi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Xinshuai Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Man Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Pan Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Huizhi Wang
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Room 263D, 501 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Fuyou Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Anyang Tumor Hospital, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Shegan Gao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China.
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Cheng X, Xiang D, He W, Qiu J, Han B, Yu Q, Tian Y. Bactericidal Effect of Er:YAG Laser-Activated Sodium Hypochlorite Irrigation Against Biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis Isolate from Canal of Root-Filled Teeth with Periapical Lesions. Photomed Laser Surg 2017. [PMID: 28622484 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2017.4293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was to evaluate the bactericidal effect of Er:YAG laser-activated sodium hypochlorite irrigation (Er:YAG + NaOCl) on biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis clinical isolate. BACKGROUND DATA It was reported that Er:YAG + NaOCl had effective bactericidal effect on laboratory-adapted E. faecalis strain, while no study has reported its effect on the clinical isolate. METHODS Eighteen E. faecalis strains were isolated from 39 root-filled teeth with periapical lesions, and their biofilm formation abilities were evaluated using the crystal violet staining method. Extracted human root canals were prepared to a 40#/.04 K3 instrument and contaminated with the E. faecalis isolate that presented the strongest biofilm formation ability for 4 weeks. The infected canals then received treatments of syringe irrigation with normal saline (NS) or NaOCl, ultrasonic activated irrigations US + NS and US + NaOCl, and Er:YAG laser-activated irrigations Er:YAG + NS and Er:YAG + NaOCl. The root canals were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The bacterial reductions were evaluated using the cell count method. RESULTS SEM results showed that biofilm-like structures formed on the root canal walls after 4-week bacterial incubation. Er:YAG + NaOCl completely removed the E. faecalis biofilm from the root canal wall and made it the cleanest and most smooth surface among the treatment groups. Bacterial reductions in the treatment groups were presented in a descending order of Er:YAG + NaOCl (98.8%), US + NaOCl (98.6%) > NaOCl (94.0%) > Er:YAG + NS (91.9%) > US + NS (78.1%) > NS (51.1%) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The Er:YAG + NaOCl showed an effective bactericidal effect on biofilms of E. faecalis isolate, which may be considered an effective protocol for root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Doudou Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Wenxi He
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Jun Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Qing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Yu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, P.R. China
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Kinnby B, Chávez de Paz LE. Plasminogen coating increases initial adhesion of oral bacteria in vitro. Microb Pathog 2016; 100:10-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Characterization of Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 23726 adhesins involved in strain-specific attachment to Porphyromonas gingivalis. Int J Oral Sci 2016. [PMCID: PMC5113093 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2016.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial adherence is an essential virulence factor in pathogenesis and infection. Fusobacterium nucleatum has a central role in oral biofilm architecture by acting as a bridge between early Gram-positive and late Gram-negative colonizers that do not otherwise adhere to each other. In this study, we survey a key adherence interaction of F. nucleatum with Porphyromonas gingivalis, and present evidence that multiple fusobacterial adhesins have a role in the attachment of F. nucleatum ATCC 23726 to P. gingivalis in a highly strain-dependent manner. Interaction between these species displayed varying sensitivities to arginine, galactose and lactose. Arginine was found to hamper coaggregation by at least 62% and up to 89% with several P. gingivalis strains and galactose inhibition ranged from no inhibition up to 58% with the same P. gingivalis strains. Lactose consistently inhibited F. nucleatum interaction with these P. gingivalis strains ranging from 40% to 56% decrease in coaggregation. Among the adhesins involved are the previously described Fap2 and surprisingly, RadD, which was described in an earlier study for its function in attachment of F. nucleatum to Gram-positive species. We also provide evidence for the presence of at least one additional adhesin that is sensitive to arginine but unlike Fap2 and RadD, is not a member of the autotransporter family type of fusobacterial large outer membrane proteins. The strain-specific binding profile of multiple fusobacterial adhesins to P. gingivalis highlights the heterogeneity and complexity of interspecies interactions in the oral cavity.
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Savage JR, Pulsipher A, Rao NV, Kennedy TP, Prestwich GD, Ryan ME, Lee WY. A Modified Glycosaminoglycan, GM-0111, Inhibits Molecular Signaling Involved in Periodontitis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157310. [PMID: 27308827 PMCID: PMC4911086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Periodontitis is characterized by microbial infection, inflammation, tissue breakdown, and accelerated loss of alveolar bone matrix. Treatment targeting these multiple stages of the disease provides ways to treat or prevent periodontitis. Certain glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) block multiple inflammatory mediators as well as suppress bacterial growth, suggesting that these GAGs may be exploited as a therapeutic for periodontitis. Methods We investigated the effects of a synthetic GAG, GM-0111, on various molecular events associated with periodontitis: growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) pathogenic bacteria associated with periodontitis; activation of pro-inflammatory signaling through TLR2 and TLR4 in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and heterologously expressed HEK 293 cells; osteoclast formation and bone matrix resorption in cultured mouse pre-osteoclasts. Results (1) GM-0111 suppressed the growth of P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans even at 1% (w/v) solution. The antibacterial effects of GM-0111 were stronger than hyaluronic acid (HA) or xylitol in P. gingivalis at all concentrations and comparable to xylitol in A. actinomycetemcomitans at ≥2% (w/v) solution. We also observed that GM-0111 suppressed biofilm formation of P. gingivalis and these effects were much stronger than HA. (2) GM-0111 inhibited TLR-mediated pro-inflammatory cellular signaling both in macrophage and HEK 293 cells with higher selectivity for TLR2 than TLR4 (IC50 of 1–10 ng/mL vs. > 100 μg/mL, respectively). (3) GM-0111 blocked RANKL-induced osteoclast formation (as low as 300 ng/mL) and bone matrix resorption. While GM-0111 showed high affinity binding to RANKL, it did not interfere with RANKL/RANK/NF-κB signaling, suggesting that GM-0111 inhibits osteoclast formation by a RANKL-RANK-independent mechanism. Conclusions We report that GM-0111 inhibits multiple molecular events involved in periodontitis, spanning from the early pro-inflammatory TLR signaling, to pathways activated at the later stage component of bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Savage
- GlycoMira Therapeutics, Inc. Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, United States of America
| | - Abigail Pulsipher
- GlycoMira Therapeutics, Inc. Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, United States of America
| | - Narayanam V. Rao
- GlycoMira Therapeutics, Inc. Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, United States of America
| | - Thomas P. Kennedy
- GlycoMira Therapeutics, Inc. Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, United States of America
- Pulmonary Diseases Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, United States of America
| | - Glenn D. Prestwich
- GlycoMira Therapeutics, Inc. Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, United States of America
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Therapeutic Biomaterials, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, United States of America
| | - Maria E. Ryan
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States of America
| | - Won Yong Lee
- GlycoMira Therapeutics, Inc. Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mizutani Y, Shiogama K, Onouchi T, Sakurai K, Inada KI, Tsutsumi Y. Enzyme-labeled Antigen Method: Development and Application of the Novel Approach for Identifying Plasma Cells Locally Producing Disease-specific Antibodies in Inflammatory Lesions. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2016; 49:7-19. [PMID: 27006517 PMCID: PMC4794554 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.15030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic inflammatory lesions of autoimmune and infectious diseases, plasma cells are frequently observed. Antigens recognized by antibodies produced by the plasma cells mostly remain unclear. A new technique identifying these corresponding antigens may give us a breakthrough for understanding the disease from a pathophysiological viewpoint, simply because the immunocytes are seen within the lesion. We have developed an enzyme-labeled antigen method for microscopic identification of the antigen recognized by specific antibodies locally produced in plasma cells in inflammatory lesions. Firstly, target biotinylated antigens were constructed by the wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis system or through chemical biotinylation. Next, proteins reactive to antibodies in tissue extracts were screened and antibody titers were evaluated by the AlphaScreen method. Finally, with the enzyme-labeled antigen method using the biotinylated antigens as probes, plasma cells producing specific antibodies were microscopically localized in fixed frozen sections. Our novel approach visualized tissue plasma cells that produced 1) autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis, 2) antibodies against major antigens of Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis or radicular cyst, and 3) antibodies against a carbohydrate antigen, Strep A, of Streptococcus pyogenes in recurrent tonsillitis. Evaluation of local specific antibody responses expectedly contributes to clarifying previously unknown processes in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazuya Shiogama
- Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine
| | - Takanori Onouchi
- Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine
| | - Kouhei Sakurai
- Department of Pathology, Banbuntane Houtokukai Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine
| | - Ken-ichi Inada
- Department of Pathology, Banbuntane Houtokukai Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine
| | - Yutaka Tsutsumi
- Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine
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Narita M, Shibahara T, Takano N, Fujii R, Okuda K, Ishihara K. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Microorganisms Isolated from Periapical Periodontitis Lesions. THE BULLETIN OF TOKYO DENTAL COLLEGE 2016; 57:133-42. [DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.2015-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Narita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College
| | | | - Nobuo Takano
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Rie Fujii
- Department of Endodontics and Clinical Cariology, Tokyo Dental College
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Xin X, Junzhi H, Xuedong Z. [Oral microbiota: a promising predictor of human oral and systemic diseases]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2015; 33:555-560. [PMID: 27051943 PMCID: PMC7030375 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A human oral microbiota is the ecological community of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms found in human oral cavity. Oral microbiota exists mostly in the form of a biofilm and maintains a dynamic ecological equilibrium with the host body. However, the disturbance of this ecological balance inevitably causes oral infectious diseases, such as dental caries, apical periodontitis, periodontal diseases, pericoronitis, and craniofacial bone osteomyelitis. Oral microbiota is also correlated with many systemic diseases, including cancer, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, and preterm birth. Hence, oral microbiota has been considered as a potential biomarker of human diseases. The "Human Microbiome Project" and other metagenomic projects worldwide have advanced our knowledge of the human oral microbiota. The integration of these metadata has been the frontier of oral microbiology to improve clinical translation. By reviewing recent progress on studies involving oral microbiota-related oral and systemic diseases, we aimed to propose the essential role of oral microbiota in the prediction of the onset, progression, and prognosis of oral and systemic diseases. An oral microbiota-based prediction model helps develop a new paradigm of personalized medicine and benefits the human health in the post-metagenomics era.
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31
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de Oliveira KMH, da Silva RAB, De Rossi A, Fukada SY, Feres M, Nelson-Filho P, da Silva LAB. Absence of interleukin 22 affects the oral microbiota and the progression of induced periapical lesions in murine teeth. Int Endod J 2015; 48:46-59. [PMID: 24611911 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the absence of IL-22 on the progression of periapical lesions in wild-type (WT) and IL-22 knockout (IL-22 KO) mice. METHODOLOGY The evaluation of the oral microbial profile of mice was performed by Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization from saliva samples. Periapical lesions were induced in manbibular first molars by pulpal exposure and evaluated after 7, 21 and 42 days (n = 15). Haematoxylin-eosin-stained sections were analysed under conventional and fluorescence microscopy to evaluate the tissue features and size of periapical lesions and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase histoenzymology (TRAP), Brown & Brenn staining and immunohistochemistry. The scores of the number of bacterial cells present in the oral cavity were analysed by the Mann-Whitney test, and the results and comparisons for periapical lesion size and number of osteoclasts were subjected to one-way anova and Bonferroni's post-test (α = 0.05). RESULTS Significant differences were observed for bacterial load between the groups of animals for 6 bacterial species (P < 0.05), with five species found in higher levels in the WT group, and one in the IL-22 KO group. WT mice had significantly larger periapical lesions (P < 0.05) between 7 and 42 days and between 21 and 42 days, with an increase in the mean size and number of osteoclasts. IL-22 KO mice had an increase in periapical lesion size and number of osteoclasts between 7 and 21 days (P < 0.05). No differences were found between bacteria localization in the root canal system between the experimental groups. Small variations related to the location of immunostaining were found between the groups. CONCLUSION This study revealed differences in the composition of oral microbiota between mice that may be taken into account in the susceptibility to infections and development of periapical lesions. The absence of IL-22 in mice resulted in smaller periapical lesions with fewer osteoclasts at the final experimental period, suggesting the participation of IL-22 in the host immune and inflammatory response to a periradicular infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M H de Oliveira
- Department of Pediatric Clinics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Yamamoto R, Noiri Y, Yamaguchi M, Asahi Y, Maezono H, Ebisu S, Hayashi M. Inhibition of polysaccharide synthesis by the sinR orthologue PGN_0088 is indirectly associated with the penetration of Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms by macrolide antibiotics. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 161:422-429. [PMID: 25500494 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microbes commonly adhere to surfaces, aggregate in self-produced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and live in biofilms. Periodontitis is a serious oral infection that is initiated by the formation of biofilms by Porphyromonas gingivalis. EPS act as a barrier that protects biofilm-forming cells against sources of stress, including those induced by host immune cells and antimicrobial agents. Therefore, drugs intended to kill such micro-organisms cannot be used for the treatment of biofilm infections. Our previous studies revealed that subminimal inhibitory concentrations (subMIC) of two macrolide antibiotics (azithromycin, AZM and erythromycin, ERY) reduced P. gingivalis biofilms. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the Bacillus subtilis sinR orthologue (PGN_0088) inhibits the synthesis of carbohydrates that are components of EPS in P. gingivalis biofilms. Here, we constructed a novel sinR mutant from P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 and reveal that the increased abundance of carbohydrate in EPS of the mutant led to a reduced infiltration rate of AZM and ERY through EPS, and consequently elevated biofilm resistance to these macrolides. Detailed elucidation of the interaction between the product of the sinR gene and EPS will assist in the development of novel approaches that target EPS to prevent and inhibit the formation of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Yamamoto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Noiri
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mikiyo Yamaguchi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoko Asahi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hazuki Maezono
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Ebisu
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mikako Hayashi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Zakaria MN, Takeshita T, Shibata Y, Maeda H, Wada N, Akamine A, Yamashita Y. Microbial community in persistent apical periodontitis: a 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis. Int Endod J 2014; 48:717-28. [PMID: 25088120 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To characterize the microbial composition of persistent periapical lesions of root filled teeth using a molecular genetics approach. METHODOLOGY Apical lesion samples were collected from 12 patients (23-80 years old) who visited the Kyushu University Hospital for apicectomy with persistent periapical lesions associated with root filled teeth. DNA was directly extracted from each sample and the microbial composition was comprehensively analysed using clone library analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans and specific fimA genotypes of Porphyromonas gingivalis were confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis with specific primers. RESULTS Bacteria were detected in all samples, and the dominant findings were P. gingivalis (19.9%), Fusobacterium nucleatum (11.2%) and Propionibacterium acnes (9%). Bacterial diversity was greater in symptomatic lesions than in asymptomatic ones. In addition, the following bacteria or bacterial combinations were characteristic to symptomatic lesions: Prevotella spp., Treponema spp., Peptostreptococcaceae sp. HOT-113, Olsenella uli, Slackia exigua, Selemonas infelix, P. gingivalis with type IV fimA, and a combination of P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum, and Peptostreptococcaceae sp. HOT-113 and predominance of Streptococcus spp. On the other hand, neither Enterococcus faecalis nor C. albicans were detected in any of the samples. CONCLUSION Whilst a diverse bacterial species were observed in the persistent apical lesions, some characteristic patterns of bacterial community were found in the symptomatic lesions. The diverse variation of community indicates that bacterial combinations as a community may cause persistent inflammation in periapical tissues rather than specific bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Zakaria
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Jenderal Achmad Yani University, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - T Takeshita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Y Shibata
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - H Maeda
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - N Wada
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - A Akamine
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Y Yamashita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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The oral microbiome diversity and its relation to human diseases. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2014; 60:69-80. [PMID: 25147055 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-014-0342-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most clinically relevant human habitats, the human mouth is colonized by a set of microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses. Increasing evidence has supported that these microbiota contribute to the two commonest oral diseases of man (dental caries and periodontal diseases), presenting significant risk factors to human health conditions, such as tumor, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, bacteremia, preterm birth, and low birth weight in infants. It is widely accepted that oral microorganisms cause diseases mainly by a synergistic or cooperative way, and the interspecies interactions within the oral community play a crucial role in determining whether oral microbiota elicit diseases or not. Since a comprehensive understanding of the complex interspecies interactions within a community needs the knowledge of its endogenous residents, a plenty of research have been carried out to explore the oral microbial diversity. In this review, we focus on the recent progress in this field, including the oral microbiome composition and its association with human diseases.
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Cao R, Hou B. [Development of an Enterococcus faecalis periapical biofilm model for in vitro morphological study]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2014; 32:323-327. [PMID: 25241529 PMCID: PMC7041070 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to develop and observe a model system of the periapical biofilm structure of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). METHODS A total of 24 intact human single-rooted premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons were collected and randomly divided into eight groups (n = 3). The specimens were subjected to ultraviolet disinfection, inoculated with E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) suspension adjusted to 1 x 10(8) CFU x mL(-1), and incubated at 37 degrees C for 1, 2, and 7 d. Specimen groups were prepared for scanning electron microscope to examine the biofilm formation. The specimens in the confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) groups were stained with propidium iodide (PI) and ConA-fluorescein isothiocyanate (ConA-FITC) to examine the biofilm formation. The images were randomized, and biofilm coverage (%) was assessed using Photoshop CS5. RESULTS The biofilm coverage (%) on the cementum increased with increasing incubation period. The biofilm coverage of the 7 d group was significantly higher than those of the 1 and 2 d groups (P < 0.05). The values of the latter two groups were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Dense aggregations composed of E. faecalis and the amorphous matrix were observed on the root cementum surfaces of the specimens in the 7 d group. The bacteria were stained red by PI, and the matrix was stained green by ConA-FITC under CLSM observation. The biofilm coverage (%) on the samples in the 7 d group was 17.23% +/- 1.52%, showing multi-level space structure and water channels. CONCLUSION E. faecalis forms bacterial biofilms on the root cementum surface in 7 d. The biofilms were composed of E. faecalis and the amorphous matrix.
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Cao R, Hou B. [Development of an Enterococcus faecalis periapical biofilm model for in vitro morphological study]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2014; 32:323-7. [PMID: 25241529 PMCID: PMC7041070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to develop and observe a model system of the periapical biofilm structure of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). METHODS A total of 24 intact human single-rooted premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons were collected and randomly divided into eight groups (n = 3). The specimens were subjected to ultraviolet disinfection, inoculated with E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) suspension adjusted to 1 x 10(8) CFU x mL(-1), and incubated at 37 degrees C for 1, 2, and 7 d. Specimen groups were prepared for scanning electron microscope to examine the biofilm formation. The specimens in the confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) groups were stained with propidium iodide (PI) and ConA-fluorescein isothiocyanate (ConA-FITC) to examine the biofilm formation. The images were randomized, and biofilm coverage (%) was assessed using Photoshop CS5. RESULTS The biofilm coverage (%) on the cementum increased with increasing incubation period. The biofilm coverage of the 7 d group was significantly higher than those of the 1 and 2 d groups (P < 0.05). The values of the latter two groups were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Dense aggregations composed of E. faecalis and the amorphous matrix were observed on the root cementum surfaces of the specimens in the 7 d group. The bacteria were stained red by PI, and the matrix was stained green by ConA-FITC under CLSM observation. The biofilm coverage (%) on the samples in the 7 d group was 17.23% +/- 1.52%, showing multi-level space structure and water channels. CONCLUSION E. faecalis forms bacterial biofilms on the root cementum surface in 7 d. The biofilms were composed of E. faecalis and the amorphous matrix.
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Promotion of endodontic lesions in rats by a novel extraradicular biofilm model using obturation materials. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:3804-10. [PMID: 24747900 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00421-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although extraradicular biofilm formation is related to refractory periapical periodontitis, the mechanism of extraradicular biofilm development, as well as its effect on periapical lesions, is unknown. Therefore, we aimed to develop an in vivo extraradicular biofilm model in rats and to identify and quantify extraradicular biofilm-forming bacteria while investigating the effect of extraradicular biofilms on periapical lesions. Periapical lesions were induced by exposing the pulpal tissue of the mandibular first molars of male Wistar rats to their oral environment. Four weeks later, gutta-percha points were excessively inserted into the mesial root canals of the right first molars (experimental sites) but not the left first molars (control sites). After 6 and 8 weeks of pulp exposure, the presence of extraradicular biofilms was confirmed histomorphologically, and biofilm-forming bacteria were identified by using classical culture methods. The biofilms were observed in the extraradicular area of the experimental sites. Similar species were detected both inside and outside the root canals. The bacterial count, quantified by real-time PCR assays, in the extraradicular area gradually increased in the experimental sites until 20 weeks after pulp exposure. After 8 weeks of pulp exposure, the periapical lesion volume that was measured by micro-computed tomography was significantly larger in the experimental sites than in the control sites (P < 0.05 by Welch's t test). These results suggest that we developed an extraradicular biofilm model in rats and that extraradicular biofilms affect developing periapical lesions.
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Asahi Y, Noiri Y, Miura J, Maezono H, Yamaguchi M, Yamamoto R, Azakami H, Hayashi M, Ebisu S. Effects of the tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate on Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 116:1164-71. [PMID: 24471579 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) on established biofilms and biofilm formation by Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major pathogen of periodontal disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Biofilm cell survival was measured using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence. In the presence of EGCg, the ATP level in cells of established biofilms was significantly decreased compared to the controls (P < 0·0001). Transmission electron microscopy revealed that EGCg damaged the cell membrane and cell wall of P. gingivalis. Confocal laser-scanning microscopy revealed that the proportion of dead cells was higher in biofilms treated with EGCg. Moreover, the effects of subminimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of EGCg on P. gingivalis biofilm formation were dose-dependent (P < 0·0001). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that EGCg destroys established P. gingivalis biofilms and inhibits biofilm formation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Development of chemical control agents against oral biofilms is necessary, because oral biofilms can be only removed using mechanical debridement. This article indicates that EGCg may represent a novel antibiofilm agent that prevents infections involving bacterial biofilms such as periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Asahi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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A. S. Arneiro R, D. Nakano R, A. A. Antunes L, B. Ferreira G, B. F. C. Fontes K, S. Antunes L. Efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for root canals infected with Enterococcus faecalis. J Oral Sci 2014; 56:277-85. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.56.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Del Fabbro M, Samaranayake LP, Lolato A, Weinstein T, Taschieri S. Analysis of the secondary endodontic lesions focusing on the extraradicular microorganisms: an overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 5:245-54. [PMID: 23766136 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed at reviewing the literature on extraradicular infections of endodontically treated teeth, summarizing the main hypotheses on etiopathogenesis and describing the most suitable techniques to identify the composition of pathogenic extraradicular microorganisms. Medline database was searched using the keywords "Apical biofilm," "extraradicular infection," "secondary endodontic lesion," "endodontic retreatment," "biofilm" either alone or combined with AND. A further hand search was performed on the main endodontic journals. The most frequent bacterial species identified in different studies and with different techniques may vary considerably. Although the presence of some species of microorganisms seems to be determinant, the true origin of extraradicular infection is still undetermined. The literature analysis showed marked differences in methodology, materials, aims, and techniques adopted, which led to highly heterogeneous outcomes. The picture emerging from this review is that extraradicular infection is likely a multifactorial disease that requires further systematic investigation using standardized techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Del Fabbro
- Director of Center of Research for Oral Health, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Dental Clinic, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Yamaguchi M, Noiri Y, Kuboniwa M, Yamamoto R, Asahi Y, Maezono H, Hayashi M, Ebisu S. Porphyromonas gingivalisbiofilms persist after chlorhexidine treatment. Eur J Oral Sci 2013; 121:162-8. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikiyo Yamaguchi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology; Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Yuichiro Noiri
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology; Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Masae Kuboniwa
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Reiko Yamamoto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology; Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Yoko Asahi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology; Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Hazuki Maezono
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology; Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Mikako Hayashi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology; Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Ebisu
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology; Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry; Suita Osaka Japan
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Yamamoto R, Noiri Y, Yamaguchi M, Asahi Y, Maezono H, Kuboniwa M, Hayashi M, Ebisu S. The sinR ortholog PGN_0088 encodes a transcriptional regulator that inhibits polysaccharide synthesis in Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 biofilms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56017. [PMID: 23405247 PMCID: PMC3566044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-forming cells are distinct from well characterized planktonic cells and aggregate in the extracellular matrix, the so-called extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The sinR gene of Bacillus subtilis encodes a transcriptional regulator that is known to be involved in the biosynthesis of EPS in biofilms. Porphyromonas gingivalis inhabits the subgingival and extraradicular biofilm of humans and is one of the primary pathogens that cause progressive marginal and refractory apical periodontitis. Furthermore, P. gingivalis possesses PGN_0088, which encodes a putative ortholog of B. subtilis sinR. Here, we investigated the role of PGN_0088 (sinR) on biofilm formation. P. gingivalis strains formed biofilms on saliva-coated glass surfaces in phosphate buffered saline. Quantitative analysis indicated that the biofilm of the sinR null mutant consisted of dense exopolysaccharide. Microscopic observations showed that the increased levels of exopolysaccharide produced by the sinR mutant changed the morphology of the EPS to a mesh-liked structure. Furthermore, physical analyses suggested that the enrichment of exopolysaccharide in the EPS enhanced the resistance of the biofilm to hydrodynamic shear force. The results presented here demonstrate sinR plays important roles in the ability of P. gingivalis strain ATCC 33277 to act as a negative mediator of exopolysaccharide accumulation and is indirectly associated with the structure of the EPS and the force of its adhesion to surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Yamamoto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Noiri
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Mikiyo Yamaguchi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoko Asahi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hazuki Maezono
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masae Kuboniwa
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mikako Hayashi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Ebisu
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Yao N, Zhang C, Chu C. Effectiveness of Photoactivated Disinfection (PAD) to Kill Enterococcus faecalis in Planktonic Solution and in an Infected Tooth Model. Photomed Laser Surg 2012; 30:699-704. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2011.3216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Na Yao
- The Second Dental Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing, China
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chunhung Chu
- Oral Diagnosis and Polyclinic, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Cheng X, Guan S, Lu H, Zhao C, Chen X, Li N, Bai Q, Tian Y, Yu Q. Evaluation of the bactericidal effect of Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, Er,Cr:YSGG laser radiation, and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in experimentally infected root canals. Lasers Surg Med 2012; 44:824-31. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Bacterial Flora and Extraradicular Biofilm Associated with the Apical Segment of Teeth with Post-treatment Apical Periodontitis. J Endod 2012; 38:954-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yumoto H, Tominaga T, Hirao K, Kimura T, Takahashi K, Sumitomo T, Bando N, Matsuo T. Bactericidal activity and oral pathogen inactivation by electromagnetic wave irradiation. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:181-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Asahi Y, Noiri Y, Igarashi J, Suga H, Azakami H, Ebisu S. Synergistic effects of antibiotics and an N-acyl homoserine lactone analog on Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 112:404-11. [PMID: 22093286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effects of the combined application of an N-acyl homoserine lactone (HSL) analog and antibiotics on biofilms of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major pathogen of periodontal disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Antibiotics used were cefuroxime, ofloxacin and minocycline. A flow-cell model was used for biofilm formation. Samples were divided into four groups: control, analog-treated, antibiotic-treated and combined application groups. Biofilm cell survival was determined using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence and confocal laser microscopy (CLSM). In the combined application group, the ATP count in biofilm cells was significantly decreased compared with the antibiotic-treated group (Games-Howell test, P < 0·05). A combination of cefuroxime and the analog was most effective against the P. gingivalis biofilm. CLSM observations revealed that the proportion of dead cells was highest in the combined application group. CONCLUSIONS The combined application of the N-acyl HSL analog and antibiotics was effective at reducing the viability of P. gingivalis cells in biofilms. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The combined application of the N-acyl HSL analog and antibiotics may be successful for eradicating infections involving bacterial biofilms, such as periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Asahi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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Antibiofilm effects of azithromycin and erythromycin on Porphyromonas gingivalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:5887-92. [PMID: 21911560 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05169-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance of biofilm-grown bacteria contributes to chronic infections, such as marginal and periapical periodontitis, which are strongly associated with Porphyromonas gingivalis. Concurrent azithromycin (AZM) administration and mechanical debridement improve the clinical parameters of periodontal tissue in situ. We examined the in vitro efficacy of AZM against P. gingivalis biofilms. The susceptibilities of adherent P. gingivalis strains 381, HW24D1, 6/26, and W83 to AZM, erythromycin (ERY), ampicillin (AMP), ofloxacin (OFX), and gentamicin (GEN) were investigated using a static model. The optical densities of adherent P. gingivalis cells were significantly decreased by using AZM and ERY at sub-MIC levels compared with those of the controls in all the strains tested, except for the effect of ERY on strain W83. AMP and OFX inhibited P. gingivalis adherent cells at levels over their MICs, and GEN showed no inhibition in the static model. The effects of AZM and ERY against biofilm cells were investigated using a flow cell model. The ATP levels of P. gingivalis biofilms were significantly decreased by AZM at concentrations below the sub-MICs; however, ERY was not effective for inhibition of P. gingivalis biofilm cells at their sub-MICs. Furthermore, decreased density of P. gingivalis biofilms was observed three-dimensionally with sub-MIC AZM, using confocal laser scanning microscopy. These findings suggest that AZM is effective against P. gingivalis biofilms at sub-MIC levels and could have future clinical application for oral biofilm infections, such as chronic marginal and periapical periodontitis.
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Time course of gene expression during Porphyromonas gingivalis strain ATCC 33277 biofilm formation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:6733-6. [PMID: 21803908 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00746-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronological gene expression patterns of biofilm-forming cells are important to understand bioactivity and pathogenicity of biofilms. For Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 biofilm formation, the number of genes differentially regulated by more than 1.5-fold was highest during the growth stage (312/2,090 genes), and some pathogen-associated genes were time-dependently controlled.
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Nagayoshi M, Nishihara T, Nakashima K, Iwaki S, Chen KK, Terashita M, Kitamura C. Bactericidal Effects of Diode Laser Irradiation on Enterococcus faecalis Using Periapical Lesion Defect Model. ISRN DENTISTRY 2011; 2011:870364. [PMID: 21991489 PMCID: PMC3168925 DOI: 10.5402/2011/870364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Photodynamic therapy has been expanded for use in endodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects of diode laser irradiation on endodontic pathogens in periapical lesions using an in vitro apical lesion model. Study Design. Enterococcus faecalis in 0.5% semisolid agar with a photosensitizer was injected into apical lesion area of in vitro apical lesion model. The direct effects of irradiation with a diode laser as well as heat produced by irradiation on the viability of microorganisms in the lesions were analyzed. Results. The viability of E. faecalis was significantly reduced by the combination of a photosensitizer and laser irradiation. The temperature caused by irradiation rose, however, there were no cytotoxic effects of heat on the viability of E. faecalis. Conclusion. Our results suggest that utilization of a diode laser in combination with a photosensitizer may be useful for clinical treatment of periapical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Nagayoshi
- Division of Pulp Biology, Operative Dentistry, and Endodontics, Department of Cariology and Periodontology, Kyushu Dental College, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
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