1
|
Ledger EVK, Edwards AM. Host-induced cell wall remodeling impairs opsonophagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by neutrophils. mBio 2024; 15:e0164324. [PMID: 39041819 PMCID: PMC11323798 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01643-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus responds to the host environment by increasing the thickness of its cell wall. However, the impact of cell wall thickening on susceptibility to host defenses is unclear. Using bacteria incubated in human serum, we show that host-induced increases in cell wall thickness led to a reduction in the exposure of bound antibody and complement and a corresponding reduction in phagocytosis and killing by neutrophils. The exposure of opsonins bound to protein antigens or lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was most significantly reduced, while opsonization by IgG against wall teichoic acid or peptidoglycan was largely unaffected. Partial digestion of accumulated cell wall using the enzyme lysostaphin restored opsonin exposure and promoted phagocytosis and killing. Concordantly, the antibiotic fosfomycin inhibited cell wall remodeling and maintained the full susceptibility of S. aureus to opsonophagocytic killing by neutrophils. These findings reveal that host-induced changes to the S. aureus cell wall reduce the ability of the immune system to detect and kill this pathogen through reduced exposure of protein- and LTA-bound opsonins. IMPORTANCE Understanding how bacteria adapt to the host environment is critical in determining fundamental mechanisms of immune evasion, pathogenesis, and the identification of targets for new therapeutic approaches. Previous work demonstrated that Staphylococcus aureus remodels its cell envelope in response to host factors and we hypothesized that this may affect recognition by antibodies and thus killing by immune cells. As expected, incubation of S. aureus in human serum resulted in rapid binding of antibodies. However, as bacteria adapted to the serum, the increase in cell wall thickness resulted in a significant reduction in exposure of bound antibodies. This reduced antibody exposure, in turn, led to reduced killing by human neutrophils. Importantly, while antibodies bound to some cell surface structures became obscured, this was not the case for those bound to wall teichoic acid, which may have important implications for vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth V. K. Ledger
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. Edwards
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mirshekar M, Haghighat S, Mousavi Z, Abdolghaffari AH, Yazdi MH. Monophosphoryl lipid A as a co-adjuvant in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus vaccine development: improvement of immune responses in a mouse model of infection. Immunol Res 2024; 72:490-502. [PMID: 38383811 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-024-09456-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
To increase the effectiveness of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus vaccines (MRSA), a new generation of immune system stimulating adjuvants is necessary, along with other adjuvants. In some vaccines, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) as a toll-like receptor 4 agonist is currently used as an adjuvant or co-adjuvant. MPLA could increase the immune response and vaccine immunogenicity. The current investigation assessed the immunogenicity and anti-MRSA efficacy of recombinant autolysin formulated in MPLA and Alum as co-adjuvant/adjuvant. r-Autolysin was expressed and purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and characterized by SDS-PAGE. Then, the vaccine candidate formulation in MPLAs and Alum was prepared. To investigate the immunogenic responses, total IgG, isotype (IgG1 and IgG2a) levels, and cytokines (IL-4, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) profiles were evaluated by ELISA. Also, the bacterial burden in internal organs, opsonophagocytosis, survival rate, and pathobiology changes was compared among the groups. Results demonstrated that mice immunized with the r-Autolysin + Alum + MPLA Synthetic and r-Autolysin + Alum + MPLA Biologic led to increased levels of opsonic antibodies, IgG1, IgG2a isotype as well as increased levels of cytokines profiles, as compared with other experimental groups. More importantly, mice immunized with MPLA and r-Autolysin exhibited a decrease in mortality and bacterial burden, as compared with the control group. The highest level of survival was seen in the r-Autolysin + Alum + MPLA Synthetic group. We concluded that both MPLA forms, synthetic and biological, are reliable candidates for immune response improvement against MRSA infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mirshekar
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setareh Haghighat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Mousavi
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Yazdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Recombinant Vaccine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chan JYH, Clow F, Pearson V, Langley RJ, Fraser JD, Radcliff FJ. Feasibility of using a combination of staphylococcal superantigen-like proteins 3, 7 and 11 in a fusion vaccine for Staphylococcus aureus. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:365-380. [PMID: 38572664 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a significant bacterial pathogen in both community and hospital settings, and the escalation of antimicrobial-resistant strains is of immense global concern. Vaccination is an inviting long-term strategy to curb staphylococcal disease, but identification of an effective vaccine has proved to be challenging. Three well-characterized, ubiquitous, secreted immune evasion factors from the staphylococcal superantigen-like (SSL) protein family were selected for the development of a vaccine. Wild-type SSL3, 7 and 11, which inhibit signaling through Toll-like receptor 2, cleavage of complement component 5 and neutrophil function, respectively, were successfully combined into a stable, active fusion protein (PolySSL7311). Vaccination of mice with an attenuated form of the PolySSL7311 protein stimulated significantly elevated specific immunoglobulin G and splenocyte proliferation responses to each component relative to adjuvant-only controls. Vaccination with PolySSL7311, but not a mixture of the individual proteins, led to a > 102 reduction in S. aureus tissue burden compared with controls after peritoneal challenge. Comparable antibody responses were elicited after coadministration of the vaccine in either AddaVax (an analog of MF59) or an Alum-based adjuvant; but only AddaVax conferred a significant reduction in bacterial load, aligning with other studies that suggest both cellular and humoral immune responses are necessary for protective immunity to S. aureus. Anti-sera from mice immunized with PolySSL7311, but not individual proteins, partially neutralized the functional activities of SSL7. This study confirms the importance of these SSLs for the survival of S. aureus in vivo and suggests that PolySSL7311 is a promising vaccine candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janlin Ying Hui Chan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fiona Clow
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Victoria Pearson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ries J Langley
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John D Fraser
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fiona J Radcliff
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Borghesi A. Life-threatening infections in human newborns: Reconciling age-specific vulnerability and interindividual variability. Cell Immunol 2024; 397-398:104807. [PMID: 38232634 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
In humans, the interindividual variability of clinical outcome following exposure to a microorganism is immense, ranging from silent infection to life-threatening disease. Age-specific immune responses partially account for the high incidence of infection during the first 28 days of life and the related high mortality at population level. However, the occurrence of life-threatening disease in individual newborns remains unexplained. By contrast, inborn errors of immunity and their immune phenocopies are increasingly being discovered in children and adults with life-threatening viral, bacterial, mycobacterial and fungal infections. There is a need for convergence between the fields of neonatal immunology, with its in-depth population-wide characterization of newborn-specific immune responses, and clinical immunology, with its investigations of infections in patients at the cellular and molecular levels, to facilitate identification of the mechanisms of susceptibility to infection in individual newborns and the design of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Borghesi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, San Matteo Research Hospital, Pavia, EU, Italy; School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sirichoat A, Kaewseekhao B, Nithichanon A, Roytrakul S, Faksri K. Proteomic Profiles and Protein Network Analysis of Primary Human Leukocytes Revealed Possible Clearance Biomarkers for Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:335. [PMID: 37665379 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03450-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a serious pathogen that can survive within host cells after a typical course of treatment completion, leading to chronic infection. Knowledge of host proteomic patterns after clearance of this pathogen from cells is limited. Here, we looked for S. aureus clearance biomarkers produced by in vitro-infected leukocytes. Extracellular proteins from primary human leukocytes infected with S. aureus ATCC 25923 were investigated as possible treatment-monitoring clearance biomarkers by applying a proteomics approach combining liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and protein interaction network analysis. It was found that the expression patterns of proteins secreted by S. aureus-infected leukocytes differed among stages of infection. Proteomic profiles showed that an ATPase, aminophospholipid transporter-like, Class I, type 8A, member 2 (ATP8A2) was expressed in the clearance stage and was not detected at any earlier stage or in uninfected controls. Protein network analysis showed that TERF2 (telomeric repeat-binding factor 2), ZNF440 (zinc finger protein 440), and PPP1R14A (phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 14A) were up-regulated, while GLE1, an essential RNA-export mediator, was suppressed in both infection and clearance stages, suggesting their potential roles in S. aureus infection and clearance. These findings are the first to report that the ATP8A2 has potential as a clearance biomarker for S. aureus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Auttawit Sirichoat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Benjawan Kaewseekhao
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Arnone Nithichanon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Genome Institute, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Kiatichai Faksri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Olivera-Ardid S, Bello-Gil D, Perez-Cruz M, Costa C, Camoez M, Dominguez MA, Ferrero-Alves Y, Vaquero JM, Khasbiullina N, Shilova NV, Bovin NV, Mañez R. Removal of natural anti-αGal antibodies elicits protective immunity against Gram-negative bacterial infections. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1232924. [PMID: 37662909 PMCID: PMC10471972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1232924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of bacterial infections occurs when blocking or inhibitory antibodies facilitate the infectivity of pathogens. In humans, antibodies involved in ADE of bacterial infections may include those naturally produced against Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ (αGal). Here, we investigate whether eliminating circulating anti-αGal antibodies using a soluble αGal glycopolymer confers protection against Gram-negative bacterial infections. We demonstrated that the in vivo intra-corporeal removal of anti-αGal antibodies in α1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout (GalT-KO) mice was associated with protection against mortality from Gram-negative sepsis after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The improved survival of GalT-KO mice was associated with an increased killing capacity of serum against Escherichia coli isolated after CLP and reduced binding of IgG1 and IgG3 to the bacteria. Additionally, inhibition of anti-αGal antibodies from human serum in vitro increases the bactericidal killing of E. coli O86:B7 and multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the case of E. coli O86:B7, there was also an improvement in bacteria opsonophagocytosis by macrophages. Both lytic mechanisms were related to a decreased binding of IgG2 to the bacteria. Our results show that protective immunity against Gram-negative bacterial pathogens can be elicited, and infectious diseases caused by these bacteria can be prevented by removing natural anti-αGal antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Olivera-Ardid
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Daniel Bello-Gil
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Magdiel Perez-Cruz
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Cristina Costa
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Mariana Camoez
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - M. Angeles Dominguez
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Yara Ferrero-Alves
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Vaquero
- Flow Cytometry Platform, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Nailya Khasbiullina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V. Shilova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nicolai V. Bovin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rafael Mañez
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Intensive Care Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gupta P, Hu Z, Kopparapu PK, Deshmukh M, Sághy T, Mohammad M, Jin T, Engdahl C. The impact of TLR2 and aging on the humoral immune response to Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8850. [PMID: 37258615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35970-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging alters immunoglobulin production, affecting the humoral immune response. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) recognizes Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) which causes bacteremia with high mortality in the elderly. To understand how TLR2 and aging affect the humoral immune response in bacteremia, four groups of mice (wild type-young, wild type-old, TLR2-/--young, and TLR2-/--old) were used to analyze immunoglobulin levels in healthy conditions as well as 10 days after intravenous injection with S. aureus. We found that aging increased the levels of both IgM and IgG. Increased IgG in aged mice was controlled by TLR2. In bacteremia infection, aged mice failed to mount proper IgM response in both wild-type (WT) and TLR2-/- mice, whereas IgG response was impaired in both aged and TLR2-/- mice. Aged mice displayed reduced IgG1 and IgG2a response irrespective of TLR2 expression. However, impaired IgG2b response was only found in aged WT mice and not in TLR2-/- mice. Both aging and TLR2-/- increased the levels of anti-staphylococcal IgM in bacteremia. Aging increased sialylated IgG in WT mice but not in TLR2-/- mice. IgG sialylation was not affected by the infection in neither of the mice. In summary, aging increases all immunoglobulins except IgG1. However, aged mice fail to mount a proper antibody response to S. aureus bacteremia. TLR2 plays the regulatory role in IgG but not IgM response to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priti Gupta
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box- 480, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Center, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- SciLifeLab, University of Gothenburg, Box 413, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Zhicheng Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box- 480, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Pradeep Kumar Kopparapu
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box- 480, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Meghshree Deshmukh
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box- 480, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tibor Sághy
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box- 480, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Center, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- SciLifeLab, University of Gothenburg, Box 413, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Majd Mohammad
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box- 480, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box- 480, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Engdahl
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box- 480, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Center, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- SciLifeLab, University of Gothenburg, Box 413, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Han J, Poma A. Molecular Targets for Antibody-Based Anti-Biofilm Therapy in Infective Endocarditis. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:3198. [PMID: 35956712 PMCID: PMC9370930 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a heart disease caused by the infection of heart valves, majorly caused by Staphilococcus aureus. IE is initiated by bacteria entering the blood circulation in favouring conditions (e.g., during invasive procedures). So far, the conventional antimicrobial strategies based on the usage of antibiotics remain the major intervention for treating IE. Nevertheless, the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics in IE is limited not only by the bacterial drug resistance, but also by the formation of biofilms, which resist the penetration of antibiotics into bacterial cells. To overcome these drawbacks, the development of anti-biofilm treatments that can expose bacteria and make them more susceptible to the action of antibiotics, therefore resulting in reduced antimicrobial resistance, is urgently required. A series of anti-biofilm strategies have been developed, and this review will focus in particular on the development of anti-biofilm antibodies. Based on the results previously reported in the literature, several potential anti-biofilm targets are discussed, such as bacterial adhesins, biofilm matrix and bacterial toxins, covering their antigenic properties (with the identification of potential promising epitopes), functional mechanisms, as well as the antibodies already developed against these targets and, where feasible, their clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Han
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, The Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Alessandro Poma
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, Royal Free Hospital, UCL Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Clegg J, Soldaini E, McLoughlin RM, Rittenhouse S, Bagnoli F, Phogat S. Staphylococcus aureus Vaccine Research and Development: The Past, Present and Future, Including Novel Therapeutic Strategies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705360. [PMID: 34305945 PMCID: PMC8294057 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important human pathogens worldwide. Its high antibiotic resistance profile reinforces the need for new interventions like vaccines in addition to new antibiotics. Vaccine development efforts against S. aureus have failed so far however, the findings from these human clinical and non-clinical studies provide potential insight for such failures. Currently, research is focusing on identifying novel vaccine formulations able to elicit potent humoral and cellular immune responses. Translational science studies are attempting to discover correlates of protection using animal models as well as in vitro and ex vivo models assessing efficacy of vaccine candidates. Several new vaccine candidates are being tested in human clinical trials in a variety of target populations. In addition to vaccines, bacteriophages, monoclonal antibodies, centyrins and new classes of antibiotics are being developed. Some of these have been tested in humans with encouraging results. The complexity of the diseases and the range of the target populations affected by this pathogen will require a multipronged approach using different interventions, which will be discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Clegg
- GSK, Siena, Italy
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Rachel M. McLoughlin
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Grace PS, Dolatshahi S, Lu LL, Cain A, Palmieri F, Petrone L, Fortune SM, Ottenhoff THM, Lauffenburger DA, Goletti D, Joosten SA, Alter G. Antibody Subclass and Glycosylation Shift Following Effective TB Treatment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:679973. [PMID: 34290702 PMCID: PMC8287567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.679973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With an estimated 25% of the global population infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of death by infectious diseases. Humoral immunity following TB treatment is largely uncharacterized, and antibody profiling could provide insights into disease resolution. Here we focused on the distinctive TB-specific serum antibody features in active TB disease (ATB) and compared them with latent TB infection (LTBI) or treated ATB (txATB). As expected, di-galactosylated glycan structures (lacking sialic acid) found on IgG-Fc differentiated LTBI from ATB, but also discriminated txATB from ATB. Moreover, TB-specific IgG4 emerged as a novel antibody feature that correlated with active disease, elevated in ATB, but significantly diminished after therapy. These findings highlight 2 novel TB-specific antibody changes that track with the resolution of TB and may provide key insights to guide TB therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S. Grace
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sepideh Dolatshahi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Lenette L. Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Adam Cain
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Fabrizio Palmieri
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - Linda Petrone
- Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS (INMI) L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - Sarah M. Fortune
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Disease, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Douglas A. Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Delia Goletti
- Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS (INMI) L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone A. Joosten
- Department of Infectious Disease, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang M, van den Berg S, Mora Hernández Y, Visser AH, Vera Murguia E, Koedijk DGAM, Bellink C, Bruggen H, Bakker-Woudenberg IAJM, van Dijl JM, Buist G. Differential binding of human and murine IgGs to catalytic and cell wall binding domains of Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan hydrolases. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13865. [PMID: 34226629 PMCID: PMC8257689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93359-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen causing high morbidity and mortality. Since multi-drug resistant S. aureus lineages are nowadays omnipresent, alternative tools for preventive or therapeutic interventions, like immunotherapy, are urgently needed. However, there are currently no vaccines against S. aureus. Surface-exposed and secreted proteins are regarded as potential targets for immunization against S. aureus infections. Yet, many potential staphylococcal antigens of this category do not elicit protective immune responses. To obtain a better understanding of this problem, we compared the binding of serum IgGs from healthy human volunteers, highly S. aureus-colonized patients with the genetic blistering disease epidermolysis bullosa (EB), or immunized mice to the purified S. aureus peptidoglycan hydrolases Sle1, Aly and LytM and their different domains. The results show that the most abundant serum IgGs from humans and immunized mice target the cell wall-binding domain of Sle1, and the catalytic domains of Aly and LytM. Interestingly, in a murine infection model, these particular IgGs were not protective against S. aureus bacteremia. In contrast, relatively less abundant IgGs against the catalytic domain of Sle1 and the N-terminal domains of Aly and LytM were almost exclusively detected in sera from EB patients and healthy volunteers. These latter IgGs may contribute to the protection against staphylococcal infections, as previous studies suggest that serum IgGs protect EB patients against severe S. aureus infection. Together, these observations focus attention on the use of particular protein domains for vaccination to direct potentially protective immune responses towards the most promising epitopes within staphylococcal antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, HPC EB80, P.O. box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne van den Berg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yaremit Mora Hernández
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, HPC EB80, P.O. box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aafke Hinke Visser
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, HPC EB80, P.O. box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Elias Vera Murguia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, HPC EB80, P.O. box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis G A M Koedijk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, HPC EB80, P.O. box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Channah Bellink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, HPC EB80, P.O. box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hilde Bruggen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, HPC EB80, P.O. box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Irma A J M Bakker-Woudenberg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, HPC EB80, P.O. box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Girbe Buist
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, HPC EB80, P.O. box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jamrozik E, Heriot G, Bull S, Parker M. Vaccine-enhanced disease: case studies and ethical implications for research and public health. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:154. [PMID: 34235275 PMCID: PMC8250497 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16849.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is a cornerstone of global public health. Although licensed vaccines are generally extremely safe, both experimental and licensed vaccines are sometimes associated with rare serious adverse events. Vaccine-enhanced disease (VED) is a type of adverse event in which disease severity is increased when a person who has received the vaccine is later infected with the relevant pathogen. VED can occur during research with experimental vaccines and/or after vaccine licensure, sometimes months or years after a person receives a vaccine. Both research ethics and public health policy should therefore address the potential for disease enhancement. Significant VED has occurred in humans with vaccines for four pathogens: measles virus, respiratory syncytial virus, Staphylococcus aureus, and dengue virus; it has also occurred in veterinary research and in animal studies of human coronavirus vaccines. Some of the immunological mechanisms involved are now well-described, but VED overall remains difficult to predict with certainty, including during public health implementation of novel vaccines. This paper summarises the four known cases in humans and explores key ethical implications. Although rare, VED has important ethical implications because it can cause serious harm, including death, and such harms can undermine vaccine confidence more generally – leading to larger public health problems. The possibility of VED remains an important challenge for current and future vaccine development and deployment. We conclude this paper by summarising approaches to the reduction of risks and uncertainties related to VED, and the promotion of public trust in vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Euzebiusz Jamrozik
- The Ethox Centre & Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Monash Bioethics Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - George Heriot
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan Bull
- The Ethox Centre & Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Parker
- The Ethox Centre & Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pugia M, Bose T, Tjioe M, Frabutt D, Baird Z, Cao Z, Vorsilak A, McLuckey I, Barron MR, Barron M, Denys G, Carpenter J, Das A, Kaur K, Roy S, Sen CK, Deiss F. Multiplexed Signal Ion Emission Reactive Release Amplification (SIERRA) Assay for the Culture-Free Detection of Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6604-6612. [PMID: 33819029 PMCID: PMC9097648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The global prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has increased the risk of dangerous infections, requiring rapid diagnosis and treatment. The standard method for diagnosis of bacterial infections remains dependent on slow culture-based methods, carried out in central laboratories, not easily extensible to rapid identification of organisms, and thus not optimal for timely treatments at the point-of-care (POC). Here, we demonstrate rapid detection of bacteria by combining electrochemical immunoassays (EC-IA) for pathogen identification with confirmatory quantitative mass spectral immunoassays (MS-IA) based on signal ion emission reactive release amplification (SIERRA) nanoparticles with unique mass labels. This diagnostic method uses compatible reagents for all involved assays and standard fluidics for automatic sample preparation at POC. EC-IA, based on alkaline phosphatase-conjugated pathogen-specific antibodies, quantified down to 104 bacteria per sample when testing Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa lysates. EC-IA quantitation was also obtained for wound samples. The MS-IA using nanoparticles against S. aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa allowed selective quantitation of ∼105 bacteria per sample. This method preserves bacterial cells allowing extraction and amplification of 16S ribosomal RNA genes and antibiotic resistance genes, as was demonstrated through identification and quantitation of two strains of E. coli, resistant and nonresistant due to β-lactamase cefotaximase genes. Finally, the combined immunoassays were compared against culture using remnant deidentified patient urine samples. The sensitivities for these immunoassays were 83, 95, and 92% for the prediction of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli or K. pneumoniae positive culture, respectively, while specificities were 85, 92, and 97%. The diagnostic platform presented here with fluidics and combined immunoassays allows for pathogen isolation within 5 min and identification in as little as 15 min to 1 h, to help guide the decision for additional testing, optimally only on positive samples, such as multiplexed or resistance gene assays (6 h).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pugia
- Bioanalytical Technologies, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute (IBRI), 1345 W. 16th Street, Suite #300, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Tiyash Bose
- Bioanalytical Technologies, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute (IBRI), 1345 W. 16th Street, Suite #300, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Marco Tjioe
- Bioanalytical Technologies, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute (IBRI), 1345 W. 16th Street, Suite #300, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Dylan Frabutt
- Bioanalytical Technologies, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute (IBRI), 1345 W. 16th Street, Suite #300, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Zane Baird
- Bioanalytical Technologies, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute (IBRI), 1345 W. 16th Street, Suite #300, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Zehui Cao
- Bioanalytical Technologies, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute (IBRI), 1345 W. 16th Street, Suite #300, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Anna Vorsilak
- Bioanalytical Technologies, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute (IBRI), 1345 W. 16th Street, Suite #300, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Ian McLuckey
- Bioanalytical Technologies, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute (IBRI), 1345 W. 16th Street, Suite #300, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - M Regina Barron
- Bioanalytical Technologies, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute (IBRI), 1345 W. 16th Street, Suite #300, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 N Blackford Street, LD326, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Monica Barron
- Bioanalytical Technologies, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute (IBRI), 1345 W. 16th Street, Suite #300, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 N Blackford Street, LD326, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Gerald Denys
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, IU Health Pathology Laboratory, Indiana University School of Medicine, 350 W. 11th Street, Room 6027B, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Jessica Carpenter
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, IU Health Pathology Laboratory, Indiana University School of Medicine, 350 W. 11th Street, Room 6027B, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Amitava Das
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering (ICRME), IU Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 975 W. Walnut Street, Suite #444, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202,United States
| | - Karamjeet Kaur
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering (ICRME), IU Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 975 W. Walnut Street, Suite #444, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202,United States
| | - Sashwati Roy
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering (ICRME), IU Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 975 W. Walnut Street, Suite #444, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202,United States
| | - Chandan K Sen
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering (ICRME), IU Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 975 W. Walnut Street, Suite #444, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202,United States
| | - Frédérique Deiss
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 N Blackford Street, LD326, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tsai CM, Soper N, Bennett M, Fallon JK, Michell AR, Alter G, Liu GY, Thomsen I. Adoptive Transfer of Serum Samples From Children With Invasive Staphylococcal Infection and Protection Against Staphylococcus aureus Sepsis. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:1222-1231. [PMID: 32990305 PMCID: PMC8030728 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful Staphylococcus aureus vaccine remains elusive, and one controversy in the field is whether humans generate a protective adaptive immune response to infection. We developed a bacterial challenge murine assay that directly assesses the protective capacity of adoptively transferred human serum samples. We first validated the model by showing that postpneumococcal vaccine serum samples from humans induced effective clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in mice. We then found that human serum samples adoptively transferred from children with invasive S. aureus infections exhibited protection from disease in a murine model, with some samples conferring near complete protection. These findings demonstrate that human serum samples are capable of conferring a protective adaptive response generated by humans during invasive staphylococcal disease, allowing for the study of protective factors in a murine model. Identification of the protective factors present in the most efficacious serum samples would be of high interest as potential staphylococcal vaccine candidates or passive therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ming Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nicole Soper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Monique Bennett
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathan K Fallon
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashlin R Michell
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George Y Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Isaac Thomsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Identification of CD4 + T cell epitopes from Staphylococcus aureus secretome using immunoinformatic prediction and molecular docking. BIOTECHNOLOGIA 2021; 102:43-54. [PMID: 36605712 PMCID: PMC9642919 DOI: 10.5114/bta.2021.103761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
One major reason for the lack of clinical success of Staphylococcus aureus vaccine candidates is the inability of the antigens to develop a CD4+ T cell-mediated immune response. Hence, it is important to identify CD4+ T cell antigens from S. aureus. CD4+ T cells are activated following the presentation of epitopes derived from exogenous proteins on HLA class II molecules. Fifty-nine secretory proteins of S. aureus were analyzed computationally for the presence of HLA class II binding peptides. Fifteen-mer peptides were generated, and their binding to 26 HLA class II alleles was predicted. The structural feasibility of the peptides binding to HLA-II was studied using molecular docking. Of the 16,724 peptides generated, 6991 (41.8%) were predicted to bind to any one of the alleles with an IC50 value below 50 nM. Comparative sequence analysis revealed that only 545 of the strong binding peptides are non-self in the human system. Approximately 50% of the binding peptides were monoallele-specific. Moreover, approximately 95% of the predicted strong binding non-self peptides interacted with the binding groove of at least one HLA class II molecule with a glide score better than -10 kcal/mol. On the basis of the analysis of the strength of binding, non-self presentation in the human host, propensity to bind to a higher number of alleles, and energetically favorable interactions with HLA molecules, a set of 11 CD4+ T cell epitopes that can be used as vaccine candidates was identified.
Collapse
|
16
|
Meyer TC, Michalik S, Holtfreter S, Weiss S, Friedrich N, Völzke H, Kocher T, Kohler C, Schmidt F, Bröker BM, Völker U. A Comprehensive View on the Human Antibody Repertoire Against Staphylococcus aureus Antigens in the General Population. Front Immunol 2021; 12:651619. [PMID: 33777051 PMCID: PMC7987813 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.651619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our goal was to provide a comprehensive overview of the antibody response to Staphylococcus aureus antigens in the general population as a basis for defining disease-specific profiles and diagnostic signatures. We tested the specific IgG and IgA responses to 79 staphylococcal antigens in 996 individuals from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania. Using a dilution-based multiplex suspension array, we extended the dynamic range of specific antibody detection to seven orders of magnitude, allowing the precise quantification of high and low abundant antibody specificities in the same sample. The observed IgG and IgA antibody responses were highly heterogeneous with differences between individuals as well as between bacterial antigens that spanned several orders of magnitude. Some antigens elicited significantly more IgG than IgA and vice versa. We confirmed a strong influence of colonization on the antibody response and quantified the influence of sex, smoking, age, body mass index, and serum glucose on anti-staphylococcal IgG and IgA. However, all host parameters tested explain only a small part of the extensive variability in individual response to the different antigens of S. aureus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja C Meyer
- Department Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan Michalik
- Department Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Weiss
- Department Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Kocher
- Unit of Periodontology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Kohler
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank Schmidt
- Department Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Proteomics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Barbara M Bröker
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Venkatasubramaniam A, Liao G, Cho E, Adhikari RP, Kort T, Holtsberg FW, Elsass KE, Kobs DJ, Rudge TL, Kauffman KD, Lora NE, Barber DL, Aman MJ, Karauzum H. Safety and Immunogenicity of a 4-Component Toxoid-Based Staphylococcus aureus Vaccine in Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2021; 12:621754. [PMID: 33717122 PMCID: PMC7947289 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.621754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of significant morbidity and mortality and an enormous economic burden to public health worldwide. Infections caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) pose a major threat as MRSA strains are becoming increasingly prevalent and multi-drug resistant. To this date, vaccines targeting surface-bound antigens demonstrated promising results in preclinical testing but have failed in clinical trials. S. aureus pathogenesis is in large part driven by immune destructive and immune modulating toxins and thus represent promising vaccine targets. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a staphylococcal 4-component vaccine targeting secreted bi-component pore-forming toxins (BCPFTs) and superantigens (SAgs) in non-human primates (NHPs). The 4-component vaccine proved to be safe, even when repeated vaccinations were given at a dose that is 5 to 10- fold higher than the proposed human dose. Vaccinated rhesus macaques did not exhibit clinical signs, weight loss, or changes in hematology or serum chemistry parameters related to the administration of the vaccine. No acute, vaccine-related elevation of serum cytokine levels was observed after vaccine administration, confirming the toxoid components lacked superantigenicity. Immunized animals demonstrated high level of toxin-specific total and neutralizing antibodies toward target antigens of the 4-component vaccine as well as cross-neutralizing activity toward staphylococcal BCPFTs and SAgs that are not direct targets of the vaccine. Cross-neutralization was also observed toward the heterologous streptococcal pyogenic exotoxin B. Ex vivo stimulation of PBMCs with individual vaccine components demonstrated an overall increase in several T cell cytokines measured in supernatants. Immunophenotyping of CD4 T cells ex vivo showed an increase in Ag-specific polyfunctional CD4 T cells in response to antigen stimulation. Taken together, we demonstrate that the 4-component vaccine is well-tolerated and immunogenic in NHPs generating both humoral and cellular immune responses. Targeting secreted toxin antigens could be the next-generation vaccine approach for staphylococcal vaccines if also proven to provide efficacy in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Grant Liao
- Integrated BioTherapeutics, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Eunice Cho
- Integrated BioTherapeutics, Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | - Tom Kort
- Integrated BioTherapeutics, Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Dean J. Kobs
- Batelle - West Jefferson, West Jefferson, OH, United States
| | | | - Keith D. Kauffman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, T Lymphocyte Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nickiana E. Lora
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, T Lymphocyte Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Daniel L. Barber
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, T Lymphocyte Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - M. Javad Aman
- Integrated BioTherapeutics, Rockville, MD, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Teymournejad O, Montgomery CP. Evasion of Immunological Memory by S. aureus Infection: Implications for Vaccine Design. Front Immunol 2021; 12:633672. [PMID: 33692805 PMCID: PMC7937817 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent S. aureus infections are common, suggesting that natural immune responses are not protective. All candidate vaccines tested thus far have failed to protect against S. aureus infections, highlighting an urgent need to better understand the mechanisms by which the bacterium interacts with the host immune system to evade or prevent protective immunity. Although there is evidence in murine models that both cellular and humoral immune responses are important for protection against S. aureus, human studies suggest that T cells are critical in determining susceptibility to infection. This review will use an “anatomic” approach to systematically outline the steps necessary in generating a T cell-mediated immune response against S. aureus. Through the processes of bacterial uptake by antigen presenting cells, processing and presentation of antigens to T cells, and differentiation and proliferation of memory and effector T cell subsets, the ability of S. aureus to evade or inhibit each step of the T-cell mediated response will be reviewed. We hypothesize that these interactions result in the redirection of immune responses away from protective antigens, thereby precluding the establishment of “natural” memory and potentially inhibiting the efficacy of vaccination. It is anticipated that this approach will reveal important implications for future design of vaccines to prevent these infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Teymournejad
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Christopher P Montgomery
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fu W, He W, Ren Y, Li Z, Liu J, Liu Y, Xie Z, Xu J, Bi Q, Kong M, Lee CC, Daiss JL, Muthukrishnan G, Owen JR, Kates SL, Peng J, Xie C. Distinct expression trend of signature antigens of Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis correlated with clinical outcomes. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:265-273. [PMID: 33336817 PMCID: PMC7946439 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The major limitations of clinical outcome predictions of osteomyelitis mediated by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are not specific and definitive. To this end, current studies aim to investigate host immune responses of trend changes of the iron-regulated surface determinant (Isd) of IsdA, IsdB, IsdH, cell wall-modifying proteins of amidase (Amd) and glucosaminidase (Gmd), and secreted virulence factor of chemotaxis inhibitory protein S. aureus (CHIPS) and staphylococcal complement inhibitor (SCIN) longitudinally to discover their correlationship with clinical outcomes. A total of 55 patients with confirmed S. aureus infection of the long bone by clinical and laboratory methods were recruited for the study. Whole blood was collected at 0, 6, 12 months for the serum that was used to test IsdA, IsdB, IsdH, Gmd, Amd, CHIPS, and SCIN using a customized Luminex assay after clinical standard care parameters were collected. The patients were then divided into two groups: (1) infection controlled versus (2) adverse outcome based on clinical criteria for statistical analysis. We found that standard clinical parameters were unable to distinguish therapeutic outcomes. Significant overexpression of all antigens was confirmed in infection patients at 0-, 6-, and 12-month time points. A distinct expression trend and dynamic changes of IsdB, Amd, Gmd, and CHIPS were observed between infection controlled and adverse outcome patients, while the IsdA, IsdH, SCIN remained demonstrated no statistical significance. We conclude that dynamic changes of specific antigens could predict clinical outcomes of S. aureus osteomyelitis. Clinical Relevance: The trend changes of host immune responses to S. aureus specific antigens of IsdB, Gmd, Amd, and CHIPS could predict clinical outcomes of S. aureus osteomyelitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Joint Orthopaedic Research Center of Zunyi Medical University & University of Rochester Medical Center (JORC – ZMU&URMC), First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003 China,Joint Orthopaedic, Research Center of Zunyi Medical University & University of Rochester Medical Center (JORC – ZMU&URMC), First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003 China,The authors contributed equally
| | - Wenbin He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Joint Orthopaedic Research Center of Zunyi Medical University & University of Rochester Medical Center (JORC – ZMU&URMC), First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003 China,Joint Orthopaedic, Research Center of Zunyi Medical University & University of Rochester Medical Center (JORC – ZMU&URMC), First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003 China,The authors contributed equally
| | - Youliang Ren
- Department of Orthopaedics, Joint Orthopaedic Research Center of Zunyi Medical University & University of Rochester Medical Center (JORC – ZMU&URMC), First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003 China,Joint Orthopaedic, Research Center of Zunyi Medical University & University of Rochester Medical Center (JORC – ZMU&URMC), First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003 China
| | - Zhengdao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Joint Orthopaedic Research Center of Zunyi Medical University & University of Rochester Medical Center (JORC – ZMU&URMC), First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003 China,Joint Orthopaedic, Research Center of Zunyi Medical University & University of Rochester Medical Center (JORC – ZMU&URMC), First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003 China
| | - Jinyue Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Joint Orthopaedic Research Center of Zunyi Medical University & University of Rochester Medical Center (JORC – ZMU&URMC), First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003 China,Joint Orthopaedic, Research Center of Zunyi Medical University & University of Rochester Medical Center (JORC – ZMU&URMC), First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003 China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Joint Orthopaedic Research Center of Zunyi Medical University & University of Rochester Medical Center (JORC – ZMU&URMC), First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003 China,Joint Orthopaedic, Research Center of Zunyi Medical University & University of Rochester Medical Center (JORC – ZMU&URMC), First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003 China
| | - Zhao Xie
- Department of Orthopaedic, Joint Orthopaedic Research Center of Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University & University of Rochester Medical Center (JORC – SHTMMU &URMC), Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China,Joint Orthopaedic, Research Center of Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University & University of Rochester Medical Center (JORC – SHTMMU &URMC), Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic, Joint Orthopaedic Research Center of Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University & University of Rochester Medical Center (JORC – SHTMMU &URMC), Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China,Joint Orthopaedic, Research Center of Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University & University of Rochester Medical Center (JORC – SHTMMU &URMC), Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Qing Bi
- Department of Orthopaedic, Joint Orthopaedic Research Center of Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital & University of Rochester Medical Center (JORC – ZPPH &URMC), Zhejiang Provincial Hospital, Hangzhou, 310024 China,Joint Orthopaedic, Research Center of Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital & University of Rochester Medical Center (JORC – ZPPH &URMC), Zhejiang Provincial Hospital, Hangzhou, 310024 China
| | - Mingxiang Kong
- Department of Orthopaedic, Joint Orthopaedic Research Center of Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital & University of Rochester Medical Center (JORC – ZPPH &URMC), Zhejiang Provincial Hospital, Hangzhou, 310024 China,Joint Orthopaedic, Research Center of Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital & University of Rochester Medical Center (JORC – ZPPH &URMC), Zhejiang Provincial Hospital, Hangzhou, 310024 China
| | - Charles C. Lee
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - John L. Daiss
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Gowrishankar Muthukrishnan
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - John R. Owen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Stephen L. Kates
- Joint Orthopaedic, Research Center of Zunyi Medical University & University of Rochester Medical Center (JORC – ZMU&URMC), First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003 China,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Jiachen Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Joint Orthopaedic Research Center of Zunyi Medical University & University of Rochester Medical Center (JORC – ZMU&URMC), First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003 China,Joint Orthopaedic, Research Center of Zunyi Medical University & University of Rochester Medical Center (JORC – ZMU&URMC), First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003 China,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr. Chao Xie, The Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, NY 14642, Phone 585-275-0818, FAX 585-276-2177, or Dr. Jiachen Peng, Department of Orthopaedics First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi, 563003 China,
| | - Chao Xie
- Joint Orthopaedic, Research Center of Zunyi Medical University & University of Rochester Medical Center (JORC – ZMU&URMC), First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003 China,Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr. Chao Xie, The Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, NY 14642, Phone 585-275-0818, FAX 585-276-2177, or Dr. Jiachen Peng, Department of Orthopaedics First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi, 563003 China,
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kranjec C, Morales Angeles D, Torrissen Mårli M, Fernández L, García P, Kjos M, Diep DB. Staphylococcal Biofilms: Challenges and Novel Therapeutic Perspectives. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:131. [PMID: 33573022 PMCID: PMC7911828 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci, like Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis, are common colonizers of the human microbiota. While being harmless in many cases, many virulence factors result in them being opportunistic pathogens and one of the major causes of hospital-acquired infections worldwide. One of these virulence factors is the ability to form biofilms-three-dimensional communities of microorganisms embedded in an extracellular polymeric matrix (EPS). The EPS is composed of polysaccharides, proteins and extracellular DNA, and is finely regulated in response to environmental conditions. This structured environment protects the embedded bacteria from the human immune system and decreases their susceptibility to antimicrobials, making infections caused by staphylococci particularly difficult to treat. With the rise of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci, together with difficulty in removing biofilms, there is a great need for new treatment strategies. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of our current knowledge of the stages of biofilm development and what difficulties may arise when trying to eradicate staphylococcal biofilms. Furthermore, we look into promising targets and therapeutic methods, including bacteriocins and phage-derived antibiofilm approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kranjec
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway; (C.K.); (D.M.A.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Danae Morales Angeles
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway; (C.K.); (D.M.A.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Marita Torrissen Mårli
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway; (C.K.); (D.M.A.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Lucía Fernández
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute of Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (L.F.); (P.G.)
- DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pilar García
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute of Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (L.F.); (P.G.)
- DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Morten Kjos
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway; (C.K.); (D.M.A.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Dzung B. Diep
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway; (C.K.); (D.M.A.); (M.T.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Thunberg U, Hugosson S, Ehricht R, Monecke S, Müller E, Cao Y, Stegger M, Söderquist B. Long-Term Sinonasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and Anti-Staphylococcal Humoral Immune Response in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:256. [PMID: 33513900 PMCID: PMC7912147 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated Staphylococcus aureus diversity, genetic factors, and humoral immune responses against antigens via genome analysis of S. aureus isolates from chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients in a long-term follow-up. Of the 42 patients who provided S. aureus isolates and serum for a previous study, 34 could be included for follow-up after a decade. Clinical examinations were performed and bacterial samples were collected from the maxillary sinus and nares. S. aureus isolates were characterized by whole-genome sequencing, and specific anti-staphylococcal IgG in serum was determined using protein arrays. S. aureus was detected in the nares and/or maxillary sinus at both initial inclusion and follow-up in 15 of the 34 respondents (44%). Three of these (20%) had S. aureus isolates from the same genetic lineage as at inclusion. A low number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified when comparing isolates from nares and maxillary sinus collected at the same time point. The overall change of antibody responses to staphylococcal antigens over time showed great variability, and no correlation was found between the presence of genes encoding antigens and the corresponding anti-staphylococcal IgG in serum; thus our findings did not support a role, in CRS, of the specific S. aureus antigens investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrica Thunberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Örebro University Hospital, SE 70185 Örebro, Sweden;
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE 70182 Örebro, Sweden; (M.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Svante Hugosson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Örebro University Hospital, SE 70185 Örebro, Sweden;
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE 70182 Örebro, Sweden; (M.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany; (R.E.); (S.M.); (E.M.)
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institut fuer Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Medizinische Fakultaet “Carl Gustav Carus” Fiedlerstr. 42, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Monecke
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany; (R.E.); (S.M.); (E.M.)
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institut fuer Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Medizinische Fakultaet “Carl Gustav Carus” Fiedlerstr. 42, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Elke Müller
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany; (R.E.); (S.M.); (E.M.)
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Yang Cao
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, SE 70182 Örebro, Sweden;
| | - Marc Stegger
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE 70182 Örebro, Sweden; (M.S.); (B.S.)
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Söderquist
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE 70182 Örebro, Sweden; (M.S.); (B.S.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Örebro University Hospital, SE 70185 Örebro, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Uebele J, Habenicht K, Ticha O, Bekeredjian-Ding I. Staphylococcus aureus Protein A Induces Human Regulatory T Cells Through Interaction With Antigen-Presenting Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581713. [PMID: 33117390 PMCID: PMC7560526 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite continuous exposure and development of specific immunity, Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) remains one of the leading causes of severe infections worldwide. Although innate immune defense mechanisms are well understood, the role of the T cell response has not been fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that Sa and one of its major virulence factors protein A (SpA) induce human regulatory T cells (Tregs), key players in immune tolerance. In human PBMC and MoDC/T cell cocultures CD4+CD25+CD127dim Tregs were induced upon stimulation with Sa and to a lower extent with SpA alone. Treg induction was strongly, but not exclusively, dependent on SpA, and independent of antigen presentation or T cell epitope recognition. Lastly, soluble factors in the supernatant of SpA-stimulated MoDC were sufficient to trigger Treg formation, while supernatants of MoDC/T cell cocultures containing Sa-triggered Tregs displayed T cell suppressive activity. In summary, our findings identify a new immunosuppressory function of SpA, which leads to release of soluble, Treg-inducing factors and might be relevant to establish colonization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Uebele
- Division of Microbiology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Olga Ticha
- Division of Microbiology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Muthukrishnan G, Soin S, Beck CA, Grier A, Brodell JD, Lee CC, Ackert-Bicknell CL, Lee FEH, Schwarz EM, Daiss JL. A Bioinformatic Approach to Utilize a Patient's Antibody-Secreting Cells against Staphylococcus aureus to Detect Challenging Musculoskeletal Infections. Immunohorizons 2020; 4:339-351. [PMID: 32571786 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive diagnostics for Staphylococcus aureus musculoskeletal infections (MSKI) remain challenging. Abs from newly activated, pathogen-specific plasmablasts in human blood, which emerge during an ongoing infection, can be used for diagnosing and tracking treatment response in diabetic foot infections. Using multianalyte immunoassays on medium enriched for newly synthesized Abs (MENSA) from Ab-secreting cells, we assessed anti-S. aureus IgG responses in 101 MSKI patients (63 culture-confirmed S. aureus, 38 S. aureus-negative) and 52 healthy controls. MENSA IgG levels were assessed for their ability to identify the presence and type of S. aureus MSKI using machine learning and multivariate receiver operating characteristic curves. Eleven S. aureus-infected patients were presented with prosthetic joint infections, 15 with fracture-related infections, 5 with native joint septic arthritis, 15 with diabetic foot infections, and 17 with suspected orthopedic infections in the soft tissue. Anti-S. aureus MENSA IgG levels in patients with non-S. aureus infections and healthy controls were 4-fold (***p = 0.0002) and 8-fold (****p < 0.0001) lower, respectively, compared with those with culture-confirmed S. aureus infections. Comparison of MENSA IgG responses among S. aureus culture-positive patients revealed Ags predictive of active MSKI (IsdB, SCIN, Gmd) and Ags predictive of MSKI type (IsdB, IsdH, Amd, Hla). When combined, IsdB, IsdH, Gmd, Amd, SCIN, and Hla were highly discriminatory of S. aureus MSKI (area under the ROC curve = 0.89 [95% confidence interval 0.82-0.93, p < 0.01]). Collectively, these results demonstrate the feasibility of a bioinformatic approach to use a patient's active immune proteome against S. aureus to diagnose challenging MSKI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gowrishankar Muthukrishnan
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Sandeep Soin
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Christopher A Beck
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642.,Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Alex Grier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - James D Brodell
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Charles C Lee
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Cheryl L Ackert-Bicknell
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642.,Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80045; and
| | - Frances Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Edward M Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - John L Daiss
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642; .,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Development of a Novel and Rapid Antibody-Based Diagnostic for Chronic Staphylococcus aureus Infections Based on Biofilm Antigens. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.01414-19. [PMID: 32051263 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01414-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosthetic joint infections are difficult to diagnose and treat due to biofilm formation by the causative pathogens. Pathogen identification relies on microbial culture that requires days to weeks, and in the case of chronic biofilm infections, lacks sensitivity. Diagnosis of infection is often delayed past the point of effective treatment such that only the removal of the implant is curative. Early diagnosis of an infection based on antibody detection might lead to less invasive, early interventions. Our study examined antibody-based assays against the Staphylococcus aureus biofilm-upregulated antigens SAOCOL0486 (a lipoprotein), glucosaminidase (a domain of SACOL1062), and SACOL0688 (the manganese transporter MntC) for detection of chronic S. aureus infection. We evaluated these antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using sera from naive rabbits and rabbits with S. aureus-mediated osteomyelitis, and then we validated a proof of concept for the lateral flow assay (LFA). The SACOL0688 LFA demonstrated 100% specificity and 100% sensitivity. We demonstrated the clinical diagnostic utility of the SACOL0688 antigen using synovial fluid (SF) from humans with orthopedic implant infections. Elevated antibody levels to SACOL0688 in clinical SF specimens correlated with 91% sensitivity and 100% specificity for the diagnosis of S. aureus infection by ELISA. We found measuring antibodies levels to SACOL0688 in SF using ELISA or LFA provides a tool for the sensitive and specific diagnosis of S. aureus prosthetic joint infection. Development of the LFA diagnostic modality is a desirable, cost-effective option, potentially providing rapid readout in minutes for chronic biofilm infections.
Collapse
|
25
|
de Vor L, Rooijakkers SHM, van Strijp JAG. Staphylococci evade the innate immune response by disarming neutrophils and forming biofilms. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2556-2569. [PMID: 32144756 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis can cause many types of infections, ranging from skin infections to implant-associated infections. The primary innate immune response against bacterial infections involves complement activation, recruitment of phagocytes (most importantly neutrophils), and subsequent killing of the pathogen. However, staphylococci are not innocent bystanders; they actively obstruct this immune attack. To do that, S. aureus secretes several immune-evasion proteins to resist attack by the innate immune system. Furthermore, S. aureus and S. epidermidis are known for their ability to form biofilms on implanted medical devices and host tissues, which provides another important immune-evasion mechanism. Understanding these different strategies to resist immune attack will help to develop novel therapies against staphylococcal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne de Vor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan H M Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Jos A G van Strijp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cunha AF, Andrade HM, Souza FN, Fialho Júnior LC, Rosa DLSO, Ramos Sanchez EM, Gidlund M, Goto H, Brito MAVP, Guimarães AS, Lage AP, Reis LC, Della Libera AMMP, Heinemann MB, Cerqueira MMOP. Comparison of antibody repertories against Staphylococcus aureus in healthy and infected dairy cows with a distinct mastitis history and vaccinated with a polyvalent mastitis vaccine. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4588-4605. [PMID: 32113759 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the pathogens most frequently isolated from cases of mastitis worldwide. To decrease the effect of S. aureus mastitis in dairy farming, alternative strategies for controlling mastitis are needed that depend on a better knowledge of cow-to-cow variations in S. aureus antibody production. The present study sought to explore the diversity of S. aureus antibodies produced by dairy cows with a distinct mastitis history and vaccinated with a polyvalent mastitis vaccine. We obtained protein extracts from S. aureus isolates derived from persistent subclinical mastitis. Proteins were fractionated using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and Western blotting. Then, Western blotting membranes were exposed to sera from 24 dairy cows that had been divided into the following groups: vaccinated dairy cows that were infected with S. aureus, further subdivided according to whether they (a) remained infected by S. aureus or (b) recovered from the intramammary infection; unvaccinated dairy cows infected with S. aureus; and vaccinated healthy dairy cows with no history of S. aureus mastitis. Proteins found to be reactive by Western blot were identified by mass spectrometry (MALDI/TOF-TOF). Our most important finding was that F0F1 ATP synthase subunit α, succinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase, and cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase were potential candidate proteins for the prevention of S. aureus mastitis. This study strengthens the notion that variations among animals should not be ignored and shows that the heterogeneity of antibody production against anti-staphylococcal antigens in animals may enable the identification of new immunotherapy targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A F Cunha
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil; Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil.
| | - H M Andrade
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - F N Souza
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil; Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil; Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia 58397-000, Brazil
| | - L C Fialho Júnior
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - D L S O Rosa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil; Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - E M Ramos Sanchez
- Laboratório de Sorologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; Departamento de Salud Publica, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01000, Peru
| | - M Gidlund
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - H Goto
- Laboratório de Sorologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - M A V P Brito
- EMBRAPA-Gado de Leite, Avenida Eugênio do Nascimento, 610, Juiz de Fora 36038-330, Brazil
| | - A S Guimarães
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil
| | - A P Lage
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - L C Reis
- Laboratório de Sorologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - A M M P Della Libera
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - M B Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - M M O P Cerqueira
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Harro JM, Achermann Y, Freiberg JA, Allison DL, Brao KJ, Marinos DP, Sanjari S, Leid JG, Shirtliff ME. Clearance of Staphylococcus aureus from In Vivo Models of Chronic Infection by Immunization Requires Both Planktonic and Biofilm Antigens. Infect Immun 2019; 88:e00586-19. [PMID: 31712267 PMCID: PMC6921670 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00586-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a causative agent of chronic biofilm-associated infections that are recalcitrant to resolution by the immune system or antibiotics. To combat these infections, an antistaphylococcal, biofilm-specific quadrivalent vaccine against an osteomyelitis model in rabbits has previously been developed and shown to be effective at eliminating biofilm-embedded bacterial populations. However, the addition of antibiotics was required to eradicate remaining planktonic populations. In this study, a planktonic upregulated antigen was combined with the quadrivalent vaccine to remove the need for antibiotic therapy. Immunization with this pentavalent vaccine followed by intraperitoneal challenge of BALB/c mice with S. aureus resulted in 16.7% and 91.7% mortality in pentavalent vaccine and control groups, respectively (P < 0.001). Complete bacterial elimination was found in 66.7% of the pentavalent cohort, while only 8.3% of the control animals cleared the infection (P < 0.05). Further protective efficacy was observed in immunized rabbits following intramedullary challenge with S. aureus, where 62.5% of the pentavalent cohort completely cleared the infection, versus none of the control animals (P < 0.05). Passive immunization of BALB/c mice with serum IgG against the vaccine antigens prior to intraperitoneal challenge with S. aureus prevented mortality in 100% of mice and eliminated bacteria in 33.3% of the challenged mice. These results demonstrate that targeting both the planktonic and biofilm stages with the pentavalent vaccine or the IgG elicited by immunization can effectively protect against S. aureus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janette M Harro
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yvonne Achermann
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey A Freiberg
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Program, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Devon L Allison
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Program, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristen J Brao
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Program, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dimitrius P Marinos
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Salar Sanjari
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeff G Leid
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Mark E Shirtliff
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Masters EA, Trombetta RP, de Mesy Bentley KL, Boyce BF, Gill AL, Gill SR, Nishitani K, Ishikawa M, Morita Y, Ito H, Bello-Irizarry SN, Ninomiya M, Brodell JD, Lee CC, Hao SP, Oh I, Xie C, Awad HA, Daiss JL, Owen JR, Kates SL, Schwarz EM, Muthukrishnan G. Evolving concepts in bone infection: redefining "biofilm", "acute vs. chronic osteomyelitis", "the immune proteome" and "local antibiotic therapy". Bone Res 2019; 7:20. [PMID: 31646012 PMCID: PMC6804538 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-019-0061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteomyelitis is a devastating disease caused by microbial infection of bone. While the frequency of infection following elective orthopedic surgery is low, rates of reinfection are disturbingly high. Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for the majority of chronic osteomyelitis cases and is often considered to be incurable due to bacterial persistence deep within bone. Unfortunately, there is no consensus on clinical classifications of osteomyelitis and the ensuing treatment algorithm. Given the high patient morbidity, mortality, and economic burden caused by osteomyelitis, it is important to elucidate mechanisms of bone infection to inform novel strategies for prevention and curative treatment. Recent discoveries in this field have identified three distinct reservoirs of bacterial biofilm including: Staphylococcal abscess communities in the local soft tissue and bone marrow, glycocalyx formation on implant hardware and necrotic tissue, and colonization of the osteocyte-lacuno canalicular network (OLCN) of cortical bone. In contrast, S. aureus intracellular persistence in bone cells has not been substantiated in vivo, which challenges this mode of chronic osteomyelitis. There have also been major advances in our understanding of the immune proteome against S. aureus, from clinical studies of serum antibodies and media enriched for newly synthesized antibodies (MENSA), which may provide new opportunities for osteomyelitis diagnosis, prognosis, and vaccine development. Finally, novel therapies such as antimicrobial implant coatings and antibiotic impregnated 3D-printed scaffolds represent promising strategies for preventing and managing this devastating disease. Here, we review these recent advances and highlight translational opportunities towards a cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elysia A. Masters
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Ryan P. Trombetta
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Karen L. de Mesy Bentley
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Brendan F Boyce
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Ann Lindley Gill
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Steven R. Gill
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Kohei Nishitani
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ishikawa
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yugo Morita
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Mark Ninomiya
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - James D. Brodell
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Charles C. Lee
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Stephanie P. Hao
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Irvin Oh
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Chao Xie
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Hani A. Awad
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - John L. Daiss
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - John R. Owen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Stephen L. Kates
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Edward M. Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Gowrishankar Muthukrishnan
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hershkovits AS, Pozdnyakov I, Meir O, Mor A. Sub-inhibitory membrane damage undermines Staphylococcus aureus virulence. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:1172-1179. [PMID: 30974095 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated antibacterial properties of a recently described membrane-active lipopeptide, C10OOc12O (decanoyl-ornithyl-ornithyl-dodecanoyl-ornithyl-amide) against Gram-positive bacteria (GPB). Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and kinetics were compared in culture media and plasma. Chemo-sensitization to antibiotics was determined using the checkerboard assay. Membrane damages were estimated using diverse membrane potential sensitive dyes. ATP levels and relevant enzymes activities were measured using commercial bioassay kits. While relatively weakly active in simple culture media, sub-MIC levels (~ten-fold) of C10OOc12O have significantly improved the antibacterial function of Human plasma. Mechanistic studies indicated that C10OOc12O-treated bacteria have sustained mild membrane damage(s) in association with rapid (within 2 min) but low (<10%) dissipation of the trans-membrane potential; Intracellular ATP levels were transiently reduced (~20%) whereas extracellular ATP increased only at MIC values; Sub-inhibitory concentrations were sufficient for inhibiting major agr-regulated virulence factors (lipase and α-toxin) and for sensitizing MRSA USA300 to the antibiotic oxacillin to the point of reverting the bacteria status from oxacillin-resistant to oxacillin-sensitive (i.e., oxacillin MIC was reduced from 32 to 0.1 mg/l). These findings argue that by means of mild depolarization, C10OOc12O affects the quorum sensing regulator in a manner that transiently weakens bacterial defenses, thereby enforcing studies that support the potential usefulness of fighting S. aureus (and possibly other GPB) infections, by targeting its virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Sarah Hershkovits
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Igor Pozdnyakov
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ohad Meir
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amram Mor
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Preventing lung pathology and mortality in rabbit Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia models with cytotoxin-neutralizing monoclonal IgGs penetrating the epithelial lining fluid. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5339. [PMID: 30926865 PMCID: PMC6441091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41826-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia is associated with high mortality irrespective of antibiotic susceptibility. Both MRSA and MSSA strains produce powerful cytotoxins: alpha-hemolysin(Hla) and up to five leukocidins - LukSF-PV, HlgAB, HlgCB, LukED and LukGH (LukAB) - to evade host innate defense mechanisms. Neutralizing cytotoxins has been shown to provide survival benefit in rabbit S. aureus pneumonia models. We studied the mechanisms of protection of ASN100, a combination of two human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), ASN-1 and ASN-2, that together neutralize Hla and the five leukocidins, in rabbit MRSA and MSSA pneumonia models. Upon prophylactic passive immunization, ASN100 displayed dose-dependent increase in survival and was fully protective against all S. aureus strains tested at 5 or 20 mg/kg doses. Macroscopic and microscopic lung pathology, edema rate, and bacterial burden were evaluated 12 hours post infection and reduced by ASN100. Pharmacokinetic analysis of ASN100 in bronchoalveolar-lavage fluid from uninfected animals detected efficient penetration to lung epithelial lining fluid reaching peak levels between 24 and 48 hours post dosing that were comparable to the mAb concentration measured in serum. These data confirm that the ASN100 mAbs neutralize the powerful cytotoxins of S. aureus in the lung and prevent damage to the mucosal barrier and innate immune cells.
Collapse
|
31
|
Yang F, Chang TL, Liu T, Wu D, Du H, Liang J, Tian F. Label-free detection of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria using long-period fiber gratings with functional polyelectrolyte coatings. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 133:147-153. [PMID: 30927678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Highly sensitive long-period fiber gratings (LPFG) was developed for label-free and rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Specifically, the LPFG was functionalized with antibody and nanopitted polyelectrolyte coatings to facilitate bacterial adhesion and thus enhance the sensitivity of bacteria detection. The kinetics of S. aureus adhesion on functional coatings were tracked by surface morphology evolution and time-resolved resonance wavelength shift of the coated LPFG at a flow rate of 30 μl/ml and 37 °C in the concentration range of 104-108 colony forming unit (CFU)/ml. S. aureus detection at concentrations as low as 224 CFU/ml can be achieved within a short time span of 30 min. The LPFG-based biosensor can be readily adapted to a variety of biophotonic platforms, for applications such as food safety inspection, environmental monitoring, clinical diagnostics, and medical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, United States.
| | - Tzu-Lan Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, United States.
| | - Tianchi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, United States.
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, United States.
| | - Henry Du
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, United States.
| | - Junfeng Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, United States.
| | - Fei Tian
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rigat F, Bartolini E, Dalsass M, Kumar N, Marchi S, Speziale P, Maione D, Chen L, Romano MR, Alegre ML, Bagnoli F, Daum RS, David MZ. Retrospective Identification of a Broad IgG Repertoire Differentiating Patients With S. aureus Skin and Soft Tissue Infections From Controls. Front Immunol 2019; 10:114. [PMID: 30792711 PMCID: PMC6375365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although the relevance of humoral immunity for protection against S. aureus skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) has been suggested by several animal and human studies, the question of which human antibodies may be protective has so far impeded the development of a safe and effective vaccine. Because most adults have developed certain anti-S. aureus antibodies due to S. aureus colonization or infection, we hypothesized that the titers of antibodies to S. aureus in uninfected controls would differ from those in infected patients and would also differ in infected patients from the time of acute infection to a 40-day convalescent serum. Methods: To test these hypotheses, we measured human antibody levels against a panel of 134 unique antigens comprising the S. aureus surfome and secretome in subjects with active culture-confirmed S. aureus SSTIs (cases) and in controls with no infection, using a novel S. aureus protein microarray. Results: Most S. aureus SSTI patients (n = 60) and controls (n = 142) had antibodies to many of the tested S. aureus antigens. Univariate analysis showed statistically weak differences in the IgG levels to some antigens in the SSTI patient (case) sera compared with controls. Antibody levels to most tested antigens did not increase comparing acute with 40-day serum. Multiple logistic regression identified a rich subset of antigens that, by their antibody levels, together correctly differentiated all cases from all controls. Conclusions: Antibodies directed against S. aureus antigens were present both in patients with S. aureus SSTIs and in uninfected control patients. We found that SSTI patients and controls could be distinguished only based on differences in antibody levels to many staphylococcal surface and secreted antigens. Our results demonstrate that in the studied population, the levels of anti-S. aureus antibodies appear largely fixed, suggesting that there may be some level of unresponsiveness to natural infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Rigat
- GSK Pharmaceuticals R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Neha Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Pietro Speziale
- Department of Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Luqiu Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Maria-Luisa Alegre
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Robert S. Daum
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Michael Z. David
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Charlesworth CT, Deshpande PS, Dever DP, Camarena J, Lemgart VT, Cromer MK, Vakulskas CA, Collingwood MA, Zhang L, Bode NM, Behlke MA, Dejene B, Cieniewicz B, Romano R, Lesch BJ, Gomez-Ospina N, Mantri S, Pavel-Dinu M, Weinberg KI, Porteus MH. Identification of preexisting adaptive immunity to Cas9 proteins in humans. Nat Med 2019; 25:249-254. [PMID: 30692695 PMCID: PMC7199589 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 575] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas9 system is a powerful tool for genome editing, which allows the precise modification of specific DNA sequences. Many efforts are underway to use the CRISPR-Cas9 system to therapeutically correct human genetic diseases1-6. The most widely used orthologs of Cas9 are derived from Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes5,7. Given that these two bacterial species infect the human population at high frequencies8,9, we hypothesized that humans may harbor preexisting adaptive immune responses to the Cas9 orthologs derived from these bacterial species, SaCas9 (S. aureus) and SpCas9 (S. pyogenes). By probing human serum for the presence of anti-Cas9 antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we detected antibodies against both SaCas9 and SpCas9 in 78% and 58% of donors, respectively. We also found anti-SaCas9 T cells in 78% and anti-SpCas9 T cells in 67% of donors, which demonstrates a high prevalence of antigen-specific T cells against both orthologs. We confirmed that these T cells were Cas9-specific by demonstrating a Cas9-specific cytokine response following isolation, expansion, and antigen restimulation. Together, these data demonstrate that there are preexisting humoral and cell-mediated adaptive immune responses to Cas9 in humans, a finding that should be taken into account as the CRISPR-Cas9 system moves toward clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel P Dever
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joab Camarena
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Viktor T Lemgart
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - M Kyle Cromer
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Liyang Zhang
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., Coralville, IA, USA
| | - Nicole M Bode
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., Coralville, IA, USA
| | - Mark A Behlke
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., Coralville, IA, USA
| | - Beruh Dejene
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Rosa Romano
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin J Lesch
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Sruthi Mantri
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mara Pavel-Dinu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Flaxman A, Yamaguchi Y, van Diemen PM, Rollier C, Allen E, Elshina E, Wyllie DH. Heterogeneous early immune responses to the S. aureus EapH2 antigen induced by gastrointestinal tract colonisation impact the response to subsequent vaccination. Vaccine 2019; 37:494-501. [PMID: 30503080 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION S. aureus is a pathogen to which individuals are exposed shortly after birth, with immune responses to S. aureus increasing during childhood. There is marked heterogeneity between the anti- S. aureus immune responses of different humans, the basis of which is not fully understood. METHODS To investigate development of anti-S. aureus immune responses, we studied S. aureus colonised mice under controlled conditions. Mice were either acquired colonised from breeding colonies, or experimentally colonised by exposure to a cage environment which had been sprayed with a S. aureus suspension. Colonisation was monitored by sequential stool sampling, and immunoglobulin levels against both whole fixed S. aureus and individual S. aureus antigens quantified. The immunological impact of colonisation on subsequent vaccination was investigated. RESULTS Colonised BALB/c and BL/6 mice develop serum anti- S. aureus cell surface IgG1 antibodies. Responses were proportional to the cumulative S. aureus bioburden in the mice, and were higher in BALB/c mice, which have higher colonisation levels, than in C57BL/6 animals. We observed marked variation in the induction of anti-cell surface antibodies, even in genetically identical mice experimentally colonised with the same S. aureus clone. Heterogeneity was also evident when monitoring immune responses to the secreted S. aureus protein EapH2. Approximately 50% of colonised mice developed anti-EapH2 responses (responders); in other mice, responses were not significantly different to those in uncolonised mice (non-responders). Following vaccination with a replication deficient adenovirus expressing EapH2, less anti-EapH2 antibody was generated in non-responder than responder animals. CONCLUSIONS In genetically identical mice, S. aureus colonisation results in all-or-nothing antibody responses against some antigens, including EapH2. For antigens involved in colonisation success by microbes, apparently stochastic early immune responses may impact both vaccine responses and the establishment of an animal-specific microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Flaxman
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Oxford, UK
| | - Yuko Yamaguchi
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Oxford, UK
| | - Pauline M van Diemen
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Oxford, UK
| | - Christine Rollier
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, CCVTM, Churchill Drive, UK
| | - Elizabeth Allen
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizaveta Elshina
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Oxford, UK
| | - David H Wyllie
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
CRISPR, a revolutionizing technology allowing researchers to navigate in and edit the genome, is moving on the fast track toward clinical use for ex vivo correction of disease-causing mutations in stem cells. As we await the first trials utilizing ex vivo CRISPR editing, implementation of CRISPR-based gene editing as an in vivo treatment directly in patients still remains an ultimate challenge. However, quickly accumulating evidence has provided proof-of-concept for efficacious editing in vivo. Attempts to edit genes directly in animals have largely relied on classical vector systems based on virus-based delivery of gene cassettes encoding the Cas9 endonuclease and single guide RNA, the key components of the CRISPR system. However, whereas persistent gene expression has been the primary goal of gene therapy for decades, things may be different in the case of CRISPR delivery. Is short-term presence of the CRISPR components perhaps sufficient for efficacy and ideal for safety?-and are strategies needed for restricting immune recognition of the bacteria-derived editing tool? Here, while answers to these questions still blow in the wind, we review prominent examples of genome editing with focus on targeting of genes with CRISPR in liver, muscles, and eyes of the mouse.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abouelkhair MA, Bemis DA, Kania SA. Characterization of recombinant wild-type and nontoxigenic protein A from Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Virulence 2018; 9:1050-1061. [PMID: 30052123 PMCID: PMC6086296 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1489199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an opportunistic pathogen that is the major cause of pyoderma affecting dogs. Conventional antimicrobial treatment for infections caused by this organism have failed in recent years due to widespread resistance and alternative treatment strategies are a high priority. Protein A encoded in Staphylococcus aureus by spa protects the bacterium by binding IgG and acts as a superantigen. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius possess two genes orthologous to S. aureus spa, spsP, and spsQ. Methods: SpsQ and SpsQ-M, a non-toxigenic SpsQ, were cloned and expressed as recombinant proteins and their cytotoxic effect on canine B cells was measured. The neutralizing ability of antibody raised against them in clinically healthy dogs was evaluated. Results:S. pseudintermedius SpsQ induced apoptosis of canine B cells. Specific amino acid substitutions diminished SpsQ-M binding to immunoglobulin and its super-antigenic activity, while its antigenicity was maintained. This recombinant, non-toxigenic S. pseudintermedius SpsQ stimulated the production of antibodies in dogs that specifically reacted with SpsQ and greatly diminished its cytotoxic effect on canine B cells. Conclusions: The production of neutralizing antibody suggests that attenuated, non-toxic SpsQ produced in this study is a good candidate for inclusion in a vaccine for use in the treatment and prevention of S. pseudintermedius infections. Abbreviations: SpA: Staphylococcus aureus protein A; SpsP: Staphylococcus pseudintermedius protein A; SpsQ: Staphylococcus pseudintermedius protein A; SpsQ-M: attenuated Staphylococcus pseudintermedius protein A; MRSP: methicillin resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius; IgA: immunoglobulin A; IgG: immunoglobulin G; IgM: immunoglobulin M; VH: variable region of immunoglobulin heavy chain; IgBD: immunoglobulin binding domains; MFI: mean fluorescent intensity; SEM: standard error of the mean; PBMC: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; CD21: complement receptor type 2; ST: Sequence type; OD: Optical density; ORF: open reading frame; PBS: Phosphate buffered saline; Tween 20: Polyethylene glycol sorbitan monolaurate 20; HRP: horseradish peroxidase; TMB- 3,3',5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Abouelkhair
- a Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences , University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine , Knoxville , TN , USA.,b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Sadat City , Menoufia , Egypt
| | - David A Bemis
- a Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences , University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine , Knoxville , TN , USA
| | - Stephen A Kania
- a Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences , University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine , Knoxville , TN , USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Protection against Staphylococcus aureus Colonization and Infection by B- and T-Cell-Mediated Mechanisms. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.01949-18. [PMID: 30327437 PMCID: PMC6191547 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01949-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
S. aureus is a leading cause of healthcare- and community-associated bacterial infections. S. aureus causes various illnesses, including bacteremia, meningitis, endocarditis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, sepsis, and skin and soft tissue infections. S. aureus colonizes between 20 and 80% of humans; carriers are at increased risk for infection and transmission to others. The spread of multidrug-resistant strains limits antibiotic treatment options. Vaccine development against S. aureus has been unsuccessful to date, likely due to an inadequate understanding about the mechanisms of immune defense against this pathogen. The significance of our work is in illustrating the necessity of generating multipronged B-cell, Th1-, and Th17-mediated responses to S. aureus antigens in conferring enhanced and broad protection against S. aureus invasive infection, skin and soft tissue infection, and mucosal colonization. Our work thus, provides important insights for future vaccine development against this pathogen. Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. S. aureus colonizes 20 to 80% of humans at any one time and causes a variety of illnesses. Strains that are resistant to common antibiotics further complicate management. S. aureus vaccine development has been unsuccessful so far, largely due to the incomplete understanding of the mechanisms of protection against this pathogen. Here, we studied the role of different aspects of adaptive immunity induced by an S. aureus vaccine in protection against S. aureus bacteremia, dermonecrosis, skin abscess, and gastrointestinal (GI) colonization. We show that, depending on the challenge model, the contributions of vaccine-induced S. aureus-specific antibody and Th1 and Th17 responses to protection are different: antibodies play a major role in reducing mortality during S. aureus bacteremia, whereas Th1 or Th17 responses are essential for prevention of S. aureus skin abscesses and the clearance of bacteria from the GI tract. Both antibody- and T-cell-mediated mechanisms contribute to prevention of S. aureus dermonecrosis. Engagement of all three immune pathways results in the most robust protection under each pathological condition. Therefore, our results suggest that eliciting multipronged humoral and cellular responses to S. aureus antigens may be critical to achieve effective and comprehensive immune defense against this pathogen.
Collapse
|
38
|
Hierarchy of human IgG recognition within the Staphylococcus aureus immunome. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13296. [PMID: 30185867 PMCID: PMC6125462 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that causes a range of serious infections associated with significant morbidity, by strains increasingly resistant to antibiotics. However, to date all candidate vaccines have failed to induce protective immune responses in humans. We need a more comprehensive understanding of the antigenic targets important in the context of human infection. To investigate infection-associated immune responses, patients were sampled at initial presentation and during convalescence from three types of clinical infection; skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI), prosthetic joint infection (PJI) and pediatric hematogenous osteomyelitis (PHO). Reactivity of serum IgG was tested with an array of recombinant proteins, representing over 2,652 in-vitro-translated open reading frames (ORFs) from a community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus USA300 strain. High-level reactivity was demonstrated for 104 proteins with serum IgG in all patient samples. Overall, high-level IgG-reactivity was most commonly directed against a subset of secreted proteins. Although based on limited surveys, we found subsets of S. aureus proteins with differential reactivity with serum samples from patients with different clinical syndromes. Together, our studies have revealed a hierarchy within the diverse proteins of the S. aureus “immunome”, which will help to advance efforts to develop protective immunotherapeutic agents.
Collapse
|
39
|
Mitander A, Fei Y, Trysberg E, Mohammad M, Hu Z, Sakiniene E, Pullerits R, Jin T. Complement Consumption in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Leads to Decreased Opsonophagocytosis In Vitro. J Rheumatol 2018; 45:1557-1564. [PMID: 30173146 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.171325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The high prevalence of infections in SLE is attributed to both the disease and its treatments. The complement system plays an important role in host immune responses against invading microorganisms. We sought to provide the experimental and clinical evidence supporting the hypothesis that low levels of complement factors cause defective complement-mediated opsonization in patients with SLE. METHODS Staphylococcus aureus was opsonized with sera from healthy individuals (n = 16), SLE patients with normal (n = 5) or low complement (n = 8) levels. Phagocytosis of S. aureus by healthy human neutrophils was analyzed by an imaging flow cytometry-based method. We retrospectively examined the infection incidence in relation to complement levels in a cohort of 165 patients with SLE during a 1.5-year period. The association was analyzed for infection incidence and disease-related variables. RESULTS Uptake of S. aureus by neutrophils was decreased when S. aureus was opsonized with sera from SLE patients with low complement levels compared to sera from healthy individuals and SLE patients with normal complement. In our SLE cohort, 44% of patients had at least 1 infection during the 1.5 years. No significant association was observed between complement levels and infection risk. Importantly, high-dose glucocorticoids (GC; prednisone ≥ 10 mg/day) were the most important predictive factor for infections in patients with SLE. CONCLUSION Low complement levels affect bacterial opsonization in SLE blood and lead to downregulated phagocytosis by neutrophils. High-dose GC increase the infection risk in patients with SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Mitander
- From the Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of GuiZhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Department of Rheumatology, and Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.,A. Mitander, MD, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Y. Fei, MSc, Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of GuiZhou Medical University; E. Trysberg, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; M. Mohammad, MSc, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Z. Hu, MSc, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of GuiZhou Medical University; E. Sakiniene, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; R. Pullerits, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, and Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; T. Jin, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital
| | - Ying Fei
- From the Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of GuiZhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Department of Rheumatology, and Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.,A. Mitander, MD, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Y. Fei, MSc, Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of GuiZhou Medical University; E. Trysberg, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; M. Mohammad, MSc, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Z. Hu, MSc, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of GuiZhou Medical University; E. Sakiniene, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; R. Pullerits, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, and Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; T. Jin, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital
| | - Estelle Trysberg
- From the Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of GuiZhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Department of Rheumatology, and Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.,A. Mitander, MD, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Y. Fei, MSc, Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of GuiZhou Medical University; E. Trysberg, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; M. Mohammad, MSc, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Z. Hu, MSc, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of GuiZhou Medical University; E. Sakiniene, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; R. Pullerits, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, and Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; T. Jin, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital
| | - Majd Mohammad
- From the Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of GuiZhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Department of Rheumatology, and Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.,A. Mitander, MD, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Y. Fei, MSc, Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of GuiZhou Medical University; E. Trysberg, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; M. Mohammad, MSc, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Z. Hu, MSc, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of GuiZhou Medical University; E. Sakiniene, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; R. Pullerits, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, and Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; T. Jin, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital
| | - Zhicheng Hu
- From the Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of GuiZhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Department of Rheumatology, and Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.,A. Mitander, MD, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Y. Fei, MSc, Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of GuiZhou Medical University; E. Trysberg, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; M. Mohammad, MSc, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Z. Hu, MSc, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of GuiZhou Medical University; E. Sakiniene, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; R. Pullerits, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, and Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; T. Jin, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital
| | - Egidija Sakiniene
- From the Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of GuiZhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Department of Rheumatology, and Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.,A. Mitander, MD, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Y. Fei, MSc, Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of GuiZhou Medical University; E. Trysberg, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; M. Mohammad, MSc, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Z. Hu, MSc, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of GuiZhou Medical University; E. Sakiniene, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; R. Pullerits, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, and Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; T. Jin, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital
| | - Rille Pullerits
- From the Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of GuiZhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Department of Rheumatology, and Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.,A. Mitander, MD, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Y. Fei, MSc, Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of GuiZhou Medical University; E. Trysberg, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; M. Mohammad, MSc, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Z. Hu, MSc, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of GuiZhou Medical University; E. Sakiniene, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; R. Pullerits, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, and Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; T. Jin, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital
| | - Tao Jin
- From the Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of GuiZhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Department of Rheumatology, and Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden. .,A. Mitander, MD, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Y. Fei, MSc, Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of GuiZhou Medical University; E. Trysberg, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; M. Mohammad, MSc, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Z. Hu, MSc, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of GuiZhou Medical University; E. Sakiniene, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; R. Pullerits, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, and Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; T. Jin, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, and Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pollitt EJG, Szkuta PT, Burns N, Foster SJ. Staphylococcus aureus infection dynamics. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007112. [PMID: 29902272 PMCID: PMC6019756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a human commensal that can also cause systemic infections. This transition requires evasion of the immune response and the ability to exploit different niches within the host. However, the disease mechanisms and the dominant immune mediators against infection are poorly understood. Previously it has been shown that the infecting S. aureus population goes through a population bottleneck, from which very few bacteria escape to establish the abscesses that are characteristic of many infections. Here we examine the host factors underlying the population bottleneck and subsequent clonal expansion in S. aureus infection models, to identify underpinning principles of infection. The bottleneck is a common feature between models and is independent of S. aureus strain. Interestingly, the high doses of S. aureus required for the widely used "survival" model results in a reduced population bottleneck, suggesting that host defences have been simply overloaded. This brings into question the applicability of the survival model. Depletion of immune mediators revealed key breakpoints and the dynamics of systemic infection. Loss of macrophages, including the liver Kupffer cells, led to increased sensitivity to infection as expected but also loss of the population bottleneck and the spread to other organs still occurred. Conversely, neutrophil depletion led to greater susceptibility to disease but with a concomitant maintenance of the bottleneck and lack of systemic spread. We also used a novel microscopy approach to examine abscess architecture and distribution within organs. From these observations we developed a conceptual model for S. aureus disease from initial infection to mature abscess. This work highlights the need to understand the complexities of the infectious process to be able to assign functions for host and bacterial components, and why S. aureus disease requires a seemingly high infectious dose and how interventions such as a vaccine may be more rationally developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. G. Pollitt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Piotr T. Szkuta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Burns
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Foster
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Commensal Staphylococcus aureus Provokes Immunity to Protect against Skin Infection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051290. [PMID: 29693635 PMCID: PMC5983722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike USA300, a strain of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), commensal Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria isolated from human skin demonstrated the ability to mediate the glycerol fermentation to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Quantitative proteomic analysis of enzymes involved in glycerol fermentation demonstrated that the expression levels of six enzymes, including glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM), in commensal S. aureus are more than three-fold higher than those in USA300. Western blotting validated the low expression levels of GPDH in USA300, MRSA252 (a strain of hospital-acquired MRSA), and invasive methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). In the presence of glycerol, commensal S. aureus effectively suppressed the growth of USA300 in vitro and in vivo. Active immunization of mice with lysates or recombinant α-hemolysin of commensal S. aureus or passive immunization with neutralizing sera provided immune protection against the skin infection of USA300. Our data illustrate for the first time that commensal S. aureus elicits both innate and adaptive immunity via glycerol fermentation and systemic antibody production, respectively, to fight off the skin infection of pathogenic MRSA.
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen that causes superficial and invasive infections in the hospital and community. High mortality from infection emphasizes the need for improved methods for prevention and treatment. Although S. aureus possesses an arsenal of virulence factors that contribute to evasion of host defenses, few studies have examined long-term humoral and B-cell responses. Adults with acute-phase skin and soft tissue infections were recruited; blood samples were obtained; and S. aureus isolates, including methicillin-resistant strains, were subjected to genomic sequence analysis. In comparisons of acute-phase sera with convalescent-phase sera, a minority (37.5%) of patients displayed 2-fold or greater increases in antibody titers against three or more S. aureus antigens, whereas nearly half exhibited no changes, despite the presence of toxin genes in most infecting strains. Moreover, enhanced antibody responses waned over time, which could reflect a defect in B-cell memory or long-lived plasma cells. However, memory B cells reactive with a range of S. aureus antigens were prevalent at both acute-phase and convalescent-phase time points. While some memory B cells exhibited toxin-specific binding, those cross-reactive with structurally related leucocidin subunits were dominant across patients, suggesting the targeting of conserved epitopes. Memory B-cell reactivity correlated with serum antibody levels for selected S. aureus exotoxins, suggesting a relationship between the cellular and humoral compartments. Overall, although there was no global defect in the representation of anti-S. aureus memory B cells, there was evidence of restrictions in the range of epitopes recognized, which may suggest potential therapeutic approaches for augmenting host defenses. The contribution of B-cell memory and long-term antibody responses to host defenses against S. aureus exotoxins remains poorly understood. Our studies confirmed that infection did not commonly lead to enhanced long-term humoral responses. Whereas circulating memory B cells against S. aureus secreted exotoxins were prevalent, they were dominated by cross-reactivity with structurally related leucocidin subunits, consistent with recognition of conserved epitopes. These findings also provide the first evidence of a relationship between the reactivity of antistaphylococcal circulating memory B cells and serum antibody levels. In general, infection was not associated with a global defect in B-cell memory for S. aureus secreted factors, and responses were highly dominated by cross-reactivity to structurally related exotoxins, which arguably may alone be suboptimal in providing host defenses. Our studies illuminate aspects of the S. aureus-host relationship that may better inform strategies for the development of an effective protective vaccine.
Collapse
|
43
|
Romero Pastrana F, Neef J, Koedijk DGAM, de Graaf D, Duipmans J, Jonkman MF, Engelmann S, van Dijl JM, Buist G. Human antibody responses against non-covalently cell wall-bound Staphylococcus aureus proteins. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3234. [PMID: 29459694 PMCID: PMC5818649 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21724-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human antibody responses to pathogens, like Staphylococcus aureus, are important indicators for in vivo expression and immunogenicity of particular bacterial components. Accordingly, comparing the antibody responses to S. aureus components may serve to predict their potential applicability as antigens for vaccination. The present study was aimed at assessing immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses elicited by non-covalently cell surface-bound proteins of S. aureus, which thus far received relatively little attention. To this end, we applied plasma samples from patients with the genetic blistering disease epidermolysis bullosa (EB) and healthy S. aureus carriers. Of note, wounds of EB patients are highly colonized with S. aureus and accordingly these patients are more seriously exposed to staphylococcal antigens than healthy individuals. Ten non-covalently cell surface-bound proteins of S. aureus, namely Atl, Eap, Efb, EMP, IsaA, LukG, LukH, SA0710, Sle1 and SsaA2, were selected by bioinformatics and biochemical approaches. These antigens were recombinantly expressed, purified and tested for specific IgG responses using human plasma. We show that high exposure of EB patients to S. aureus is mirrored by elevated IgG levels against all tested non-covalently cell wall-bound staphylococcal antigens. This implies that these S. aureus cell surface proteins are prime targets for the human immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Romero Pastrana
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda Neef
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis G A M Koedijk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Douwe de Graaf
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - José Duipmans
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel F Jonkman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne Engelmann
- Institute of Microbiology, Technical University Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-38124, Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Infection Research, Microbial Proteomics, Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Girbe Buist
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Varshney AK, Kuzmicheva GA, Lin J, Sunley KM, Bowling RA, Kwan TY, Mays HR, Rambhadran A, Zhang Y, Martin RL, Cavalier MC, Simard J, Shivaswamy S. A natural human monoclonal antibody targeting Staphylococcus Protein A protects against Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190537. [PMID: 29364906 PMCID: PMC5783355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus can cause devastating and life-threatening infections. With the increase in multidrug resistant strains, novel therapies are needed. Limited success with active and passive immunization strategies have been attributed to S. aureus immune evasion. Here, we report on a monoclonal antibody, 514G3, that circumvents a key S. aureus evasion mechanism by targeting the cell wall moiety Protein A (SpA). SpA tightly binds most subclasses of immunoglobulins via their Fc region, neutralizing effector function. The organism can thus shield itself with a protective coat of serum antibodies and render humoral immunity ineffective. The present antibody reactivity was derived from an individual with natural anti-SpA antibody titers. The monoclonal antibody is of an IgG3 subclass, which differs critically from other immunoglobulin subclasses since its Fc is not bound by SpA. Moreover, it targets a unique epitope on SpA that allows it to bind in the presence of serum antibodies. Consequently, the antibody opsonizes S. aureus and maintains effector function to enable natural immune mediated clearance. The data presented here provide evidence that 514G3 antibody is able to successfully rescue mice from S. aureus mediated bacteremia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jian Lin
- XBiotech USA Inc., Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | | | | | - Tzu-Yu Kwan
- XBiotech USA Inc., Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Anu Rambhadran
- XBiotech USA Inc., Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- XBiotech USA Inc., Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | | | | | - John Simard
- XBiotech USA Inc., Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Rouha H, Weber S, Janesch P, Maierhofer B, Gross K, Dolezilkova I, Mirkina I, Visram ZC, Malafa S, Stulik L, Badarau A, Nagy E. Disarming Staphylococcus aureus from destroying human cells by simultaneously neutralizing six cytotoxins with two human monoclonal antibodies. Virulence 2017; 9:231-247. [PMID: 29099326 PMCID: PMC5955178 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1391447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus is increasingly recognized to be driven by powerful toxins. Staphylococcus aureus employs up to six pore-forming toxins to subvert the human host defense and to promote bacterial invasion: alpha-hemolysin that disrupts epithelial and endothelial barriers and five leukocidins that lyse phagocytes involved in bacterial clearance. Previously, we described two human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), ASN-1 that neutralizes alpha-hemolysin and four leukocidins (LukSF-PV, LukED, HlgAB, HlgCB), and ASN-2 that inactivates the 5th leukocidin, LukGH. In this study we tested the individual and combined effects of ASN-1 and ASN-2 in multiple in vitro models employing relevant human target cells. We found that diverse S. aureus isolates with different genetic backgrounds (based on MLST- and spa-typing) and antibiotic sensitivity (both MRSA and MSSA) displayed greatly different cytotoxin expression patterns influenced by the type of growth medium used. Both mAbs were required to fully prevent the lysis of human neutrophils exposed to the mixture of recombinant cytotoxins or native toxins present in the culture supernatants of S. aureus isolates. Flow cytometry confirmed the protective effects of ASN-1 + ASN-2 (known as ASN100) on granulocytes, monocytes, NK-cells and T-lymphocytes. ASN-1 alone preserved the integrity of a 3D-primary culture of human tracheal/bronchial mucociliary epithelial tissue infected with S. aureus. We conclude that simultaneous inhibition of alpha-hemolysin and five leukocidins by ASN100 blocks cytolytic activity of S. aureus towards human target cells in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Rouha
- a Arsanis Biosciences, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, Campus Vienna Biocenter , Vienna , Austria
| | - Susanne Weber
- a Arsanis Biosciences, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, Campus Vienna Biocenter , Vienna , Austria
| | - Philipp Janesch
- a Arsanis Biosciences, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, Campus Vienna Biocenter , Vienna , Austria
| | - Barbara Maierhofer
- a Arsanis Biosciences, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, Campus Vienna Biocenter , Vienna , Austria
| | - Karin Gross
- a Arsanis Biosciences, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, Campus Vienna Biocenter , Vienna , Austria
| | - Ivana Dolezilkova
- a Arsanis Biosciences, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, Campus Vienna Biocenter , Vienna , Austria
| | - Irina Mirkina
- a Arsanis Biosciences, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, Campus Vienna Biocenter , Vienna , Austria
| | - Zehra C Visram
- a Arsanis Biosciences, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, Campus Vienna Biocenter , Vienna , Austria
| | - Stefan Malafa
- a Arsanis Biosciences, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, Campus Vienna Biocenter , Vienna , Austria
| | - Lukas Stulik
- a Arsanis Biosciences, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, Campus Vienna Biocenter , Vienna , Austria
| | - Adriana Badarau
- a Arsanis Biosciences, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, Campus Vienna Biocenter , Vienna , Austria
| | - Eszter Nagy
- a Arsanis Biosciences, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, Campus Vienna Biocenter , Vienna , Austria
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Humoral immune consequences of Staphylococcus aureus ST239-associated bacteremia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 37:255-263. [PMID: 29103153 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-3124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The humoral immune responses against 46 different staphylococcal antigens in 27 bacteremia patients infected by clonally related methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains of a single sequence type (ST) 239 were investigated. A group of non-infected patients (n = 31) hospitalized for different reasons served as controls. All strains were confirmed as ST 239 by S. aureus and mecA-specific PCR, spa, and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). In each bacteremia patient, a unique pattern of S. aureus antigen-specific immune responses after infection was observed. Antibody levels among bacteremia patients were significantly higher than controls for HlgB (P = 0.001), LukD (P = 0.009), LukF (P = 0.0001), SEA (P = 0.0001), SEB (P = 0.011), SEC (P = 0.010), SEQ (P = 0.049), IsaA (P = 0.043), IsdA (P = 0.038), IsdH (P = 0.01), SdrD (P = 0.001), SdrE (P = 0.046), EsxA (P = 0.0001), and SA0104 (P = 0.0001). On the other hand, the antibody levels were significantly higher among controls for SSL3 (P = 0.009), SSL9 (P = 0.002), and SSL10 (P = 0.007) when the IgG level on the day of infection was compared with that measured on the day of admission. Diversity was observed in the immune response against the antigens. However, a set of antigens (IsaA, IsdA, IsdH, SdrD, and HlgB) triggered a similar type of immune response in different individuals. We suggest that these antigens could be considered when developing a multi-component (passive) vaccine. SEA and/or its specific antibodies seem to play a critical role during ST239 MRSA bacteremia and SEA-targeted therapy may be a strategy to be considered.
Collapse
|
47
|
Karau MJ, Tilahun ME, Krogman A, Osborne BA, Goldsby RA, David CS, Mandrekar JN, Patel R, Rajagopalan G. Passive therapy with humanized anti-staphylococcal enterotoxin B antibodies attenuates systemic inflammatory response and protects from lethal pneumonia caused by staphylococcal enterotoxin B-producing Staphylococcus aureus. Virulence 2017; 8:1148-1159. [PMID: 27925510 PMCID: PMC5711449 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1267894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs such as linezolid that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis may be beneficial in treating infections caused by toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus. As protein synthesis inhibitors have no effect on preformed toxins, neutralization of pathogenic exotoxins with anti-toxin antibodies may be beneficial in conjunction with antibacterial therapy. Herein, we evaluated the efficacy of human-mouse chimeric high-affinity neutralizing anti-staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) antibodies in the treatment of experimental pneumonia caused by SEB-producing S. aureus. Since HLA class II transgenic mice mount a stronger systemic immune response following challenge with SEB and are more susceptible to SEB-induced lethal toxic shock than conventional mice strains, HLA-DR3 transgenic mice were used. Lethal pneumonia caused by SEB-producing S. aureus in HLA-DR3 transgenic mice was characterized by robust T cell activation and elevated systemic levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Prophylactic administration of a single dose of linezolid 30 min prior to the onset of infection attenuated the systemic inflammatory response and protected from mortality whereas linezolid administered 60 min after the onset of infection failed to confer significant protection. Human-mouse chimeric high-affinity neutralizing anti-SEB antibodies alone, but not polyclonal human IgG, mitigated this response and protected from death when administered immediately after initiation of infection. Further, anti-SEB antibodies as well as intact polyclonal human IgG, but not its Fab or Fc fragments, protected from lethal pneumonia when followed with linezolid therapy 60 min later. In conclusion, neutralization of superantigens with high-affinity antibodies may have beneficial effects in pneumonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Karau
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mulualem E. Tilahun
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Ashton Krogman
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Barbara A. Osborne
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Chella S. David
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jayawant N. Mandrekar
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robin Patel
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Govindarajan Rajagopalan
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Templier V, Roupioz Y. On the challenges of detecting whole Staphylococcus aureus cells with biosensors. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:1056-1067. [PMID: 28609570 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Due to the increasing number of nosocomial infections and multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus is now a major worldwide concern. Rapid detection and characterization of this bacterium has become an important issue for biomedical applications. Biosensors are increasingly appearing as low-cost, easy-to-operate and fast alternatives for rapid detection. In this review, we will introduce the main characteristics of S. aureus and will focus on the interest of biosensors for a faster detection of whole S. aureus cells. In particular, we will review the most promising strategies in the choice of ligand for the design of selective and efficient biosensors. Their specific characteristics as well as their advantages and/or disadvantages will also be commented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Templier
- CNRS, CEA, INAC, SYMMES, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Y Roupioz
- CNRS, CEA, INAC, SYMMES, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Human Adaptive Immunity Rescues an Inborn Error of Innate Immunity. Cell 2017; 168:789-800.e10. [PMID: 28235196 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The molecular basis of the incomplete penetrance of monogenic disorders is unclear. We describe here eight related individuals with autosomal recessive TIRAP deficiency. Life-threatening staphylococcal disease occurred during childhood in the proband, but not in the other seven homozygotes. Responses to all Toll-like receptor 1/2 (TLR1/2), TLR2/6, and TLR4 agonists were impaired in the fibroblasts and leukocytes of all TIRAP-deficient individuals. However, the whole-blood response to the TLR2/6 agonist staphylococcal lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was abolished only in the index case individual, the only family member lacking LTA-specific antibodies (Abs). This defective response was reversed in the patient, but not in interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK-4)-deficient individuals, by anti-LTA monoclonal antibody (mAb). Anti-LTA mAb also rescued the macrophage response in mice lacking TIRAP, but not TLR2 or MyD88. Thus, acquired anti-LTA Abs rescue TLR2-dependent immunity to staphylococcal LTA in individuals with inherited TIRAP deficiency, accounting for incomplete penetrance. Combined TIRAP and anti-LTA Ab deficiencies underlie staphylococcal disease in this patient.
Collapse
|
50
|
Reddy PN, Srirama K, Dirisala VR. An Update on Clinical Burden, Diagnostic Tools, and Therapeutic Options of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017; 10:1179916117703999. [PMID: 28579798 PMCID: PMC5443039 DOI: 10.1177/1179916117703999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen responsible for a variety of diseases ranging from mild skin and soft tissue infections, food poisoning to highly serious diseases such as osteomyelitis, endocarditis, and toxic shock syndrome. Proper diagnosis of pathogen and virulence factors is important for providing timely intervention in the therapy. Owing to the invasive nature of infections and the limited treatment options due to rampant spread of antibiotic-resistant strains, the trend for development of vaccines and antibody therapy is increasing at rapid rate than development of new antibiotics. In this article, we have discussed elaborately about the host-pathogen interactions, clinical burden due to S aureus infections, status of diagnostic tools, and treatment options in terms of prophylaxis and therapy.
Collapse
|