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Lane JR, Tata M, Yasmin R, Im H, Briles DE, Orihuela CJ. PspA-mediated aggregation protects Streptococcus pneumoniae against desiccation on fomites. mBio 2023; 14:e0263423. [PMID: 37982608 PMCID: PMC10746202 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02634-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Spn is a dangerous human pathogen capable of causing pneumonia and invasive disease. The virulence factor PspA has been studied for nearly four decades with well-established roles in pneumococcal evasion of C-reactive protein and neutralization of lactoferricin. Herein, we show that mammalian (m)GAPDH in mucosal secretions promotes aggregation of pneumococci in a PspA-dependent fashion, whereas lactoferrin counters this effect. PspA-mediated GAPDH-dependent bacterial aggregation protected Spn in nasal lavage elutes and grown in vitro from desiccation on fomites. Furthermore, surviving pneumococci within these aggregates retained their ability to colonize naïve hosts after desiccation. We report that Spn binds to and forms protein complexes on its surface composed of PspA, mGAPDH, and lactoferrin. Changes in the levels of these proteins therefore most likely have critical implications on Spn colonization, survival on fomites, and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R. Lane
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Muralidhar Tata
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rahena Yasmin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Hansol Im
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - David E. Briles
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Carlos J. Orihuela
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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2
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Lane JR, Tata M, Yasmin R, Im H, Briles DE, Orihuela CJ. PspA-mediated aggregation protects Streptococcus pneumoniae against desiccation on fomites. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.27.559802. [PMID: 37808718 PMCID: PMC10557681 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.27.559802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) resides in the nasopharynx where it can disseminate to cause disease. One key Spn virulence factor is pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), which promotes survival by blocking the antimicrobial peptide lactoferricin. PspA has also been shown to mediate attachment to dying epithelial cells in the lower airway due to its binding of cell surface-bound mammalian (m)GAPDH. Importantly, the role of PspA during colonization is not well understood. Wildtype Spn was present in nasal lavage elutes collected from asymptomatically colonized mice at levels ~10-fold higher that its isogenic PspA-deficient mutant (ΔpspA). Wildtype Spn also formed aggregates in mucosal secretions composed of sloughed epithelial cells and hundreds of pneumococci, whereas ΔpspA did not. Spn within the center of these aggregates better survived prolonged desiccation on fomites than individual pneumococci and were capable of infecting naïve mice, indicating PspA-mediated aggregation conferred a survival/transmission advantage. Incubation of Spn in saline containing mGAPDH also enhanced tolerance to desiccation, but only for wildtype Spn. mGAPDH was sufficient to cause low-level aggregation of wildtype Spn but not ΔpspA. In strain WU2, the subdomain of PspA responsible for binding GAPDH (aa230-281) is ensconced within the lactoferrin (LF)-binding domain (aa167-288). We observed that LF inhibited GAPDH-mediated aggregation and desiccation tolerance. Using surface plasmon resonance, we determined that Spn forms multimeric complexes of PspA-GAPDH-LF on its surface and that LF dislodges GAPDH. Our findings have important implications regarding pneumococcal colonization/transmission processes and ongoing PspA-focused immunization efforts for this deadly pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R. Lane
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35209, United States
| | - Muralidhar Tata
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35209, United States
| | - Rahena Yasmin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35209, United States
| | - Hansol Im
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35209, United States
| | - David E. Briles
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35209, United States
| | - Carlos J. Orihuela
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35209, United States
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3
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Pichichero M, Malley R, Kaur R, Zagursky R, Anderson P. Acute otitis media pneumococcal disease burden and nasopharyngeal colonization in children due to serotypes included and not included in current and new pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:118-138. [PMID: 36565291 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2162506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the introduction of effective pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV), Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a major cause of acute otitis media (AOM) worldwide. New, higher valency vaccines that offer broader serotype coverage have been recently developed and others are in development. However, given the capsular serotypes expressed by pneumococci causing AOM, it is unclear to what extent differing or higher valency PCVs will provide additional protection. AREAS COVERED We conducted a systematic literature search of the MEDLINE database to identify articles published from January 2016 to September 2021 in 4 low and middle income and 10 high-income countries. We searched PubMed with terms: (Streptococcus pneumoniae) OR pneumococcal AND serotype AND (conjugate vaccine). We evaluated serotype distribution and the actual or projected coverage of pneumococcal serotypes by PCV10 (GlaxoSmithKline), PCV13 (Pfizer), PCV10SII (Serum Institute of India) PCV15 (Merck) and PCV20 (Pfizer). EXPERT OPINION Our review highlights the important epidemiological differences in serotype distribution and coverage by existing and higher valency vaccines to protect against AOM in children. These data provide support for further evaluation of serotype-independent vaccines for optimal control of pneumococcal AOM disease worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pichichero
- Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Richard Malley
- Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ravinder Kaur
- Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Robert Zagursky
- Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Porter Anderson
- Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Polysaccharide conjugate vaccines (PCVs) target the pneumococcal capsular types that most commonly cause fatal pneumonia and sepsis. Because these types were eliminated by the vaccines, it became apparent that in immunized populations, most invasive pneumococcal diseases, including bacteremia, sepsis and complicated pneumonia, were greatly reduced. However, the protective effects of PCVs against another invasive disease, meningitis, has shown much less or no decrease in disease incidence. METHODS References were identified through searches of PubMed for articles published from January 1930 to the present by use of specific search terms. Relevant articles were also identified through searches in Google and Google Scholar. Relevant references cited in those articles were also reviewed. RESULTS Even in the presence of the PCVs, meningitis rates in children have been reported globally to be as high as 13 per 100,000 annually. Widespread use of vaccines resulted in the emergence of a broad diversity of replacement non-PCV type strains. These strains generally failed to cause sepsis, but caused meningitis of comparable severity and levels similar to, or in excess of, prior pneumococcal meningitis rates. This is probably because these non-PCV type strains do not survive well in the blood, therefore possibly entering the brain through nonhematogenous routes. CONCLUSIONS Because virtually all cases of pneumococcal meningitis lead to either permanent neurologic sequelae or death, it would be well worth the effort to develop a new vaccine capable of preventing pneumococcal meningitis regardless of capsular type. Such a vaccine would need to protect against colonization with most, if not all, pneumococci.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David E Briles
- Department of Microbiology and Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Prevalence of Various Vaccine Candidate Proteins in Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Characterization of the Novel Pht Fusion Proteins PhtA/B and PhtA/D. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040162. [PMID: 31554325 PMCID: PMC6963846 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal proteins unrelated to serotypes are considered to be candidates of antigens in next-generation vaccines. In the present study, the prevalence of vaccine candidate protein genes, along with serotypes and antimicrobial resistance determinants, was investigated in a total of 57 isolates obtained from a tertiary care hospital in Japan. All of the pediatric isolates and 76.6% of the adult isolates did not belong to PCV13 (a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine) serotypes, and 70.2% of all isolates showed multidrug resistance. All of the isolates had ply, pavA, nanA, and nanB, and high prevalence was noted for the pspA and pspC genes (96.5% and 78.9%, respectively). Detection rates for the pneumococcal histidine triad protein (Pht) genes phtA, phtB, phtD, and phtE were 49.1%, 26.3%, 61.4%, and 100%, respectively. Two fusion-type genes, phtA/B and phtA/D, were identified, with a prevalence of 36.9% and 14.0%, respectively. These fusion types showed 78.1–90.0% nucleotide sequence identity with phtA, phtB, and phtD. The most prevalent pht profile was phtA + phtD + phtE (26.3%), followed by phtA/B + phtE (19.3%) and phtA/B + phtD + phtE (17.5%), while pht profiles including phtD and/or phtA/phtD were found in 71.9% of isolates. The present study revealed the presence of two fusion types of Pht and their unexpectedly high prevalence. These fusion types, as well as PhtA and PhtB, contained sequences similar to the B cell epitopes that have been previously reported for PhtD.
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Wang L, Tan Y, Wei C, Zhang H, Luo P, Zhang S, Ma X. A preliminary study on the application of PspA as a carrier for group A meningococcal polysaccharide. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218427. [PMID: 31291272 PMCID: PMC6619668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the feasibility of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) as a carrier protein. Three recombinant pneumococcal surface proteins from three different clades were expressed by the prokaryotic expression system and conjugated to group A meningococcal polysaccharide (GAMP) to generate three polysaccharide-protein conjugates. The conjugates, unconjugated proteins, GAMP, and GAMP-TT vaccine bulk (used as positive control) were immunized into mice, and their immune effects were assessed by the methods of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry (FCM), and serum bactericidal assay (SBA). The results showed that the polysaccharide-protein conjugates could produce higher levels of anti-GAMP IgG titers (P < 0.05), higher ratios of Th1/Th2 (P < 0.05), and higher levels of serum bactericidal activity (P < 0.05), compared with the unconjugated GAMP. The conjugation of PspAs to GAMP also enhanced the anti-PspA responses compared with unconjugated PspAs except for PspA3. In conclusion, the results indicated that the three PspAs were appropriate carrier proteins, as demonstrated by the characteristics of T-cell dependent responses to the GAMP, and might protect against group A of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichan Wang
- DTaP and toxins division, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
| | - Yajun Tan
- DTaP and toxins division, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Wei
- DTaP and toxins division, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
| | - Huajie Zhang
- DTaP and toxins division, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Luo
- DTaP and toxins division, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
| | - Shumin Zhang
- DTaP and toxins division, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SZ); (XM)
| | - Xiao Ma
- DTaP and toxins division, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SZ); (XM)
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Streptococcus pneumoniae
undergoes phase variation or spontaneous, reversible phenotypic variation in colony opacity, encapsulation, and pilus expression. The variation in colony opacity appears to occur in all strains, whereas the switches in the production of the capsule and pilus have been observed in several strains. This chapter elaborates on the variation in colony opacity since this phenomenon has been extensively characterized.
S. pneumoniae
produces opaque and transparent colonies on the translucent agar medium. The different colony phases are fundamentally distinct phenotypes in their metabolism and multiple characteristics, as exemplified by cell surface features and phenotypes in colonization and virulence. Opaque variants, which express more capsular polysaccharides and fewer teichoic acids, are more virulent in animal models of sepsis but colonize the nasopharynx poorly. In contrast, transparent variants, with fewer capsular polysaccharides and more teichoic acid, colonize the nasopharynx in animal models more efficiently but are relatively avirulent. Lastly, pneumococcal opacity variants are generated by differential methylation of the genome DNA variation. The reversible switch in the methylation pattern is caused by DNA inversions in three homologous
hsdS
genes of the colony opacity determinant (
cod
) or SpnD39III locus, a conserved type I restriction-modification (RM) system. The
hsdS
gene encodes the sequence recognition subunit of the type I RM DNA methyltransferase. The combination of DNA inversion and differential methylation, a complex mechanism of phase variation, generates a mixed population that may allow for the selection of organisms
in vivo
with characteristics permissive for either carriage or systemic infection.
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Kawaguchiya M, Urushibara N, Aung MS, Habadera S, Ito M, Kudo K, Kobayashi N. Association Between Pneumococcal Surface Protein A Family and Genetic/Antimicrobial Resistance Traits of Non-Invasive Pneumococcal Isolates from Adults in Northern Japan. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 25:744-751. [PMID: 30676875 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal isolates from adult patients in northern Japan in 2016 were subjected to molecular investigation related to pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) and drug resistance determinants. Of the 51 isolates, serotype 3/ST180 was the most prevalent (17.6%), followed by 35B (ST2755/ST558) (11.8%) and 15A (ST63/ST7874/ST13068/ST13785) (9.8%). Coverage of serotypes by 13-valent conjugate vaccine and 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine was 27.5% and 49%, respectively. All the isolates expressed PspA family 1 or 2 (51% and 49%, respectively). Each serotype was associated with either of the PspA families (e.g., serotype 3, PspA family 1; serotypes 35B and 15A, PspA family 2). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was found in 84.3% of the isolates. Minimum of one altered penicillin-binding protein gene was detected in 82.4% of isolates, indicating 25.5% non-susceptibility to penicillin. Serotypes 15A and 35B were predominant and demonstrated MDR. An isolate of serotype 15A/ST13785 (single-locus variant of ST242) was resistant to fluoroquinolones associated with double mutation in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA and parC. The present study indicates the spread of MDR pneumococci represented by isolates of serotypes 3, 15A, and 35B, and prevalence of both PspA family 1 and 2 in isolates obtained from adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyo Kawaguchiya
- 1 Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Noriko Urushibara
- 1 Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Meiji Soe Aung
- 1 Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Masahiko Ito
- 2 Sapporo Clinical Laboratory, Inc., Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kudo
- 2 Sapporo Clinical Laboratory, Inc., Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- 1 Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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9
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Novel Immunoprotective Proteins of Streptococcus pneumoniae Identified by Opsonophagocytosis Killing Screen. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00423-18. [PMID: 29891544 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00423-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of polysaccharide conjugate vaccines represents a major advance in the prevention of pneumococcal disease, but the power of these vaccines is limited by partial spectrum of coverage and high cost. Vaccines using immunoprotective proteins are a promising alternative type of pneumococcal vaccines. In this study, we constructed a library of antisera against conserved pneumococcal proteins predicted to be associated with cell surface or virulence using a combination of bioinformatic prediction and immunization of rabbits with recombinant proteins. Screening of the library by an opsonophagocytosis killing (OPK) assay identified the OPK-positive antisera, which represented 15 (OPK-positive) proteins. Further tests showed that virtually all of these OPK-positive antisera conferred passive protection against lethal infection of virulent pneumococci. More importantly, immunization with recombinant forms of three OPK-positive proteins (SP148, PBP2b, and ScpB), alone or in combination, conferred significant protection against lethal challenge of pneumococcal strains representing capsular serotypes 3, 4, and 6A in a mouse sepsis model. To our best knowledge, this work represents the first example in which novel vaccine candidates are successfully identified by the OPK screening. Our data have also provided further confirmation that the OPK activity may serve as a reliable in vitro surrogate for evaluating vaccine efficacy of pneumococcal proteins.
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Miyashita K, Ohori J, Nagano H, Fukuyama S, Kurono Y. Intranasal immunization with phosphorylcholine suppresses allergic rhinitis in mice. Laryngoscope 2017; 128:E234-E240. [PMID: 29193138 DOI: 10.1002/lary.27030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Intranasal immunization with phosphorylcholine (PC) is known to reduce immunoglobulin (Ig)E production. However, its effects on the occurrence of allergic rhinitis (AR) are unknown. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of PC-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (PC-KLH) and to examine the effects on the occurrence of AR in a murine model of AR. STUDY DESIGN In vivo study using an animal model. METHODS Forty-five female BALB/c mice were divided into three groups; those pretreated with intranasal administration of PC-KLH followed by intraperitoneal sensitization and nasal challenge with ovalbumin (OVA) (group A), those untreated with PC-KLH followed by sensitization and nasal challenge with OVA (group B), and those untreated with PC-KLH or OVA as controls (group C). Nasal symptoms, allergic inflammation in the nasal mucosa, OVA specific IgE production, and cytokine profile were compared among those three groups. Dendritic cells (DCs) were isolated from splenic cells and PC-KLH-stimulated interleukin (IL)-12p40 production was measured. RESULTS The mice pretreated with PC-KLH showed lower allergic nasal symptoms and inflammation compared to untreated mice. The levels of total IgE and OVA-specific IgE in serum, and IL-4 production by nasal and splenic CD4+ T cells were significantly reduced by PC-KLH pretreatment. Furthermore, IL-12p40 production by DCs was induced by PC-KLH in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Intranasal administration of PC-KLH suppressed allergic inflammation in nasal mucosa and antigen-specific IgE production by downregulating Th2-type immune response. Intranasal immunization with PC might be useful to prevent AR and upper airway bacterial infection. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA. Laryngoscope, 128:E234-E240, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Miyashita
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Junichiro Ohori
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nagano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukuyama
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kurono
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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Shenoy AT, Brissac T, Gilley RP, Kumar N, Wang Y, Gonzalez-Juarbe N, Hinkle WS, Daugherty SC, Shetty AC, Ott S, Tallon LJ, Deshane J, Tettelin H, Orihuela CJ. Streptococcus pneumoniae in the heart subvert the host response through biofilm-mediated resident macrophage killing. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006582. [PMID: 28841717 PMCID: PMC5589263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For over 130 years, invasive pneumococcal disease has been associated with the presence of extracellular planktonic pneumococci, i.e. diplococci or short chains in affected tissues. Herein, we show that Streptococcus pneumoniae that invade the myocardium instead replicate within cellular vesicles and transition into non-purulent biofilms. Pneumococci within mature cardiac microlesions exhibited salient biofilm features including intrinsic resistance to antibiotic killing and the presence of an extracellular matrix. Dual RNA-seq and subsequent principal component analyses of heart- and blood-isolated pneumococci confirmed the biofilm phenotype in vivo and revealed stark anatomical site-specific differences in virulence gene expression; the latter having major implications on future vaccine antigen selection. Our RNA-seq approach also identified three genomic islands as exclusively expressed in vivo. Deletion of one such island, Region of Diversity 12, resulted in a biofilm-deficient and highly inflammogenic phenotype within the heart; indicating a possible link between the biofilm phenotype and a dampened host-response. We subsequently determined that biofilm pneumococci released greater amounts of the toxin pneumolysin than did planktonic or RD12 deficient pneumococci. This allowed heart-invaded wildtype pneumococci to kill resident cardiac macrophages and subsequently subvert cytokine/chemokine production and neutrophil infiltration into the myocardium. This is the first report for pneumococcal biofilm formation in an invasive disease setting. We show that biofilm pneumococci actively suppress the host response through pneumolysin-mediated immune cell killing. As such, our findings contradict the emerging notion that biofilm pneumococci are passively immunoquiescent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anukul T. Shenoy
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Terry Brissac
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Ryan P. Gilley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Nikhil Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Yong Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Norberto Gonzalez-Juarbe
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Whitney S. Hinkle
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Sean C. Daugherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Amol C. Shetty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Sandra Ott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Luke J. Tallon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Jessy Deshane
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Hervé Tettelin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Carlos J. Orihuela
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Khan N, Jan AT. Towards Identifying Protective B-Cell Epitopes: The PspA Story. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:742. [PMID: 28512452 PMCID: PMC5411445 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is one of the most abundant cell surface protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae). PspA variants are structurally and serologically diverse and help evade complement-mediated phagocytosis of S. pneumoniae, which is essential for its survival in the host. PspA is currently been screened for employment in the generation of more effective (serotype independent) vaccine to overcome the limitations of polysaccharide based vaccines, providing serotype specific immune responses. The cross-protection eliciting regions of PspA localize to the α-helical and proline rich regions. Recent data indicate significant variation in the ability of antibodies induced against the recombinant PspA variants to recognize distinct S. pneumoniae strains. Hence, screening for the identification of the topographical repertoire of B-cell epitopes that elicit cross-protective immune response seems essential in the engineering of a superior PspA-based vaccine. Herein, we revisit epitope identification in PspA and the utility of hybridoma technology in directing the identification of protective epitope regions of PspA that can be used in vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeem Khan
- Glycobiology Group, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (MPG)Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arif T Jan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam UniversityGyeongsan, South Korea
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Turner AG, Ong CLY, Walker MJ, Djoko KY, McEwan AG. Transition Metal Homeostasis in Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Adv Microb Physiol 2017; 70:123-191. [PMID: 28528647 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Trace metals such as Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu are essential for various biological functions including proper innate immune function. The host immune system has complicated and coordinated mechanisms in place to either starve and/or overload invading pathogens with various metals to combat the infection. Here, we discuss the roles of Fe, Mn and Zn in terms of nutritional immunity, and also the roles of Cu and Zn in metal overload in relation to the physiology and pathogenesis of two human streptococcal species, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes. S. pneumoniae is a major human pathogen that is carried asymptomatically in the nasopharynx by up to 70% of the population; however, transition to internal sites can cause a range of diseases such as pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis and bacteraemia. S. pyogenes is a human pathogen responsible for diseases ranging from pharyngitis and impetigo, to severe invasive infections. Both species have overlapping capacity with respect to metal acquisition, export and regulation and how metal homeostasis relates to their virulence and ability to invade and survive within the host. It is becoming more apparent that metals have an important role to play in the control of infection, and with further investigations, it could lead to the potential use of metals in novel antimicrobial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Turner
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Cheryl-Lynn Y Ong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark J Walker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Karrera Y Djoko
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alastair G McEwan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Jang S, Kim G, Oh J, Lee S, Kim D, Kim KH, Kim YH, Rhee DK, Lee S. Molecular characterization of a single-chain antibody variable fragment (scFv) specific for PspA from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 482:141-146. [PMID: 27845043 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major infectious agent responsible for pneumonia, otitis media, sepsis and meningitis. Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is a well-characterized virulence factor localized on the surface and a target for vaccine development. In this study, we screened a single-chain antibody variable fragment (scFv) using phage display from a human synthetic library to select a clone 2B11. Affinity (Kd) of 2B11 was measured to be 5 nM using biolayer interferometry. 2B11 exhibited a dose-dependent recognition of recombinant PspA with no cross-reactivity towards pneumococcal antigens. The epitope on PspA was defined to residues 231-242 by mutational analysis. Molecular docking analysis supported the experimentally determined epitope, suggesting that the helix spanning residues 231-242 can bind to 2B11 with residues in the CDR-H3 (complementarity determining region 3 in the heavy chain) actively participating in the molecular contacts. Comparison of 2B11 with a commercial PspA antibody revealed that 2B11 exhibited a better specificity towards recombinant PspA antigen. 2B11 was capable of detecting endogenous PspA from pneumococcal lysates with affinity similar to that of the commercial antibody. Our study provides a molecular tool for biosensors detecting pneumococcal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShinA Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Gyuhee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Jihye Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Seungyeop Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Kook-Han Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Sangho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea.
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15
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Rai AN, Thornton JA, Stokes J, Sunesara I, Swiatlo E, Nanduri B. Polyamine transporter in Streptococcus pneumoniae is essential for evading early innate immune responses in pneumococcal pneumonia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26964. [PMID: 27247105 PMCID: PMC4887915 DOI: 10.1038/srep26964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterial etiology of pneumococcal pneumonia in adults worldwide. Genomic plasticity, antibiotic resistance and extreme capsular antigenic variation complicates the design of effective therapeutic strategies. Polyamines are ubiquitous small cationic molecules necessary for full expression of pneumococcal virulence. Polyamine transport system is an attractive therapeutic target as it is highly conserved across pneumococcal serotypes. In this study, we compared an isogenic deletion strain of S. pneumoniae TIGR4 in polyamine transport operon (ΔpotABCD) with the wild type in a mouse model of pneumococcal pneumonia. Our results show that the wild type persists in mouse lung 24 h post infection while the mutant strain is cleared by host defense mechanisms. We show that intact potABCD is required for survival in the host by providing resistance to neutrophil killing. Comparative proteomics analysis of murine lungs infected with wild type and ΔpotABCD pneumococci identified expression of proteins that could confer protection to wild type strain and help establish infection. We identified ERM complex, PGLYRP1, PTPRC/CD45 and POSTN as new players in the pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia. Additionally, we found that deficiency of polyamine transport leads to up regulation of the polyamine synthesis genes speE and cad in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathy N Rai
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Justin A Thornton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - John Stokes
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Imran Sunesara
- Center of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Edwin Swiatlo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Bindu Nanduri
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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16
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Novel Strategy To Protect against Influenza Virus-Induced Pneumococcal Disease without Interfering with Commensal Colonization. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1693-1703. [PMID: 27001538 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01478-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae commonly inhabits the nasopharynx as a member of the commensal biofilm. Infection with respiratory viruses, such as influenza A virus, induces commensal S. pneumoniae to disseminate beyond the nasopharynx and to elicit severe infections of the middle ears, lungs, and blood that are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Current preventive strategies, including the polysaccharide conjugate vaccines, aim to eliminate asymptomatic carriage with vaccine-type pneumococci. However, this has resulted in serotype replacement with, so far, less fit pneumococcal strains, which has changed the nasopharyngeal flora, opening the niche for entry of other virulent pathogens (e.g., Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and potentially Haemophilus influenzae). The long-term effects of these changes are unknown. Here, we present an attractive, alternative preventive approach where we subvert virus-induced pneumococcal disease without interfering with commensal colonization, thus specifically targeting disease-causing organisms. In that regard, pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), a major surface protein of pneumococci, is a promising vaccine target. Intradermal (i.d.) immunization of mice with recombinant PspA in combination with LT-IIb(T13I), a novel i.d. adjuvant of the type II heat-labile enterotoxin family, elicited strong systemic PspA-specific IgG responses without inducing mucosal anti-PspA IgA responses. This response protected mice from otitis media, pneumonia, and septicemia and averted the cytokine storm associated with septic infection but had no effect on asymptomatic colonization. Our results firmly demonstrated that this immunization strategy against virally induced pneumococcal disease can be conferred without disturbing the desirable preexisting commensal colonization of the nasopharynx.
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Saumyaa, Pujanauski L, Colino J, Flora M, Torres RM, Tuomanen E, Snapper CM. Pneumococcal Surface Protein A Plays a Major Role in Streptococcus pneumoniae-Induced Immunosuppression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3677-85. [PMID: 27029587 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Intact, inactivated Streptococcus pneumoniae [including the unencapsulated S. pneumoniae, serotype 2 strain (R36A)] markedly inhibits the humoral immune response to coimmunized heterologous proteins, a property not observed with several other intact Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, we determined the nature of this immunosuppressive property. Because phosphorylcholine (PC), a major haptenic component of teichoic acid in the S. pneumoniae cell wall, and lipoteichoic acid in the S. pneumoniae membrane were previously reported to be immunosuppressive when derived from filarial parasites, we determined whether R36A lacking PC (R36A(pc-)) was inhibitory. Indeed, although R36A(pc-) exhibited a markedly reduced level of inhibition of the IgG response to coimmunized chicken OVA (cOVA), no inhibition was observed when using several other distinct PC-expressing bacteria or a soluble, protein-PC conjugate. Further, treatment of R36A with periodate, which selectively destroys PC residues, had no effect on R36A-mediated inhibition. Because R36A(pc-) also lacks choline-binding proteins (CBPs) that require PC for cell wall attachment, and because treatment of R36A with trypsin eliminated its inhibitory activity, we incubated R36A in choline chloride, which selectively strips CBPs from its surface. R36A lacking CBPs lost most of its inhibitory property, whereas the supernatant of choline chloride-treated R36A, containing CBPs, was markedly inhibitory. Coimmunization studies using cOVA and various S. pneumoniae mutants, each genetically deficient in one of the CBPs, demonstrated that only S. pneumoniae lacking the CBP pneumococcal surface protein A lost its ability to inhibit the IgG anti-cOVA response. These results strongly suggest that PspA plays a major role in mediating the immunosuppressive property of S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumyaa
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814; Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences, Pilani 333031, India
| | - Lindsey Pujanauski
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Jesus Colino
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Michael Flora
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814; and
| | - Raul M Torres
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Elaine Tuomanen
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Clifford M Snapper
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814;
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18
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Uraki R, Piao Z, Akeda Y, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Kiso M, Ozawa M, Oishi K, Kawaoka Y. A Bivalent Vaccine Based on a PB2-Knockout Influenza Virus Protects Mice From Secondary Pneumococcal Pneumonia. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1939-48. [PMID: 26123562 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary bacterial infections after influenza can be a serious problem, especially in young children and the elderly, yet the efficacy of current vaccines is limited. Earlier work demonstrated that a replication-incompetent PB2-knockout (PB2-KO) influenza virus possessing a foreign gene in the coding region of its PB2 segment can serve as a platform for a bivalent vaccine. METHODS In the current study, we generated the PB2-KO virus expressing pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), PB2-KO-PspA virus, the replication of which is restricted to PB2-expressing cells. We then examined the protective efficacy of intranasal immunization with this virus as a bivalent vaccine in a mouse model. RESULTS High levels of influenza virus-specific and PspA-specific antibodies were induced in the serum and airways of immunized mice. The intranasally immunized mice were protected from lethal doses of influenza virus or Streptococcus pneumoniae. These mice were also completely protected from secondary pneumococcal pneumonia after influenza virus infection. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that our recombinant influenza virus serves as a novel and powerful bivalent vaccine against primary and secondary pneumococcal pneumonia as well as influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Uraki
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Zhenyu Piao
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University
| | | | - Maki Kiso
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Makoto Ozawa
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene Transboundary Animal Diseases Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University
| | - Kazunori Oishi
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project (JST), Saitama, Japan Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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19
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Lu J, Sun T, Wang D, Dong Y, Xu M, Hou H, Kong FT, Liang C, Gu T, Chen P, Sun S, Lv X, Jiang C, Kong W, Wu Y. Protective Immune Responses Elicited by Fusion Protein Containing PsaA and PspA Fragments. Immunol Invest 2015; 44:482-96. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2015.1037956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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20
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Piao Z, Akeda Y, Takeuchi D, Ishii KJ, Ubukata K, Briles DE, Tomono K, Oishi K. Protective properties of a fusion pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) vaccine against pneumococcal challenge by five different PspA clades in mice. Vaccine 2014; 32:5607-13. [PMID: 25132335 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An increase in the appearance of nonvaccine serotypes in both children and adults with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine represents a limitation of this vaccine. In this study, we generated three recombinant pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) proteins comprising PspA families 1 and 2, and we examined the reactivity of antisera raised in mice immunized with a PspA fusion protein in combination with CpG oligonucleotides plus aluminum hydroxide gel. The protective effects of immunization with PspA fusion proteins against pneumococcal challenge by strains with five different PspA clades were also examined in mice. Flow cytometry demonstrated that PspA3+2-induced antiserum showed the greatest binding of PspA-specific IgG to all five challenge strains with different clades. PspA2+4- or PspA2+5-induced antiserum showed the lowest binding of PspA-specific IgG to clade 3. Immunization with PspA3+2 afforded significant protection against pneumococcal challenge by five strains with different clades in mice, but immunization with PspA2+4 or PspA2+5 failed to protect mice from pneumococcal challenge by strains with clades 1 and 3. The binding of PspA-specific IgG in antisera raised by three PspA fusion proteins was examined in 68 clinical isolates from adult patients with IPD. Immunization of mice with PspA3+2-induced antiserum with a high binding capacity for clinical isolates expressing clades 1-4, but not clade 5. Our results suggest that the PspA3+2 vaccine has an advantage over the PspA2+4 or PspA2+5 vaccine in terms of a broad range of cross-reactivity with clinical isolates and cross-protection against pneumococcal challenge in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Piao
- Laboratory for Clinical Research on Infectious Disease, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan; Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Laboratory for Clinical Research on Infectious Disease, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Dan Takeuchi
- Laboratory for Clinical Research on Infectious Disease, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Kimiko Ubukata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - David E Briles
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Kazunori Tomono
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazunori Oishi
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan.
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21
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Influences of process and formulation parameters on powder flow properties and immunogenicity of spray dried polymer particles entrapping recombinant pneumococcal surface protein A. Int J Pharm 2014; 466:198-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Pan X, Yang Y, Zhang JR. Molecular basis of host specificity in human pathogenic bacteria. Emerg Microbes Infect 2014; 3:e23. [PMID: 26038515 PMCID: PMC3974339 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2014.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria display various levels of host specificity or tropism. While many bacteria can infect a wide range of hosts, certain bacteria have strict host selectivity for humans as obligate human pathogens. Understanding the genetic and molecular basis of host specificity in pathogenic bacteria is important for understanding pathogenic mechanisms, developing better animal models and designing new strategies and therapeutics for the control of microbial diseases. The molecular mechanisms of bacterial host specificity are much less understood than those of viral pathogens, in part due to the complexity of the molecular composition and cellular structure of bacterial cells. However, important progress has been made in identifying and characterizing molecular determinants of bacterial host specificity in the last two decades. It is now clear that the host specificity of bacterial pathogens is determined by multiple molecular interactions between the pathogens and their hosts. Furthermore, certain basic principles regarding the host specificity of bacterial pathogens have emerged from the existing literature. This review focuses on selected human pathogenic bacteria and our current understanding of their host specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Pan
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing 10084, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing 10084, China
| | - Jing-Ren Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing 10084, China
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23
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Bischof A, Brumshagen C, Ding N, Kirchhof G, Briles DE, Gessner JE, Welte T, Mack M, Maus UA. Basophil Expansion Protects Against Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Mice. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:14-24. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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24
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Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae still causes severe morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in young children and the elderly. Much effort has been dedicated to developing protein-based universal vaccines to conquer the current shortcomings of capsular vaccines and capsular conjugate vaccines, such as serotype replacement, limited coverage and high costs. A recombinant live vector vaccine delivering protective antigens is a promising way to achieve this goal. In this review, we discuss the researches using live recombinant vaccines, mainly live attenuated Salmonella and lactic acid bacteria, to deliver pneumococcal antigens. We also discuss both the limitations and the future of these vaccines.
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25
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Deletion of arcD in Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 impairs its capsule and attenuates virulence. Infect Immun 2013; 81:3903-11. [PMID: 23918778 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00778-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The arginine deiminase system (ADS) is associated with arginine catabolism and plays a role in virulence of several pathogenic bacteria. In Streptococcus pneumoniae, the ADS genes exist as a locus consisting of arcABCDT. A recent genome-wide mutagenesis approach revealed that both arcD and arcT are potentially essential in a chinchilla otitis media (OM) model. In the present study, we generated ΔarcD, ΔarcT, and ΔarcDT mutants by homologous recombination and evaluated their infectivity. Our results showed that only arcD, and not arcT, of an OM isolate is required during chinchilla middle ear infection. Additionally, D39 ΔarcD exhibited enhanced nasopharyngeal colonization and was attenuated in both mouse pneumonia and bacteremia models. In vitro, D39 ΔarcD displayed enhanced adherence to A549 epithelial cells and increased phagocytosis by J774A.1 macrophages compared to those with the parental strain. This mutant also exhibited an impaired capsule, as detected using electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and a capsule assay. We demonstrated that the capsule defect in the D39 ΔarcD mutant may not be associated with a deficiency in arginine but rather is likely caused by a loss of interaction between the capsule and the transmembrane protein ArcD.
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26
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Nicoletti MC, Bertini JR, Tanizaki MM, Zangirolami TC, Gonçalves VM, Horta ACL, Giordano RC. On-line prediction of the feeding phase in high-cell density cultivation of rE. coli using constructive neural networks. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 111:228-248. [PMID: 23566708 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a bacterium responsible for a wide spectrum of illnesses. The surface of the bacterium consists of three distinctive membranes: plasmatic, cellular and the polysaccharide (PS) capsule. PS capsules may mediate several biological processes, particularly invasive infections of human beings. Prevention against pneumococcal related illnesses can be provided by vaccines. There is a sound investment worldwide in the investigation of a proteic antigen as a possible alternative to pneumococcal vaccines based exclusively on PS. A few proteins which are part of the membrane of the pneumococcus seem to have antigen potential to be part of a vaccine, particularly the PspA. A vital aspect in the production of the intended conjugate pneumococcal vaccine is the efficient production (in industrial scale) of both, the chosen PS serotypes as well as the PspA protein. Growing recombinant Escherichia coli (rE. coli) in high-cell density cultures (HCDC) under a fed-batch regime requires a refined continuous control over various process variables where the on-line prediction of the feeding phase is of particular relevance and one of the focuses of this paper. The viability of an on-line monitoring software system, based on constructive neural networks (CoNN), for automatically detecting the time to start the fed-phase of a HCDC of rE. coli that contains a plasmid used for PspA expression is investigated. The paper describes the data and methodology used for training five different types of CoNNs, four of them suitable for classification tasks and one suitable for regression tasks, aiming at comparatively investigate both approaches. Results of software simulations implementing five CoNN algorithms as well as conventional neural networks (FFNN), decision trees (DT) and support vector machines (SVM) are also presented and discussed. A modified CasCor algorithm, implementing a data softening process, has shown to be an efficient candidate to be part of an on-line HCDC monitoring system for detecting the feeding phase of the HCDC process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Nicoletti
- Depto. de Computação, UFSCar, S. Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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27
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Protection against pneumococcal infection elicited by immunization with multiple pneumococcal heat shock proteins. Vaccine 2013; 31:3564-71. [PMID: 23727004 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play important roles in the pathogenesis of pneumococcal infection, and they are considered as potential protein vaccine antigens. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of immunization with pneumococcal HSPs, including ClpP (hsp100/Clp peptidase subunit), DnaJ (hsp40) and GroEL (hsp60), to protect against pneumococcal carriage, lung colonization and sepsis in mouse models using different serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. In a nasopharyngeal colonization model by serotype 6B or 14 and in a lung colonization model by serotype 19F, immunization with pneumococcal HSPs could elicit effective protection. Likewise, vaccination with ClpP, DnaJ or GroEL allowed significantly longer mouse survival times after lethal intranasal challenge with serotype pneumococcal 2, 3 or 4. Interestingly, combinations of these HSPs could consistently enhance the protection against nasopharynx carriage, lung colonization as well as invasive infection caused by different pneumococcal serotypes. In an in vitro killing assay, anti-sera against ClpP, DnaJ or GroEL could kill S. pneumoniae by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in a complement-dependent way, and combinations of multiple anti-sera against these HSPs could increase the killing ability compared with single anti-sera. Finally, passive immunization studies with anti-sera against pneumococcal HSPs also demonstrated that an additive effect could be achieved by using multiple anti-sera when compared with single anti-sera. Thus, inclusion of multiple pneumococcal HSPs is important for the development of protein-based pneumococcal vaccines.
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28
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Sharma SK, Roumanes D, Almudevar A, Mosmann TR, Pichichero ME. CD4+ T-cell responses among adults and young children in response to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae vaccine candidate protein antigens. Vaccine 2013; 31:3090-7. [PMID: 23632305 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We characterized cytokine profiles of CD4(+) T-helper (h) cells in adults and young children to ascertain if responses occur to next-generation candidate vaccine antigens PspA, PcpA, PhtD, PhtE, Ply, LytB of Streptococcus pneumonia (Spn) and protein D and OMP26 of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). Adults had vaccine antigen-specific Th1 and Th2 cells responsive to all antigens evaluated whereas young children had significant numbers of vaccine antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells producing IL-2, (p=0.004). Vaccine antigen-specific CD4(+) T-cell populations in adults were largely of effector (TEM) and/or central memory (TCM) phenotypes as defined by CD45RA(-)CCR7(+) or CD45RA(-)CCR7(-) respectively; however among young children antigen-specific IL-2 producing CD4(+) T cells demonstrated CD45RA(+) expression (non-memory cells). We conclude that adults have circulating memory CD4(+) T cells (CD45RA(-)) that can be stimulated by all the tested Spn and NTHi protein vaccine candidate antigens, whereas young children have a more limited response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad K Sharma
- Center for Infectious Disease and Immunology, Research Institute, Rochester General Hospital, 1425 Portland Avenue, Rochester, NY 14621, USA
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Hotomi M, Togawa A, Kono M, Ikeda Y, Takei S, Hollingshead SK, Briles DE, Suzuki K, Yamanaka N. PspA family distribution, antimicrobial resistance and serotype of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from upper respiratory tract infections in Japan. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58124. [PMID: 23483982 PMCID: PMC3590126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The protection against pneumococcal infections provided by currently available pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines are restricted to the limited number of the serotypes included in the vaccine. In the present study, we evaluated the distribution of the pneumococcal capsular type and surface protein A (PspA) family of pneumococcal isolates from upper respiratory tract infections in Japan. Methods A total of 251 S. pneumoniae isolates from patients seeking treatment for upper respiratory tract infections were characterized for PspA family, antibiotic resistance and capsular type. Results Among the 251 pneumococci studied, the majority (49.4%) was identified as belonging to PspA family 2, while most of the remaining isolates (44.6%) belonged to family 1. There were no significant differences between the distributions of PspA1 versus PspA2 isolates based on the age or gender of the patient, source of the isolates or the isolates’ susceptibilities to penicillin G. In contrast, the frequency of the mefA gene presence and of serotypes 15B and 19F were statistically more common among PspA2 strains. Conclusion The vast majority of pneumococci isolated from the middle ear fluids, nasal discharges/sinus aspirates or pharyngeal secretions represented PspA families 1 and 2. Capsular serotypes were generally not exclusively associated with certain PspA families, although some capsular types showed a much higher proportion of either PspA1 or PspA2. A PspA-containing vaccine would potentially provide high coverage against pneumococcal infectious diseases because it would be cross-protective versus invasive disease with the majority of pneumococci infecting children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneki Hotomi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama-shi, Wakayama, Japan.
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Nanogel-based PspA intranasal vaccine prevents invasive disease and nasal colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1625-34. [PMID: 23460513 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00240-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To establish a safer and more effective vaccine against pneumococcal respiratory infections, current knowledge regarding the antigens common among pneumococcal strains and improvements to the system for delivering these antigens across the mucosal barrier must be integrated. We developed a pneumococcal vaccine that combines the advantages of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) with a nontoxic intranasal vaccine delivery system based on a nanometer-sized hydrogel (nanogel) consisting of a cationic cholesteryl group-bearing pullulan (cCHP). The efficacy of the nanogel-based PspA nasal vaccine (cCHP-PspA) was tested in murine pneumococcal airway infection models. Intranasal vaccination with cCHP-PspA provided protective immunity against lethal challenge with Streptococcus pneumoniae Xen10, reduced colonization and invasion by bacteria in the upper and lower respiratory tracts, and induced systemic and nasal mucosal Th17 responses, high levels of PspA-specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), and nasal and bronchial IgA antibody responses. Moreover, there was no sign of PspA delivery by nanogel to either the olfactory bulbs or the central nervous system after intranasal administration. These results demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of the nanogel-based PspA nasal vaccine system as a universal mucosal vaccine against pneumococcal respiratory infection.
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Mukerji R, Mirza S, Roche AM, Widener RW, Croney CM, Rhee DK, Weiser JN, Szalai AJ, Briles DE. Pneumococcal surface protein A inhibits complement deposition on the pneumococcal surface by competing with the binding of C-reactive protein to cell-surface phosphocholine. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 189:5327-35. [PMID: 23105137 PMCID: PMC3517878 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the presence of normal serum, complement component C3 is deposited on pneumococci primarily via the classical pathway. Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), a major virulence factor of pneumococci, effectively inhibits C3 deposition. PspA's C terminus has a choline-binding domain that anchors PspA to the phosphocholine (PC) moieties on the pneumococcal surface. C-reactive protein (CRP), another important host defense molecule, also binds to PC, and CRP binding to pneumococci enhances complement C3 deposition through the classical pathway. Using flow cytometry of PspA(+) and PspA(-) strains, we observed that the absence of PspA led to exposure of PC, enhanced the surface binding of CRP, and increased the deposition of C3. Moreover, when the PspA(-) mutant was incubated with a pneumococcal eluate containing native PspA, there was decreased deposition of CRP and C3 on the pneumococcal surface compared with incubation with an eluate from a PspA(-) strain. This inhibition was not observed when a recombinant PspA fragment, which lacks the choline-binding region of PspA, was added to the PspA(-) mutant. Also, there was much greater C3 deposition onto the PspA(-) pneumococcus when exposed to normal mouse serum from wild-type mice as compared with that from CRP knockout mice. Furthermore, when CRP knockout mouse serum was replenished with CRP, there was a dose-dependent increase in C3 deposition. The combined data reveal a novel mechanism of complement inhibition by a bacterial protein: inhibition of CRP surface binding and, thus, diminution of CRP-mediated complement deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Mukerji
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Shaper Mirza
- University of Texas School of Public Health Division of Epidemiology Brownsville regional campus Brownsville TX
| | - Aoife M. Roche
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jeffrey N. Weiser
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander J. Szalai
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Division of Immunology Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - David E. Briles
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
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Choi CW, Lee YG, Kwon SO, Kim HY, Lee JC, Chung YH, Yun CY, Kim SI. Analysis of Streptococcus pneumoniae secreted antigens by immuno-proteomic approach. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 72:318-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Kono M, Hotomi M, Hollingshead SK, Briles DE, Yamanaka N. Maternal immunization with pneumococcal surface protein A protects against pneumococcal infections among derived offspring. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27102. [PMID: 22073127 PMCID: PMC3205068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen-specific antibody plays an important role in protection against pneumococcal carriage and infections. However, neonates and infants exhibit impaired innate and adaptive immune responses, which result in their high susceptibility to pneumococci. To protect neonates and infants against pneumococcal infection it is important to elicit specific protective immune responses at very young ages. In this study, we investigated the protective immunity against pneumococcal carriage, pneumonia, and sepsis induced by maternal immunization with pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA). Mother mice were intranasally immunized with recombinant PspA (rPspA) and cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) prior to being mated. Anti-PspA specific IgG, predominantly IgG1, was present at a high level in the serum and milk of immunized mothers and in the sera of their pups. The pneumococcal densities in washed nasal tissues and in lung homogenate were significantly reduced in pups delivered from and/or breast-fed by PspA-immunized mothers. Survival after fatal systemic infections with various types of pneumococci was significantly extended in the pups, which had received anti-PspA antibody via the placenta or through their milk. The current findings strongly suggest that maternal immunization with PspA is an attractive strategy against pneumococcal infections during early childhood. (191 words)
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Kono
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama-city, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Muneki Hotomi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama-city, Wakayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Susan K. Hollingshead
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - David E. Briles
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Noboru Yamanaka
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama-city, Wakayama, Japan
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Nguyen CT, Kim SY, Kim MS, Lee SE, Rhee JH. Intranasal immunization with recombinant PspA fused with a flagellin enhances cross-protective immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in mice. Vaccine 2011; 29:5731-9. [PMID: 21696869 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major respiratory pathogen that causes high levels of mortality and morbidity in infants and the elderly. Despite the use of antibiotics and vaccines, fatal pneumococcal disease remains prevalent. Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), a highly immunogenic surface protein produced by all strains of S. pneumoniae, can elicit protective immunity against fatal pneumococcal infection. We have previously demonstrated that the Vibrio vulnificus FlaB, a bacterial flagellin protein and agonist of TLR5, has strong mucosal adjuvant activity and induces protective immunity upon co-administration with tetanus toxoid. In this study, we have tested whether intranasal immunization with recombinant fusion proteins consisted of PspA and FlaB (PspA-FlaB and FlaB-PspA) is able to elicit more efficient protective mucosal immune responses against pneumococcal infection than immunization with PspA alone or with a stoichiometric mixture of PspA and FlaB. When mice were intranasally immunized with fusion proteins, significantly higher levels of anti-PspA IgG and IgA were induced in serum and mucosal secretions. The mice immunized intranasally with the FlaB-PspA fusion protein were the most protected from a lethal challenge with live S. pneumoniae, as compared to the mice immunized with PspA only, a mixture of PspA and FlaB, or the PspA-FlaB fusion protein. FlaB-PspA also induced a cross protection against heterologous capsular types. These results suggest that a FlaB-PspA fusion protein alone could be used as an anti-pneumococcal mucosal vaccine or as an effective partner protein for multivalent capsular polysaccharide conjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Truong Nguyen
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 160 Ilsimri, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam 519-809, South Korea
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Camilli R, Bonnal RJP, Del Grosso M, Iacono M, Corti G, Rizzi E, Marchetti M, Mulas L, Iannelli F, Superti F, Oggioni MR, De Bellis G, Pantosti A. Complete genome sequence of a serotype 11A, ST62 Streptococcus pneumoniae invasive isolate. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:25. [PMID: 21284853 PMCID: PMC3055811 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important human pathogen representing a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. We sequenced the genome of a serotype 11A, ST62 S. pneumoniae invasive isolate (AP200), that was erythromycin-resistant due to the presence of the erm(TR) determinant, and carried out analysis of the genome organization and comparison with other pneumococcal genomes. Results The genome sequence of S. pneumoniae AP200 is 2,130,580 base pair in length. The genome carries 2216 coding sequences (CDS), 56 tRNA, and 12 rRNA genes. Of the CDSs, 72.9% have a predicted biological known function. AP200 contains the pilus islet 2 and, although its phenotype corresponds to serotype 11A, it contains an 11D capsular locus. Chromosomal rearrangements resulting from a large inversion across the replication axis, and horizontal gene transfer events were observed. The chromosomal inversion is likely implicated in the rebalance of the chromosomal architecture affected by the insertions of two large exogenous elements, the erm(TR)-carrying Tn1806 and a functional prophage designated ϕSpn_200. Tn1806 is 52,457 bp in size and comprises 49 ORFs. Comparative analysis of Tn1806 revealed the presence of a similar genetic element or part of it in related species such as Streptococcus pyogenes and also in the anaerobic species Finegoldia magna, Anaerococcus prevotii and Clostridium difficile. The genome of ϕSpn_200 is 35,989 bp in size and is organized in 47 ORFs grouped into five functional modules. Prophages similar to ϕSpn_200 were found in pneumococci and in other streptococcal species, showing a high degree of exchange of functional modules. ϕSpn_200 viral particles have morphologic characteristics typical of the Siphoviridae family and are capable of infecting a pneumococcal recipient strain. Conclusions The sequence of S. pneumoniae AP200 chromosome revealed a dynamic genome, characterized by chromosomal rearrangements and horizontal gene transfers. The overall diversity of AP200 is driven mainly by the presence of the exogenous elements Tn1806 and ϕSpn_200 that show large gene exchanges with other genetic elements of different bacterial species. These genetic elements likely provide AP200 with additional genes, such as those conferring antibiotic-resistance, promoting its adaptation to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Camilli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Ezoe H, Akeda Y, Piao Z, Aoshi T, Koyama S, Tanimoto T, Ishii KJ, Oishi K. Intranasal vaccination with pneumococcal surface protein A plus poly(I:C) protects against secondary pneumococcal pneumonia in mice. Vaccine 2011; 29:1754-61. [PMID: 21219977 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Effective pneumococcal vaccines are required for preventing secondary bacterial pneumonia, a life-threatening condition, during epidemics of influenza. We examined whether nasal administration of a low dose of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) plus polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) could protect against a fatal secondary pneumococcal pneumonia after influenza A virus infection in mice. PspA-specific IgG but not IgA level was higher in the airways and blood of mice nasally administered a low dose of PspA plus poly(I:C) than in mice nasally administered PspA alone or poly(I:C) alone. Binding of PspA-specific IgG increased C3 deposition on the bacterial surface. The survival rate during secondary infection was higher in mice immunized with PspA plus poly(I:C) than in mice immunized with poly(I:C) alone. The significant reduction in bacterial density in the lung and blood was associated with increased survival of immunized mice with secondary pneumonia. Passive transfer of sera from mice immunized with PspA plus poly(I:C) increased the survival of mice infected with secondary pneumonia. Our data suggest that an intranasal PspA vaccine has promising protective effects against secondary pneumonia after influenza and that PspA-specific IgG plays a critical role in this protection.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Bacterial Proteins/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization, Secondary/methods
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza, Human/complications
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Pneumococcal Infections/etiology
- Pneumococcal Infections/immunology
- Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control
- Pneumococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Pneumococcal Vaccines/immunology
- Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/etiology
- Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/immunology
- Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/prevention & control
- Poly I-C/administration & dosage
- Poly I-C/immunology
- Poly I-C/therapeutic use
- Secondary Prevention/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Ezoe
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan
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Cao J, Gong Y, Yin Y, Wang L, Ying B, Chen T, Zhang X. Pneumococcal proteins PspA and PspC induce CXCL8 production in human neutrophils: implications in pneumococcal infections. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:1051-60. [PMID: 20670689 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface-exposed pneumococcal virulence proteins pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) and pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC) play important roles in the pathogenesis of invasive pneumococcal diseases. Human neutrophils are principle antimicrobial effector cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. In this study, we investigated the effects of PspA and PspC on the up-regulation of chemokine CXCL8 in human neutrophils, and characterized the underlying intracellular signaling pathways. Both PspA and PspC were found to induce the release of newly synthesized CXCL8. Synergistic effect was observed in the combined treatment of PspA and PspC on the release of CXCL8. Products from PspA-deficient or PspC-deficient mutant pneumococcus that did not express PspA or PspC induced significantly less release of CXCL8 than wild type pneumococcus. Both PspA and PspC could activate p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathways in neutrophils, while inhibition of NF-κB and p38 MAPK could suppress the release of CXCL8 from neutrophils induced by PspA and PspC. Together, our results demonstrated that the induction of CXCL8 in human neutrophils activated by PspA and PspC was regulated by p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Cao J, Chen T, Gong Y, Ying B, Li D, Xu W, Zhang X, Wang L, Yin Y. Molecular mechanisms of the secretion of cytokines and chemokines from human monocytes activated by pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA): Roles of mitogen-activated protein kinases and NF-kappaB. Microb Pathog 2010; 48:220-9. [PMID: 20227479 PMCID: PMC7127760 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of invasive pneumococcal infection. PspA might modulate specific immune responses in human population. Circulating monocytes are essential for the innate responses and subsequent acquired immune responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae. In this study, we investigated the effects of PspA on cytokine and chemokine secretion from human peripheral blood monocytes and the underlying intracellular signaling mechanisms. Stimulation of monocytes with purified PspA protein induced the significant release of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and chemokines including CXCL8, CCL2, CCL4 and CCL5. Products from PspA-deficient mutant pneumococcus that did not express PspA induced significantly less secretion of these mediators than those from wild type pneumococcus. Further investigations showed that PspA activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathways in human monocytes. Moreover, inhibition of these pathways using selective inhibitors could significantly reduce the cytokine and chemokine secretion induced by PspA. Taken together, our findings provide insight for PspA-mediated activation of human monocytes via NF-κB and MAPKs signaling cascades in the pathogenesis of invasive pneumococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Malley R. Antibody and cell-mediated immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae: implications for vaccine development. J Mol Med (Berl) 2010; 88:135-42. [PMID: 20049411 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0579-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Revised: 12/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It has long been assumed that children develop natural immunity to pneumococci via the acquisition of anticapsular antibodies, which confers serotype-specific immunity to the organism. This view has been further reinforced by the recent success of capsular polysaccharide conjugate vaccines in children in reducing colonization and disease caused by vaccine-type strains. Less clear, however, is whether this mechanism is responsible for the age-related gradual increased resistance to pneumococcal carriage and disease. Recent epidemiologic and experimental evidence point to the possibility that another mechanism may be involved. Here, an alternative possibility is presented, whereby it is proposed that acquired immunity to this common human pathogen is derived not only from natural acquisition of antibodies (capsular and noncapsular) that provides protection against invasive disease but also from the development of pneumococcus-specific CD4+ T(H)17 cells that reduces the duration of carriage and may also impact mucosal disease. This review focuses on the experimental and clinical evidence in support of this hypothesis. The implications for future vaccine development against Streptococcus pneumoniae are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Malley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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King QO, Lei B, Harmsen AG. Pneumococcal surface protein A contributes to secondary Streptococcus pneumoniae infection after influenza virus infection. J Infect Dis 2009; 200:537-45. [PMID: 19586418 DOI: 10.1086/600871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae mutants with a disruption in the gene for either pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA-), neuraminidase A (NanA-), or hyaluronidase (Hyl-) to that of the parental strain D39 by means of a competitive growth model in mice with and those without prior influenza virus infection. The numbers of total bacteria recovered from mice with prior influenza virus infection were significantly greater than those recovered from mice without prior influenza virus infection. Although the Hyl- and NanA- mutants did not display attenuation in mice with or without prior influenza virus infection, the PspA- mutant exhibited attenuation both in mice with and in mice without prior influenza virus infection. This defect was severe in influenza virus-infected mice, for which growth of the PspA- mutant was 1800-fold lower than that of the parental strain D39. Furthermore, PspA immunization significantly reduced secondary bacterial lung burdens and concentrations of specific markers of lung damage in mice receiving serotypes 2, 3, and 4 pneumococci. Our findings indicate that PspA contributes to secondary S. pneumoniae infection after influenza virus infection and that PspA immunization mitigates early secondary pneumococcal lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinton O King
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3610, USA.
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Rolo D, Ardanuy C, Fleites A, Martín R, Liñares J. Diversity of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) among prevalent clones in Spain. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:80. [PMID: 19419534 PMCID: PMC2684541 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PspA is recognized as a major pneumococcal virulence factor and a possible vaccine candidate. The aim of this study was to analyze the PspA family and clade distribution among 112 Spanish pneumococci representatives of dominant clones among patients with invasive disease (n = 66) and nasopharyngeal healthy carriage in children (n = 46). RESULTS PspA family 2 was predominant among invasive (63.6%) and carriage (54.3%) pneumococcal isolates. No PspA family 3 isolates were detected and only one strain was PspA negative. Although four clonal complexes contained strains of different clades, a clear association between clade and multi locus sequence typing results was found. Clades 1, 3 and 4 were associated with a wide variety of sequence types (ST) related to multiresistant and antibiotic-susceptible worldwide-disseminated clones. Clade 1 was associated with Spain 6B-ST90, Spain 14-ST18, Colombia 5-ST289, Sweden 1-ST306, Denmark 14-ST230 and Sweden 1-ST304 clones. Clade 3 was associated with Spain 23F-ST81, Spain 9V-ST156, Tennessee 14-ST67, Netherlands 3-ST180 and Netherlands 7F-ST191 clones. Clade 4 was related to Sweden 15A-ST63, Netherlands 18C-ST113 and Greece 21-ST193 clones. In contrast, PspA clade was not related to serotype, age or clinical origin of the isolates. CONCLUSION PspA clades were associated with genotypes. PspA family 2 and family 1 were dominant among major Spanish pneumococcal clones isolated from patients with invasive disease and nasopharyngeal carriage in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Rolo
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELL, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERES (CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Ardanuy
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELL, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERES (CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Fleites
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rogelio Martín
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELL, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Liñares
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELL, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERES (CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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Oma K, Zhao J, Ezoe H, Akeda Y, Koyama S, Ishii KJ, Kataoka K, Oishi K. Intranasal immunization with a mixture of PspA and a Toll-like receptor agonist induces specific antibodies and enhances bacterial clearance in the airways of mice. Vaccine 2009; 27:3181-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tai SS. Streptococcus pneumoniaeProtein Vaccine Candidates: Properties, Activities and Animal Studies. Crit Rev Microbiol 2008; 32:139-53. [PMID: 16893751 DOI: 10.1080/10408410600822942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a causative agent for community acquired pneumonia, bacteremia, acute otitis media, and meningitis. Recent emergence of multi-drug resistant clinical isolates prompts the need of effective vaccine for the prevention of disease. The licensed polysaccharide-based pneumococcal vaccines only elicit protective antibodies against the infection of serotypes that are included in the vaccine. To broaden the protection, the use of pneumococcal proteins will be a feasible and preferable alternative. This communication provides a review on the biochemical properties of these protein candidates, their immunization results in animal studies, and perspectives on the development of protein-based pneumococcal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley S Tai
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
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Distribution of pneumococcal surface protein A families 1 and 2 among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from children in finland who had acute otitis media or were nasopharyngeal carriers. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:1555-63. [PMID: 18753340 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00177-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PspA is a structurally variable surface protein important to the virulence of pneumococci. PspAs are serologically cross-reactive and exist as two major families. In this study, we determined the distribution of PspA families 1 and 2 among pneumococcal strains isolated from the middle ear fluid (MEF) of children with acute otitis media and from nasopharyngeal specimens of children with pneumococcal carriage. We characterized the association between the two PspA families, capsular serotypes, and multilocus sequence types (STs) of the pneumococcal isolates. MEF isolates (n = 201) of 109 patients and nasopharyngeal isolates (n = 173) of 49 children were PspA family typed by whole-cell enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Genetic typing (PCR) of PspA family was done for 60 isolates to confirm EIA typing results. The prevalences of PspA families 1 and 2 were similar among pneumococci isolated from MEF (51% and 45%, respectively) and nasopharyngeal specimens (48% each). Isolates of certain capsule types as well as isolates of certain STs showed statistical associations with either family 1 or family 2 PspA. Pneumococci from seven children with multiple pneumococcal isolates appeared to express serologically different PspA families in different isolates of the same serotype; in three of the children the STs of the isolates were the same, suggesting that antigenic changes in the PspA expressed may have taken place. The majority of the isolates (97%) belonged to either PspA family 1 or family 2, suggesting that a combination including the two main PspA families would make a good vaccine candidate.
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Medina M, Villena J, Vintiñi E, Hebert EM, Raya R, Alvarez S. Nasal immunization with Lactococcus lactis expressing the pneumococcal protective protein A induces protective immunity in mice. Infect Immun 2008; 76:2696-705. [PMID: 18390997 PMCID: PMC2423061 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00119-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nisin-controlled gene expression was used to develop a recombinant strain of Lactococcus lactis that is able to express the pneumococcal protective protein A (PppA) on its surface. Immunodetection assays confirmed that after the induction with nisin, the PppA antigen was predictably and efficiently displayed on the cell surface of the recombinant strain, which was termed L. lactis PppA. The production of mucosal and systemically specific antibodies in adult and young mice was evaluated after mice were nasally immunized with L. lactis PppA. Immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, and IgA anti-PppA antibodies were detected in the serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of adult and young mice, which showed that PppA expressed in L. lactis was able to induce a strong mucosal and systemic immune response. Challenge survival experiments demonstrated that immunization with L. lactis PppA was able to increase resistance to systemic and respiratory infection with different pneumococcal serotypes, and passive immunization assays of naïve young mice demonstrated a direct correlation between anti-PppA antibodies and protection. The results presented in this study demonstrate three major characteristics of the effectiveness of nasal immunization with PppA expressed as a protein anchored to the cell wall of L. lactis: it elicited cross-protective immunity against different pneumococcal serotypes, it afforded protection against both systemic and respiratory challenges, and it induced protective immunity in mice of different ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Medina
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Clínica Experimental, CERELA-CONICET, Chacabuco 145, Tucumán, Argentina
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Abstract
Despite a level "A" recommendation by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the use of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination in patients with COPD is supported by limited data. Clinical and laboratory studies have suggested that the currently approved vaccine is less effective in the population of COPD patients than in healthier patients, and to date no randomized-controlled trial of pneumococcal vaccination for COPD patients has demonstrated any beneficial effect. The implementation of a pneumococcal vaccine trial in the COPD population is problematic because of the large sample size required for studies examining clinical outcomes and the fact that no adequate in vitro assays have been available to serve as surrogate measures of vaccine protection. However, new laboratory methods have been developed and more accurate determination of the immunogenicity of pneumococcal vaccines is now possible. There is considerable interest in the development of an improved pneumococcal vaccine for patients with COPD, and advances in vaccine design hold considerable promise for improved prevention against pneumonia and acute exacerbations caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. The following discussion will examine the available data supporting pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine use, the currently available laboratory methods to measure immunogenicity, and advances in the development of an improved pneumococcal vaccine that could better protect patients with COPD against this pathogen.
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Silva M, Cabrera-Crespo J, Sbrogio-Almeida ME, Miyaji EN, Ho PL, Leite LCC, Lopes APY. Optimizing expression of Streptococcus pneumoniae surface protein a, PspA: serocross-reactivity within families of antisera induced against clades 1 and 3. Mol Biotechnol 2008; 37:146-54. [PMID: 17914175 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-007-0043-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the agent responsible for infections such as pneumonia, otitis media, and meningitis. Among virulence factors, the Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) has been shown to be immunogenic and protective in mice, and is thus a good vaccine candidate. PspA has been classified into 6 clades and 3 families. Initially, pspA fragments, clades 1 and 3, were cloned into the pAE-6His expression vector. Proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and purified by affinity and anion exchange chromatographies, with a yield of 11 mg/l of culture. Due to plasmid instability in E. coli, another construct using pspA1 was obtained based on pET-37b(+), which was shown to be stable in E. coli and increased the yield approximately 3-fold. Our results show good conditions for scale-up. Sera from immunized mice recognized PspA in total extracts of S. pneumoniae strains: anti-rPspA1p sera recognized native PspA clades 1 (+++), 2 (++) and 4 (+) and anti-rPspA3p sera recognized PspA clades 1 (+), 2 (+), 3 (+++) and 4 (+). The cross-reactivity pattern obtained confirms the notion that proteins from both families should be included for development of a broad-coverage vaccine; lower-cross reactivity between rPspAs of family 2 indicates that it may be necessary to include 2 proteins from this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Silva
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, Sao Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil
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Clinical bacteriology and immunology in acute otitis media in children. J Infect Chemother 2008; 14:180-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10156-007-0599-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Katsurahara T, Hotomi M, Yamauchi K, Billal DS, Yamanaka N. Protection against systemic fatal pneumococcal infection by maternal intranasal immunization with pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA). J Infect Chemother 2008; 14:393-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10156-008-0647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Streptococcus pneumoniae choline-binding protein E interaction with plasminogen/plasmin stimulates migration across the extracellular matrix. Infect Immun 2007; 76:466-76. [PMID: 18070889 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01261-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The virulence mechanisms leading Streptococcus pneumoniae to convert from nasopharyngeal colonization to a tissue-invasive phenotype are still largely unknown. Proliferation of infection requires penetration of the extracellular matrix, which occurs by recruitment of host proteases to the bacterial cell surface. We present evidence supporting the role of choline-binding protein E (CBPE) (a member of the surface-exposed choline-binding protein family) as an important receptor for human plasminogen, the precursor of plasmin. The results of ligand overlay blot analyses, solid-phase binding assays, and surface plasmon resonance experiments support the idea of an interaction between CBPE and plasminogen. We have shown that the phosphorylcholine esterase (Pce) domain of CBPE interacts with the plasminogen kringle domains. Analysis of the crystal structure of the Pce domain, followed by site-directed mutagenesis, allowed the identification of the plasminogen-binding region composed in part by lysine residues, some of which map in a linear fashion on the surface of the Pce domain. The biological relevance of the CBPE-plasminogen interaction is supported by the fact that, compared to the wild-type strain, a mutant of pneumococcus with the cbpE gene deleted (i) displays a reduced level of plasminogen binding and plasmin activation and (ii) shows reduced ability to cross the extracellular matrix in an in vitro model. These results support the idea of a physiological role for the CBPE-plasminogen interaction in pneumococcal dissemination into human tissue.
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