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Allartz P, Hotop SK, Muntau B, Schlaphof A, Thomé-Bolduan C, Gabriel M, Petersen N, Lintzel M, Behrens C, Eggert P, Pörtner K, Steiner J, Brönstrup M, Tappe D. Detection of bornavirus-reactive antibodies and BoDV-1 RNA only in encephalitis patients from virus endemic areas: a comparative serological and molecular sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and disease duration correlation study. Infection 2024; 52:59-71. [PMID: 37253816 PMCID: PMC10228883 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human Borna disease virus (BoDV-1) encephalitis is an emerging disease in Germany. This study investigates the spectrum of human BoDV-1 infection, characterizes anti-BoDV-1-antibodies and kinetics, and compares laboratory test performances. METHODS Three hundred four encephalitis cases, 308 nation-wide neuropsychiatric conditions, 127 well-defined psychiatric cases from Borna disease-endemic areas, and 20 persons with contact to BoDV-1 encephalitis patients or animals were tested for BoDV-1 infections by serology and PCR. RESULTS BoDV-1 infections were only found in encephalitis patients with residence in, or recent travel to, virus-endemic areas. Antibodies were detected as early as 12 days after symptom onset. Serum antibody levels correlated with disease duration. Serology was ordered after 50% of the disease duration had elapsed, reflecting low awareness. BoDV-1-antibodies were of IgG1 subclass, and the epitope on BoDV-1 antigens was determined. Specificity of the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and lineblot (LB) from serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as PCR testing from CSF, was 100%. Sensitivity, depending on first or all samples, reached 75-86% in serum and 92-94% in CSF for the IFAT, and 33-57% in serum and 18-24% in CSF for the LB. Sensitivity for PCR in CSF was 25-67%. Positive predictive values were 100% each, while negative predictive values were 99% (IFAT), 91-97% (LB), and 90% (PCR). CONCLUSIONS There is no hint that BoDV-1 causes other diseases than encephalitis in humans. Awareness has to be increased in virus-endemic areas. Tests are robust but lack sensitivity. Detection of IgG1 against specific peptides may facilitate diagnosis. Screening of healthy individuals is likely not beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Allartz
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Birgit Muntau
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schlaphof
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Thomé-Bolduan
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Gabriel
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Petersen
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maren Lintzel
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Behrens
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petra Eggert
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Pörtner
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany.
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Viral agents (2nd section). Transfusion 2024; 64 Suppl 1:S19-S207. [PMID: 38394038 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
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Huhndorf M, Juhasz J, Wattjes MP, Schilling A, Schob S, Kaden I, Klaß G, Tappe D. Magnetic resonance imaging of human variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1) encephalitis reveals diagnostic pattern indistinguishable from Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) encephalitis but typical for bornaviruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2179348. [PMID: 36757188 PMCID: PMC9980399 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2179348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Human bornavirus encephalitis is an emerging disease caused by the variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1) and the Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1). While characteristic brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes have been described for BoDV-1 encephalitis, only scarce diagnostic data in VSBV-1 encephalitis exist. We systematically analysed brain MRI scans from all known VSBV-1 encephalitis patients. Initial and follow-up scans demonstrated characteristic T2 hyperintense lesions in the limbic system and the basal ganglia, followed by the brainstem. No involvement of the cerebellar cortex was seen. Deep white matter affection occurred in a later stage of the disease. Strict symmetry of pathologic changes was seen in 62%. T2 hyperintense areas were often associated with low T1 signal intensity and with mass effect. Sinusitis in three patients on the first MRI and an early involvement of the limbic system suggest an olfactory route of VSBV-1 entry. The viral spread could occur per continuitatem to adjacent anatomical brain regions or along specific neural tracts to more distant brain regions. The number and extent of lesions did not correlate with the length of patients' survivals. The overall pattern closely resembles that described for BoDV-1 encephalitis. The exact bornavirus species can thus not be deduced from imaging results alone, and molecular testing and serology should be performed to confirm the causative bornavirus. As VSBV-1 is likely of tropical origin, and MRI investigations are increasingly available globally, imaging techniques might be helpful to facilitate an early presumptive diagnosis of VSBV-1 encephalitis when molecular and/or serological testing is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Huhndorf
- Clinic of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Julia Juhasz
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mike P. Wattjes
- Institut für diagnostische und interventionelle Neuroradiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Schob
- Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Radiologie Halle, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ingmar Kaden
- BG Klinikum Bergmannstrost, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany, Dennis Tappe Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Zhang Y, Alwin Prem Anand A, Bode L, Ludwig H, Emrich HM, Dietrich DE. Word recognition memory and serum levels of Borna disease virus specific circulating immune complexes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:597. [PMID: 36076225 PMCID: PMC9454108 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) is a non-segmented, negative-strand RNA virus that persistently infects mammals including humans. BoDV-1 worldwide occurring strains display highly conserved genomes with overlapping genetic signatures between those of either human or animal origin. BoDV-1 infection may cause behavioral and cognitive disturbances in animals but has also been found in human major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, the impact of BoDV-1 on memory functions in OCD is unknown. METHOD To evaluate the cognitive impact of BoDV-1 in OCD, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded in a continuous word recognition paradigm in OCD patients (n = 16) and in healthy controls (n = 12). According to the presence of BoDV-1-specific circulating immune complexes (CIC), they were divided into two groups, namely group H (high) and L (low), n = 8 each. Typically, ERPs to repeated items are characterized by more positive waveforms beginning approximately 250 ms post-stimulus. This "old/new effect" has been shown to be relevant for memory processing. The early old/new effect (ca. 300-500 ms) with a frontal distribution is proposed to be a neural correlate of familiarity-based recognition. The late old/new effect (post-500 ms) is supposed to reflect memory recollection processes. RESULTS OCD patients were reported to show a normal early old/new effect and a reduced late old/new effect compared to normal controls. In our study, OCD patients with a high virus load (group H) displayed exactly these effects, while patients with a low virus load (group L) did not differ from healthy controls. CONCLUSION These results confirmed that OCD patients had impaired memory recollection processes compared to the normal controls which may to some extent be related to their BoDV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany. .,Present Address: Social Psychiatry Counseling Center, Region Hannover, Podbielskistr. 157, 30177, Hanover, Germany.
| | - A Alwin Prem Anand
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Liv Bode
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Beerenstr. 41, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanns Ludwig
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Beerenstr. 41, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hinderk M. Emrich
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Detlef E. Dietrich
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany ,AMEOS Klinikum Hildesheim, Goslarsche Landstr. 60, 31135 Hildesheim, Germany ,grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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Guo Y, Xu X, Tang T, Sun L, Zhang X, Shen X, Li D, Wang L, Zhao L, Xie P. miR-505 inhibits replication of Borna disease virus 1 via inhibition of HMGB1-mediated autophagy. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35060474 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) is a highly neurotropic RNA virus which was recently demonstrated to cause deadly human encephalitis. Viruses can modulate microRNA expression, in turn modulating cellular immune responses and regulating viral replication. A previous study indicated that BoDV-1 infection down-regulated the expression of miR-505 in rats. However, the underlying mechanism of miR-505 during BoDV-1 infection remains unknown. In this study, we found that miR-505 can inhibit autophagy activation by down-regulating the expression of its target gene HMGB1, and ultimately inhibit the replication of BoDV-1. Specifically, we found that the expression of miR-505 was significantly down-regulated in rat primary neurons stably infected with BoDV-1. Overexpression of miR-505 can inhibit the replication of BoDV-1 in cells. Bioinformatics analysis and dual luciferase reporter gene detection confirmed that during BoDV-1 infection, the high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) that mediates autophagy is the direct target gene of miR-505. The expression of HMGB1 was up-regulated after BoDV-1 infection, and overexpression of miR-505 could inhibit the expression of HMGB1. Autophagy-related detection found that after infection with BoDV-1, the expression of autophagy-related proteins and autophagy-related marker LC3 in neuronal cells was significantly up-regulated. Autophagy flow experiments and transmission electron microscopy also further confirmed that BoDV-1 infection activated HMGB1-mediated autophagy. Further regulating the expression of miR-505 found that overexpression of miR-505 significantly inhibited HMGB1-mediated autophagy. The discovery of this mechanism may provide new ideas and directions for the prevention and treatment of BoDV-1 infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Tian Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jintang First People’s Hospital, West China Hospital Sichuan University JinTang Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain, The First People’s Hospital of Chongqing Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xia Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Libo Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Peng Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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6
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Sukmak M, Okamoto M, Ando T, Hagiwara K. Genetic stability of the open reading frame 2 (ORF2) of borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) distributed in cattle in Hokkaido. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1526-1533. [PMID: 34393150 PMCID: PMC8569879 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BoDV) is a neurotropic virus that causes several infections in
humans and neurological diseases in a wide range of animals worldwide. BoDV-1 has been
molecularly and serologically detected in many domestic and wild animals in Japan;
however, the genetic diversity of this virus and the origin of its infection are not fully
understood. In this study, we investigated BoDV-1 infection and genetic diversity in
samples collected from animals in Hokkaido between 2006 and 2020. The analysis was
performed by focusing on the P region of BoDV-1 for virus detection. The presence of
BoDV-1 RNA was observed in samples of brain tissue and various organs derived from
persistently infected cattle. Moreover, after inoculation, BoDV-positive brains were
isolated from neonatal rats. The gene sequences of the P region of BoDV obtained from the
rat brain were in the same cluster as the P region of the virus isolated from the original
bovine. Thus, genetic variation in BoDV-1 was extremely low. The phylogenetic analysis
revealed that BoDV-1 isolates obtained in this study were part of the same cluster, which
suggested that BoDV-1 of the same cluster was widespread among animals in Hokkaido.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manakorn Sukmak
- Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetseart University.,Kamphaengsaen Veterinary Diagnostic Center (KVDC), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetseart University
| | | | - Tastuya Ando
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
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7
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Tang T, Guo Y, Xu X, Zhao L, Shen X, Sun L, Xie P. BoDV-1 infection induces neuroinflammation by activating the TLR4/MyD88/IRF5 signaling pathway, leading to learning and memory impairment in rats. J Med Virol 2021; 93:6163-6171. [PMID: 34260072 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BoDV-1) can infect the hippocampus and limbic lobes of newborn rodents, causing cognitive deficits and abnormal behavior. Studies have found that neuroinflammation caused by viral infection in early life can affect brain development and impair learning and memory function, revealing the important role of neuroinflammation in cognitive impairment caused by viral infection. However, there is no research to explore the pathogenic mechanism of BoDV-1 in cognition from the direction of neuroinflammation. We established a BoDV-1 infection model in rats, and tested the learning and memory impairment by Morris water maze (MWM) experiment. RNAseq was introduced to detect changes in the gene expression profile of BoDV-1 infection, focusing on inflammation factors and related signaling pathways. BoDV-1 infection impairs the learning and memory of Sprague-Dawley rats in the MWM test and increases the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus. RNAseq analysis found 986 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 845 genes were upregulated and 141 genes were downregulated, and 28 genes were found to be enriched in the toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway. The expression of TLR4, MyD88, and IRF5 in the hippocampus was significantly changed in the BoDV-1 group. Our results indicate that BoDV-1 infection stimulates TLR4/MyD88/IRF5 pathway activation, causing the release of downstream inflammatory factors, which leads to neuroinflammation in rats. Neuroinflammation may play a significant role in learning and memory impairment caused by BoDV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujie Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Libo Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Shen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Rehabilitation, The First People's Hospital of Chongqing Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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8
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Guo Y, He P, Sun L, Zhang X, Xu X, Tang T, Zhou W, Li Q, Zou D, Bode L, Xie P. Full-length genomic sequencing and characterization of Borna disease virus 1 isolates: Lessons in epidemiology. J Med Virol 2020; 92:3125-3137. [PMID: 32343416 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) is a nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA virus that infects mammals including humans. BoDV-1 strains occur globally, dominate the species Mammalian 1 bornavirus, and display highly conserved genomes and persistent infection (brain, blood). Subclinical infections prevail but the rare fatal outcomes even in people need awareness and risk assessment. Although BoDV-1 strains were successfully isolated, only limited full genomic sequences are available. In this study, the entire genomes of two natural BoDV-1 isolates (Hu-H2, Equ-Cres) and one vaccine strain (DessVac) were sequenced. They were compared with 20 genomes and 20 single-gene sequences (N and P) of worldwide human strains from psychiatric and neurologic patients and animal strains from horses with Borna disease available at GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed a low divergence not exceeding 5.55%, 5.34%, and 4.94% at the genome, P-gene, and N-gene level, respectively, characteristic of BoDV-1. Human viruses tended to cluster at the country level but appeared to be independent of hosts' diseases and/or time of isolation. Notably, our data also indicated that human viruses provided individual genetic signatures but exhibited no distinct genotypes that separated them from animal strains. Sequence similarities thus occurred between different host species and distant geographic regions, supporting global BoDV-1 prevalence. Overall low genetic divergence among BoDV-1 viruses shown here also argued against zoonotic concepts, requiring further clarification beyond sequence similarities. Finally, unlike shared sequence conservation, phenotyping of natural and laboratory variants revealed that they manipulated host cells differently, underpinning the authenticity of the human BoDV-1 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Laboratory medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Pain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Tang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dezhi Zou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liv Bode
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Joint Senior Scientists, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peng Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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9
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Steardo L, Steardo L, Verkhratsky A. Psychiatric face of COVID-19. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:261. [PMID: 32732883 PMCID: PMC7391235 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00949-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a severe multiorgan pathology which, besides cardio-respiratory manifestations, affects the function of the central nervous system (CNS). The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), similarly to other coronaviruses demonstrate neurotropism; the viral infection of the brain stem may complicate the course of the disease through damaging central cardio-respiratory control. The systemic inflammation as well as neuroinflammatory changes are associated with massive increase of the brain pro-inflammatory molecules, neuroglial reactivity, altered neurochemical landscape and pathological remodelling of neuronal networks. These organic changes, emerging in concert with environmental stress caused by experiences of intensive therapy wards, pandemic fears and social restrictions, promote neuropsychiatric pathologies including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder (BD), various psychoses, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. The neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19 represent serious clinical challenge that has to be considered for future complex therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Steardo
- Sapienza University Rome, Rome, Italy.
- Fortunato University, Benevento, Italy.
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, 48011, Bilbao, Spain.
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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10
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Gosztonyi G, Ludwig H, Bode L, Kao M, Sell M, Petrusz P, Halász B. Obesity induced by Borna disease virus in rats: key roles of hypothalamic fast-acting neurotransmitters and inflammatory infiltrates. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:1459-1482. [PMID: 32394093 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human obesity epidemic is increasing worldwide with major adverse consequences on health. Among other possible causes, the hypothesis of an infectious contribution is worth it to be considered. Here, we report on an animal model of virus-induced obesity which might help to better understand underlying processes in human obesity. Eighty Wistar rats, between 30 and 60 days of age, were intracerebrally inoculated with Borna disease virus (BDV-1), a neurotropic negative-strand RNA virus infecting an unusually broad host spectrum including humans. Half of the rats developed fatal encephalitis, while the other half, after 3-4 months, continuously gained weight. At tripled weights, rats were sacrificed by trans-cardial fixative perfusion. Neuropathology revealed prevailing inflammatory infiltrates in the median eminence (ME), progressive degeneration of neurons of the paraventricular nucleus, the entorhinal cortex and the amygdala, and a strikingly high-grade involution of the hippocampus with hydrocephalus. Immune histology revealed that major BDV-1 antigens were preferentially present at glutamatergic receptor sites, while GABAergic areas remained free from BDV-1. Virus-induced suppression of the glutamatergic system caused GABAergic predominance. In the hypothalamus, this shifted the energy balance to the anabolic appetite-stimulating side governed by GABA, allowing for excessive fat accumulation in obese rats. Furthermore, inflammatory infiltrates in the ME and ventro-medial arcuate nucleus hindered free access of appetite-suppressing hormones leptin and insulin. The hormone transport system in hypothalamic areas outside the ME became blocked by excessively produced leptin, leading to leptin resistance. The resulting hyperleptinemic milieu combined with suppressed glutamatergic mechanisms was a characteristic feature of the found metabolic pathology. In conclusion, the study provided clear evidence that BDV-1 induced obesity in the rat model is the result of interdependent structural and functional metabolic changes. They can be explained by an immunologically induced hypothalamic microcirculation-defect, combined with a disturbance of neurotransmitter regulatory systems. The proposed mechanism may also have implications for human health. BDV-1 infection has been frequently found in depressive patients. Independently, comorbidity between depression and obesity has been reported, either. Future studies should address the exciting question of whether BDV-1 infection could be a link, whatsoever, between these two conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Gosztonyi
- Institute of Neuropathology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hanns Ludwig
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Liv Bode
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moujahed Kao
- Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Manfred Sell
- Division of Pathology, Martin Luther Hospital, 12351, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Petrusz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Béla Halász
- Neuromorphological and Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Semmelweis University, 1094, Budapest, Hungary
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Dietrich DE, Bode L, Spannhuth CW, Hecker H, Ludwig H, Emrich HM. Antiviral treatment perspective against Borna disease virus 1 infection in major depression: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 21:12. [PMID: 32066504 PMCID: PMC7027224 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-020-0391-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whether Borna disease virus (BDV-1) is a human pathogen remained controversial until recent encephalitis cases showed BDV-1 infection could even be deadly. This called to mind previous evidence for an infectious contribution of BDV-1 to mental disorders. Pilot open trials suggested that BDV-1 infected depressed patients benefitted from antiviral therapy with a licensed drug (amantadine) which also tested sensitive in vitro. Here, we designed a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial (RCT) which cross-linked depression and BDV-1 infection, addressing both the antidepressant and antiviral efficacy of amantadine. Methods The interventional phase II RCT (two 7-weeks-treatment periods and a 12-months follow-up) at the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Germany, assigned currently depressed BDV-1 infected patients with either major depression (MD; N = 23) or bipolar disorder (BD; N = 13) to amantadine sulphate (PK-Merz®; twice 100 mg orally daily) or placebo treatment, and contrariwise, respectively. Clinical changes were assessed every 2–3 weeks by the 21-item Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAMD) (total, single, and combined scores). BDV-1 activity was determined accordingly in blood plasma by enzyme immune assays for antigens (PAG), antibodies (AB) and circulating immune complexes (CIC). Results Primary outcomes (≥25% HAMD reduction, week 7) were 81.3% amantadine vs. 35.3% placebo responder (p = 0.003), a large clinical effect size (ES; Cohen’s d) of 1.046, and excellent drug tolerance. Amantadine was safe reducing suicidal behaviour in the first 2 weeks. Pre-treatment maximum infection levels were predictive of clinical improvement (AB, p = 0.001; PAG, p = 0.026; HAMD week 7). Respective PAG and CIC levels correlated with AB reduction (p = 0,001 and p = 0.034, respectively). Follow-up benefits (12 months) correlated with dropped cumulative infection measures over time (p < 0.001). In vitro, amantadine concentrations as low as 2.4–10 ng/mL (50% infection-inhibitory dose) prevented infection with human BDV Hu-H1, while closely related memantine failed up to 100,000-fold higher concentration (200 μg/mL). Conclusions Our findings indicate profound antidepressant efficacy of safe oral amantadine treatment, paralleling antiviral effects at various infection levels. This not only supports the paradigm of a link of BDV-1 infection and depression. It provides a novel possibly practice-changing low cost mental health care perspective for depressed BDV-1-infected patients addressing global needs. Trial registration The trial was retrospectively registered in the German Clinical Trials Registry on 04th of March 2015. The trial ID is DRKS00007649; https://www.drks.de/drks_web/setLocale_EN.do
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef E Dietrich
- Department of Psychiatry, Burghof-Clinic, Ritterstr. 19, 31737, Rinteln, Germany. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hanover, Germany. .,Department of Mental Health, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Liv Bode
- Joint Senior Scientists, Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Beerenstr. 41, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Carsten W Spannhuth
- Department of Mental Health, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hanover, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hecker
- Department of Biometrics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hanover, Germany
| | - Hanns Ludwig
- Joint Senior Scientists, Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Beerenstr. 41, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hinderk M Emrich
- Department of Mental Health, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hanover, Germany
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12
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Avian Bornaviral Ganglioneuritis: Current Debates and Unanswered Questions. Vet Med Int 2020; 2020:6563723. [PMID: 32411340 PMCID: PMC7212328 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6563723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian bornaviral ganglioneuritis, often referred to as parrot wasting disease, is associated with a newly discovered avian virus from the taxonomic family Bornaviridae. Research regarding the pathogenesis and treatment for this disease is ongoing, with implications for understanding other emerging human and nonhuman diseases, as well as the health and ecology of wildlife. At this time, numerous questions remain unanswered regarding the transmission of the disease, best practices for diagnostic sampling and testing, and whether currently used drug therapies are effective or harmful for afflicted birds. The pathogenesis of the disease also remains unclear with many birds showing resistance to the effects of the virus and being able to remain clinically unaffected for years, while other birds succumb to its effects. New research findings regarding avian bornaviral ganglioneuritis are discussed and important as yet unanswered questions are identified.
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Tappe D, Frank C, Offergeld R, Wagner-Wiening C, Stark K, Rubbenstroth D, Giese S, Lattwein E, Schwemmle M, Beer M, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Wilking H. Low prevalence of Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) IgG antibodies in humans from areas endemic for animal Borna disease of Southern Germany. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20154. [PMID: 31882942 PMCID: PMC6934520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56839-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus-1 (BoDV-1) was recently discovered as cause of severe and often fatal encephalitis in humans. BoDV-1 is known to cause neurological disease in horses and sheep mainly in South and Central Germany. The virus is maintained in bicolored white-toothed shrews (Crocidura leucodon). The incidence of infection and risk factors in humans are completely unresolved. Veterinarians may be disproportionally BoDV-1-exposed through contact to animals not recognized to be BoDV-1 infected. We conducted three serosurveys predominantly in endemic areas of South Germany for the presence of BoDV-1-reactive antibodies. Anonymized residual samples from two serosurveys of veterinarians (n = 736) with interview data on exposures and one serosurvey among blood donors (n = 373) were screened with an indirect immunofluorescence antibody test, followed by a newly developed immunoblot as confirmatory assay. One serum from a 55-59-year-old veterinarian who worked in an animal practice and as a meat inspector but none from blood donors tested positive by the screening and confirmatory assays. We show that seropositive individuals are rare even in areas with highest zoonotic risk and in a group with potentially elevated exposure risk. In light of the low seroprevalence demonstrated here, the high case-fatality rate in clinically observed human BoDV-1 infections is even more impressive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institut für Tropenmedizin, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sebastian Giese
- Institut für Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institut für Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald/Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institut für Tropenmedizin, Hamburg, Germany.,Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Genome-wide profiling of long noncoding RNA expression patterns and CeRNA analysis in mouse cortical neurons infected with different strains of borna disease virus. Genes Dis 2019; 6:147-158. [PMID: 31193942 PMCID: PMC6545444 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) is neurotropic prototype of Bornaviruses causing neurological diseases and maintaining persistent infection in brain cells of mammalian species. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is transcript of more than 200 nucleotides without protein-coding function regulating various biological processes as proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration and viral infection. However, regulatory of lncRNAs in BoDV-1 infection remains unknown. To identify differential expression profiles and predict functions of lncRNA in BoDV-1 infection, microarray data showed that 3528 lncRNAs and 2661 lncRNAs were differentially expressed in Strain V and Hu-H1 BoDV-infected groups compared with control groups, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway analysis suggested that differential lncRNAs may be involved in regulation of metabolic, biological regulation, cellular process, endocytosis, viral infections and cell adhesion processes, cancer in both BoDV-infected strains. ENSMUST00000128469 was found down-regulated in both BoDV-infected groups compared with control groups consistent with microarray (p < 0.05). ceRNA analysis indicated possible interaction networks as ENSMUST00000128469/miR-22-5p, miR-206-3p, miR-302b-5p, miR-302c-3p, miR-1a-3p/Igf1. Igf1 was found up-regulated in both BoDV-infected groups compared with control groups (p < 0.05). Possible functions of predicted target mRNAs and miRNAs of ENSMUST00000128469 were involved in cell proliferation, transcriptional misregulation and proteoglycan pathways enriched in cancer. lncRNA may be involved in regulation of Hu-H1 inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis through NF-kB, JNK/MAPK signaling, BCL2 and CDK6/E2F1 pathways different from Strain V. Possible interaction networks as ENSMUST00000128469/miR-22-5p, miR-206-3p, miR-302b-5p, miR-302c-3p, miR-1a-3p/Igf1 may involve in regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cancer.
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15
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Matsunaga H, Fukumori A, Mori K, Honda T, Uema T, Tomonaga K. Two Neuropsychiatric Cases Seropositive for Bornavirus Improved by Ribavirin. Jpn J Infect Dis 2018; 71:338-342. [PMID: 29848841 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2017.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
While we previously detected anti-bornavirus antibodies via radioligand assay in psychiatric patients, we did not examine the viral pathogenicity in these individuals. Herein, we present 2 psychiatric patients who were seropositive for bornavirus and whose treatment-resistant symptoms improved after oral administration of ribavirin, a broad-spectrum antiviral agent. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis indicated that ribavirin affected the central nervous system of these patients. Ribavirin ameliorated intermittent involuntary head shaking, which is reminiscent of a symptom observed in bornavirus-infected animals. Using radioligand assays to examine the serial sera of these patients, we found a relationship between the titers of anti-bornavirus antibodies and the change in the patients' symptoms. Our findings suggest there is a relationship between bornavirus infection and human symptoms and that ribavirin may be useful in suppressing chronic bornavirus infection in some neuropsychiatric patients. However, the possibility remains that some other known or unknown virus other than bornavirus that is sensitive to ribavirin may have caused the symptoms. Additional evidence that directly indicates the causative relationship between bornavirus infection and human symptoms is needed before establishing the pathogenesis and treatment for human bornavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akio Fukumori
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, Center for Development for Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology
| | - Kohji Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tomoyuki Honda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (inFront), Kyoto University
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16
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Huang Y, Li XM, Chen SG, Deng J, Lei Y, Li WJ, Zhang HZ, Zhang H, Li D, Xie P. Application of antibodies against Borna disease virus phosphoprotein and nucleoprotein on paraffin sections. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5416-5422. [PMID: 29363723 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study the application of antibodies against recombinant proteins for detecting Borna disease virus (BDV) phosphoprotein (p24) and nucleoprotein (p40) (BDV‑p24/p40) on paraffin sections by immunohistochemistry. The purified fusion p24 and p40 proteins were used for the preparation of polyclonal and monoclonal anti‑p24 and anti‑40 antibodies, which were confirmed by ELISA and western blotting. Paraffin sections were made from BDV‑infected Sprague‑Dawley (SD) rats (n=20), PBS‑injected SD rats (n=20), normal SD rats (n=20) and normal C57 mice (n=20). Immunohistochemical staining was performed according to the EnVision™ two‑step protocol. Heat‑mediated antigen retrieval was performed using the retrieval buffer sodium citrate (1 mM; pH 6.0). All the antibodies against recombinant proteins exhibited good sensitivity and specificity. There were significant differences between the BDV‑infected group and the BDV‑uninfected group for poly‑ and monoclonal anti‑p24 and ‑p40 antibodies. These antibodies against recombinant proteins may be used effectively to detect BDV p24 and p40 in paraffin sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Li
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Gang Chen
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jing Deng
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yang Lei
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Juan Li
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Zhi Zhang
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Peng Xie
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Blinov VM, Zverev VV, Krasnov GS, Filatov FP, Shargunov AV. Viral component of the human genome. Mol Biol 2017; 51:205-215. [PMID: 32214476 PMCID: PMC7089383 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893317020066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Relationships between viruses and their human host are traditionally described from the point of view taking into consideration hosts as victims of viral aggression, which results in infectious diseases. However, these relations are in fact two-sided and involve modifications of both the virus and host genomes. Mutations that accumulate in the populations of viruses and hosts may provide them advantages such as the ability to overcome defense barriers of host cells or to create more efficient barriers to deal with the attack of the viral agent. One of the most common ways of reinforcing anti-viral barriers is the horizontal transfer of viral genes into the host genome. Within the host genome, these genes may be modified and extensively expressed to compete with viral copies and inhibit the synthesis of their products or modulate their functions in other ways. This review summarizes the available data on the horizontal gene transfer between viral and human genomes and discusses related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Blinov
- 1Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064 Russia
| | - V V Zverev
- 1Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064 Russia
| | - G S Krasnov
- 1Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064 Russia.,2Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 111911 Russia.,3Orekhovich Research Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, 119121 Russia
| | - F P Filatov
- 1Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064 Russia.,Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, 123098 Russia
| | - A V Shargunov
- 1Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064 Russia
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18
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Shatizadeh-Malekshahi S, Ahmadkhaniha HR, Kiani SJ, Nejati A, Janani L, Yavarian J. No molecular evidence of Borna disease virus among schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients in Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 9:112-118. [PMID: 29214003 PMCID: PMC5715276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Viruses have been suggested as one of the risk factors for psychiatric disorders. Among infectious agents Borna disease virus (BDV) has been known as a neurotropic virus which is able to cause neurological disorders in different animals. Recently there were controversial findings about BDV association with pathogenesis of human psychotic disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here we performed a nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for detection of BDV P40 RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples of schizophrenia (SC), bipolar disorder (BD) patients and healthy controls (HCs). RESULTS Only one out of 120 (0.8 %) psychiatric patients and two samples (2.7%) in 75 HCs showed positive results. There were no significant molecular evidence of BDV infection in 120 psychotic patients (60 SC and 60 BD) and 75 matched HCs. CONCLUSION Our findings showed no association between BDV infection and pathogenesis of these psychiatric disorders. This is an interesting issue given both the as yet un-clarified role of BDV in human mental disorders and addressing patients in the so far under-investigating Middle East era.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamid Reza Ahmadkhaniha
- Mental Health Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Iran Mental Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Jalal Kiani
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Nejati
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Janani
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jila Yavarian
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Jila Yavarian MD, PhD, Porsina Ave, Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Telefax: 00982188962343
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Zaliunaite V, Steibliene V, Bode L, Podlipskyte A, Bunevicius R, Ludwig H. Primary psychosis and Borna disease virus infection in Lithuania: a case control study. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:369. [PMID: 27809822 PMCID: PMC5093928 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-1087-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothesis that microbial infections may be linked to mental disorders has long been addressed for Borna disease virus (BDV), but clinical and epidemiological evidence remained inconsistent due to non-conformities in detection methods. BDV circulating immune complexes (CIC) were shown to exceed the prevalence of serum antibodies alone and to comparably screen for infection in Europe (DE, CZ, IT), the Middle East (IR) and Asia (CN), still seeking general acceptance. METHODS We used CIC and antigen (Ag) tests to investigate BDV infection in Lithuania through a case-control study design comparing in-patients suffering of primary psychosis with blood donors. One hundred and six acutely psychotic in-patients with no physical illness, consecutively admitted to the regional mental hospital, and 98 blood donors from the Blood Donation Centre, Lithuania, were enrolled in the study. The severity of psychosis was assessed twice, prior and after acute antipsychotic therapy, by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). BDV-CIC and Ag markers were tested once after therapy was terminated. RESULTS What we found was a significantly higher prevalence of CIC, indicating a chronic BDV infection, in patients with treated primary psychosis than in blood donor controls (39.6 % vs. 22.4 %, respectively). Free BDV Ag, indicating currently active infection, did not show significant differences among study groups. Higher severity of psychosis prior to treatment was inversely correlated to the presence of BDV Ag (42.6 vs. 34.1 BPRS, respectively; p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS The study concluded significantly higher BDV infection rates in psychotic than in healthy Lithuanians, thus supporting similar global trends for other mental disorders. The study raised awareness to consider the integration of BDV infection surveillance in psychiatry research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Zaliunaite
- Behavioral Medicine Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Vyduno str. 4, Palanga, LT-00135, Lithuania.
| | - Vesta Steibliene
- Psychiatry Clinic, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus str. 9, Kaunas, LT-44307 Lithuania
| | - Liv Bode
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Joint Senior Scientists, Beerenstr. 41, Berlin, D-14163 Germany
| | - Aurelija Podlipskyte
- Behavioral Medicine Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Vyduno str. 4, Palanga, LT-00135 Lithuania
| | - Robertas Bunevicius
- Behavioral Medicine Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Vyduno str. 4, Palanga, LT-00135 Lithuania
| | - Hanns Ludwig
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Joint Senior Scientists, Beerenstr. 41, Berlin, D-14163 Germany
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Abstract
AbstractNatural bornavirus infections and their resulting diseases are largely restricted to horses and sheep in Central Europe. The disease also occurs naturally in cats, and can be induced experimentally in laboratory rodents and numerous other mammals. Borna disease virus-1 (BoDV-1), the cause of most cases of mammalian Borna disease, is a negative-stranded RNA virus that replicates within the nucleus of target cells. It causes severe, often lethal, encephalitis in susceptible species. Recent events, especially the discovery of numerous new species of bornaviruses in birds and a report of an acute, lethal bornaviral encephalitis in humans, apparently acquired from squirrels, have revived interest in this remarkable family of viruses. The clinical manifestations of the bornaviral diseases are highly variable. Thus, in addition to acute lethal encephalitis, they can cause persistent neurologic disease associated with diverse behavioral changes. They also cause a severe retinitis resulting in blindness. In this review, we discuss both the pathological lesions observed in mammalian bornaviral disease and the complex pathogenesis of the neurologic disease. Thus infected neurons may be destroyed by T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity. They may die as a result of excessive inflammatory cytokine release from microglia. They may also die as a result of a ‘glutaminergic storm’ due to a failure of infected astrocytes to regulate brain glutamate levels.
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Persistent human Borna disease virus infection modifies the acetylome of human oligodendroglia cells towards higher energy and transporter levels. Virology 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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GC-MS-Based Metabonomic Profiling Displayed Differing Effects of Borna Disease Virus Natural Strain Hu-H1 and Laboratory Strain V Infection in Rat Cortical Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:19347-68. [PMID: 26287181 PMCID: PMC4581300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160819347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) persists in the central nervous systems of a wide variety of vertebrates and causes behavioral disorders. Previous studies have revealed that metabolic perturbations are associated with BDV infection. However, the pathophysiological effects of different viral strains remain largely unknown. Rat cortical neurons infected with human strain BDV Hu-H1, laboratory BDV Strain V, and non-infected control (CON) cells were cultured in vitro. At day 12 post-infection, a gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS) metabonomic approach was used to differentiate the metabonomic profiles of 35 independent intracellular samples from Hu-H1-infected cells (n = 12), Strain V-infected cells (n = 12), and CON cells (n = 11). Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was performed to demonstrate discrimination between the three groups. Further statistical testing determined which individual metabolites displayed significant differences between groups. PLS-DA demonstrated that the whole metabolic pattern enabled statistical discrimination between groups. We identified 31 differential metabolites in the Hu-H1 and CON groups (21 decreased and 10 increased in Hu-H1 relative to CON), 35 differential metabolites in the Strain V and CON groups (30 decreased and 5 increased in Strain V relative to CON), and 21 differential metabolites in the Hu-H1 and Strain V groups (8 decreased and 13 increased in Hu-H1 relative to Strain V). Comparative metabonomic profiling revealed divergent perturbations in key energy and amino acid metabolites between natural strain Hu-H1 and laboratory Strain V of BDV. The two BDV strains differentially alter metabolic pathways of rat cortical neurons in vitro. Their systematic classification provides a valuable template for improved BDV strain definition in future studies.
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Lutz H, Addie DD, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Gruffydd-Jones T, Hartmann K, Horzinek MC, Hosie MJ, Lloret A, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Radford AD, Thiry E, Truyen U, Möstl K. Borna disease virus infection in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:614-6. [PMID: 26101313 PMCID: PMC11148931 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15588452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OVERVIEW Borna disease virus (BDV) has a broad host range, affecting primarily horses and sheep, but also cattle, ostriches, cats and dogs. In cats, BDV may cause a non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis ('staggering disease'). INFECTION The mode of transmission is not completely elucidated. Direct and indirect virus transmission is postulated, but BDV is not readily transmitted between cats. Vectors such as ticks may play a role and shrews have been identified as a potential reservoir host. Access to forested areas has been reported to be an important risk factor for staggering disease. DISEASE SIGNS It is postulated that BDV may infect nerve endings in the oropharynx and spread via olfactory nerve cells to the central nervous system. A strong T-cell response may contribute to the development of clinical disease. Affected cats develop gait disturbances, ataxia, pain in the lower back and behavioural changes. DIAGNOSIS For diagnostic purposes, detection of viral RNA by reverse transcription PCR in samples collected from cats with clinical signs of Borna disease can be considered diagnostic. Serology is of little value; cats without signs of Borna disease may be seropositive and yet not every cat with BDV infection has detectable levels of antibodies. HUMAN INFECTION A hypothesis that BDV infection may be involved in the development of selected neurological disorders in man could not be confirmed. A research group within the German Robert Koch Institute studied the potential health threat of BDV to humans and concluded that BDV was not involved in the aetiology of human psychiatric diseases.
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Zhao M, Sun L, Chen S, Li D, Zhang L, He P, Liu X, Zhang L, Zhang H, Yang D, Huang R, Xie P. Borna disease virus infection impacts microRNAs associated with nervous system development, cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis in the hippocampi of neonatal rats. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3697-3703. [PMID: 26004383 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression by inhibiting transcription or translation and are involved in diverse biological processes, including development, cellular differentiation and tumor generation. miRNA microarray technology is a high‑throughput global analysis tool for miRNA expression profiling. Here, the hippocampi of four borna disease virus (BDV)‑infected and four non‑infected control neonatal rats were selected for miRNA microarray and bioinformatic analysis. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) analysis was subsequently performed to validate the dysregulated miRNAs. Seven miRNAs (miR‑145*, miR‑146a*, miR‑192*, miR‑200b, miR‑223*, miR‑449a and miR‑505), showed increased expression, whereas two miRNAs (miR‑126 and miR‑374) showed decreased expression in the BDV‑infected group. By RT‑qPCR validation, five miRNAs (miR‑126, miR‑200b, miR‑374, miR‑449a and miR‑505) showed significantly decreased expression (P<0.05) in response to BDV infection. Biocarta pathway analysis predicted target genes associated with 'RNA', 'IGF1mTOR', 'EIF2', 'VEGF', 'EIF', 'NTHI', 'extrinsic', 'RB', 'IL1R' and 'IGF1' pathways. Gene Ontology analysis predicted target genes associated with 'peripheral nervous system development', 'regulation of small GTPase-mediated signal transduction', 'regulation of Ras protein signal transduction', 'aerobic respiration', 'membrane fusion', 'positive regulation of cell cycle', 'cellular respiration', 'heterocycle metabolic process', 'protein tetramerization' and 'regulation of Rho protein signal transduction' processes. Among the five dysregulated miRNAs identified by RT‑qPCR, miR‑126, miR‑200b and miR‑449a showed a strong association with nervous system development, cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Lin Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shigang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Peng He
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Xia Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Lujun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Deyu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Rongzhong Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
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Liu X, Bode L, Zhang L, Wang X, Liu S, Zhang L, Huang R, Wang M, Yang L, Chen S, Li Q, Zhu D, Ludwig H, Xie P. Health care professionals at risk of infection with Borna disease virus - evidence from a large hospital in China (Chongqing). Virol J 2015; 12:39. [PMID: 25888756 PMCID: PMC4357222 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human Borna disease virus (BDV) infections have recently been reported in China. BDV causes cognitive and behavioural disturbances in animals. The impact on human mental disorders is subject to debate, but previous studies worldwide have found neuropsychiatric patients more frequently infected than healthy controls. A few isolates were recovered from severely depressed patients, but contagiousness of BDV strain remains unknown. Method We addressed the risk of infection in health care settings at the first affiliated hospital of Chongqing Medical University (CQMU), located in downtown Chongqing, a megacity in Southwest China. Between February 2012 and March 2013, we enrolled 1529 participants, of whom 534 were outpatients with major depressive disorder (MDD), 615 were hospital personnel, and 380 were healthy controls who underwent a health check. Infection was determined through BDV-specific circulating immune complexes (CIC), RNA, and selective antibodies (blood). Results One-fifth of the hospital staff (21.8%) were found to be infected (CIC positive), with the highest prevalence among psychiatry and oncology personnel, which is twice as many as were detected in the healthy control group (11.1%), and exceeds the prevalence detected in MDD patients (18.2%). Conclusion BDV circulates unnoticed in hospital settings in China, putting medical staff at risk and warranting clarification of infection modes and introduction of prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, P.R. China, Shanghai, 200063, China.
| | - Liv Bode
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Xiao Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Siwen Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Lujun Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Rongzhong Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Mingju Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Liu Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Shigang Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Dan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Hanns Ludwig
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Abstract
Introduction: Several studies have shown that healthcare service is a dangerous workplace, but the reasons have been remained unexplained. Aim: The aim of the authors was to obtain data on the health condition of health care professionals and identify the underlying risk factors for the increased morbidity. Method: Health care data obtained from 276 bedside nurses in 2004 and 1250 hospital employees in 2009 were analysed. In addition, the fate of department directors of Szent György University Hospital in Székesfehérvár between 1979 and 2010 was recorded and the data were compared to those obtained from a smaller hospital in Budapest during the same time period. Results: The body mass index of bedside nurses between the age of 30–35 years reached the upper limit of normal (which occurred 5–10 years earlier as compared to the average population) and then it increased continuously above the average value. In hospital employees the increase of body mass index was accompanied by an increase in the frequency of chronic diseases such as hypertension, allergy, thyroid dysfunction, rheumatologic diseases, diabetes, peptic ulcer, cancer and depression. When the cause of death of the department directors who died between 1979 and 2010 was analyzed the authors found that cancer death occurred in 77% and 82% of department directors in Székesfehérvár and Budapest hospitals, respectively, while cancer death rate in 2011 was 25.4% in Hungary. Conclusions: The authors propose that continuous psychological stress, night shifts, nonstop standby and surcharge may all suppress the activity of the immune system. This proposal seems to be supported by novel psycho-neuro-immunological research data. The solution could be early prevention using stress control. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(52), 2082–2092.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Guseo
- Szent György Egyetemi Oktató Kórház Ideggyógyászati Osztály Székesfehérvár Cserkész u. 11–13. 8000
| | - Annamária Hertelendi
- Szent György Egyetemi Oktató Kórház Foglalkozásegészségügyi Orvosi Rendelő Székesfehérvár
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Zhang L, Liu S, Zhang L, You H, Huang R, Sun L, He P, Chen S, Zhang H, Xie P. Real-time qPCR identifies suitable reference genes for Borna disease virus-infected rat cortical neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:21825-39. [PMID: 25431926 PMCID: PMC4284680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151221825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the most commonly-used technique to identify gene expression profiles. The selection of stably expressed reference genes is a prerequisite to properly evaluating gene expression. Here, the suitability of commonly-used reference genes in normalizing RT-qPCR assays of mRNA expression in cultured rat cortical neurons infected with Borna disease virus (BDV) was assessed. The expressions of eight commonly-used reference genes were comparatively analyzed in BDV-infected rat cortical neurons and non-infected control neurons mainly across 9 and 12 days post-infection. These reference genes were validated by RT-qPCR and separately ranked by four statistical algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and the comparative delta-Ct method. Then, the RankAggreg package was used to construct consensus rankings. ARBP was found to be the most stable internal control gene at Day 9, and ACTB at Day 12. As the assessment of the validity of the selected reference genes confirms the suitability of applying a combination of the two most stable references genes, combining the two most stable genes for normalization of RT-qPCR studies in BDV-infected rat cortical neurons is recommended at each time point. This study can contribute to improving BDV research by providing the means by which to obtain more reliable and accurate gene expression measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China.
| | - Siwen Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Hongmin You
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Rongzhong Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Lin Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Peng He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Shigang Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China.
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Mazaheri-Tehrani E, Maghsoudi N, Shams J, Soori H, Atashi H, Motamedi F, Bode L, Ludwig H. Borna disease virus (BDV) infection in psychiatric patients and healthy controls in Iran. Virol J 2014; 11:161. [PMID: 25186971 PMCID: PMC4167498 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Borna disease virus (BDV) is an evolutionary old RNA virus, which infects brain and blood cells of humans, their primate ancestors, and other mammals. Human infection has been correlated to mood disorders and schizophrenia, but the impact of BDV on mental-health still remains controversial due to poor methodological and cross-national comparability. Method This first report from the Middle East aimed to determine BDV infection prevalence in Iranian acute psychiatric disorder patients and healthy controls through circulating immune complexes (CIC), antibodies (Ab) and antigen (pAg) in blood plasma using a standardized triple enzyme immune assay (EIA). Samples of 314 subjects (114 psychiatric cases, 69 blood donors, and 131 healthy controls) were assayed and data analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Results CICs revealed a BDV prevalence of one third (29.5%) in healthy Iranian controls (27.5% controls; 33.3% blood donors). In psychiatric patients CIC prevalence was higher than in controls (40.4%) and significantly correlating with bipolar patients exhibiting overt clinical symptoms (p = 0.005, OR = 1.65). CIC values were significantly elevated in bipolar (p = 0.001) and major depressive disorder (p = 0.029) patients as compared to controls, and in females compared to males (p = 0.031). Conclusion This study supports a similarly high prevalence of subclinical human BDV infections in Iran as reported for central Europe, and provides again an indication for the correlation of BDV infection and mood disorders. Further studies should address the morbidity risk for healthy carriers and those with elevated CIC levels, along with gender disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Mazaheri-Tehrani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P,O, Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran.
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Liu X, Zhao L, Yang Y, Bode L, Huang H, Liu C, Huang R, Zhang L, Wang X, Zhang L, Liu S, Zhou J, Li X, He T, Cheng Z, Xie P. Human borna disease virus infection impacts host proteome and histone lysine acetylation in human oligodendroglia cells. Virology 2014; 464-465:196-205. [PMID: 25086498 PMCID: PMC7112117 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Borna disease virus (BDV) replicates in the nucleus and establishes persistent infections in mammalian hosts. A human BDV strain was used to address the first time, how BDV infection impacts the proteome and histone lysine acetylation (Kac) of human oligodendroglial (OL) cells, thus allowing a better understanding of infection-driven pathophysiology in vitro. Methods Proteome and histone lysine acetylation were profiled through stable isotope labeling for cell culture (SILAC)-based quantitative proteomics. The quantifiable proteome was annotated using bioinformatics. Histone acetylation changes were validated by biochemistry assays. Results Post BDV infection, 4383 quantifiable differential proteins were identified and functionally annotated to metabolism pathways, immune response, DNA replication, DNA repair, and transcriptional regulation. Sixteen of the thirty identified Kac sites in core histones presented altered acetylation levels post infection. Conclusions BDV infection using a human strain impacted the whole proteome and histone lysine acetylation in OL cells. A human strain of BDV (BDV Hu-H1) was used to infect human oligodendroglial cells (OL cells). This study is the first to reveal the host proteomic and histone Kac profiles in BDV-infected OL cells. BDV infection affected the expression of many transcription factors and several HATs and HDACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Neurology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, School of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Libo Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Yongtao Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Liv Bode
- Bornavirus Research Group affiliated to the Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Rongzhong Huang
- Department of Rehabilitative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Lujun Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Siwen Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xin Li
- Jingjie PTM BioLab (Hangzhou) Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Tieming He
- Jingjie PTM BioLab (Hangzhou) Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhongyi Cheng
- Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Glutamate and lipid metabolic perturbation in the hippocampi of asymptomatic borna disease virus-infected horses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99752. [PMID: 24956478 PMCID: PMC4067290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic, enveloped, non-segmented, negative-stranded RNA virus that infects a wide variety of vertebrate species from birds to humans across a broad global geographic distribution. Animal symptomatology range from asymptomatic infection to behavioral abnormalities to acute meningoencephalitis. Asymptomatic BDV infection has been shown to be more frequent than conventionally estimated. However, the molecular mechanism(s) underyling asymptomatic BDV infection remain largely unknown. Here, based on real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting, a total of 18 horse hippocampi were divided into BDV-infected (n = 8) and non-infected control (n = 10) groups. A gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomic approach, in conjunction with multivariate statistical analysis, was used to characterize the hippocampal metabolic changes associated with asymptomatic BDV infection. Multivariate statistical analysis showed a significant discrimination between the BDV-infected and control groups. BDV-infected hippocampi were characterized by lower levels of D-myo-inositol-1-phosphate, glutamate, phosphoethanolamine, heptadecanoic acid, and linoleic acid in combination with a higher level of ammonia. These differential metabolites are primarily involved in glutamate and lipid metabolism. These finding provide an improved understanding of hippocampal changes associated with asymptomatic BDV infection.
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Liu X, Yang Y, Zhao M, Bode L, Zhang L, Pan J, Lv L, Zhan Y, Liu S, Zhang L, Wang X, Huang R, Zhou J, Xie P. Proteomics reveal energy metabolism and mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction perturbation in human Borna disease virus Hu-H1-infected oligodendroglial cells. Neuroscience 2014; 268:284-96. [PMID: 24637096 PMCID: PMC7116963 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A human strain of BDV (BDV Hu-H1) was used to infect human oligodendroglial cells (OL cells). Energy metabolism was the most significantly altered pathway in BDV Hu-H1-infected OL cells. The Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade was significantly perturbed in BDV Hu-H1-infected OL cells. BDV Hu-H1caused constitutive activation of the ERK1/2 pathway, but cell proliferation was down-regulated at the same time. BDV Hu-H1 manages to down-regulate cell proliferation, in the presence of activated but not translocated ERK–RSK complex.
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic, non-cytolytic RNA virus which replicates in the cell nucleus targeting mainly hippocampal neurons, but also astroglial and oligodendroglial cells in the brain. BDV is associated with a large spectrum of neuropsychiatric pathologies in animals. Its relationship to human neuropsychiatric illness still remains controversial. We could recently demonstrate that human BDV strain Hu-H1 promoted apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation in a human oligodendroglial cell line (OL cells) whereas laboratory BDV strain V acted contrariwise. Here, differential protein expression between BDV Hu-H1-infected OL cells and non-infected OL cells was assessed through a proteomics approach, using two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 63 differential host proteins were identified in BDV Hu-H1-infected OL cells compared to non-infected OL cells. We found that most changes referred to alterations related to the pentose phosphate pathway, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and glycolysis /gluconeogenesis. By manual querying, two differential proteins were found to be associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction. Five key signaling proteins of this pathway (i.e., p-Raf, p-MEK, p-ERK1/2, p-RSK, and p-MSK) were selected for Western blotting validation. p-ERK1/2 and p-RSK were found to be significantly up-regulated, and p-MSK was found to be significantly down-regulated in BDV Hu-H1-infected OL cells compared to non-infected OL cell. Although BDV Hu-H1 constitutively activated the ERK–RSK pathway, host cell proliferation and nuclear translocation of activated pERK in BDV Hu-H1-infected OL cells were impaired. These findings indicate that BDV Hu-H1 infection of human oligodendroglial cells significantly perturbs host energy metabolism, activates the downstream ERK–RSK complex of the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade, and disturbs host cell proliferation possibly through impaired nuclear translocation of pERK, a finding which warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Y Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - M Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - L Bode
- Bornavirus Research Group affiliated to the Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - L Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - J Pan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - L Lv
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Y Zhan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - S Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - X Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - R Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - J Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - P Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Zhang L, Wang X, Zhan Q, Wang Z, Xu M, Zhu D, He F, Liu X, Huang R, Li D, Lei Y, Xie P. Evidence for natural Borna disease virus infection in healthy domestic animals in three areas of western China. Arch Virol 2014; 159:1941-9. [PMID: 24573218 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1971-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a non-cytolytic, neurotropic RNA virus that can infect many vertebrate species, including humans. To date, BDV infection has been reported in a range of animal species across a broad global geographic distribution. However, a systematic epidemiological survey of BDV infection in domesticated animals in China has yet to be performed. In current study, BDV RNA and antibodies in 2353 blood samples from apparently healthy animals of eight species (horse, donkey, dog, pig, rabbit, cattle, goat, sheep) from three areas in western China (Xinjiang province, Chongqing municipality, and Ningxia province) were assayed using reverse transcription qPCR (RT-qPCR) and ELISA assay. Brain tissue samples from a portion of the BDV RNA- and/or antibody-positive animals were subjected to RT-qPCR and western blotting. As a result, varying prevalence of BDV antibodies and/or RNA was demonstrated in various animal species from three areas, ranging from 4.4 % to 20.0 %. Detection of BDV RNA and/or antibodies in Chongqing pigs (9.2 %) provided the first known evidence of BDV infection in this species. Not all brain tissue samples from animals whose blood was BDV RNA and/or antibody positive contained BDV RNA and protein. This study provides evidence that BDV infection among healthy domestic animal species is more widespread in western China than previously believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
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Zhang L, Xu MM, Zeng L, Liu S, Liu X, Wang X, Li D, Huang RZ, Zhao LB, Zhan QL, Zhu D, Zhang YY, Xu P, Xie P. Evidence for Borna disease virus infection in neuropsychiatric patients in three western China provinces. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 33:621-7. [PMID: 24170181 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-1996-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a non-cytolytic, neurotropic RNA virus that can infect a wide variety of vertebrate species from birds and primates to humans. Several studies have been carried out to investigate whether BDV is associated with neuropsychiatric diseases. However, this association is still inconclusive. Two panels of subjects consisting of 1,679 various neuropsychiatric patients and healthy people from three western China provinces were enrolled in this study. BDV p24 or p40 RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were detected in the first panel of 1,481 subjects using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from the BDV RNA-positive individuals were subjected to BDV p24 antibodies testing by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). BDV p24 or p40 RNA in PBMCs and p24 antibodies in plasma were detected in the second panel of 198 subjects by RT-qPCR and Western blot. A higher prevalence for BDV RNA was demonstrated in patients with viral encephalitis (6.70%), Guillain-Barré syndrome (6.70%), schizophrenia (9.90%) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) (12.70%) compared to healthy controls in the first panel. CSF p24 antibodies were demonstrated in three viral encephalitis patients, two schizophrenia patients and two major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. The prevalences of p24 antibodies in plasma from patients with viral encephalitis (13.24%), multiple sclerosis (25.00%) and Parkinson's disease (22.73%) were significantly higher than healthy controls. This study demonstrates that BDV infection also exists in humans from three western China provinces, and suggests the involvement of the contribution of BDV in the aetiology of Chinese patients with some neuropsychiatric disorders, including viral encephalitis, schizophrenia, CFS, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Human but Not Laboratory Borna Disease Virus Inhibits Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis in Human Oligodendrocytes In Vitro. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66623. [PMID: 23805250 PMCID: PMC3689772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic virus that produces neuropsychiatric dysfunction in a wide range of warm-blooded species. Several studies have associated BDV with human psychiatric illness, but the findings remain controversial. Although oligodendrocytes are a major glial component of brain white matter and play a pivotal role in neuronal cell function, BDV's effects on human oligodendrocytes have not been clarified. Here, the effects of two BDV strains, Hu-H1 (isolated from a bipolar patient) and Strain V (a laboratory strain), on the proliferation and apoptosis of human oligodendrocytes were investigated. Three experimental cell lines were constructed: Hu-H1-infected oligodendroglioma (Hu-H1) cells, Strain V-infected oligodendroglioma (Strain V) cells, and non-infected oligodendroglioma (control) cells. BDV infection was assayed by BDV nucleoprotein (p40) immunofluorescence, cell proliferation was assayed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8), and cell cycle phases and apoptosis were assayed by flow cytometry. Expressions of the apoptosis-related proteins Bax and Bcl-2 were measured by Western blotting. p40 expression was confirmed in Hu-H1 and Strain V on and after day three post-infection. Strain V cells showed significantly greater cellular proliferation than Hu-H1 cells on and after day three post-infection. In Hu-H1 cells, Bax and Bcl-2 expression were significantly increased and decreased, respectively, on and after day three post-infection. In contrast, in Strain V cells, Bax and Bcl-2 expression were significantly decreased and increased, respectively, on and after day three post-infection. In conclusion, Hu-H1 inhibits cellular proliferation and promotes apoptosis in human oligodendrocytes via Bax upregulation and Bcl-2 downregulation. In contrast, Strain V promotes cellular proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in human oligodendrocytes via Bax downregulation and Bcl-2 upregulation. The effects of the Hu-H1 strain (isolated from a bipolar patient) are opposite from those of Strain V (a laboratory strain), thereby providing a proof of authenticity for both.
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Updating the mild encephalitis hypothesis of schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 42:71-91. [PMID: 22765923 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia seems to be a heterogeneous disorder. Emerging evidence indicates that low level neuroinflammation (LLNI) may not occur infrequently. Many infectious agents with low overall pathogenicity are risk factors for psychoses including schizophrenia and for autoimmune disorders. According to the mild encephalitis (ME) hypothesis, LLNI represents the core pathogenetic mechanism in a schizophrenia subgroup that has syndromal overlap with other psychiatric disorders. ME may be triggered by infections, autoimmunity, toxicity, or trauma. A 'late hit' and gene-environment interaction are required to explain major findings about schizophrenia, and both aspects would be consistent with the ME hypothesis. Schizophrenia risk genes stay rather constant within populations despite a resulting low number of progeny; this may result from advantages associated with risk genes, e.g., an improved immune response, which may act protectively within changing environments, although they are associated with the disadvantage of increased susceptibility to psychotic disorders. Specific schizophrenic symptoms may arise with instances of LLNI when certain brain functional systems are involved, in addition to being shaped by pre-existing liability factors. Prodrome phase and the transition to a diseased status may be related to LLNI processes emerging and varying over time. The variability in the course of schizophrenia resembles the varying courses of autoimmune disorders, which result from three required factors: genes, the environment, and the immune system. Preliminary criteria for subgrouping neurodevelopmental, genetic, ME, and other types of schizophrenias are provided. A rare example of ME schizophrenia may be observed in Borna disease virus infection. Neurodevelopmental schizophrenia due to early infections has been estimated by others to explain approximately 30% of cases, but the underlying pathomechanisms of transition to disease remain in question. LLNI (e.g. from reactivation related to persistent infection) may be involved and other pathomechanisms including dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier or the blood-CSF barrier, CNS-endogenous immunity and the volume transmission mode balancing wiring transmission (the latter represented mainly by synaptic transmission, which is often described as being disturbed in schizophrenia). Volume transmission is linked to CSF signaling; and together could represent a common pathogenetic link for the distributed brain dysfunction, dysconnectivity, and brain structural abnormalities observed in schizophrenia. In addition, CSF signaling may extend into peripheral tissues via the CSF outflow pathway along brain nerves and peripheral nerves, and it may explain the peripheral topology of neuronal dysfunctions found, like in olfactory dysfunction, dysautonomia, and even in peripheral tissues, i.e., the muscle lesions that were found in 50% of cases. Modulating factors in schizophrenia, such as stress, hormones, and diet, are also modulating factors in the immune response. Considering recent investigations of CSF, the ME schizophrenia subgroup may constitute approximately 40% of cases.
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Kinnunen PM, Palva A, Vaheri A, Vapalahti O. Epidemiology and host spectrum of Borna disease virus infections. J Gen Virol 2012; 94:247-262. [PMID: 23223618 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.046961-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) has gained lot of interest because of its zoonotic potential, ability to introduce cDNA of its RNA transcripts into host genomes, and ability to cause severe neurobehavioural diseases. Classical Borna disease is a progressive meningoencephalomyelitis in horses and sheep, known in central Europe for centuries. According to current knowledge, BDV or a close relative also infects several other species, including humans at least occasionally, in central Europe and elsewhere, but the existence of potential 'human Borna disease' with its suspected neuropsychiatric symptoms is highly controversial. The recent detection of endogenized BDV-like genes in primate and various other vertebrate genomes confirms that at least ancient bornaviruses did infect our ancestors. The epidemiology of BDV is largely unknown, but accumulating evidence indicates vectors and reservoirs among small wild mammals. The aim of this review is to bring together the current knowledge on epidemiology of BDV infections. Specifically, geographical and host distribution are addressed and assessed in the critical light of the detection methods used. We also review some salient clinical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Kinnunen
- Infection Biology Research Program Unit, Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Airi Palva
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Vaheri
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Infection Biology Research Program Unit, Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Infection Biology Research Program Unit, Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Is there a link between infection due to adenovirus 36 and childhood obesity? Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012; 31:1184-6. [PMID: 23069797 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e31826f114f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Huang R, Gao H, Zhang L, Jia J, Liu X, Zheng P, Ma L, Li W, Deng J, Wang X, Yang L, Wang M, Xie P. Borna disease virus infection perturbs energy metabolites and amino acids in cultured human oligodendroglia cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44665. [PMID: 22970281 PMCID: PMC3436876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Borna disease virus is a neurotropic, non-cytolytic virus that has been widely employed in neuroscientific research. Previous studies have revealed that metabolic perturbations are associated with Borna disease viral infection. However, the pathophysiological mechanism underlying its mode of action remains unclear. Methodology Human oligodendroglia cells infected with the human strain Borna disease virus Hu-H1 and non-infected matched control cells were cultured in vitro. At day 14 post-infection, a proton nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabonomic approach was used to differentiate the metabonomic profiles of 28 independent intracellular samples from Borna disease virus-infected cells (n = 14) and matched control cells (n = 14). Partial least squares discriminant analysis was performed to demonstrate that the whole metabonomic patterns enabled discrimination between the two groups, and further statistical testing was applied to determine which individual metabolites displayed significant differences between the two groups. Findings Metabonomic profiling revealed perturbations in 23 metabolites, 19 of which were deemed individually significant: nine energy metabolites (α-glucose, acetate, choline, creatine, formate, myo-inositol, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, pyruvate, succinate) and ten amino acids (aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, threonine, tyrosine, valine). Partial least squares discriminant analysis demonstrated that the whole metabolic patterns enabled statistical discrimination between the two groups. Conclusion Borna disease viral infection perturbs the metabonomic profiles of several metabolites in human oligodendroglia cells cultured in vitro. The findings suggest that Borna disease virus manipulates the host cell’s metabolic network to support viral replication and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhong Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongchang Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianmin Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lihua Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingju Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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Sica REP, Nicola AFD, González Deniselle MC, Rodriguez G, Monachelli GMG, Peralta LM, Bettini M. Sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: new hypothesis regarding its etiology and pathogenesis suggests that astrocytes might be the primary target hosting a still unknown external agent. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2012; 69:699-706. [PMID: 21877044 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2011000500023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This article briefly describes the already known clinical features and pathogenic mechanisms underlying sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, namely excitoxicity, oxidative stress, protein damage, inflammation, genetic abnormalities and neuronal death. Thereafter, it puts forward the hypothesis that astrocytes may be the cells which serve as targets for the harmful action of a still unknown environmental agent, while neuronal death may be a secondary event following the initial insult to glial cells. The article also suggests that an emergent virus or a misfolded infectious protein might be potential candidates to accomplish this task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto E P Sica
- Institute of Cardiological Investigations, Neurological Unit, School of Medicine, Buenos Aires University, Pueyrredon 1061 / piso 10, dpto. B 1118, Buenos Aires - Argentina.
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Marcus-Sekura C, Richardson JC, Harston RK, Sane N, Sheets RL. Evaluation of the human host range of bovine and porcine viruses that may contaminate bovine serum and porcine trypsin used in the manufacture of biological products. Biologicals 2011; 39:359-69. [PMID: 22000165 PMCID: PMC3206158 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current U.S. requirements for testing cell substrates used in production of human biological products for contamination with bovine and porcine viruses are U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) 9CFR tests for bovine serum or porcine trypsin. 9CFR requires testing of bovine serum for seven specific viruses in six families (immunofluorescence) and at least 2 additional families non-specifically (cytopathicity and hemadsorption). 9CFR testing of porcine trypsin is for porcine parvovirus. Recent contaminations suggest these tests may not be sufficient. Assay sensitivity was not the issue for these contaminations that were caused by viruses/virus families not represented in the 9CFR screen. A detailed literature search was undertaken to determine which viruses that infect cattle or swine or bovine or porcine cells in culture also have human host range [ability to infect humans or human cells in culture] and to predict their detection by the currently used 9CFR procedures. There are more viruses of potential risk to biological products manufactured using bovine or porcine raw materials than are likely to be detected by 9CFR testing procedures; even within families, not all members would necessarily be detected. Testing gaps and alternative methodologies should be evaluated to continue to ensure safe, high quality human biologicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Marcus-Sekura
- Biotechnology Assessment Services Inc., 7413 Ottenbrook Terrace, Rockville, MD 20855, USA.
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Tanaka M, Kinney DK. An Evolutionary Hypothesis of Suicide: Why it Could be Biologically Adaptive and is so Prevalent in Certain Occupations. Psychol Rep 2011; 108:977-92. [DOI: 10.2466/02.12.17.pr0.108.3.977-992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
From an evolutionary perspective, suicide is a puzzle, because it has serious adverse effects, yet is remarkably common and heritable. An hypothesis is proposed to explain this puzzle, by explaining how suicide could be adaptive through reducing risk that individuals will transmit infections to kin. Empirical evidence supports four predictions from the hypothesis. There are well-established mechanisms by which infections and immune factors increase risk for mental disorders that contribute to suicide. Suicide is more prevalent in occupations with greater exposure to infection and immune-compromising factors and at higher latitudes, where key environmental factors increase vulnerability to infection. In several other highly social species, suicide-like behaviors have evolved to reduce transmission of infections. If the hypothesis is correct, detection and treatment of underlying infections and immune dysfunction should help predict and prevent suicidal behavior, while also combating spread of infectious diseases.
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Dittmar T, Zänker KS. Horizontal gene transfers with or without cell fusions in all categories of the living matter. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 714:5-89. [PMID: 21506007 PMCID: PMC7120942 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0782-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the history of widespread exchanges of genetic segments initiated over 3 billion years ago, to be part of their life style, by sphero-protoplastic cells, the ancestors of archaea, prokaryota, and eukaryota. These primordial cells shared a hostile anaerobic and overheated environment and competed for survival. "Coexist with, or subdue and conquer, expropriate its most useful possessions, or symbiose with it, your competitor" remain cellular life's basic rules. This author emphasizes the role of viruses, both in mediating cell fusions, such as the formation of the first eukaryotic cell(s) from a united crenarchaeon and prokaryota, and the transfer of host cell genes integrated into viral (phages) genomes. After rising above the Darwinian threshold, rigid rules of speciation and vertical inheritance in the three domains of life were established, but horizontal gene transfers with or without cell fusions were never abolished. The author proves with extensive, yet highly selective documentation, that not only unicellular microorganisms, but the most complex multicellular entities of the highest ranks resort to, and practice, cell fusions, and donate and accept horizontally (laterally) transferred genes. Cell fusions and horizontally exchanged genetic materials remain the fundamental attributes and inherent characteristics of the living matter, whether occurring accidentally or sought after intentionally. These events occur to cells stagnating for some 3 milliard years at a lower yet amazingly sophisticated level of evolution, and to cells achieving the highest degree of differentiation, and thus functioning in dependence on the support of a most advanced multicellular host, like those of the human brain. No living cell is completely exempt from gene drains or gene insertions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dittmar
- Inst. Immunologie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Stockumer Str. 10, Witten, 58448 Germany
| | - Kurt S. Zänker
- Institute of Immunologie, University of Witten/Herdecke, Stockumer Str. 10, Witten, 58448 Germany
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Rackova S, Janu L, Kabickova H. Borna disease virus (BDV) circulating immunocomplex positivity in addicted patients in the Czech Republic: a prospective cohort analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2010; 10:70. [PMID: 20825673 PMCID: PMC2944235 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-10-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borna disease virus (BDV) is an RNA virus belonging to the family Bornaviridae. Borna disease virus is a neurotropic virus that causes changes in mood, behaviour and cognition. BDV causes persistent infection of the central nervous system. Immune changes lead to activation of infection. Alcohol and drug dependence are associated with immune impairment. METHODS We examined the seropositivity of BDV circulating immunocomplexes (CIC) in patients with alcohol and drug dependence and healthy individuals (blood donors). We examined 41 addicted patients for the presence of BDV CIC in the serum by ELISA at the beginning of detoxification, and after eight weeks of abstinence. This is the first such study performed in patients with alcohol and drug dependence. RESULTS BDV CIC positivity was detected in 36.59% of addicted patients on day 0 and in 42.86% on day 56. The control group was 37.3% positive. However, we did not detect higher BDV CIC positivity in addicted patients in comparison with blood donors (p = 0.179). The significantly higher level of BDV CIC was associated with lower levels of GGT (gamma glutamyl transferase) (p = 0.027) and approached statistical significance with the lower age of addicted patients (p = 0.064). We did not find any association between BDV CIC positivity and other anamnestic and demographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS In our study addicted patients did not have significantly higher levels of BDV CIC than the control group. The highest levels of BDV CIC were detected in patients with lower levels of GGT and a lower age. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was approved by the ethical committee of the University Hospital Medical Faculty of Charles University in Pilsen, Czech Republic (registration number 303/2001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylva Rackova
- Psychiatric Department, University Hospital, Medical Faculty Charles University in Pilsen, Alej svobody 80, Pilsen 301 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Lubos Janu
- Psychiatric Department, University Hospital, Medical Faculty Charles University in Pilsen, Alej svobody 80, Pilsen, 301 00, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kabickova
- Klinlab s.r.o, Department of Molecular Biology and Parasitology, U Vojenské nemocnice 1200, Prague, 100 00, Czech Republic
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Heinrich A, Adamaszek M. Anti-Borna disease virus antibody responses in psychiatric patients: long-term follow up. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010; 64:255-61. [PMID: 20408992 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2010.02073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Data suggesting a pathogenetic role for Borna disease virus (BDV) in neuropsychiatric diseases are still inconclusive and it is unknown whether humans become persistently infected or clear the virus infection. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate long-term BDV-specific antibody responses in psychiatric patients in order to gain new insights into human BDV infection and its pathogenicity. METHODS BDV-specific antibody titers and associations with clinical conditions were studied retrospectively in 94 seropositive patients with schizophrenia (n = 46), affective disorders (n = 19) and other psychiatric disorders (n = 29) who had been repeatedly tested for the presence of BDV-specific antibodies on indirect immunofluorescence assay between 1985 and 2006. Long-term titer dynamics were studied in 46 patients followed up for a period of >36 months. RESULTS A total of 25 of these 46 patients (54.3%) had persistent seropositivity, whereas seroreversion from positive to negative was observed in 21 (45.7%). Patients in the early course of schizophrenia had lower antibody titers compared to patients in the advanced course (P = 0.017), while a higher proportion of patients in the early course had titer increases (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in antibody titers between patient subgroups with clinically stable and acute psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSION Persistent seropositivity in a subgroup of psychiatric patients in the long-term analysis suggests chronic BDV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Heinrich
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Henriettenstiftung Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Abstract
Thanks to new technologies which enable rapid and unbiased screening for viral nucleic acids in clinical specimens, an impressive number of previously unknown viruses have recently been discovered. Two research groups independently identified a novel negative-strand RNA virus, now designated avian bornavirus (ABV), in parrots with proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), a severe lymphoplasmacytic ganglioneuritis of the gastrointestinal tract of psittacine birds that is frequently accompanied by encephalomyelitis. Since its discovery, ABV has been detected worldwide in many captive parrots and in one canary with PDD. ABV induced a PDD-like disease in experimentally infected cockatiels, strongly suggesting that ABV is highly pathogenic in psittacine birds. Until the discovery of ABV, the Bornaviridae family consisted of a single species, classical Borna disease virus (BDV), which is the causative agent of a progressive neurological disorder that affects primarily horses, sheep, and some other farm animals in central Europe. Although ABV and BDV share many biological features, there exist several interesting differences, which are discussed in this review.
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Thakur R, Sarma S, Sharma B. Role of Borna disease virus in neuropsychiatric illnesses: are we inching closer? Indian J Med Microbiol 2009; 27:191-201. [PMID: 19584498 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.53200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The biological cause of psychiatric illnesses continues to be under intense scrutiny. Among the various neurotropic viruses, Borna disease virus (BDV) is another virus that preferentially targets the neurons of the limbic system and has been shown to be associated with behavioural abnormalities. Presence of various BDV markers, including viral RNA, in patients with affective and mood disorders have triggered ongoing debate worldwide regarding its aetiopathogenic relationship. This article analyses its current state of knowledge and recent advances in diagnosis in order to prove or refute the association of BDV in causation of human neuropsychiatric disorders. This emerging viral causative association of behavioural disorders, which seems to be inching closer, has implication not only for a paradigm shift in the treatment and management of neuropsychiatric illnesses but also has an important impact on the public health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thakur
- Department of Microbiology, IHBAS, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India.
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Li Q, Wang Z, Zhu D, Xu M, Chen X, Peng D, Iwata Y, Xie P. Detection and analysis of Borna disease virus in Chinese patients with neurological disorders. Eur J Neurol 2009; 16:399-403. [PMID: 19364367 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic RNA virus that is known to cause neurological disturbances in various animal species, potentially even humans. However, the association between BDV infection and human neurological disorders remains unclear. METHODS Between August 2005 and March 2006, 65 patients with neurological disorders were enrolled into our study. The presence of BDV p24 RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was investigated by using nested reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assay. RESULTS Borna disease virus p24 RNA was detected from PBMCs in six patients with viral encephalitis by using nested RT-PCR assay. However, BDV p24 RNA was not detected in patients with multiple sclerosis or peripheral nerve diseases. CONCLUSION There might be possible associations between BDV infection and human viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Prat CMA, Schmid S, Farrugia F, Cenac N, Le Masson G, Schwemmle M, Gonzalez-Dunia D. Mutation of the protein kinase C site in borna disease virus phosphoprotein abrogates viral interference with neuronal signaling and restores normal synaptic activity. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000425. [PMID: 19424436 PMCID: PMC2673689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the pathogenesis of infection by neurotropic viruses represents a major challenge and may improve our knowledge of many human neurological diseases for which viruses are thought to play a role. Borna disease virus (BDV) represents an attractive model system to analyze the molecular mechanisms whereby a virus can persist in the central nervous system (CNS) and lead to altered brain function, in the absence of overt cytolysis or inflammation. Recently, we showed that BDV selectively impairs neuronal plasticity through interfering with protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent signaling in neurons. Here, we tested the hypothesis that BDV phosphoprotein (P) may serve as a PKC decoy substrate when expressed in neurons, resulting in an interference with PKC-dependent signaling and impaired neuronal activity. By using a recombinant BDV with mutated PKC phosphorylation site on P, we demonstrate the central role of this protein in BDV pathogenesis. We first showed that the kinetics of dissemination of this recombinant virus was strongly delayed, suggesting that phosphorylation of P by PKC is required for optimal viral spread in neurons. Moreover, neurons infected with this mutant virus exhibited a normal pattern of phosphorylation of the PKC endogenous substrates MARCKS and SNAP-25. Finally, activity-dependent modulation of synaptic activity was restored, as assessed by measuring calcium dynamics in response to depolarization and the electrical properties of neuronal networks grown on microelectrode arrays. Therefore, preventing P phosphorylation by PKC abolishes viral interference with neuronal activity in response to stimulation. Our findings illustrate a novel example of viral interference with a differentiated neuronal function, mainly through competition with the PKC signaling pathway. In addition, we provide the first evidence that a viral protein can specifically interfere with stimulus-induced synaptic plasticity in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. A. Prat
- INSERM, U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sonja Schmid
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Nicolas Cenac
- Avenir Team, INSERM U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Martin Schwemmle
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Gonzalez-Dunia
- INSERM, U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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Suplicy HDL, Bornschein A. Infeccions as the etiology for obesity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 53:159-64. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302009000200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of infection on obesity development has been questioned since the early 1980's. Several studies on animals have shown that fisiopathologic mechanisms through which infections can produce obesity do exist. At least eight types of obesity-inducing viruses have been identified in animals, especially poultry and mice. Studies on humans are far less convincing; however, two adenoviruses, Ad-36 and SMAM-1, have shown adipogenic properties. In vitro studies with 3T3-L1 cells stated the activation of the enzymatic pathway that leads to fatty tissue accumulation; in vivo studies have also detected higher levels of antibodies against such viruses on obese subjects. Although most known infections nowadays cause obesity through central nervous system lesions, the Ad-36 adenovirus infection affects fatty tissue directly, raising doubts regarding central role component in this case.
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Hayashi Y, Horie M, Daito T, Honda T, Ikuta K, Tomonaga K. Heat shock cognate protein 70 controls Borna disease virus replication via interaction with the viral non-structural protein X. Microbes Infect 2009; 11:394-402. [PMID: 19397879 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a non-segmented, negative-sense RNA virus and has the property of persistently infecting the cell nucleus. BDV encodes a 10-kDa non-structural protein, X, which is a negative regulator of viral polymerase activity but is essential for virus propagation. Recently, we have demonstrated that interaction of X with the viral polymerase cofactor, phosphoprotein (P), facilitates translocation of P from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. However, the mechanism by which the intracellular localization of X is controlled remains unclear. In this report, we demonstrate that BDV X interacts with the 71kDa molecular chaperon protein, Hsc70. Immunoprecipitation assays revealed that Hsc70 associates with the same region of X as P and, interestingly, that expression of P interferes competitively with the interaction between X and Hsc70. A heat shock experiment revealed that BDV X translocates into the nucleus, dependent upon the nuclear accumulation of Hsc70. Furthermore, we show that knockdown of Hsc70 by short interfering RNA decreases the nuclear localization of both X and P and markedly reduces the expression of viral genomic RNA in persistently infected cells. These data indicate that Hsc70 may be involved in viral replication by regulating the intracellular distribution of X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Hayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (BIKEN), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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