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Liou JH, Lu TL, Cheng HF, Lin LW, Kung PC, Chuang HJ, Lee TH, Chan CH, Lu TJ. Improvement of the Diagnostic Method for the Detection of Parasite Eggs Using the Formalin Ethyl Acetate Concentration Technique. Acta Parasitol 2024:10.1007/s11686-024-00871-6. [PMID: 39153012 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00871-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The formalin-ethyl acetate (FEA) concentration method is commonly used in routine clinical practice to detect parasite eggs in feces. This procedure involves extraction of oil with the organic solvent ethyl acetate (EA), which reduces fecal sediment and provides a cleaner background for microscopic analysis. However, clinically, some sediment failed to float after EA treatment. METHODS Hexane, commonly used in the food oil extraction from oilseeds did not float the feces. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that neither the amount of the oil nor the classes of the oil determined was differed whether hexane or EA was used to float the feces. Oil red, Bodipy and Calcofluor staining showed that the unabsorbed oil droplets in the fecal sediment were trapped within the leaf structure. HCl or acetic acid was added to see if the acid residue could dissolve the cellulose of the leaf to promote the bulk float. RESULTS Our result showed that the fecal bulk contained the loosened mesophyll cell wall. The addition of acid residues improved fecal bulk float. The proximity of cellulose fiber to EA, but not hexane, may enhance the efficacy of oil extraction from cellulose. CONCLUSION This is the first report that the interaction of cellulose with ethyl acetate in fecal solution has an effect on bulk float. This study improves the understanding of fecal bulk flotation and may assist in the visualization of parasite eggs in clinical practice with non-floating fecal samples in the FEA concentration method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hung Liou
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Te-Ling Lu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Fen Cheng
- Laboratory Department, Tainan Municipal Hospital (Managed By Show Chawn Medical Care Corporation), Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Long-Wei Lin
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Po-Cheng Kung
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Jing Chuang
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Te-Hsiu Lee
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Hong Chan
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang, Changhua, Taiwan.
| | - Te-Jung Lu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan.
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2
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Pyrihová E, King MS, King AC, Toleco MR, van der Giezen M, Kunji ERS. A mitochondrial carrier transports glycolytic intermediates to link cytosolic and mitochondrial glycolysis in the human gut parasite Blastocystis. eLife 2024; 13:RP94187. [PMID: 38780415 PMCID: PMC11115451 DOI: 10.7554/elife.94187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Stramenopiles form a clade of diverse eukaryotic organisms, including multicellular algae, the fish and plant pathogenic oomycetes, such as the potato blight Phytophthora, and the human intestinal protozoan Blastocystis. In most eukaryotes, glycolysis is a strictly cytosolic metabolic pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate, resulting in the production of NADH and ATP (Adenosine triphosphate). In contrast, stramenopiles have a branched glycolysis in which the enzymes of the pay-off phase are located in both the cytosol and the mitochondrial matrix. Here, we identify a mitochondrial carrier in Blastocystis that can transport glycolytic intermediates, such as dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, across the mitochondrial inner membrane, linking the cytosolic and mitochondrial branches of glycolysis. Comparative analyses with the phylogenetically related human mitochondrial oxoglutarate carrier (SLC25A11) and dicarboxylate carrier (SLC25A10) show that the glycolytic intermediate carrier has lost its ability to transport the canonical substrates malate and oxoglutarate. Blastocystis lacks several key components of oxidative phosphorylation required for the generation of mitochondrial ATP, such as complexes III and IV, ATP synthase, and ADP/ATP carriers. The presence of the glycolytic pay-off phase in the mitochondrial matrix generates ATP, which powers energy-requiring processes, such as macromolecular synthesis, as well as NADH, used by mitochondrial complex I to generate a proton motive force to drive the import of proteins and molecules. Given its unique substrate specificity and central role in carbon and energy metabolism, the carrier for glycolytic intermediates identified here represents a specific drug and pesticide target against stramenopile pathogens, which are of great economic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Pyrihová
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, The Keith Peters BuildingCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- University of Stavanger, Department of Chemistry, Bioscience, and Environmental EngineeringStavangerNorway
| | - Martin S King
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, The Keith Peters BuildingCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Alannah C King
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, The Keith Peters BuildingCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - M Rey Toleco
- University of Stavanger, Department of Chemistry, Bioscience, and Environmental EngineeringStavangerNorway
| | - Mark van der Giezen
- University of Stavanger, Department of Chemistry, Bioscience, and Environmental EngineeringStavangerNorway
- Research Department Stavanger University HospitalStavangerNorway
| | - Edmund RS Kunji
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, The Keith Peters BuildingCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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Tang F, Xiao D, Chen L, Li X, Qiao L. A 11-year-old boy with Blastocystis hominis infection, presents as immune thrombocytopenia. Thromb J 2024; 22:41. [PMID: 38685091 PMCID: PMC11057068 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-024-00611-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some causes of first-line treatment failure for ITP are often closely related to infections. But parasitic infections are rarely mentioned and easily overlooked. The case is the first to describe a boy with immune thrombocytopenia associated with blastocystis hominis. CASE PRESENTATION The case involved a boy presenting with bleeding skin spots and ecchymosis and accompanied by intermittent epigastric pain and constipation. After a series of complete examinations, the platelet count was found to be decreased to 13 × 109/L and immune thrombocytopenia was diagnosed. After first-line treatment with gamma globulin and prednisolone, the thrombocytopenia remained unchanged. Blastocystis hominis was subsequently found in the patient's stool and then the treatment of metronidazole was provided. One week later, the patient's thrombocytopenia was completely relieved. He was followed up for six months and was found to have recovered well. CONCLUSIONS The screening for potential predisposing factors is very important for immune thrombocytopenia patients with poor response to first-line treatment, and the best treatment strategy should include the management of potential diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fajuan Tang
- Department of Emergency, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dongqiong Xiao
- Department of Emergency, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Emergency, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xihong Li
- Department of Emergency, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Lina Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Mei X, Wei L, Su C, Yang Z, Tian X, Zhang Z, Wang S. Advances in the axenic isolation methods of Blastocystis sp. and their applications. Parasitology 2024; 151:125-134. [PMID: 38087868 PMCID: PMC10941048 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023001300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Blastocystis sp. is a prevalent protistan parasite found globally in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and various animals. This review aims to elucidate the advancements in research on axenic isolation techniques for Blastocystis sp. and their diverse applications. Axenic isolation, involving the culture and isolation of Blastocystis sp. free from any other organisms, necessitates the application of specific media and a series of axenic treatment methods. These methods encompass antibiotic treatment, monoclonal culture, differential centrifugation, density gradient separation, micromanipulation and the combined use of culture media. Critical factors influencing axenic isolation effectiveness include medium composition, culture temperature, medium characteristics, antibiotic type and dosage and the subtype (ST) of Blastocystis sp. Applications of axenic isolation encompass exploring pathogenicity, karyotype and ST analysis, immunoassay, characterization of surface chemical structure and lipid composition and understanding drug treatment effects. This review serves as a valuable reference for clinicians and scientists in selecting appropriate axenic isolation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Mei
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China
| | - Lai Wei
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China
| | - Changwei Su
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China
| | - Zhenke Yang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Tian
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China
| | - Zhenchao Zhang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China
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Boutahar M, Belaouni M, Ibrahimi A, Eljaoudi R, Aanniz T, Er-Rami M. Prevalence of Blastocystis sp. in Morocco: Comparative assessment of three diagnostic methods and characterization of parasite forms in Jones' culture medium. Parasite 2023; 30:64. [PMID: 38117274 PMCID: PMC10732137 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Blastocystosis is an infection caused by Blastocystis sp., which colonizes the digestive tract of various hosts, including humans, although its pathogenicity is debated. It is crucial to detect and distinguish the different forms of Blastocystis to understand better its impact on human health and its epidemiological evolution. This study evaluated three diagnostic methods on 105 stool samples: direct examination, culture in Jones' medium, and conventional PCR. PCR is considered the gold standard and revealed a high prevalence of Blastocystis (67.62%) compared to direct examination (20.95%) and culture in Jones' medium (51.43%). Although the sensitivity of direct examination and culture was 31% and 76.1%, respectively, their specificity was 100%. No significant risk factors were identified. A statistically significant association was observed between Blastocystis infection and abdominal pain. Microscopic analysis revealed various morphological forms. Molecular diagnosis is an essential tool to determine the true prevalence of Blastocystis, and studying the different forms of this microorganism will contribute to a better understanding of its biological cycle and, therefore, the impact of this emerging infection on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Boutahar
- Human Pathology, Biomedicine and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology of Fez, B.P. 2202 - Route d'Imouzzer, Fez, Morocco
| | - Mourad Belaouni
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Moulay Ismaïl Military Hospital, Meknes 50007, Morocco
| | - Azeddine Ibrahimi
- Biotechnology Lab (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10100, Morocco - Mohammed VI Center for Research & Innovation (CM6), Rabat 10000, Morocco - Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences, Casablanca 20000, Morocco
| | - Rachid Eljaoudi
- Biotechnology Lab (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10100, Morocco - Mohammed VI Center for Research & Innovation (CM6), Rabat 10000, Morocco - Emergency Department, Military Hospital Mohammed V, Rabat 10000, Morocco
| | - Tarik Aanniz
- Biotechnology Lab (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Er-Rami
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Moulay Ismaïl Military Hospital, Meknes 50007, Morocco - Human Pathology, Biomedicine and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Fez 30070, Morocco
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Hurych J, Oscarsson E, Håkanson Å, Jirků-Pomajbíková K, Jirků M, Aronson CA, Cinek O, Agardh D. Effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei supplementation on the single-cell fecal parasitome in children with celiac disease autoimmunity: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:411. [PMID: 37946274 PMCID: PMC10636941 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HEAL9 and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei 8700:2 positively affect the fecal bacteriome in children with celiac disease autoimmunity after 6 months of supplementation. The aim of the present investigation was to study the effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HEAL9 and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei 8700:2 on the single-cell parasitome, with a primary focus on Blastocystis. METHODS Stool samples were collected from 78 Swedish children with celiac disease autoimmunity participating in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to either receive a mixture of supplementation with L. plantarum HEAL9 and L. paracasei 8700:2 (n = 38) or placebo (n = 40). A total of 227 stool samples collected at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of intervention, respectively, were retrospectively analyzed for Blastocystis by quantitative real-time PCR and subtyped by massively parallel amplicon sequencing. Other single-cell parasites were detected by untargeted 18S rDNA amplicon sequencing and verified by real-time PCR. The relation between the parasites and the bacteriome community was characterized by using 16S rDNA profiling of the V3-V4 region. RESULTS Three different single-cell protists were identified, of which the highest prevalence was found for Dientamoeba fragilis (23.1%, 18/78 children), followed by Blastocystis (15.4%, 12/78) and Entamoeba spp. (2.6%, 2/78). The quantity of the protists was stable over time and not affected by probiotic intervention (P = 0.14 for Blastocystis, P = 0.10 for D. fragilis). The positivity of the protists was associated with increased bacteriome diversity (measured by multiple indices, P < 0.03). Bacterial composition was influenced by the presence of the protists: positivity of Blastocystis was inversely associated with Akkermansia (at the levels of the genus as well as its family, order, class and phylum); P < 0.002), Faecalibacterium (P = 0.003) and Romboutsia (P = 0.029); positivity of D. fragilis was inversely associated with families Enterobacteriaceae (P = 0.016) and Coriobacteriaceae (P = 0.022) and genera Flavonifractor (P < 0.001), Faecalibacterium (P = 0.009), Lachnoclostridium (P = 0.029), Ruminococcus (P < 0.001) and Granulicatella (P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of single-cell protists is low in children with celiac disease autoimmunity. The colonization was stable regardless of the probiotic intervention and associated with increased diversity of the fecal bacteriome but inversely associated with some beneficial bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Hurych
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Elin Oscarsson
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Åsa Håkanson
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Milan Jirků
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Carin Andrén Aronson
- Celiac Disease and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ondřej Cinek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Daniel Agardh
- Celiac Disease and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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7
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Záhonová K, Low RS, Warren CJ, Cantoni D, Herman EK, Yiangou L, Ribeiro CA, Phanprasert Y, Brown IR, Rueckert S, Baker NL, Tachezy J, Betts EL, Gentekaki E, van der Giezen M, Clark CG, Jackson AP, Dacks JB, Tsaousis AD. Evolutionary analysis of cellular reduction and anaerobicity in the hyper-prevalent gut microbe Blastocystis. Curr Biol 2023:S0960-9822(23)00620-6. [PMID: 37267944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Blastocystis is the most prevalent microbial eukaryote in the human and animal gut, yet its role as commensal or parasite is still under debate. Blastocystis has clearly undergone evolutionary adaptation to the gut environment and possesses minimal cellular compartmentalization, reduced anaerobic mitochondria, no flagella, and no reported peroxisomes. To address this poorly understood evolutionary transition, we have taken a multi-disciplinary approach to characterize Proteromonas lacertae, the closest canonical stramenopile relative of Blastocystis. Genomic data reveal an abundance of unique genes in P. lacertae but also reductive evolution of the genomic complement in Blastocystis. Comparative genomic analysis sheds light on flagellar evolution, including 37 new candidate components implicated with mastigonemes, the stramenopile morphological hallmark. The P. lacertae membrane-trafficking system (MTS) complement is only slightly more canonical than that of Blastocystis, but notably, we identified that both organisms encode the complete enigmatic endocytic TSET complex, a first for the entire stramenopile lineage. Investigation also details the modulation of mitochondrial composition and metabolism in both P. lacertae and Blastocystis. Unexpectedly, we identify in P. lacertae the most reduced peroxisome-derived organelle reported to date, which leads us to speculate on a mechanism of constraint guiding the dynamics of peroxisome-mitochondrion reductive evolution on the path to anaerobiosis. Overall, these analyses provide a launching point to investigate organellar evolution and reveal in detail the evolutionary path that Blastocystis has taken from a canonical flagellated protist to the hyper-divergent and hyper-prevalent animal and human gut microbe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristína Záhonová
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 1-124 Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Avenue, Edmonton T6G 2G3, Canada; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 1160/31, České Budějovice (Budweis) 370 05, Czech Republic; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, Vestec 252 50, Czech Republic; Life Science Research Centre, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, Ostrava 710 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ross S Low
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; The Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Christopher J Warren
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Stacey Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Diego Cantoni
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Stacey Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Emily K Herman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 1-124 Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Avenue, Edmonton T6G 2G3, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life, and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, 2-31 General Services Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - Lyto Yiangou
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Stacey Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Cláudia A Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Stacey Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Yasinee Phanprasert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 1-124 Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Avenue, Edmonton T6G 2G3, Canada; School of Science, Mae Fah Luang Universit, 333 Moo 1, T. Tasud, Muang District, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Ian R Brown
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Stacey Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Sonja Rueckert
- School of Applied Sciences, Sighthill Campus, Room 3.B.36, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, Scotland; Faculty of Biology, AG Eukaryotische Mikrobiologie, Universitätsstrasse 5, S05 R04 H83, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Nicola L Baker
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Stacey Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Jan Tachezy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, Vestec 252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Emma L Betts
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Stacey Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK; School of Applied Sciences, Sighthill Campus, Room 3.B.36, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, Scotland
| | - Eleni Gentekaki
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang Universit, 333 Moo 1, T. Tasud, Muang District, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; Gut Microbiome Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, 333 Moo 1, T. Tasud, Muang District, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Mark van der Giezen
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger Richard Johnsens Gate 4, 4021 Stavanger, Norway; Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - C Graham Clark
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Andrew P Jackson
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joel B Dacks
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 1-124 Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Avenue, Edmonton T6G 2G3, Canada; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 1160/31, České Budějovice (Budweis) 370 05, Czech Republic; Centre for Life's Origin and Evolution, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Anastasios D Tsaousis
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Stacey Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK.
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8
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Rajamanikam A, Isa MNM, Samudi C, Devaraj S, Govind SK. Gut bacteria influence Blastocystis sp. phenotypes and may trigger pathogenicity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011170. [PMID: 36989208 PMCID: PMC10057785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Whilst the influence of intestinal microbiota has been shown in many diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome, colorectal cancer, and aging, investigations are still scarce on its role in altering the nature of other infective organisms. Here we studied the association and interaction of Blastocystis sp. and human intestinal microbiota. In this study, we investigated the gut microbiome of Blastocystis sp.-free and Blastocystis sp. ST3-infected individuals who are symptomatic and asymptomatic. We tested if the expression of phenotype and pathogenic characteristics of Blastocystis sp. ST3 was influenced by the alteration of its accompanying microbiota. Blastocystis sp. ST3 infection alters bacterial composition. Its presence in asymptomatic individuals showed a significant effect on microbial richness compared to symptomatic ones. Inferred metagenomic findings suggest that colonization of Blastocystis sp. ST3 could contribute to the alteration of microbial functions. For the first time, we demonstrate the influence of bacteria on Blastocystis sp. pathogenicity. When Blastocystis sp. isolated from a symptomatic individual was co-cultured with bacterial suspension of Blastocystis sp. from an asymptomatic individual, the parasite demonstrated increased growth and reduced potential pathogenic expressions. This study also reveals that Blastocystis sp. infection could influence microbial functions without much effect on the microbiota diversity itself. Our results also demonstrate evidence on the influential role of gut microbiota in altering the characteristics of the parasite, which becomes the basis for the contradictory findings on the parasite's pathogenic role seen across different studies. Our study provides evidence that asymptomatic Blastocystis sp. in a human gut can be triggered to show pathogenic characteristics when influenced by the intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Noor Mat Isa
- Malaysian Genome and Vaccine Institute, Jalan Bangi, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Chandramathi Samudi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sridevi Devaraj
- Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Suresh Kumar Govind
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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9
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Distribution and Phylogenetic Analysis of Subtypes and Alleles of Blastocystis sp. in the Stool Samples Collected from Patients with Gastrointestinal Complaints in İzmir, Turkey. Acta Parasitol 2023:10.1007/s11686-023-00665-2. [PMID: 36806111 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Blastocystis sp. is one of the most prevalent intestinal protozoa found in humans and many other animals. The present study aimed to examine the distribution and genetic diversity of Blastocystis sp. in stool samples from patients with gastrointestinal complaints in İzmir, Turkey. METHODS All stool samples of 439 patients with gastrointestinal complaints were examined by native-Lugol and trichrome staining. To investigate the presence of Blastocystis sp. in stool samples, DNA was isolated, and PCR was performed with the barcode region in the SSU rRNA gene. PCR positive samples were sequenced to identify subtypes and alleles of Blastocystis sp. RESULTS The prevalence of Blastocystis sp. was found to be 16.6% (73/439) in patients with gastrointestinal complaints in İzmir, Turkey. Three different Blastocystis sp. subtypes were identified. ST3 (28/55; 51.0%) was the most common subtype followed by ST2 (19/55; 34.5%) and ST1 (8/55; 14.5%). Itching and diarrhea were the most prominent clinical symptoms in Blastocystis sp. positive patients. When clinical symptoms and subtypes were compared, diarrhea was found in 62.5%, 47.4%, and 46.4% of patients with ST1, ST2, and ST3 subtypes, respectively. In addition, itching was found in 37.5%, 32.1%, and 21.1% of patients with ST1, ST3, and ST2, respectively. Six distinct alleles were identified by allele analysis of Blastocystis 18S rRNA gene: allele 4 for ST1, alleles 9, 11, and 12 for ST2, and alleles 34 and 36 for ST3. In this study, Blastocystis sp. was detected in 16 of 21 districts, including the central and rural districts of İzmir. Although ST1 was detected in central districts, it was not found in rural districts. CONCLUSION This study provides comprehensive data on the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of the genetic diversity at the level of subtypes and alleles of Blastocystis sp. in different districts of İzmir province in Turkey. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study which evaluates the distribution of subtypes and alleles of Blastocystis sp. according to PCR and SSU rRNA gene sequencing in patients with gastrointestinal complaints in different districts of İzmir province in Turkey.
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Cobuccio LG, Laurent M, Gardiol C, Wampfler R, Poppert S, Senn N, Eperon G, Genton B, Locatelli I, de Vallière S. Should we treat Blastocystis sp.? A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized pilot trial. J Travel Med 2023; 30:6849435. [PMID: 36440639 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taac143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blastocystis sp. is a worldwide-distributed protist colonizing the guts of humans and a great variety of animals. It is unclear whether it is just a commensal or an infectious parasite that prompts eradication.The main objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of metronidazole in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms harbouring only Blastocystis sp. In addition, we explored whether Blastocystis subtype or concomitant parasitic infection detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may influence treatment outcome. METHODS We included adults with persistent gastrointestinal symptoms (>14 days) visiting a primary care physician and in whom stool microscopy revealed only Blastocystis sp. Eligible patients were randomized to receive 10 days of metronidazole or placebo, followed by a crossover if still symptomatic. The primary outcome was normal stool consistency. Secondary outcomes were the changes in other abdominal symptoms (bloating, flatulence, abdominal pain, number of daily bowel movements) and general wellbeing. After the clinical phase of the study, Blastocystis subtypes were determined by PCR sequencing and stool samples were tested for 11 other protozoa with an in-house PCR. RESULTS We screened 581 outpatients for inclusion, of which 50 met the eligibility criteria. There was no difference in the primary outcome, nor any of the secondary outcomes between the subjects treated with metronidazole and placebo.The most frequent Blastocystis subtypes were ST4 (11/36) and ST2 (10/36). The in-house PCR was positive for other protozoa in 25% (10/40) of the patients. We identified Dientamoeba fragilis in 5, Entamoeba dispar in 3 and Cyclospora cayetanensis in 2 patients. Stratified analysis according to Blastocystis subtype or the presence of other protozoa showed no significant difference in treatment outcome with metronidazole or placebo. CONCLUSIONS Among patients infected with Blastocystis sp., metronidazole, compared with placebo, was not better in improving gastrointestinal symptoms, irrespective of subtype or microscopically undetected coinfection with other protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovico Gennaro Cobuccio
- Travel Clinic, Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie Laurent
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Celine Gardiol
- Travel Clinic, Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rahel Wampfler
- Diagnostic Center, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sven Poppert
- Diagnostic Center, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Senn
- Travel Clinic, Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Eperon
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Blaise Genton
- Travel Clinic, Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Research and Innovation, Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Isabella Locatelli
- Department of Research and Innovation, Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Serge de Vallière
- Travel Clinic, Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Rauff-Adedotun AA, Nuur Syafyqah S, Nur Soleha R, Noranis Shahida S, Farah Haziqah MT. Prevalence of Blastocystis sp. in freshwater fishes, poultry, and caprine from Penang, Malaysia. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 33:100749. [PMID: 35820721 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Blastocystis is an enigmatic intestinal protist of humans and many animals. There is growing interest in its potential as an enteric pathogen, and the possible role of domestic and in-contact animals as reservoirs for human infection. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of Blastocystis infection in fishes, poultry, and caprine in Penang, Malaysia. A total of 353 faecal samples/intestinal contents, consisting of 123 intestinal contents from freshwater fishes, 96 intestinal contents of commercially barn-reared chickens, 84 intestinal contents of barn-reared quails, and 50 faecal samples of caprine (29 from meat goats and 21 from dairy goats) were collected. Faecal sample/intestinal content from each animal was subjected to in-vitro cultivation method using Jones' medium supplemented with 10% horse serum. The respective colonization frequencies for dairy and meat goats were 47.6% and 31.0%, whereas 26.1% was recorded for chickens and 16.7% for quails. None of the freshwater fishes were found infected with Blastocystis. The organism was most commonly seen as spherically shaped vacuolated forms and cell diameter was significantly larger in poultry than in caprine. For further studies, molecular characterization of Blastocystis in poultry and livestock animals in the study area is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Rauff-Adedotun
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Penang, Malaysia
| | - S Nuur Syafyqah
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - R Nur Soleha
- Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Locked Bag No. 100, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan
| | - S Noranis Shahida
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Penang, Malaysia
| | - M T Farah Haziqah
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Penang, Malaysia.
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Velásquez JN, Astudillo OG, Vittar N, Pantano ML, Carnevale S. Diagnostic Features of Blastocystis Life Cycle Forms in the Small Intestine in an HIV-Infected Patient. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:102-109. [PMID: 34143399 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Blastocystis spp. are parasites of the intestinal tract found in many hosts including humans. This pathogen is commonly found in immunocompetent in asymptomatic individuals and in patients with gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms. Recently, it has been implicated as an important cause of diarrheal illness in immunocompromised individuals, including HIV-infected patients. At least six life cycle stages have been described in faeces and cultures, namely vacuolar, granular, multi-vacuolar, avacuolar, ameboid and cyst forms. The aim of the present study was to describe the histological findings of Blastocystis infection in an adult HIV-infected patient with gastrointestinal symptoms. METHODS Parasitological techniques and PCR were applied to stool samples. Histological analysis was performed on duodenal biopsy specimens. RESULTS Standard parasitological methods revealed vacuolar, granular, cyst and multi-vacuolar forms of Blastocystis in faecal samples with the presence of Blastocystis DNA being confirmed by PCR. DNA sequencing revealed Blastocystis subtype ST1. Histological findings in duodenal samples showed an inflammatory infiltrate with plasma cells and lymphocytes. We identified cyst, granular, ameboid and multi-vacuolar forms in the lumen. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, there are no previous peer review reports describing these four different forms of Blastocystis in histological sections from the lumen and the brush border of the enterocytes.
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Jeffery IB, Cotter PD, Scanlan PD. Collateral Damage in the Human Gut Microbiome - Blastocystis Is Significantly Less Prevalent in an Antibiotic-Treated Adult Population Compared to Non-Antibiotic Treated Controls. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:822475. [PMID: 35281435 PMCID: PMC8913940 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.822475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics can drive the rapid loss of non-target, phylogenetically diverse microorganisms that inhabit the human gut. This so-called “collateral damage” has myriad consequences for host health and antibiotic mediated changes to the gut microbiota have been implicated in the aetiology of many chronic diseases. To date, studies have largely focused on how antibiotics affect the bacterial fraction of the gut microbiome and their impact on non-bacterial members, including prevalent eukaryal species, such as Blastocystis, remains largely unknown. Here we assessed the prevalence and diversity of Blastocystis in an elderly adult group that were in receipt of antibiotics (n = 86) and an equivalent non-antibiotic treated group (n = 88) using a PCR-based approach. This analysis revealed that although similar subtypes were present in both groups, Blastocystis was significantly less prevalent in the antibiotic-treated group (16%) compared to non-antibiotic treated controls (55%); Fisher’s Exact test, p < 0.0001). Given that antibiotics target structures and molecules of prokaryotic cells to kill or inhibit bacterial populations, the most likely explanation for differences in prevalence between both groups is due to secondary extinctions owing to the potential dependence of Blastocystis on bacteria present in the gut microbiome that were negatively affected by antibiotic treatment. Although further work is required to explore this hypothesis in greater detail, these data clearly show that Blastocystis prevalence in human populations is negatively associated with antibiotic treatment. This finding may be relevant to explaining patterns of variation for this microorganism in different human populations and cohorts of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian B. Jeffery
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D. Cotter
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Pauline D. Scanlan
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Pauline D. Scanlan,
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Morelli S, Diakou A, Di Cesare A, Colombo M, Traversa D. Canine and Feline Parasitology: Analogies, Differences, and Relevance for Human Health. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0026620. [PMID: 34378954 PMCID: PMC8404700 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00266-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cats and dogs are treated as family members by most pet owners. Therefore, a high quality of veterinary care and preventive medicine is imperative for animal health and welfare and for the protection of humans from zoonotic pathogens. There is a general perception of cats being treated as "small dogs," especially in the field of clinical parasitology. As a result, several important differences between the two animal species are not taken into proper consideration and are often overlooked. Dogs and cats are profoundly different under evolutionary, biological, ethological, behavioral, and immunological standpoints. These differences impact clinical features, diagnosis, and control of canine and feline parasites and transmission risk for humans. This review outlines the most common parasitoses and vector-borne diseases of dogs and cats, with a focus on major convergences and divergences, and discusses parasites that have (i) evolved based on different preys for dogs and cats, (ii) adapted due to different immunological or behavioral animal profiles, and (iii) developed more similarities than differences in canine and feline infections and associated diseases. Differences, similarities, and peculiarities of canine and feline parasitology are herein reviewed in three macrosections: (i) carnivorism, vegetarianism, anatomy, genetics, and parasites, (ii) evolutionary adaptation of nematodes, including veterinary reconsideration and zoonotic importance, and (iii) behavior and immune system driving ectoparasites and transmitted diseases. Emphasis is given to provide further steps toward a more accurate evaluation of canine and feline parasitology in a changing world in terms of public health relevance and One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Morelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Anastasia Diakou
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Angela Di Cesare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Donato Traversa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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15
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Zou Y, Yang WB, Zou FC, Lin RQ, Zhu XQ, Hou JL. Molecular detection and subtype distribution of Blastocystis in farmed pigs in southern China. Microb Pathog 2021; 151:104751. [PMID: 33482261 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Blastocystis is one of the most common causative agents of intestinal diseases, which can cause enteric diseases in animals and humans. However, limited data is available on the prevalence or subtypes of Blastocystis infections in farmed pigs in southern China. In this study, a total of 396 fecal samples were collected from farmed pigs in three provinces in southern China in 2016, and screened for Blastocystis by PCR amplification of the small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene fragment. One hundred and seventy (42.93%) of the examined fecal samples were detected Blastocystis-positive, and two known zoonotic subtypes ST1 and ST5 were identified, with ST5 being the predominate subtype. Moreover, gender, age and region were considered as risk factors that associated with Blastocystis infection in farmed pigs. The present study revealed the prevalence and subtypes of Blastocystis infections in farmed pigs in southern China, which provided essential data for the control of Blastocystis infections in pigs, other animals and humans in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Wen-Bin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China
| | - Feng-Cai Zou
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Higher Education of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650201, PR China
| | - Rui-Qing Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, PR China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Higher Education of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650201, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, PR China
| | - Jun-Ling Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
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de Melo GB, Bosqui LR, da Costa IN, de Paula FM, Gryschek RCB. Current status of research regarding Blastocystis sp., an enigmatic protist, in Brazil. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2021; 76:e2489. [PMID: 34231705 PMCID: PMC8240786 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2021/e2489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of Blastocystis sp. in Brazilian studies over a period of years (2000-2020), as well as point out relevant aspects of this enigmatic organism. We performed a literature search using six sources of international databases. The data were divided into diagnostic by parasitological and molecular techniques, and relevant aspects. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 52 studies were included in the final analysis. The occurrence of Blastocystis sp. in Brazil ranged from 0.5% to 86.6%, as determined using parasitological techniques. The highest occurrence was in the North (27.3%) and the lowest, in the Midwest region (13.4%). In Brazil, most studies have employed molecular techniques and are concentrated in the Southeast region. The Blastocystis sp. subtype ST3 had the highest average positivity, followed by ST1 and ST2. These findings represent a panorama that reflects the reality of Brazil; thus, we believe that the effectiveness of parasitological diagnosis should be considered with regard to making an appropriate choice of technique for detecting Blastocystis sp. Additionally, we emphasize the importance of further studies in the context of molecular epidemiology with regard to this genus. Blastocystis sp. is not well understood yet, and very little information regarding this genus is available; hence, further research regarding this genus is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gessica Baptista de Melo
- Laboratorio de Investigacao Medica (LIM06-Laboratorio de Imunopatologia da Esquistossome), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Secao de Helmintologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical (IMT), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Larissa Rodrigues Bosqui
- Laboratorio de Imunoparasitologia das Doencas Negligenciadas e Cancer, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, BR
| | - Idessania Nazareth da Costa
- Laboratorio de Imunoparasitologia das Doencas Negligenciadas e Cancer, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, BR
| | - Fabiana Martins de Paula
- Laboratorio de Investigacao Medica (LIM06-Laboratorio de Imunopatologia da Esquistossome), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Secao de Helmintologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical (IMT), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Ronaldo Cesar Borges Gryschek
- Laboratorio de Investigacao Medica (LIM06-Laboratorio de Imunopatologia da Esquistossome), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Secao de Helmintologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical (IMT), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
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Escutia-Guzman Y, Martinez-Flores WA, Martinez-Ocaña J, Martinez-Pimentel R, Benitez-Ramirez M, Martinez-Hernandez F, Arroyo-Escalante S, Romero-Valdovinos M, Orozco-Mosqueda GE, Maravilla P. An Unusual Case of Extra-Enteric Blastocystosis in the Uterine Cervix. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 58:571-576. [PMID: 33202510 PMCID: PMC7672234 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Extra-enteric infections by Blastocystis spp. have rarely been documented. Here, we report a case of extra-enteric blastocystosis in a patient with minimal cervicitis symptoms. A 47-year-old Hispanic female patient was attended in a primary health centre in Michoacan state, Mexico, for her routine gynaecological medical examination. As only symptom, she referred to a slight vaginal itching. The presence of several vacuolar-stages of Blastocystis spp. were identified by Papanicolaou staining; molecular identification was attempted by culture-PCR sequencing of a region of 18S gene from cervical and faecal samples obtained 2 months after cytological examination, even when patient declared that she tried self-medicating with vaginal ovules. Blastocystis ST1 was identified only in the faecal sample. The presence of Blastocystis spp. in the cervix of a patient with scarce symptomatology, demonstrates the extraordinary flexibility of this microorganism to adapt to new environments and niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Escutia-Guzman
- Coordinacion de Cancer Cervicouterino, Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Publica, Morelia 58270, Michoacan, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Marisol Benitez-Ramirez
- Coordinacion de Cancer Cervicouterino, Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Publica, Morelia 58270, Michoacan, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Pablo Maravilla
- Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez", Mexico City 14080, Mexico
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Abstract
Background: Blastocystis hominis is recognized as a common intestinal parasite. Some studies have reported the effect of phenotypic, serologic, and biochemical indices on the parasites’ pathogenic characteristics. Objectives: This study aimed to introduce B. hominis as a pathogen, trying to change views about this parasite and introduce it as a parasite important in medical sciences. Methods: An open-ended, language-restricted (English) search was conducted in MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library databases (from 1990 to 2018) using specific search criteria to identify Blastocystis spp. Results: The search of the literature retrieved 158 published articles on Blastocystis spp. Among these articles, the ones related to the pathogenicity of B. hominis were selected for further investigations. Results obtained in this study showed that the number of articles within five-year periods had an increasing trend. Also, studies of B. hominis have mainly investigated its pathogenic characteristics, accounting for 37.34% of the studies. Conclusions: This study showed comprehensive reasons for proving the pathogenesis of the parasite. It is hoped that further studies would fill the existing gaps regarding this parasite and identify its true identity as a medically important parasite.
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Alzate JF, Toro-Londoño M, Cabarcas F, Garcia-Montoya G, Galvan-Diaz A. Contrasting microbiota profiles observed in children carrying either Blastocystis spp. or the commensal amoebas Entamoeba coli or Endolimax nana. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15354. [PMID: 32948808 PMCID: PMC7501860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown how intestinal parasites can modulate gut microbiota. This observation is not surprising since the human intestinal lumen, like any other niche, is a battlefield of microbial competition, and Eukaryotes can affect bacterial populations. Intestinal pathogenic protist has been associated with reshaping the microbial community structure; however, the interactions between the colonic bacterial communities and parasites like Blastocystis spp., Entamoeba coli, and Endolimax nana have been poorly studied. In this work, we studied the distal intestinal bacterial microbiota of 49 children attending 7 public daycare centers in Medellin, Colombia, and compared the bacterial microbiota structure in the presence or absence of the protists Blastocystis spp., E. coli, and E. nana. Parasite colonization was associated with an increase in bacterial richness. Moreover, Blastocystis spp. presented a positive relationship with Prevotella, since this bacterium was selectively enriched in children carrying it. Remarkably, the E. coli colonized children showed a microbial profile that was closer to uninfected controls, although some bacterial taxa displayed to be enriched. This is the case for Akkermansia, which showed to be favored in E. coli colonized individuals, while notably reduced in the Blastocystis spp. parasitized group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Alzate
- Departamento de Microbiología Y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro Nacional de Secuenciación genómica - CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria - SIU, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Miguel Toro-Londoño
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro Nacional de Secuenciación genómica - CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria - SIU, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Felipe Cabarcas
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro Nacional de Secuenciación genómica - CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria - SIU, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Grupo Sistemic, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gisela Garcia-Montoya
- Departamento de Microbiología Y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana Galvan-Diaz
- Grupo de Microbiología Ambiental, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Li TC, Li Z, Zhang YL, Chen WJ, Dong XL, Yang JF, Li HX, Zou FC. Assessment of the subtypes and the zoonotic risk of Blastocystis sp. of experimental macaques in Yunnan province, southwestern China. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:741-748. [PMID: 31897788 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Blastocystis is an enteral eukaryote with an omnipresent existence in animals and humans globally. Animals have been proposed to be a major reservoir for the transmission of Blastocystis to individuals due to their high prevalence and large amount of zoonotic subtypes. However, limited data on Blastocystis infection in experimental macaques in China exists. The objective of the current study was to investigate the frequency and subtypes of Blastocystis infection in macaques in southwestern China. A total of 505 fecal samples were collected from experimental macaques in Yunnan province and were analyzed by nested PCR and phylogenetic analyses on the basis of small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene fragments. A total of 235 specimens were positive for Blastocystis sp., and the prevalence of Blastocystis sp. was 46.5% (235/505). Significant differences in prevalence were also observed among the various species of macaques (P < 0.0133, df = 2, χ2 = 8.64) and the different feed types (P < 0.0093, df = 1, χ2 = 6.77). Moreover, three zoonotic subtypes, ST1, ST3, and ST5, were identified by DNA sequence analysis. There were mainly single subtype infections with some mixed subtype infections, and the predominant subtype was ST3. The results suggested a high prevalence and diversified subtypes in macaques in Yunnan province, southwestern China. Macaques are likely to be potential reservoirs capable of zoonotic transmission of Blastocystis sp. to humans. To our knowledge, this study is the first large-scale systematic analysis of Blastocystis sp. colonization in Yunnan province in the subtropics of China; these results contribute to the in-depth study of genetic characteristics and the prevention, control, and treatment of Blastocystis sp. in macaques in Yunnan province and other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Cui Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Lin Zhang
- Kunming Primate Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Lan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Fa Yang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan province, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Cai Zou
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan province, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Peixoto D, Prestes DP. Parasitic Infections of the Stem Cell Transplant Recipient and the Hematologic Malignancy Patient, Including Toxoplasmosis and Strongyloidiasis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2019; 33:567-591. [PMID: 31005139 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients may infrequently develop parasitic infections at the time of the procedure via contamination from allograft tissue or blood products, and in the post-transplantation period through the traditional route of infection or as a reactivation caused by immunosuppression related to the transplant. To reduce risk, efforts should be directed at performing a comprehensive history, maintaining a high index of suspicion, and adhering to preventive measures. Additional strategies for the prevention, screening and careful follow-up, identification, and pre-emptive treatment of parasitic infections are required to reduce morbidity and mortality in HSCT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Driele Peixoto
- São Paulo State Cancer Institute (ICESP), Hospital das Clínicas, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, São Paulo CEP: 01246-000, Brazil.
| | - Daniel P Prestes
- A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Professor Antonio Prudente, 211, Sao Paulo CEP: 01509-010, Brazil; Emilio Ribas Infectious Diseases Institute, Av. Doutor Arnaldo, 165, Sao Paulo CEP: 01246-900, Brazil
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22
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Defaye M, Nourrisson C, Baudu E, Warwzyniak I, Bonnin V, Bonnet M, Barnich N, Ardid D, Delbac F, Carvalho FA, Poirier P. Efficient and reproducible experimental infections of rats with Blastocystis spp. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207669. [PMID: 30452467 PMCID: PMC6242359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Blastocystis spp. infect probably more than 1 billion people worldwide, their clinical significance is still controversial and their pathophysiology remains poorly understood. In this study, we describe a protocol for an efficient and reproducible model of chronic infection in rats, laying the groundwork for future work to evaluate the pathogenic potential of this parasite. In our experimental conditions, we were unable to infect rats using vacuolar forms of an axenically cultivated ST4 isolate, but we successfully established chronic infections of 4 week-old rats after oral administration of both ST3 and ST4 purified cysts isolated from human stool samples. The infection protocol was also applied to 4 week-old C57BL/9, BALB/C and C3H mice, but any mouse was found to be infected by Blastocystis. Minimal cyst inoculum required for rat infection was higher with ST3 (105) than with ST4 (102). These results were confirmed by co-housing experiments highlighting a higher contagious potential of ST4 in rats compared to ST3. Finally, experiments mimicking fecal microbiota transfer from infected to healthy animals showed that Blastocystis spp. could easily infect a new host, even though its intestinal microbiota is not disturbed. In conclusion, our results provide a well-documented and robust rat model of Blastocystis chronic infection, reproducing "natural" infection. This model will be of great interest to study host parasite interactions and to better evaluate clinical significance of Blastocystis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Defaye
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, Inserm U1107, NeuroDol, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Céline Nourrisson
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU, 3iHP, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Elodie Baudu
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, Inserm U1107, NeuroDol, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, Inserm U1071, USC INRA 2018, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ivan Warwzyniak
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Virginie Bonnin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, Inserm U1071, USC INRA 2018, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mathilde Bonnet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, Inserm U1071, USC INRA 2018, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, Inserm U1071, USC INRA 2018, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Denis Ardid
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, Inserm U1107, NeuroDol, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Delbac
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Philippe Poirier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, 3iHP, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU, 3iHP, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Tsaousis AD, Hamblin KA, Elliott CR, Young L, Rosell-Hidalgo A, Gourlay CW, Moore AL, van der Giezen M. The Human Gut Colonizer Blastocystis Respires Using Complex II and Alternative Oxidase to Buffer Transient Oxygen Fluctuations in the Gut. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:371. [PMID: 30406045 PMCID: PMC6204527 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastocystis is the most common eukaryotic microbe in the human gut. It is linked to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but its role in disease has been contested considering its widespread nature. This organism is well-adapted to its anoxic niche and lacks typical eukaryotic features, such as a cytochrome-driven mitochondrial electron transport. Although generally considered a strict or obligate anaerobe, its genome encodes an alternative oxidase. Alternative oxidases are energetically wasteful enzymes as they are non-protonmotive and energy is liberated in heat, but they are considered to be involved in oxidative stress protective mechanisms. Our results demonstrate that the Blastocystis cells themselves respire oxygen via this alternative oxidase thereby casting doubt on its strict anaerobic nature. Inhibition experiments using alternative oxidase and Complex II specific inhibitors clearly demonstrate their role in cellular respiration. We postulate that the alternative oxidase in Blastocystis is used to buffer transient oxygen fluctuations in the gut and that it likely is a common colonizer of the human gut and not causally involved in IBS. Additionally the alternative oxidase could act as a protective mechanism in a dysbiotic gut and thereby explain the absence of Blastocystis in established IBS environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios D. Tsaousis
- RAPID Group, Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Karleigh A. Hamblin
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine R. Elliott
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Young
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Rosell-Hidalgo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Campbell W. Gourlay
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony L. Moore
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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Is the genetic variability of Cathepsin B important in the pathogenesis of Blastocystis spp.? Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3935-3943. [PMID: 30298236 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The potential role of Blastocystis as a pathogen is controversial because it is found in both symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers. Since Cathepsin B has been identified as a main virulence factor that contributes to the pathogenesis of this parasite, the purpose of this study was to analyze the genetic polymorphisms of cathepsin B from Blastocystis from patients with irritable bowel syndrome and from asymptomatic carriers. DNA from fecal samples of both groups, which were previously genotyped by 18S sequencing, was used to amplify a fragment of the cathepsin B gene. Phylogenetic reconstructions were performed and some genetic population indexes were obtained. Amplicons of 27 samples (15 cases, 10 controls, and two commercial ATCC strains) were obtained and analyzed. Phylogenetic reconstructions using nucleotides or inferred amino acid sequences did not separate between cases or controls or among subtypes. Regarding the values of genetic variability, we found that the haplotype and nucleotide diversity indexes of cathepsin B from cases and controls were similar to the values of 18S from controls. By contrast, 18S from cases showed low variability, suggesting that the genetic variability of cathepsin B was not related to the symptomatology of Blastocystis carriers. However, since no polymorphisms related to cases or controls were found, it is logical to assume that the potential damage caused by Blastocystis in situ may be due to unclear mechanisms of Cathepsin B regulation and expression that should be studied in future studies.
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Thergarajan G, Govind SK, Bhassu S. In vitro and in vivo thermal stress induces proliferation of Blastocystis sp. Parasitol Res 2017; 117:177-187. [PMID: 29188368 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Blastocystis sp. is known to be the most commonly found intestinal protozoan parasite in human fecal surveys and has been incriminated to cause diarrhea and abdominal bloating. Binary fission has been widely accepted as the plausible mode of reproduction for this parasite. The present study demonstrates that subjecting the parasites in vitro to higher temperature shows the proliferation of parasite numbers in cultures. Transmission electron microscopy was used to compare the morphology of Blastocystis sp. subtype 3 isolated from a dengue patient having high fever (in vivo thermal stress) and Blastocystis sp. 3 maintained at 41 °C (in vitro thermal stress) and 37 °C (control). Fluorescence stains like acridine orange (AO) and 4',6'-diamino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were used to demonstrate the viability and nuclear content of the parasite for both the in vitro and in vivo thermal stress groups of parasites. Blastocystis sp. at 37 °C was found to be mostly vacuolar whereas the in vitro thermal stressed isolates at 41 °C were granular with electron dense material seen to protect the granules within the central body. Parasites of the in vivo thermal stressed group showed similar ultrastructure as the in vitro ones. AO and DAPI staining provided evidence that these granules are viable which develop into progenies of Blastocystis sp. These granular forms were then observed to rupture and release progenies from the mother cells whilst the peripheral cytoplasmic walls were seen to degrade. Upon exposure to high temperature both in vitro and in vivo, Blastocystis sp. in cultures show higher number of granular forms seen to be protected by the electron dense material within the central body possibly acting as a protective mechanism. This is possibly to ensure the ability to survive for the granules to be developed as viable progenies for release into the host system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaythri Thergarajan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Suresh K Govind
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Subha Bhassu
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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26
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Zhu W, Tao W, Gong B, Yang H, Li Y, Song M, Lu Y, Li W. First report of Blastocystis infections in cattle in China. Vet Parasitol 2017; 246:38-42. [PMID: 28969778 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Blastocystis is one of the most common intestinal protists of humans and can also infect a variety of other mammals and birds. Blastocystis infections and subtype distribution in cattle have been documented, while nothing is known about those in China. Herein, a total of 526 dairy cattle from northeast China were sampled and investigated for the prevalence and genetic characteristics of Blastocystis and the potential role of bovine animals in zoonotic transmission of Blastocystis. The parasite was identified in 54 (10.3%) fecal specimens by nested PCR and DNA sequencing of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene. Sequence analysis enabled identification of four Blastocystis subtypes (STs). Among those, subtype ST10 (75.9%, 41/54) has the highest frequency, followed by ST14 (18.5%, 10/54), ST4 (3.7%, 2/54), and ST5 (1.9%, 1/54). High prevalence and widespread distribution of ST10 and ST14 in cattle observed herein, together with analysis of their host distribution patterns in earlier studies, indicated some host-adapted potential in the two subtypes. The identification of human-pathogenic subtypes ST4 and ST5 might imply a potential zoonotic risk of cattle origin. This is the first study exploring the prevalence and genetic characteristics of Blastocystis in cattle in China. The host range of subtype ST4 was extended. The findings of this study should be helpful for a better understanding of the epidemiology and public health potential of Blastocystis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weining Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Wei Tao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Binbin Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Xingtai University, Xingtai, Hebei 054001, China
| | - Hang Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Yijing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Mingxin Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Yixin Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China.
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Song JK, Hu RS, Fan XC, Wang SS, Zhang HJ, Zhao GH. Molecular characterization of Blastocystis from pigs in Shaanxi province of China. Acta Trop 2017; 173:130-135. [PMID: 28619673 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Blastocystis is an enteric eukaryote of mystery for its ubiquitous presence in animals and humans worldwide and a broad diversity genetically. The animals have been suggested to be an important reservoir to transmit Blastocystis to humans because of high colonization frequency and the presence of zoonotic subtypes. In the present study, the prevalence and subtypes of Blastocystis in pigs in Shaanxi province of China were determined using the molecular technique based on the small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene fragment. Of 560 pig faecal samples collected from different geographical origins, 419 (74.8%) were positive for Blastocystis colonization. The prevalence was significant affected by the age and the geographical origin. Four subtypes, including three zoonotic (ST1, ST3 and ST5) and one animal specific (ST10) subtypes, were identified. To our knowledge, this study provides the first run-through information for colonization of Blastocystis in pigs in China.
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Blastocystis in Côte d'Ivoire: molecular identification and epidemiological data. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 36:2243-2250. [PMID: 28674969 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-3053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Blastocystis is an enteric protozoan infecting humans and animals in both developed and developing countries at all latitudes. Despite this, data on Blastocystis infection are not available for several geographical areas, including many African countries. In this study, a survey was conducted on Blastocystis among humans and domestic animals in rural and urban localities in Côte d'Ivoire, in order to investigate the prevalence, the subtype distribution, and the zoonotic potential in association with sociodemographic factors, seasonality, symptoms, and co-infections. A total of 110 fecal samples were collected from patients living in four localities. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses were conducted for Blastocystis detection and subtyping. Positive samples from symptomatic patients were tested by Luminex xTAG® Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel (GPP) to evidence the presence of other common intestinal pathogens. Overall, a prevalence of 58.2% was observed in humans and subtypes ST1(50.0%), ST2 (22.0%) and ST3 (28.1%) were identified. The prevalence values varied significantly among the sites but not in relation to the subtype. The seasonal rains significantly increase the infection rate in all localities. No significant differences in the ST distribution between asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects were observed. As regard the zoonotic transmission, an additional sampling was conducted in another village where fecal samples were simultaneously collected from humans and animals. Blastocystis STs 1-3 and ST7 were identified in eight humans and four chickens, respectively. This study provides the first exhaustive data on the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of Blastocystis in Côte d'Ivoire.
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Nagel R, Traub RJ, Allcock RJN, Kwan MMS, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. Comparison of faecal microbiota in Blastocystis-positive and Blastocystis-negative irritable bowel syndrome patients. MICROBIOME 2016; 4:47. [PMID: 27580855 PMCID: PMC5007835 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-016-0191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether the carriage of Blastocystis in IBS patients was associated with differences in the faecal microbiota. Forty patients with diarrhoea-predominant IBS (26 Blastocystis-positive and 14 Blastocystis-negative) and 57 healthy controls (HC) (42 Blastocystis-positive and 15 Blastocystis-negative) submitted faecal samples for metataxonomic analysis of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Differences in the relative abundance of bacteria in these IBS and HC groups were evaluated from phylum to genus level. RESULTS Significant changes were observed in two dominant phyla in IBS patients, regardless of Blastocystis infection status, namely a rise in Firmicutes and a statistically significant reduction in relative abundance of Bacteroidetes (with a threefold increase in the Firmicutes to Bacteoridetes ratio). Significant differences at genus level in IBS subjects compared to HC were also observed for many bacterial species. However, further clinical subgroup analysis of Blastocystis-positive and Blastocystis-negative subjects, regardless of symptoms, showed no significant differences at the phylum or genus level in IBS-P compared to IBS-N. CONCLUSIONS Significant differences in the faecal microbiota between diarrhoea-predominant IBS patients and healthy controls were confirmed, but the carriage of Blastocystis did not significantly alter the faecal microbiota. If Blastocystis-positive patients represent a separate clinical subtype of IBS, this group is not identified by changes in the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Nagel
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4343 Australia
- Toowoomba Gastroenterology Clinic, Suite 105 Medici Medical Centre, 15 Scott St, Toowoomba, QLD 4350 Australia
| | - Rebecca J. Traub
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Richard J. N. Allcock
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Marcella M. S. Kwan
- Rural Clinical School, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Toowoomba, 4350 Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia
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Dhurga DB, Suresh K, Tan TC. Granular Formation during Apoptosis in Blastocystis sp. Exposed to Metronidazole (MTZ). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155390. [PMID: 27471855 PMCID: PMC4966910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role and function of the granular life cycle stage in Blastocystis sp, remains uncertain despite suggestions being made that the granules are metabolic, reproductive and lipid in nature. This present study aims to understand granular formation by triggering apoptosis in Blastocystis sp. by treating them with metronidazole (MTZ). Blastocystis sp.cultures of 4 sub-types namely 1, 2, 3 and 5 when treated with 0.01 and 0.0001 mg/ml of metronidazole (MTZ) respectively showed many of the parasites to be both viable and apoptotic (VA). Treated subtype 3 isolates exhibited the highest number of granular forms i.e. 88% (p<0.001) (0.0001 mg/ml) and 69% (p<0.01) (0.01 mg/ml) respectively at the 72 h in in vitro culture compared to other subtypes. These VA forms showed distinct granules using acridine orange (AO) and 4',6-diamino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining with a mean per cell ranging from 5 in ST 5 to as high as 16 in ST 3. These forms showed intact mitochondria in both viable apoptotic (VA) and viable non-apoptotic (VNA) cells with a pattern of accumulation of lipid droplets corresponding to viable cells. Granular VA forms looked ultra-structurally different with prominent presence of mitochondria-like organelle (MLO) and a changed mitochondrial trans-membrane potential with thicker membrane and a highly convoluted inner membrane than the less dense non-viable apoptotic (NVA) cells. This suggests that granular formation during apoptosis is a self-regulatory mechanism to produce higher number of viable cells in response to treatment. This study directs the need to search novel chemotherapeutic approaches by incorporating these findings when developing drugs against the emerging Blastocystis sp. infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Balkrishnan Dhurga
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kumar Suresh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tian Chye Tan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Prevalence and Genotype Analysis of Blastocystis hominis in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.36648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Stensvold CR, Clark CG. Current status of Blastocystis: A personal view. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:763-771. [PMID: 27247124 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite Blastocystis being one of the most widespread and prevalent intestinal eukaryotes, its role in health and disease remains elusive. DNA-based detection methods have led to a recognition that the organism is much more common than previously thought, at least in some geographic regions and some groups of individuals. Molecular methods have also enabled us to start categorizing the vast genetic heterogeneity that exists among Blastocystis isolates, wherein the key to potential differences in the clinical outcome of Blastocystis carriage may lie. In this review we summarize some of the recent developments and advances in Blastocystis research, including updates on diagnostic methods, molecular epidemiology, genetic diversity, host specificity, clinical significance, taxonomy, and genomics. As we are now in the microbiome era, we also review some of the steps taken towards understanding the place of Blastocystis in the intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Graham Clark
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Abdel-Hafeez EH, Ahmad AK, Abdelgelil NH, Abdellatif MZM, Kamal AM, Hassanin KMA, Abdel-Razik ARH, Abdel-Raheem EM. Immunopathological assessments of human Blastocystis spp. in experimentally infected immunocompetent and immunosuppresed mice. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:2061-71. [PMID: 26860840 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4951-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Blastocystis spp., one of the most common parasites colonizing the human intestine, is an extracellular, luminal protozoan with controversial pathogenesis. The host's immune response against Blastocystis spp. infection has also not been defined yet. Therefore, this research aimed to assess the potential pathogenicity of this parasite and its ability to modulate the immune response in experimental infected immunocompetent and immunosuppresed mice. These results demonstrated that the infected immunosuppressed mice were more affected than infected immunocompetent mice. Histopathological examination of the small intestine in the infected immunosuppressed mice showed that Blastocystis spp. infiltrated all the layers. Moreover, the epithelia showed exfoliation and inflammatory cell infiltration in submucosa compared to that of the infected immunocompetent mice. As well, examination of the large intestine of the infected immunosuppressed group showed severe goblet cell hyperplasia. Blastocystis spp. infiltrated all the large intestine layers compared to that of the infected immunocompetent group. Furthermore, there was a significant upregulation of the expression of proinflammatory cytokines: interleukin 12 (IL-12) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the infected immunosuppressed mice compared to that of the infected immunocompetent ones (p ≤ 0.004 and p ≤ 0.002, respectively). However, the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) was significantly downregulated in the infected immunosuppressed group compared to that of the infected immunocompetent group one at 10 days postinfection (p ≤ 0.002 and p ≤ 0.001, respectively). The results of this study revealed that Blastocystis spp. affected the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in both groups of mice compared to healthy normal (naive) group. Additionally, these data showed that there was a significant upregulation (p ≤ 0.005) of the locally synthesized antibody: secretary IgA (sIgA) in the gut of the infected immunocompetent mice when compared to that of the infected immunosuppressed ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekhlas H Abdel-Hafeez
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt.
| | - Azza K Ahmad
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt
| | - Noha H Abdelgelil
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt
| | - Manal Z M Abdellatif
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt
| | - Amany M Kamal
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt
| | - Kamel M A Hassanin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Razik H Abdel-Razik
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Ehab M Abdel-Raheem
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Minia University Hospital, Minia University, Minya, 61519, Egypt
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Kurt Ö, Doğruman Al F, Tanyüksel M. Eradication of Blastocystis in humans: Really necessary for all? Parasitol Int 2016; 65:797-801. [PMID: 26780545 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Blastocystis (initially named as Blastocystis hominis) has long been known as a protist without any clinical significance. However, there is now a huge pile of case reports where Blastocystis is blamed for the symptoms and the infection described in the patients. Introduction of the presence of as many as 17 Blastocystis subtypes while many infected individuals are non-symptomatic initially brought about the correlation between the subtypes and pathogenicity; however, the outcomes of these trials were not consistent and did not explain its pathogenicity. Today, it is mostly acknowledged that Blastocystis may colonize many individuals but the infection's onset depends on the interaction between the virulence of parasites and host's immune competence. Eradication of Blastocystis is essential in some cases where it is the only infectious agent and patient is suffering from some symptoms. In such cases, metronidazole is the drug of choice but its efficacy is relatively low in some cases. Other agents used include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, paromomycin, and furazolidone. Recent studies on the interactions between human health and the role of gut microbiota introduces new data which may significantly change our point of view against some protists, which we tend to see as "parasites requiring urgent eradication for cure". May the presence or absence of some Blastocystis subtypes necessary for human health, or is the absence or presence of certain Blastocystis subtypes in human gut is associated with certain diseases/infections? The answers of these questions will surely guide us to select patients requiring treatment against Blastocystis infection in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgür Kurt
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Funda Doğruman Al
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Tanyüksel
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey.
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Nagel R, Gray C, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Traub RJ. Features of Blastocystis spp. in xenic culture revealed by deconvolutional microscopy. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:3237-45. [PMID: 25994314 PMCID: PMC4537705 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Blastocystis spp. are common human enteric parasites with complex morphology and have been reported to cause irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Deconvolutional microscopy with time-lapse imaging and fluorescent spectroscopy of xenic cultures of Blastocystis spp. from stool samples of IBS patients and from asymptomatic, healthy pigs allowed observations of living organisms in their natural microbial environment. Blastocystis organisms of the vacuolated, granular, amoebic and cystic forms were observed to autofluorescence in the 557/576 emission spectra. Autofluorescence could be distinguished from fluorescein-conjugated Blastocystis-specific antibody labelling in vacuolated and granular forms. This antibody labelled Blastocystis subtypes 1, 3 and 4 but not 5. Surface pores of 1 μm in diameter were observed cyclically opening and closing over 24 h. Vacuolated forms extruded a viscous material from a single surface point with coincident deflation that may demonstrate osmoregulation. Tear-shaped granules were observed exiting from the surface of an amoebic form, but their origin and identity remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Nagel
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia,
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Tapia-Romero R, Martínez-Méndez LG, Dávila-Solís BL, López-Martínez B, Parra-Ortega I. [Parasitological transition: Experience in a third-level pediatric hospital (1990-2010)]. BOLETIN MEDICO DEL HOSPITAL INFANTIL DE MEXICO 2015; 72:174-180. [PMID: 29421499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmhimx.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the main reason for parasitological diagnosis was suspicion of a parasitic etiology. Currently, diagnosis and consultation are associated with co-morbidity with a hemato-oncological, autoimmune, immunodeficiency or post-transplant condition. METHODS Results collected from the Parasitology Laboratory of the Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gómez from January 1990 to December 2010 were analyzed to determine the frequency and distribution of parasites and commensals per year and decade. RESULTS There were 211,600 samples analyzed with a statistical media of 10,100 and a standard deviation of 3,500 samples. Percentage of observations for parasitic structures as well as commensals was 37.73% according to Pearson Chi square with a significant difference among percentages between decades (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Behavioral tendency of intestinal parasitosis during the last two decades shows a change in frequency and genera from the agents that were reported at this pediatric health care level. The processing of epidemiologic information is important in order to determine the response of the parasitosis and its variations over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Tapia-Romero
- Departamento de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, México D.F., México
| | | | | | - Briceida López-Martínez
- Subdirección de Servicios Auxiliares de Diagnóstico, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, México D.F., México
| | - Israel Parra-Ortega
- Departamento de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, México D.F., México.
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Kouassi RYW, McGraw SW, Yao PK, Abou-Bacar A, Brunet J, Pesson B, Bonfoh B, N’goran EK, Candolfi E. Diversity and prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in seven non-human primates of the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. Parasite 2015; 22:1. [PMID: 25619957 PMCID: PMC4306024 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2015001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites and infectious diseases are well-known threats to primate populations. The main objective of this study was to provide baseline data on fecal parasites in the cercopithecid monkeys inhabiting Côte d'Ivoire's Taï National Park. Seven of eight cercopithecid species present in the park were sampled: Cercopithecus diana, Cercopithecus campbelli, Cercopithecus petaurista, Procolobus badius, Procolobus verus, Colobus polykomos, and Cercocebus atys. We collected 3142 monkey stool samples between November 2009 and December 2010. Stool samples were processed by direct wet mount examination, formalin-ethyl acetate concentration, and MIF (merthiolate, iodine, formalin) concentration methods. Slides were examined under microscope and parasite identification was based on the morphology of cysts, eggs, and adult worms. A total of 23 species of parasites was recovered including 9 protozoa (Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Entamoeba hartmanni, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba butschlii, Chilomastix mesnili, Giardia sp., Balantidium coli, and Blastocystis sp.), 13 nematodes (Oesophagostomum sp., Ancylostoma sp., Anatrichosoma sp., Capillariidae Gen. sp. 1, Capillariidae Gen. sp. 2, Chitwoodspirura sp., Subulura sp., spirurids [cf Protospirura muricola], Ternidens sp., Strongyloides sp., Trichostrongylus sp., and Trichuris sp.), and 1 trematode (Dicrocoelium sp.). Diversity indices and parasite richness were high for all monkey taxa, but C. diana, C. petaurista, C. atys, and C. campbelli exhibited a greater diversity of parasite species and a more equitable distribution. The parasitological data reported are the first available for these cercopithecid species within Taï National Park.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Yao Wa Kouassi
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Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny 22 BP 770 Abidjan 22 Côte d’Ivoire
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Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01 Côte d’Ivoire
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Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg 1 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
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Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg 3 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
| | - Scott William McGraw
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Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, 4064 Smith Laboratory 174 West 18th Avenue Columbus Ohio
43210 USA
| | - Patrick Kouassi Yao
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Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny 22 BP 770 Abidjan 22 Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Ahmed Abou-Bacar
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Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg 1 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
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Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg 3 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
| | - Julie Brunet
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Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg 1 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
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Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg 74 route du Rhin 67401
Illkirch cedex France
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Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg 3 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
| | - Bernard Pesson
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Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg 1 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
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Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01 Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Eliezer Kouakou N’goran
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Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny 22 BP 770 Abidjan 22 Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Ermanno Candolfi
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Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale, Plateau Technique de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg 1 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
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Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg 3 rue Koeberlé 67000
Strasbourg France
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Badparva E, Sadraee J, Kheirandish F. Genetic diversity of blastocystis isolated from cattle in khorramabad, iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e14810. [PMID: 25964846 PMCID: PMC4417945 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.14810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Blastocystis is a zoonotic protozoan parasite living in the digestive system of some vertebrates. This parasite has some subtypes, pathogenicity status of which has still remained controversial. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the subtype of Blastocystis in infected cattle. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 196 isolates from cattle stool samples collected from slaughterhouse in Khorramabad city, Iran, in 2012. Genomic DNA was extracted and to determine the Blastocystis subtype, seven pairs of sequence-tagged sites (STS) primers were used. Results: Of 196 specimens, 19 (9.6%) were infected with Blastocystis. Among the 19 positive samples, the most common subtype was ST5 (47.36 %), followed by ST3 (10.53%) and ST6 (10.53%). Two (10.53%) samples had mixed infections by ST3 and ST5. The four isolates not amplified by any STS primers were probably unknown genotypes. Conclusions: In the present study, the highest prevalence was for ST5, which is so important for epidemiology and risk of human infection. The report related to ST3 in cattle as a subtype of human showed mutual infection between human and cattle. Another important point in this study was the ST6 report. Finally, it seems that gathering epidemiological data is needed for a better understanding of the potential animal reservoirs for human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Badparva
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, IR Iran
| | - Javid Sadraee
- Department of Parasitology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Farnaz Kheirandish
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Farnaz Kheirandish, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box: 381351698, Khorramabad, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-6616200133, E-mail:
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Rajilić-Stojanović M, de Vos WM. The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:996-1047. [PMID: 24861948 PMCID: PMC4262072 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 716] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The microorganisms that inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract comprise a complex ecosystem with functions that significantly contribute to our systemic metabolism and have an impact on health and disease. In line with its importance, the human gastrointestinal microbiota has been extensively studied. Despite the fact that a significant part of the intestinal microorganisms has not yet been cultured, presently over 1000 different microbial species that can reside in the human gastrointestinal tract have been identified. This review provides a systematic overview and detailed references of the total of 1057 intestinal species of Eukarya (92), Archaea (8) and Bacteria (957), based on the phylogenetic framework of their small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Moreover, it unifies knowledge about the prevalence, abundance, stability, physiology, genetics and the association with human health of these gastrointestinal microorganisms, which is currently scattered over a vast amount of literature published in the last 150 years. This detailed physiological and genetic information is expected to be instrumental in advancing our knowledge of the gastrointestinal microbiota. Moreover, it opens avenues for future comparative and functional metagenomic and other high-throughput approaches that need a systematic and physiological basis to have an impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Rajilić-Stojanović
- Department for Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of BelgradeBelgrade, Serbia
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, The Netherlands
- Departments of Bacteriology and Immunology, and Veterinary Biosciences, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
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Roberts T, Stark D, Harkness J, Ellis J. Update on the pathogenic potential and treatment options for Blastocystis sp. Gut Pathog 2014; 6:17. [PMID: 24883113 PMCID: PMC4039988 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-6-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Blastocystis is one of the most common enteric parasites, there is still much controversy surrounding the pathogenicity and potential treatment options for this parasite. In this review we look at the evidence supporting Blastocystis as an intestinal pathogen as shown by numerous case studies and several in vivo studies and the evidence against. We describe the chronic nature of some infections and show the role of Blastocystis in immunocompromised patients and the relationship between irritable bowel syndrome and Blastocystis infection. There have been several studies that have suggested that pathogenicity may be subtype related. Metronidazole is the most widely accepted treatment for Blastocystis but several cases of treatment failure and resistance have been described. Other treatment options which have been suggested include paromomycin and trimethroprim- sulfamethoxazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamalee Roberts
- Department of Microbiology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Victoria St, Darlinghurst 2010, NSW, Australia ; School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Damien Stark
- Department of Microbiology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Victoria St, Darlinghurst 2010, NSW, Australia
| | - John Harkness
- Department of Microbiology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Victoria St, Darlinghurst 2010, NSW, Australia
| | - John Ellis
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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41
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Maas AK. Considerations and conditions involving protozoal inhabitation of the reptilian gastrointestinal tract. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2014; 17:263-97. [PMID: 24767746 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, gastrointestinal protozoal organism inhabitation has been well studied, with hundreds of species defined as parasites. While the mammalian protozoal relationships have been identified and categorized by anatomy, tropism, pathogenicity, and life cycles, relatively few species of protozoal organism relationships have been categorized in reptiles. Species of parasites are still being segregated from each other, and conflicting information needs to be clarified to completely understand the data already available. This article presents the information available to help reptile practitioners make evidence-based decisions regarding both the determination of a pathologic parasitic condition and direct appropriate treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolf K Maas
- ZooVet Consulting, PLLC, PO Box 1007, Bothell, WA 98041, USA.
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42
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Fayer R, Elsasser T, Gould R, Solano G, Urban J, Santin M. Blastocystis tropism in the pig intestine. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:1465-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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43
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[Intestinal parasitoses in Argentina: major causal agents found in the population and in the environment]. Rev Argent Microbiol 2013; 45:191-204. [PMID: 24165144 DOI: 10.1016/s0325-7541(13)70024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal parasitic diseases are widely spread in the world, with the highest prevalence in developing countries. Children are mainly affected, showing a decrease in physical and mental development, as well as the expected manifestations of the disease. This situation can be greatly enhanced in children with poor nutritional status. The World Health Organization considers intestinal parasitic diseases a major cause of morbidity, closely linked to poverty and poor personal hygiene, inappropriate handling of raw food, lack of sanitation, lack of potable water supply, and environmental fecal contamination. Some parasitic diseases are cosmopolitan while others have variable geographic distribution, due to different factors such as the presence of exclusive intermediate hosts. In the past few years, globalization allowed the spread of certain parasites from endemic to non-endemic regions. Even though people's customs influence on the frequency of certain parasites, environmental conditions are a determinant factor for parasite survival. In our country, due to the variety of soils and climatic conditions, several causative agents of these parasitoses can be found. The aim of this work was to review the literature on the intestinal parasitic agents found in Argentina in human fecal samples and its environment, as parasitic contamination constitutes a direct indicator of the infection risk by intestinal parasites.
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44
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Detection of Blastocystis hominis: a controversial human pathogen. Parasitol Res 2013; 113:261-5. [PMID: 24169810 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3652-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Blastocystis hominis has been reclassified as a protozoan parasite. Its role as a human pathogen is somewhat controversial. There has been a dramatic increase in the frequency of B. hominis infection in association with diarrhea especially in immunocompromised hosts like AIDS patients, travelers, homosexuals, day care children, animal handlers especially zoo keepers, etc. Recent reports suggest that B. hominis is an emerging pathogen; hence, we have undertaken this study to detect B. hominis from stool samples of patients attending our hospital. About 200 stool samples were tested by light microscopic examination, for observing wet mounts with saline and Lugol's iodine. Permanent staining of fecal smear by Gram's staining and modified acid fast staining was done. The stool sample which was microscopically positive for B. hominis was cultured on Lowenstein-Jensen's (LJ) medium. In one patient, the vacuolated form of B. hominis was observed in wet mount with saline preparation of stool sample. This was very clearly seen in wet mount with Lugol's iodine. In Gram's stained preparation, also the vacuolated form was observed. Detection of B. hominis was not possible by modified acid fast staining. B. hominis was also grown on LJ medium which is an egg-containing medium. Clinical microbiology laboratories should start screening of stool samples for B. hominis as it is an emerging pathogen.
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45
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Tian LG, Wang TP, Lv S, Wang FF, Guo J, Yin XM, Cai YC, Dickey MK, Steinmann P, Chen JX. HIV and intestinal parasite co-infections among a Chinese population: an immunological profile. Infect Dis Poverty 2013; 2:18. [PMID: 23971713 PMCID: PMC3766051 DOI: 10.1186/2049-9957-2-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasite infections often result in a switch of the human body's predominant immune reaction from T-helper 1 (Th1)-type to Th2-type. Hence, parasite infections are widely expected to accelerate the progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In the People's Republic of China, both parasitic diseases and AIDS are epidemic in certain rural areas, and co-infections are relatively common. However, no population-based studies have yet investigated the frequency of HIV and parasite co-infections, and its effects on immune responses. We studied (1) the immune status of an HIV-infected population, and (2) the effect of co-infection of HIV and intestinal parasites on selected parameters of the human immune system. METHODS A total of 309 HIV-infected individuals were recruited and compared to an age-matched and sex-matched control group of 315 local HIV-negative individuals. Questionnaires were administered to all participants to obtain information on sociodemographic characteristics, sanitation habits, family income, and recent clinical manifestations. Two consecutive stool samples and 10 ml samples of venous blood were also collected from each individual for the diagnosis of parasite infections and quantitative measurements of selected cytokines and CD4+ T-lymphocytes, respectively. RESULTS During the study period, 79 HIV-infected individuals were not under highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and were thus included in our analysis; the prevalence of intestinal helminth infections was 6.3% and that of protozoa was 22.8%. The most common protozoan infections were Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis) (13.9%) and Cryptosporidium spp. (10.1%). The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in HIV-infected individuals was significantly higher than that in HIV negative individuals (P < 0.05). Compared to the non-co-infected population, no significant difference was found for any of the measured immunological indicators (P > 0.05). However, the following trends were observed: IFN-γ levels were lower, but the IL-4 level was higher, in the population co-infected with HIV and helminths. In the population co-infected with HIV and B. hominis, the IL-2 level was higher. The population co-infected with HIV and Cryptosporidium spp. had markedly lower CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts. CONCLUSION According to the immunologic profile, co-infection with helminths is disadvantageous to HIV-infected individuals. It was associated with a shift in the Th1/Th2 balance in the same direction as that caused by the virus itself, which might indicate an acceleration of the progress from an HIV infection to AIDS. Co-infection with Cryptosporidium spp. was not associated with a significant change in immune factors but co-infection with Cryptosporidium spp. was associated with a reduced level of CD4 + T-lymphocytes, confirming the opportunistic nature of such infections. Co-infection with B. hominis, on the other hand, was associated with an antagonistic shift in the immunological profile compared to an HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Guang Tian
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC); WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian-Ping Wang
- Anhui Institute of Parasitic Disease Control, Hefei 241000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan Lv
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC); WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng-Feng Wang
- Anhui Institute of Parasitic Disease Control, Hefei 241000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Guo
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC); WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Mei Yin
- Anhui Institute of Parasitic Disease Control, Hefei 241000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Chun Cai
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC); WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Peter Steinmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel 4051, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel 4051, Switzerland
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC); WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
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Parija SC, Jeremiah S. Blastocystis: Taxonomy, biology and virulence. Trop Parasitol 2013; 3:17-25. [PMID: 23961437 PMCID: PMC3745665 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5070.113894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The unicellular protist Blastocystis has long been an unsolved puzzle for taxonomists, microbiologists and clinicians. Over the years, the organism has been bounced on and off the different branches of the tree of life due the possession of unique phenotypic characters intermediary to different organisms. The organism is polymorphic with only few of forms such as vacuolar, granular, amoeboid, and the cyst form being commonly known. However it could exist in other forms much more frequently than the widely known forms which could be missed by the unaware observer. Certain older concepts in the life cycle of Blastocystis although has been proven wrong are still being followed in various textbooks and other trustworthy internet sources. The causal role of Blastocystis in human disease has long been a subject of controversy. It is widely believed that certain subtypes of the organism are virulent. But this is not so as other factors are also involved in the clinical outcome of the infection. In these contexts, this review intends to shed light on the past misconceptions and the recent findings on the taxonomy, biology and the virulence of this organism.
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47
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Nagel R, Cuttell L, Stensvold CR, Mills PC, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Traub RJ. Blastocystis subtypes in symptomatic and asymptomatic family members and pets and response to therapy. Intern Med J 2013; 42:1187-95. [PMID: 22032439 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2011.02626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blastocystis is a common, enteric parasite. The pathogenicity of the organism is uncertain, but subtypes (ST) 1 and 3 have been reported more likely to cause irritable bowel-like symptoms. AIMS We treated symptomatic patients positive for Blastocystis with conventional therapy and analysed 16 small-subunit (SSU) rDNA to assess clearance and carriage rates and ST prevalence of the parasite in the asymptomatic household members. METHODS In a longitudinal, prospective case study, 11 symptomatic patients positive for Blastocystis underwent outpatient clinical assessment to exclude other diagnoses before 14 days of either metronidazole 400 mg three times daily or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 160/800 mg twice-daily therapy. Faecal specimens were collected from patients at baseline, day 15, 28 and 56 after therapy and from 17 family members and eight pets at day 15. Specimens were analysed using faecal smear, culture and polymerase chain reaction analysis of 16SSU rDNA. RESULTS No patient cleared the organism following therapy. ST 1 (45%), 3 (36%), 4 (36%) and 6 (9%) were found in the symptomatic Blastocystis patients, and ST identified before and after therapy were identical in each individual. All household contacts were positive for Blastocystis and 16/17 (94%) contacts showed identical Blastocystis ST to the symptomatic family member. All pets were positive for Blastocystis with polymerase chain reaction testing, 7/8 (88%) demonstrating ST concordance with the symptomatic Blastocystis patients. CONCLUSIONS Conventional therapy is ineffective for symptomatic Blastocystis infection. The high prevalence of Blastocystis infection within households suggested transmission between humans and their pets. Subtyping analysis of SSU rDNA alone in Blastocystis does not appear to predict pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nagel
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.
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48
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Gould R, Boorom K. Blastocystis surface antigen is stable in chemically preserved stool samples for at least 1 year. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:2469-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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49
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A comparative study between enteric parasites of Coyotes in a protected and suburban habitat. Urban Ecosyst 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-013-0302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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50
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Abstract
Blastocystis is a common parasite of the human large intestine but has an uncertain role in disease. In this review, we appraise the published evidence addressing this and its weaknesses. Genetic diversity studies have led to the identification of numerous subtypes (STs) within the genus Blastocystis and, recently, methods for studying variation within STs have been developed, with implications for our understanding of host specificity. The geographic distribution of STs is summarised and the impact this may have on investigations into the role of the organism in disease is discussed. Finally, we describe the organelle and nuclear genome characteristics and look to future developments in the field.
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