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Hughes L, Gard L, Fliss M, Bakker M, Hazenberg C, Zhou X, Vierdag P, von Eije K, Voss A, Lokate M, Knoester M. Molecular epidemiology of a Parainfluenza Type 3 virus outbreak: Informing infection control measures on adult hematology wards. J Clin Virol 2024; 172:105677. [PMID: 38663338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2024.105677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) outbreaks among hematology patients are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Prompt implementation of infection prevention (IP) measures has proven to be the most efficacious approach for controlling PIV3 outbreaks within this patient population. The most suitable IP measures can vary depending on the mode of virus transmission, which remains unidentified in most outbreaks. We describe the molecular epidemiology of an outbreak of PIV3 among hematology patients and the development of a new method that allows for the differentiation of outbreak and community strains, from which a closed outbreak could be inferred. METHODS Patients were screened for respiratory viruses using multiplex-PCR. PIV3 positive samples with a cycle threshold (Ct)-value of <31 underwent a retrospective characterization via an in-house developed sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene. RESULTS Between July and September 2022, 31 hematology patients were identified with PIV3. Although infection control measures were implemented, the outbreak persisted for nine weeks. Sequencing the HN gene of 27 PIV3 strains from 27 patients revealed that all outbreak strains formed a distinct cluster separate from the control strains, suggestive of a nosocomial transmission route. CONCLUSIONS Sequencing the HN gene of PIV3 strains in an outbreak setting enables outbreak strains to be distinguished from community strains. Early molecular characterization of PIV3 strains during an outbreak can serve as a tool in determining potential transmission routes. This, in turn, enables rapid implementation of targeted infection prevention measures, with the goal of minimizing the outbreak's duration and reducing associated morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hughes
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen. University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Lilli Gard
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen. University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Monika Fliss
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen. University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Bakker
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen. University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Carin Hazenberg
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen. University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Xuewei Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen. University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paulien Vierdag
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen. University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Karin von Eije
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen. University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Voss
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen. University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte Lokate
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen. University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Knoester
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen. University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Tabatabai J, Schnitzler P, Prifert C, Schiller M, Weissbrich B, von Lilienfeld-Toal M, Teschner D, Jordan K, Müller-Tidow C, Egerer G, Giesen N. Parainfluenza virus infections in patients with hematological malignancies or stem cell transplantation: Analysis of clinical characteristics, nosocomial transmission and viral shedding. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271756. [PMID: 35905071 PMCID: PMC9337657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess morbidity and mortality of parainfluenza virus (PIV) infections in immunocompromised patients, we analysed PIV infections in a hematology and stem cell transplantation (SCT) unit over the course of three years. Isolated PIV strains were characterized by sequence analysis and nosocomial transmission was assessed including phylogenetic analysis of viral strains. 109 cases of PIV infection were identified, 75 in the setting of SCT. PIV type 3 (n = 68) was the most frequent subtype. PIV lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) was observed in 47 patients (43%) with a mortality of 19%. Severe leukopenia, prior steroid therapy and presence of co-infections were significant risk factors for development of PIV-LRTI in multivariate analysis. Prolonged viral shedding was frequently observed with a median duration of 14 days and up to 79 days, especially in patients after allogeneic SCT and with LRTI. Nosocomial transmission occurred in 47 patients. Phylogenetic analysis of isolated PIV strains and combination with clinical data enabled the identification of seven separate clusters of nosocomial transmission. In conclusion, we observed significant morbidity and mortality of PIV infection in hematology and transplant patients. The clinical impact of co-infections, the possibility of long-term viral shedding and frequent nosocomial transmission should be taken into account when designing infection control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tabatabai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul Schnitzler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christiane Prifert
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Schiller
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, HochFranken Hospitals, Munchberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Weissbrich
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Marie von Lilienfeld-Toal
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Teschner
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology, & Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karin Jordan
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerlinde Egerer
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicola Giesen
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Ten Nearly Complete Genome Sequences of Human Orthorubulavirus 4 Isolated from Pediatric Inpatients in Fukushima, Japan. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0041122. [PMID: 35678587 PMCID: PMC9302191 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00411-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report 10 nearly complete genomic sequences of human orthorubulavirus 4, also called human parainfluenza virus 4 (HPIV4), isolated from pediatric inpatients with respiratory infections in Fukushima, Japan, by using an air-liquid interface culture of human bronchial and tracheal epithelial cells.
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Dong X, Wang X, Xie M, Wu W, Chen Z. Structural Basis of Human Parainfluenza Virus 3 Unassembled Nucleoprotein in Complex with Its Viral Chaperone. J Virol 2022; 96:e0164821. [PMID: 34730394 PMCID: PMC8791282 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01648-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV3) belongs to the Paramyxoviridae, causing annual worldwide epidemics of respiratory diseases, especially in newborns and infants. The core components consist of just three viral proteins: nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), and RNA polymerase (L), playing essential roles in replication and transcription of HPIV3 as well as other paramyxoviruses. Viral genome encapsidated by N is as a template and recognized by RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex composed of L and P. The offspring RNA also needs to assemble with N to form nucleocapsids. The N is one of the most abundant viral proteins in infected cells and chaperoned in the RNA-free form (N0) by P before encapsidation. In this study, we presented the structure of unassembled HPIV3 N0 in complex with the N-terminal portion of the P, revealing the molecular details of the N0 and the conserved N0-P interaction. Combined with biological experiments, we showed that the P binds to the C-terminal domain of N0 mainly by hydrophobic interaction and maintains the unassembled conformation of N by interfering with the formation of N-RNA oligomers, which might be a target for drug development. Based on the complex structure, we developed a method to obtain the monomeric N0. Furthermore, we designed a P-derived fusion peptide with 10-fold higher affinity, which hijacked the N and interfered with the binding of the N to RNA significantly. Finally, we proposed a model of conformational transition of N from the unassembled state to the assembled state, which helped to further understand viral replication. IMPORTANCE Human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV3) causes annual epidemics of respiratory diseases, especially in newborns and infants. For the replication of HPIV3 and other paramyxoviruses, only three viral proteins are required: phosphoprotein (P), RNA polymerase (L), and nucleoprotein (N). Here, we report the crystal structure of the complex of N and its chaperone P. We describe in detail how P acts as a chaperone to maintain the unassembled conformation of N. Our analysis indicated that the interaction between P and N is conserved and mediated by hydrophobicity, which can be used as a target for drug development. We obtained a high-affinity P-derived peptide inhibitor, specifically targeted N, and greatly interfered with the binding of the N to RNA, thereby inhibiting viral encapsidation and replication. In summary, our results provide new insights into the paramyxovirus genome replication and nucleocapsid assembly and lay the basis for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Non-propagative human parainfluenza virus type 2 nasal vaccine robustly protects the upper and lower airways against SARS-CoV-2. iScience 2021; 24:103379. [PMID: 34805782 PMCID: PMC8596570 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed an intranasal vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) using the replication-incompetent human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV2) vector BC-PIV, which can deliver ectopic gene as stable RNA and ectopic protein on the envelope. BC-PIV expressing the full-length prefusion-stabilized spike gene (K986P/V987P) of SARS-CoV-2, S-2PM, possessed a corona-like viral envelope. Intranasal vaccination of mice with BC-PIV/S-2PM induced high levels of neutralizing immunoglobulin G (IgG) and mucosal IgA antibodies against the spike protein. Although BC-PIV showed hemagglutinating activity, BC-PIV/S-2PM lacked such activity, in accordance with the presence of the massive spike protein on the viral surface. Furthermore, single-dose intranasal vaccination of hamsters with BC-PIV/S-2PM completely protected the lungs from SARS-CoV-2 at 11-week post-immunization, and boost vaccination two weeks before the challenge conferred virtually complete protection of the nasal turbinates against SARS-CoV-2. Thus, this chimeric hPIV2/spike intranasal vaccine is a promising vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2 to curtail virus transmission. Non-replicating viral vector against spike induces mucosal immunity to block infection The viral vector carries spike protein on its envelope with corona-like structure One-shot nasal vaccination of hamsters completely protects lungs against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Two-shot nasal vaccination of hamsters nearly completely protects the upper airway
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Li J, Boix E. Host Defence RNases as Antiviral Agents against Enveloped Single Stranded RNA Viruses. Virulence 2021; 12:444-469. [PMID: 33660566 PMCID: PMC7939569 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1871823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to the recent outbreak of Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19), it is urgent to develop effective and safe drugs to treat the present pandemic and prevent other viral infections that might come in the future. Proteins from our own innate immune system can serve as ideal sources of novel drug candidates thanks to their safety and immune regulation versatility. Some host defense RNases equipped with antiviral activity have been reported over time. Here, we try to summarize the currently available information on human RNases that can target viral pathogens, with special focus on enveloped single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses. Overall, host RNases can fight viruses by a combined multifaceted strategy, including the enzymatic target of the viral genome, recognition of virus unique patterns, immune modulation, control of stress granule formation, and induction of autophagy/apoptosis pathways. The review also includes a detailed description of representative enveloped ssRNA viruses and their strategies to interact with the host and evade immune recognition. For comparative purposes, we also provide an exhaustive revision of the currently approved or experimental antiviral drugs. Finally, we sum up the current perspectives of drug development to achieve successful eradication of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Li
- Dpt. Of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Boix
- Dpt. Of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Spain
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Quantifying dose-, strain-, and tissue-specific kinetics of parainfluenza virus infection. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009299. [PMID: 34383757 PMCID: PMC8384156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are a leading cause of acute respiratory infection hospitalization in children, yet little is known about how dose, strain, tissue tropism, and individual heterogeneity affects the processes driving growth and clearance kinetics. Longitudinal measurements are possible by using reporter Sendai viruses, the murine counterpart of HPIV 1, that express luciferase, where the insertion location yields a wild-type (rSeV-luc(M-F*)) or attenuated (rSeV-luc(P-M)) phenotype. Bioluminescence from individual animals suggests that there is a rapid increase in expression followed by a peak, biphasic clearance, and resolution. However, these kinetics vary between individuals and with dose, strain, and whether the infection was initiated in the upper and/or lower respiratory tract. To quantify the differences, we translated the bioluminescence measurements from the nasopharynx, trachea, and lung into viral loads and used a mathematical model together a nonlinear mixed effects approach to define the mechanisms distinguishing each scenario. The results confirmed a higher rate of virus production with the rSeV-luc(M-F*) virus compared to its attenuated counterpart, and suggested that low doses result in disproportionately fewer infected cells. The analyses indicated faster infectivity and infected cell clearance rates in the lung and that higher viral doses, and concomitantly higher infected cell numbers, resulted in more rapid clearance. This parameter was also highly variable amongst individuals, which was particularly evident during infection in the lung. These critical differences provide important insight into distinct HPIV dynamics, and show how bioluminescence data can be combined with quantitative analyses to dissect host-, virus-, and dose-dependent effects. Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) cause acute respiratory infections and can lead to the hospitalization of children. HPIV infection severity may vary due to dose, strain, patient, and whether the infection initiates within the upper or lower respiratory tract. There is a need to determine how the rates of virus spread and clearance change in different infection scenarios in order to better understand varying clinical manifestations. The significance of our research is in identifying the dominant mechanisms driving strain-, dose-, and tissue-specific HPIV infection kinetics, and in pairing bioluminescence data with quantitative analyses to determine how the same virus can yield patient-specific outcomes. This work enhances our understanding of HPIV infection and broadens our knowledge viral dynamics in the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
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Zhou S, Mao N, Zhang Y, Cui A, Zhu Z, Hu R, Xu J, Xu W. Genetic analysis of human parainfluenza virus type 4 associated with severe acute respiratory infection in children in Luohe City, Henan Province, China, during 2017-2018. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2585-2590. [PMID: 34231027 PMCID: PMC8321989 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During 2017–2018, nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) from 627 hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory infection at Luohe Center Hospital were tested by RT-PCR for human parainfluenza virus 4 (HPIV-4). Fourteen (2.2%) of the 627 samples were positive for HPIV-4. The complete HN gene was amplified from nine positive samples and sequenced. Sequence comparisons showed that the HPIV-4 strains circulating in the city of Luohe are closely related to HPIV-4A strains. Our study indicated that there were multiple lineages of HPIV-4 circulating in Henan Province in China during the study period. This will improve our understanding of the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of HPIV-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhou
- Inner Mongolia Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Avenue, Jinshan Development Zone, Hohhot, 010059, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Naiying Mao
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases (National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), 155# Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102200, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases (National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), 155# Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102200, China
| | - Aili Cui
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases (National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), 155# Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102200, China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases (National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), 155# Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102200, China
| | - Ruiping Hu
- Inner Mongolia Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Avenue, Jinshan Development Zone, Hohhot, 010059, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Jin Xu
- Henan Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 105# Nongye South Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
| | - Wenbo Xu
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases (National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), 155# Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102200, China.
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Elusah J, Bulimo WD, Opanda SM, Symekher SL, Wamunyokoli F. Genetic diversity and evolutionary analysis of human respirovirus type 3 strains isolated in Kenya using complete hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229355. [PMID: 32155160 PMCID: PMC7064169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respirovirus type 3 (HRV3) is a leading etiology of lower respiratory tract infections in young children and ranks only second to the human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). Despite the public health importance of HRV3, there is limited information about the genetic characteristics and diversity of these viruses in Kenya. To begin to address this gap, we analyzed 35 complete hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) sequences of HRV3 strains isolated in Kenya between 2010 and 2013. Viral RNA was extracted from the isolates, and the entire HN gene amplified by RT-PCR followed by nucleotide sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses of the sequences revealed that all the Kenyan isolates grouped into genetic Cluster C; sub-clusters C1a, C2, and C3a. The majority (54%) of isolates belonged to sub-cluster C3a, followed by C2 (43%) and C1a (2.9%). Sequence analysis revealed high identities between the Kenyan isolates and the HRV3 prototype strain both at the amino acid (96.5-97.9%) and nucleotide (94.3-95.6%) levels. No amino acid variations affecting the catalytic/active sites of the HN glycoprotein were observed among the Kenyan isolates. Selection pressure analyses showed that the HN glycoprotein was evolving under positive selection. Evolutionary analyses revealed that the mean TMRCA for the HN sequence dataset was 1942 (95% HPD: 1928-1957), while the mean evolutionary rate was 4.65x10-4 nucleotide substitutions/site/year (95% HPD: 2.99x10-4 to 6.35x10-4). Overall, our results demonstrate the co-circulation of strains of cluster C HRV3 variants in Kenya during the study period. This is the first study to describe the genetic and molecular evolutionary aspects of HRV3 in Kenya using the complete HN gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Elusah
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
| | - Wallace Dimbuson Bulimo
- Department of Emerging infections, US Army Medical Directorate–Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Fred Wamunyokoli
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
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Civljak R, Kosutic-Gulija T, Slovic A, Huljev E, Turcic N, Mestrovic T, Vranes J, Ljubin-Sternak S. An Outbreak of Human Parainfluenza Virus 3 (Phylogenetic Subcluster C5) Infection among Adults at a Residential Care Facility for the Disabled in Croatia, 2018. Intervirology 2019; 62:174-181. [PMID: 31661701 DOI: 10.1159/000503630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although highly pertinent for children, outbreaks of human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) may cause up to 15% of all respiratory illnesses in adults and predispose them to serious adverse outcomes, with HPIV serotype 3 (HPIV3) being the most common. This study represents the first report of an HPIV3 outbreak among adults at a long-term health-care facility in Croatia. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted to investigate an outbreak of acute respiratory infection (ARI) at a single residential care facility for the disabled in Croatia. Demographic, epidemiological, and clinical data were collected for all residents, while hospitalized patients were appraised in detail by laboratory/radiological methods. Multiplex PCR for respiratory viruses and sequencing was performed. Partial HPIV3 HN 581 nt sequences were aligned with HPIV3 sequences from the GenBank database to conduct a phylogenetic analysis, where different bioinformatic approaches were employed. RESULTS In late June 2018, 5 of the 10 units at the facility were affected by the outbreak. Among the 106 residents, 23 (21.7%) developed ARI, and 6 (26.1%) of them were hospitalized. HPIV3 was identified in 18 (73%) of the residents and 5 (83%) of the hospitalized individuals. Isolated HPIV3 strains were classified within the phylogenetic subcluster C5 but grouped on 2 separate branches of the phylogenetic tree. During the entire outbreak period, none of the institution's employees reported symptoms of ARI. CONCLUSIONS Our study has shown that this health care-associated outbreak of HPIV3 infection could have been linked to multiple importation events. Preventive measures in curbing such incidents should be enforced vigorously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rok Civljak
- Department of Respiratory Tract Infections,Dr. Fran Mihaljevic University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tanja Kosutic-Gulija
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines, Center for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anamarija Slovic
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines, Center for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Eva Huljev
- Department of Respiratory Tract Infections,Dr. Fran Mihaljevic University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Turcic
- Department of Epidemiology, Zagreb County Institute of Public Health, Dugo Selo Branch, Dugo Selo, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Mestrovic
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia.,University Centre Varaždin, University North, Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Vranes
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Dr. Andrija Stampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Suncanica Ljubin-Sternak
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Dr. Andrija Stampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia,
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Detection, isolation, and in vitro characterization of porcine parainfluenza virus type 1 isolated from respiratory diagnostic specimens in swine. Vet Microbiol 2019; 228:219-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Smielewska A, Emmott E, Ranellou K, Popay A, Goodfellow I, Jalal H. UK circulating strains of human parainfluenza 3: an amplicon based next generation sequencing method and phylogenetic analysis. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:118. [PMID: 30569021 PMCID: PMC6281019 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14730.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Human parainfluenza viruses type 3 (HPIV3) are a prominent cause of respiratory infection with a significant impact in both pediatric and transplant patient cohorts. Currently there is a paucity of whole genome sequence data that would allow for detailed epidemiological and phylogenetic analysis of circulating strains in the UK. Although it is known that HPIV3 peaks annually in the UK, to date there are no whole genome sequences of HPIV3 UK strains available. Methods: Clinical strains were obtained from HPIV3 positive respiratory patient samples collected between 2011 and 2015. These were then amplified using an amplicon based method, sequenced on the Illumina platform and assembled using a new robust bioinformatics pipeline. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out in the context of other epidemiological studies and whole genome sequence data currently available with stringent exclusion of significantly culture-adapted strains of HPIV3. Results: In the current paper we have presented twenty full genome sequences of UK circulating strains of HPIV3 and a detailed phylogenetic analysis thereof. We have analysed the variability along the HPIV3 genome and identified a short hypervariable region in the non-coding segment between the M (matrix) and F (fusion) genes. The epidemiological classifications obtained by using this region and whole genome data were then compared and found to be identical. Conclusions: The majority of HPIV3 strains were observed at different geographical locations and with a wide temporal spread, reflecting the global distribution of HPIV3. Consistent with previous data, a particular subcluster or strain was not identified as specific to the UK, suggesting that a number of genetically diverse strains circulate at any one time. A small hypervariable region in the HPIV3 genome was identified and it was shown that, in the absence of full genome data, this region could be used for epidemiological surveillance of HPIV3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Smielewska
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB20QQ, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Laboratory, Public Health England, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB20QQ, UK
| | - Edward Emmott
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB20QQ, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115-5000, USA
| | - Kyriaki Ranellou
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB20QQ, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Laboratory, Public Health England, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB20QQ, UK
| | - Ashley Popay
- Eastern Field Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Public Health, Public Health England, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB20SR, UK
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB20QQ, UK
| | - Hamid Jalal
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Laboratory, Public Health England, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB20QQ, UK
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Smielewska A, Pearson C, Popay A, Roddick I, Reacher M, Emmott E, He J, Thaxter R, Chenery C, Goodfellow I, Burke A, Jalal H. Unrecognised Outbreak: Human parainfluenza virus infections in a pediatric oncology unit. A new diagnostic PCR and virus monitoring system may allow early detection of future outbreaks. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:119. [PMID: 30687791 PMCID: PMC6338131 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14732.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are significant causes of both upper and lower respiratory tract infections with type 3 (HPIV3) causing the most severe disease in the immunocompromised cohorts. The objective of this study was to analyse the epidemiological nature of a cluster of cases of HPIV3 in a pediatric oncology unit of a major teaching hospital. Methods: In order to determine whether the activity observed represented a deviation from the norm, seasonal trends of HPIV3 in the surrounding geographical area as well as on the ward in question were analysed. The genetic link between cases was established by the phylogenetic analysis of the non-coding hypervariable region between the M (Matrix) and F (fusion) genes of HPIV3. The 15 cases involved and 15 unrelated cases were sequenced. Transmission routes were subsequently inferred and visualized using Konstanz Information Miner (KNIME) 3.3.2. Results: Of the 15 cases identified, 14 were attributed to a point source outbreak. Two out of 14 outbreak cases were found to differ by a single mutation A182C. The outbreak strain was also seen in 1 out of 15 unrelated cases, indicating that it was introduced from the community. Transmission modeling was not able to link all the cases and establish a conclusive chain of transmission. No staff were tested during the outbreak period. No deaths occurred as a result of the outbreak. Conclusion: A point source outbreak of HPIV3 was recognized post factum on an oncology pediatric unit in a major teaching hospital. This raised concern about the possibility of a future more serious outbreak. Weaknesses in existing systems were identified and a new dedicated respiratory virus monitoring system introduced. Pediatric oncology units require sophisticated systems for early identification of potentially life-threatening viral outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Smielewska
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Public Health Laboratory, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Public Health England, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Callum Pearson
- Field Epidemiology Service East of England, Public Health England, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB20SR, UK
| | - Ashley Popay
- Field Epidemiology Service East of England, Public Health England, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB20SR, UK
| | - Iain Roddick
- Field Epidemiology Service East of England, Public Health England, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB20SR, UK
| | - Mark Reacher
- Field Epidemiology Service East of England, Public Health England, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB20SR, UK
| | - Edward Emmott
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115-5000, USA
| | - Jenny He
- Infection Control, Cambridge University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rachel Thaxter
- Infection Control, Cambridge University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Carol Chenery
- Infection Control, Cambridge University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Amos Burke
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Hamid Jalal
- Public Health Laboratory, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Public Health England, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Smielewska A, Emmott E, Ranellou K, Popay A, Goodfellow I, Jalal H. UK circulating strains of human parainfluenza 3: an amplicon based next generation sequencing method and phylogenetic analysis. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:118. [PMID: 30569021 PMCID: PMC6281019 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14730.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Human parainfluenza viruses type 3 (HPIV3) are a prominent cause of respiratory infection with a significant impact in both pediatric and transplant patient cohorts. Currently there is a paucity of whole genome sequence data that would allow for detailed epidemiological and phylogenetic analysis of circulating strains in the UK. Although it is known that HPIV3 peaks annually in the UK, to date there are no whole genome sequences of HPIV3 UK strains available. Methods: Clinical strains were obtained from HPIV3 positive respiratory patient samples collected between 2011 and 2015. These were then amplified using an amplicon based method, sequenced on the Illumina platform and assembled using a new robust bioinformatics pipeline. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out in the context of other epidemiological studies and whole genome sequence data currently available with stringent exclusion of significantly culture-adapted strains of HPIV3. Results: In the current paper we have presented twenty full genome sequences of UK circulating strains of HPIV3 and a detailed phylogenetic analysis thereof. We have analysed the variability along the HPIV3 genome and identified a short hypervariable region in the non-coding segment between the M (matrix) and F (fusion) genes. The epidemiological classifications obtained by using this region and whole genome data were then compared and found to be identical. Conclusions: The majority of HPIV3 strains were observed at different geographical locations and with a wide temporal spread, reflecting the global distribution of HPIV3. Consistent with previous data, a particular subcluster or strain was not identified as specific to the UK, suggesting that a number of genetically diverse strains circulate at any one time. A small hypervariable region in the HPIV3 genome was identified and it was shown that, in the absence of full genome data, this region could be used for epidemiological surveillance of HPIV3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Smielewska
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB20QQ, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Laboratory, Public Health England, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB20QQ, UK
| | - Edward Emmott
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB20QQ, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115-5000, USA
| | - Kyriaki Ranellou
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB20QQ, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Laboratory, Public Health England, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB20QQ, UK
| | - Ashley Popay
- Eastern Field Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Public Health, Public Health England, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB20SR, UK
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB20QQ, UK
| | - Hamid Jalal
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Laboratory, Public Health England, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB20QQ, UK
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Keyvani H, Moghoofei M, Bokharaei-Salim F, Mostafaei S, Javad Mousavi SA, Monavari SH, Esghaei M. Prevalence of respiratory viruses in Iranian patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:1602-1606. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moghoofei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farah Bokharaei-Salim
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- HIV Laboratory of National Center, Deputy of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan Mostafaei
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Maryam Esghaei
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Pulmonary immunity to viruses. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1737-1762. [PMID: 28667071 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces, such as the respiratory epithelium, are directly exposed to the external environment and therefore, are highly susceptible to viral infection. As a result, the respiratory tract has evolved a variety of innate and adaptive immune defenses in order to prevent viral infection or promote the rapid destruction of infected cells and facilitate the clearance of the infecting virus. Successful adaptive immune responses often lead to a functional state of immune memory, in which memory lymphocytes and circulating antibodies entirely prevent or lessen the severity of subsequent infections with the same virus. This is also the goal of vaccination, although it is difficult to vaccinate in a way that mimics respiratory infection. Consequently, some vaccines lead to robust systemic immune responses, but relatively poor mucosal immune responses that protect the respiratory tract. In addition, adaptive immunity is not without its drawbacks, as overly robust inflammatory responses may lead to lung damage and impair gas exchange or exacerbate other conditions, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thus, immune responses to respiratory viral infections must be strong enough to eliminate infection, but also have mechanisms to limit damage and promote tissue repair in order to maintain pulmonary homeostasis. Here, we will discuss the components of the adaptive immune system that defend the host against respiratory viral infections.
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17
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Gray DW, Welsh MD, Doherty S, Mooney MH. Identification of candidate protein markers of Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 infection using an in vitro model. Vet Microbiol 2017; 203:257-266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Sobhy NM, Mor SK, Bastawecy IM, Fakhry HM, Youssef CRB, Goyal SM. Surveillance, isolation and complete genome sequence of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 in Egyptian cattle. Int J Vet Sci Med 2017; 5:8-13. [PMID: 30255042 PMCID: PMC6137852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3) can infect a wide variety of mammals including humans, domestic animals, and wild animals. In the present study, bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV-3) was isolated from nasal swabs of Egyptian cattle presenting with clinical signs of mild pneumonia. The virus was isolated in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells and confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The complete genome of Egyptian BPIV-3 strain was sequenced by using next generation (Illumina) sequencing. The new isolate classified with genotype A of BPIV-3 and was closely related to the Chinese NM09 strain (JQ063064). Subsequently in 2015–16, a molecular surveillance study was undertaken by collecting and testing samples from cattle and buffaloes with respiratory tract infections. The survey revealed a higher rate of BPIV-3 infection in cattle than in buffaloes. The infection was inversely proportional to the age of the animals and to warm weather. This report should form a basis for further molecular studies on animal viruses in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader M Sobhy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia 44511, Egypt
| | - Sunil K Mor
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Iman M Bastawecy
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki 12618, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hiam M Fakhry
- Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, East of Cairo 131, Egypt
| | - Christiana R B Youssef
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia 44519, Egypt
| | - Sagar M Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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19
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Evidence of respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza-3 virus in Mexican sheep. Virusdisease 2017; 28:102-110. [PMID: 28466061 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-016-0354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a first report in Mexico of the presence of antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza-3 virus in Mexican sheep in different productive stages. We determine the association of serological positivity with age and production system, and obtain molecular evidence of infection by both virus. RSV prevalence in adult sheep was 47% (49/105) at the tropic and 64% (63/99) at the uplands. A significant difference in RSV seropositivity between animals from the tropic and the uplands was observed (P < 0.05). Seropositivity correlated with production system (P = 0.003, OR = 2.042), with a risk of showing antibodies was 2.042 times higher in sheep under an extensive production system. A significant difference in PI3V seropositivity between animals from either provenance (P = 0.017, OR = 0.475) were also found, with a risk of showing antibodies 0.475 times higher in sheep under an extensive production system. Genetic material from RSV and PI3V was identified by RT-PCR in nasal swab samples from clinically healthy lambs and confirmed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Serological results show that sheep are susceptible to infection by both viruses, and molecular results suggest that the identified antibodies are result of natural infections and reinfections.
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Ramezannia M, Hosseini SM, Fotouhi F, Khansarinejad B, Mazaheri V. Development of a multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay for detection of human parainfluenza viruses in patients with respiratory symptoms. Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are common viral causes of both upper and lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children. The purpose of this study was to develop a real-time reverse transcription PCR assay to detect HPIVs in clinical specimens in a single test. Specimens: Specific primers and probes matched to conserved region of hemagglutinin–neuraminidase genes were designed. Clinical specimens were collected from hospitalized children of ≤5 years old. Results & conclusion: Of 230 specimens, 48 samples contained one of HPIV types 1–4. The most percentage of positive HPIVs belonged to HPIV2. HPIVs were found in fall, winter and spring but not in summer months. In conclusion, our in-house multiplex real-time reverse transcription PCR is a suitable technique for simultaneous detection of HPIVs in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Ramezannia
- Department of Influenza & Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Masoud Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fotouhi
- Department of Influenza & Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Khansarinejad
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Vahideh Mazaheri
- Department of Influenza & Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Zaccone EJ, Lieu T, Muroi Y, Potenzieri C, Undem BE, Gao P, Han L, Canning BJ, Undem BJ. Parainfluenza 3-Induced Cough Hypersensitivity in the Guinea Pig Airways. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155526. [PMID: 27213574 PMCID: PMC4877001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of respiratory tract viral infection on evoked cough in guinea pigs was evaluated. Guinea pigs were inoculated intranasally with either parainfluenza type 3 (PIV3) and cough was quantified in conscious animals. The guinea pigs infected with PIV3 (day 4) coughed nearly three times more than those treated with the viral growth medium in response to capsaicin, citric acid, and bradykinin. Since capsaicin, citric acid, and bradykinin evoked coughing in guinea pigs can be inhibited by drugs that antagonize the transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1 (TRPV1), it was reasoned that the virally-induced hypertussive state may involve alterations in TPRV1 activity. PIV3 infection caused a phenotypic switch in tracheal nodose Aδ “cough receptors” such that nearly 50% of neurons began to express, de novo, TRPV1 mRNA. There was also an increase TRPV1 expression in jugular C-fiber neurons as determined by qPCR. It has previously been reported that tracheal-specific nodose neurons express the BDNF receptor TrkB and jugular neurons express the NGF receptor TrkA. Jugular neurons also express the artemin receptor GFRα3. All these neurotrophic factors have been associated with increases in TRPV1 expression. In an ex vivo perfused guinea pig tracheal preparation, we demonstrated that within 8 h of PIV3 infusion there was no change in NGF mRNA expression, but there was nearly a 10-fold increase in BDNF mRNA in the tissue, and a small but significant elevation in the expression of artemin mRNA. In summary, PIV3 infection leads to elevations in TRPV1 expression in the two key cough evoking nerve subtypes in the guinea pig trachea, and this is associated with a hypertussive state with respect to various TRPV1 activating stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Zaccone
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - TinaMarie Lieu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yukiko Muroi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carl Potenzieri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Blair E. Undem
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peisong Gao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Liang Han
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Center of Sensory Biology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brendan J. Canning
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bradley J. Undem
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Park KS, Yang MH, Lee CK, Song KJ. Genetic analysis of human parainfluenza viruses circulating in Korea, 2006. J Med Virol 2014; 86:1041-7. [PMID: 24464425 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) are important causes of respiratory tract infections in young children. To characterize the molecular epidemiology of an HPIV outbreak occurring in Korea during 2006, genetic analysis of 269 cell culture isolates from HPIV-infected children, was conducted using nested reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). HPIV-1 was detected in 70.3% of tested samples (189/269). The detection rate of HPIV-2 and HPIV-3 was 1.5% (4/269) and 9.3% (25/269), respectively. Mixed HPIV-1, -2 and -3 infections were detected in 19.0% (51/269): HPIV-1 and HPIV-2 in 15, HPIV-1 and HPIV-3 in 26, HPIV-2 and HPIV-3 in 6, and HPIV-1, -2 and -3 in 4. Of these positive samples for three different types HIPV-1, -2, and -3, two each representative strains were selected, the full length of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene for HPIV was amplified by RT-PCR, and sequenced. Multiple alignment analysis, based on reference sequence of HPIV-1, -2, and -3 strains available in GenBank, showed that the identity of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences was 92.4-97.6% and 92.7-97.9%, respectively, for HPIV-1, 88.5-99.8% and 88.6-100% for HPIV-2, and 96.3-99.5% and 95.0-99.3% for HPIV-3, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that HPIV-1, -2, and -3 strains identified in this study were closely related among the strains in the same type with no significant genetic variability. These results show that HPIV of multiple imported sources was circulating in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Sook Park
- Department of Microbiology, The Institute for Viral Diseases and Korea Bank for Pathogenic Viruses, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Mode of parainfluenza virus transmission determines the dynamics of primary infection and protection from reinfection. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003786. [PMID: 24278024 PMCID: PMC3836739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about how the mode of respiratory virus transmission determines the dynamics of primary infection and protection from reinfection. Using non-invasive imaging of murine parainfluenza virus 1 (Sendai virus) in living mice, we determined the frequency, timing, dynamics, and virulence of primary infection after contact and airborne transmission, as well as the tropism and magnitude of reinfection after subsequent challenge. Contact transmission of Sendai virus was 100% efficient, phenotypically uniform, initiated and grew to robust levels in the upper respiratory tract (URT), later spread to the lungs, grew to a lower level in the lungs than the URT, and protected from reinfection completely in the URT yet only partially in the lungs. Airborne transmission through 7.6-cm and 15.2-cm separations between donor and recipient mice was 86%-100% efficient. The dynamics of primary infection after airborne transmission varied between individual mice and included the following categories: (a) non-productive transmission, (b) tracheal dominant, (c) tracheal initiated yet respiratory disseminated, and (d) nasopharyngeal initiated yet respiratory disseminated. Any previous exposure to Sendai virus infection protected from mortality and severe morbidity after lethal challenge. Furthermore, a higher level of primary infection in a given respiratory tissue (nasopharynx, trachea, or lungs) was inversely correlated with the level of reinfection in that same tissue. Overall, the mode of transmission determined the dynamics and tropism of primary infection, which in turn governed the level of seroconversion and protection from reinfection. These data are the first description of the dynamics of respiratory virus infection and protection from reinfection throughout the respiratory tracts of living animals after airborne transmission. This work provides a basis for understanding parainfluenza virus transmission and protective immunity and for developing novel vaccines and non-pharmaceutical interventions.
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24
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Animal models for neonatal diseases in humans. Vaccine 2013; 31:2489-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Nguyen AP, Downard KM. Proteotyping of the Parainfluenza Virus with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1097-105. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302962u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- An P. Nguyen
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006,
Australia
| | - Kevin M. Downard
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006,
Australia
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26
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Garrafa E, Marengoni A, Nave RD, Caimi L, Cervi E, Giulini SM, Imberti L, Bonardelli S. Association between human parainfluenza virus type 1 and smoking history in patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Med Virol 2012; 85:99-104. [PMID: 23097301 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that infectious agents may induce the development of abdominal aortic aneurysms and/or accelerate their progression. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of the respiratory-transmitted viruses such as influenza A and B and parainfluenza type 1 genomes in bioptic fragments of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Furthermore, the association between viral infection and traditional risk factors for aneurysms was investigated employing multivariate logistic regression models. The genome of parainfluenza 1 was detected in 11 out of 57 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm, influenza A only in one, whereas none of the specimens analyzed resulted positive for influenza B. After adjustment of age, gender, and clinical diagnosis, being current smokers was associated independently with parainfluenza 1 detection in aneurysms. The identification of parainfluenza 1 in aortic aneurysm biopsies supports previous observations of a possible role of viruses in the lesion development. Smoking, by interfering with the respiratory tract's ability to defend itself and predisposing to upper and lower respiratory tract infections may accelerate the onset and progression of abdominal aortic aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emirena Garrafa
- Department of Experimental and Applied Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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Mao N, Ji Y, Xie Z, Wang H, Wang H, An J, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Cui A, Xu S, Shen K, Liu C, Yang W, Xu W. Human parainfluenza virus-associated respiratory tract infection among children and genetic analysis of HPIV-3 strains in Beijing, China. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43893. [PMID: 22937119 PMCID: PMC3429441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The relevance of human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) to the epidemiology of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in China is unclear. From May 2008 to September 2010, 443 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) from hospitalized pediatric patients (age from 1 to 93 months) in Beijing were collected and screened for HPIVs and other common respiratory viruses by real-time RT-PCR. Sixty-two of 443 samples were positive for HPIVs with 4 positive for HPIV-2 and 58 positive for HPIV-3, indicating that HPIV-3 was the predominant virus present during the study period. A phylogenetic tree based on all the available HN (hemagglutinin-neuraminidase) sequences of HPIV-3 indicated that three distinct clusters (A,B, and C) were circulating with some temporal and regional clustering. Cluster C was further divided into sub-clusters, C1, C2, C3 and C4. HPIV-3 from Beijing isolates belonged to sub-cluster C3, and were grouped with the isolates from two Provinces of China and the neighboring country of Japan. Genetic analysis based on entire HN gene revealed that the HPIV-3 isolates from Beijing were highly similar with 97.2%-100% identity at the nucleotide level and these could be divided into two closely related lineages, C3a and C3b. These findings suggested that there was co-circulation of multiple lineages of HPIV-3 in the Beijing region during the study period. This is the first study to describe the epidemiology and molecular characterization of HPIVs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiying Mao
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Ji
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengde Xie
- Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurobiology, Taishan Medical College, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Huiling Wang
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junjing An
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Aili Cui
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Songtao Xu
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kunling Shen
- Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weizhong Yang
- Office for Disease Control and Emergency Response, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Phenotypes and functions of persistent Sendai virus-induced antibody forming cells and CD8+ T cells in diffuse nasal-associated lymphoid tissue typify lymphocyte responses of the gut. Virology 2011; 410:429-436. [PMID: 21227475 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes of the diffuse nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (d-NALT) are uniquely positioned to tackle respiratory pathogens at their point-of-entry, yet are rarely examined after intranasal (i.n.) vaccinations or infections. Here we evaluate an i.n. inoculation with Sendai virus (SeV) for elicitation of virus-specific antibody forming cells (AFCs) and CD8(+) T cells in the d-NALT. Virus-specific AFCs and CD8(+) T cells each appeared by day 7 after SeV inoculation and persisted for 8 months, explaining the long-sustained protection against respiratory virus challenge conferred by this vaccine. AFCs produced IgM, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgA, while CD8+ T cells were cytolytic and produced low levels of cytokines. Phenotypic analyses of virus-specific T cells revealed striking similarities with pathogen-specific immune responses in the intestine, highlighting some key features of adaptive immunity at a mucosal site.
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Respiratory Viral Infections. TROPICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES: PRINCIPLES, PATHOGENS AND PRACTICE 2011. [PMCID: PMC7149827 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3935-5.00058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Terlizzi ME, Massimiliano B, Francesca S, Sinesi F, Rosangela V, Stefano G, Costa C, Rossana C. Quantitative RT real time PCR and indirect immunofluorescence for the detection of human parainfluenza virus 1, 2, 3. J Virol Methods 2009; 160:172-7. [PMID: 19445964 PMCID: PMC7119502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are distributed worldwide and are involved mainly in the pathogenesis of respiratory tract infections. The development and optimization of three quantitative reverse transcription real time polymerase chain reactions (RT Real Time Qt-PCRs) and an indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) for the detection and quantitation of HPIV-1, -2 and -3 in clinical samples are described. Efficiency, sensitivity, specificity, inter- and intra-assay variability and turnaround time of the two methods were compared. These assays have been validated on 131 bronchoalveolar lavage specimens. Based on the results obtained, the molecular methods represent a valid and rapid tool for clinical management and should be included in diagnostic panels aimed to evaluate suspected respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Cristina Costa
- Department of Public Health and Microbiology, Virology Unit, Turin University, via Santena 9, Turin, Italy
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Zvirbliene A, Sezaite I, Pleckaityte M, Kucinskaite-Kodze I, Juozapaitis M, Sasnauskas K. Mapping of an Antigenic Site on the Nucleocapsid Protein of Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3. Viral Immunol 2009; 22:181-8. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2008.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aurelija Zvirbliene
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Indre Sezaite
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Milda Pleckaityte
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Mindaugas Juozapaitis
- Laboratory of Eukaryote Gene Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Kestutis Sasnauskas
- Laboratory of Eukaryote Gene Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius, Lithuania
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam-Lun Hon
- Department of Paediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
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33
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Cordey S, Thomas Y, Cherpillod P, van Belle S, Tapparel C, Kaiser L. Simultaneous detection of parainfluenza viruses 1 and 3 by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods 2008; 156:166-8. [PMID: 19063922 PMCID: PMC7173189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) types 1 and 3 are major viral pathogens responsible for upper and lower respiratory tract infections. The diagnosis of these two species is achieved generally by specific reverse transcription-polymerase chain (RT-PCR) reaction methods. In this study, a real-time RT-PCR was developed using a common pair of primers–probe (HPIV-1+3) for the simultaneous detection of both HPIV-1 and HPIV-3 genomes. Results obtained in a 10-fold dilution series assay demonstrate a high sensitivity of the assay with a lowest detection limit of approximately one plasmid copy for both HPIV-1 and HPIV-3. A comparison of HPIV-1 and HPIV-3 clinical sample detection between specific HPIV-1/HPIV-3 pairs of primers–probes and the HPIV-1+3 combination clearly shows that the latter is significantly more sensitive (gain of about five threshold cycles) than the former for HPIV-3 detection, while equivalent values are observed for HPIV-1. The HPIV-1+3 combination constitutes a more rapid, more sensitive, and less expensive alternative than classical or multiplex real-time RT-PCR assays usually used in clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cordey
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Geneva Hospitals, 24 Rue Micheli-du-Crest, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland.
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Shima T, Yoshimoto G, Nonami A, Yoshida S, Kamezaki K, Iwasaki H, Takenaka K, Miyamoto T, Harada N, Teshima T, Akashi K, Nagafuji K. Successful treatment of parainfluenza virus 3 pneumonia with oral ribavirin and methylprednisolone in a bone marrow transplant recipient. Int J Hematol 2008; 88:336-340. [PMID: 18712461 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-008-0148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of severe parainfluenza (PIV) 3 pneumonia in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient that was successfully treated with oral ribavirin and methylprednisolone. A 42-year-old woman diagnosed with acute myelogenous leukemia (FAB M5a) in first complete remission underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from an HLA-matched unrelated donor in May 2006. In July 2007, she developed PIV3 pneumonia. Her respiratory status progressively worsened and she required O(2) inhalation at 6 L/min. After an informed consent was obtained, oral ribavirin was initiated (16 mg/kg per day) for 1 week on July 31. By day 3 of treatment, the high-grade fever had disappeared. However, it recurred after ribavirin was discontinued. In addition, the patient's hypoxia continued to worsen, requiring O(2) inhalation at 9 L/min. To suppress the inflammatory reaction in the lung caused by PIV3 pneumonia, intravenous methylprednisolone (1,000 mg once a day for 3 days) was started along with high-dose oral ribavirin (16 mg/kg per day) on August 11. The patient showed dramatic clinical improvement, and oxygen inhalation was discontinued on September 3. Our case suggests that with concomitant effective anti-viral treatment, corticosteroids may suppress host inflammatory or immune reactions that lead to respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Shima
- Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Goichi Yoshimoto
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nonami
- Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shuro Yoshida
- Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kamezaki
- Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiromi Iwasaki
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuto Takenaka
- Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Miyamoto
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Harada
- Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takanori Teshima
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Koji Nagafuji
- Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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Forster J, Ihorst G, Rieger CHL, Stephan V, Frank HD, Gurth H, Berner R, Rohwedder A, Werchau H, Schumacher M, Tsai T, Petersen G. Prospective population-based study of viral lower respiratory tract infections in children under 3 years of age (the PRI.DE study). Eur J Pediatr 2004; 163:709-16. [PMID: 15372233 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-004-1523-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Population-based incidence data from Europe on the disease burden of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) due to respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV), parainfluenza viruses (PIV) and influenzaviruses (IV) are lacking, especially with respect to the disease burden. In a 2-year prospective multicentre study of children aged <3 years in Germany, we registered population-based cases as outpatients (n=2386), inpatients (n=2924), and nosocomially-acquired (n=141). Nasopharyngeal secretions were tested for viral RNA. The annual incidence for physician visits per 100 children for all LRTI was 28.7, RSV 7.7, PIV 3.8 and IV 1.1. Annual hospitalisation rates per 10(5) children were for all LRTI 2941, RSV 1117, PIV 261 and IV 123. Annual nosocomial cases per 10(5) hospital days were for all LRTI 79, RSV 29, PIV 9 and IV 1.5. All five children (0.27%) who died had an underlying disease and four were nosocomially acquired. CONCLUSION Hospitalisation rates due to lower respiratory tract infections in healthy children were similar to those reported elsewhere; the rates for outpatient visits were approximately ten times higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Forster
- St. Josefs Hospital, Sautier Strasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Roger T, Bresser P, Snoek M, van der Sluijs K, van den Berg A, Nijhuis M, Jansen HM, Lutter R. Exaggerated IL-8 and IL-6 responses to TNF-alpha by parainfluenza virus type 4-infected NCI-H292 cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 287:L1048-55. [PMID: 15273081 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00396.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses induce and potentiate airway inflammation, which is related to the induction of proinflammatory mediators such as interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6. Here we report on mechanisms implicated in IL-8 and IL-6 production by airway epithelium-like NCI-H292 cells exposed to parainfluenza virus type 4a (PIV-4). PIV-4 readily infected NCI-H292 cells as reflected by intracellular PIV-4 antigen expression. PIV-4 infection triggered a biphasic IL-8 and IL-6 mRNA response. Transient transfection with truncated and mutated promoter constructs identified NF-kappaB and activator protein (AP)-1, and CCAAT-enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) as the relevant transcription factors for PIV-4-induced IL-8 and IL-6 gene transcription, respectively. An increase of DNA-binding activities for NF-kappaB and C/EBP paralleled the induction of the first and second IL-8 and IL-6 mRNA peaks, whereas the onset of AP-1 paralleled the first IL-8 mRNA peak only. The second mRNA peak, apparently dependent on viral replication, coincided also with a marked reduction of IL-8 and IL-6 mRNA degradation. Importantly, cells at the time of the reduced mRNA degradation displayed an exaggerated IL-8 and IL-6 protein production to a secondary stimulus, as exemplified by steeper dose-response curves to TNF-alpha. Thus PIV-4 infection enhances epithelial IL-8 and IL-6 production by transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. The previously unrecognized phase of reduced IL-8 and IL-6 mRNA degradation and the concurrent amplified epithelial IL-8 and IL-6 responses may play an important role in virus-induced potentiation of airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Roger
- Department of Pulmonology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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37
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Chary P, Rautenschlein S, Sharma JM. Reduced efficacy of hemorrhagic enteritis virus vaccine in turkeys exposed to avian pneumovirus. Avian Dis 2002; 46:353-9. [PMID: 12061644 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0353:reohev]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian pneumovirus (APV) is an immunosuppressive respiratory pathogen of turkeys. We examined the effect of APV infection on the vaccine efficacy of hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) vaccines. APV was inoculated in 2-wk-old turkeys. Two or four days later, an attenuated HEV vaccine (HEVp30) or marble spleen disease virus (MSDV) vaccine were administered. Virulent HEV challenge was given 19 days after HEV vaccination. APV exposure compromised the ability of HEVp30 and MSDV to protect turkeys against virulent HEV. The protective index values were as follows: MSDV (100%) versus APV + MSDV (0%) (P < 0.05); HEVp30 (60%) versus APV + HEVp30 (30%) (P < 0.05) (Experiment I) and HEVp30 (56%) versus APV + HEVp30 (20%) (P < 0.05) (Experiment II). These data indicated that APV reduced the efficacy of HEV vaccines in turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Chary
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
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Liolios L, Jenney A, Spelman D, Kotsimbos T, Catton M, Wesselingh S. Comparison of a multiplex reverse transcription-PCR-enzyme hybridization assay with conventional viral culture and immunofluorescence techniques for the detection of seven viral respiratory pathogens. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:2779-83. [PMID: 11473991 PMCID: PMC88238 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.8.2779-2783.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2001] [Accepted: 05/13/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A multiplex reverse transcription-PCR-enzyme hybridization assay (RT-PCR-EHA; Hexaplex; Prodesse Inc., Waukesha, Wis.) was used for the simultaneous detection of human parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3, influenza virus types A and B, and respiratory syncytial virus types A and B. One hundred forty-three respiratory specimens from 126 patients were analyzed by RT-PCR-EHA, and the results were compared to those obtained by conventional viral culture and immunofluorescence (IF) methods. RT-PCR-EHA proved to be positive for 17 of 143 (11.9%) specimens, whereas 8 of 143 (5.6%) samples were positive by viral culture and/or IF. Eight samples were positive by both RT-PCR-EHA and conventional methods, while nine samples were RT-PCR-EHA positive and viral culture and IF negative. Eight of the nine samples with discordant results were then independently tested by a different multiplex RT-PCR assay for influenza virus types A and B, and all eight proved to be positive. In comparison to viral culture and IF methods, RT-PCR-EHA gave a sensitivity and a specificity of 100 and 93%, respectively. Since RT-PCR-EHA was able to detect more positive samples, which would otherwise have been missed by routine methods, we suggest that this multiplex RT-PCR-EHA provides a highly sensitive and specific means of diagnostic detection of major respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Liolios
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Alfred Hospital, Prahran 3181, Victoria, Australia.
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39
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Ottolini MG, Porter DD, Hemming VG, Prince GA. Enhanced pulmonary pathology in cotton rats upon challenge after immunization with inactivated parainfluenza virus 3 vaccines. Viral Immunol 2001; 13:231-6. [PMID: 10893002 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2000.13.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-induced potentiation was studied in cotton rats immunized with formalin-inactivated human parainfluenza type 3, ultraviolet light-inactivated virus, or infection with live virus. Immunized animals and unimmunized controls were later challenged by intranasal inoculation of live virus and evaluated for pulmonary pathology 4 days later. Animals immunized with either of the inactivated vaccines developed marked peribronchiolitis, perivasculitis, and an alveolar cellular infiltration much more severe than seen in animals infected previously, or in unmanipulated but challenged animals. Disease enhancement after immunization with killed virus is thus a characteristic of a member of each of three genera of the family, Paramyxoviridae, and is not restricted to immunization with formalin-inactivated virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Ottolini
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA.
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Abstract
Some paramyxoviruses form long filamentous virus particles: however, the determinants of filament formation and the role of such particles in virus transmission and pathogenicity are not clearly defined. By using conventional immunofluorescence microscopy, we found that human parainfluenza virus type 2 (HPIV2) forms filamentous particles ranging from 5 to 15 microm in length in virus-infected, polarized epithelial cells. The formation of filamentous particles was found to be virus type-specific and was not observed when the same cell types were infected with parainfluenza virus type 3 or Sendai virus, suggesting that different paramyxovirus genera exhibit distinct morphological properties. HPIV2 filamentous particle formation was found to be inhibited by cytochalasin D (CD) or jasplakinolide treatment in a dose-dependent manner. In the presence of 4 microg/ml CD or 1 microM jasplakinolide, the formation of filamentous particles was completely abolished, although similar haemagglutination and p.f.u. titres of virus were found to be released into the culture medium at 24 h post-infection. These observations indicate that host cell components, including the actin microfilament network, are important determinants of the morphology of parainfluenza viruses. The predominance of filamentous particles in polarized epithelial cells may reflect specific pathogenic roles of these particles in infection of human epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Aguilar JC, Pérez-Breña MP, García ML, Cruz N, Erdman DD, Echevarría JE. Detection and identification of human parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, 3, and 4 in clinical samples of pediatric patients by multiplex reverse transcription-PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:1191-5. [PMID: 10699020 PMCID: PMC86373 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.3.1191-1195.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a multiplex reverse transcription-PCR (m-RT-PCR) assay that is able to detect and differentiate all known human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs). Serial dilution experiments with reference strains that compared cell culture isolation and m-RT-PCR showed sensitivities ranging from 0.0004 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID(50)) for HPIV type 4B (HPIV-4B) to 32 TCID(50)s for HPIV-3. As few as 10 plasmids containing HPIV PCR products could be detected in all cases. When 201 nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens from pediatric patients hospitalized for lower respiratory illness were tested, m-RT-PCR assay detected 64 HPIVs (24 HPIV-3, 23 HPIV-1, 10 HPIV-4, and 7 HPIV-2), while only 42 of them (21 HPIV-1, 14 HPIV-3, 6 HPIV-2, and 1 HPIV-4 isolates) grew in cell culture. Our m-RT-PCR assay was more sensitive than either cell culture isolation or indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies for the detection of HPIV infections. Also, HPIV-4 was more frequently detected than HPIV-2 in this study, suggesting that it may have been underestimated as a lower respiratory tract pathogen because of the insensitivity of cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Aguilar
- Servicio de Virología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Majadahonda Pozuelo s/n, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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Laurichesse H, Dedman D, Watson JM, Zambon MC. Epidemiological features of parainfluenza virus infections: laboratory surveillance in England and Wales, 1975-1997. Eur J Epidemiol 1999; 15:475-84. [PMID: 10442474 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007511018330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hospital laboratory reports of parainfluenza virus (PIV) infections from England and Wales between 1975 and 1997 were analysed with regard to PIV type and seasonality, and in addition, those between 1985 1997 with regard to age, sex and clinical features. Laboratory-based surveillance data highlight striking differences in the seasonality of different PIV types. PIV-3 reports demonstrated a clear annual epidemic cycle, with a peak usually occurring in late spring or summer, whereas peaks of PIV-1 and PIV-2 occurred at one or two year intervals, in the late autumn or early winter. PIV-4 also occurred most frequently in the late autumn or early winter, but a clear epidemic cycle could not be identified. Laboratory surveillance data also provide insight into the age and disease distribution of PIV infection in children and indicate severity of PIV infection in immunosuppressed adults. Of 8221 PIV reports received between 1985-1997, PIV-3 accounted for 70.8%, PIV-1 for 17.2%, PIV-2 for 7.5%, and PIV-4 for 1.1%; 64.1% of reports came from infants under one year, 24.4% from children aged 1-4 years and 7.2% from individuals aged 5 years or older, with an excess of males in all age groups. Bronchiolitis, croup and pneumonia occurred in association with all PIV types. In children under 1 year, PIV-2 infections were more likely to be associated with bronchiolitis than infections with other PIV types. In children under 15 years, croup was more frequently associated with PIV-1 and PIV-2 than with PIV-3 or PIV-4. In 392 (7.2%) of the reported PIV infections between 1989 and 1997 an underlying condition was implicated, which included immunosuppression or chronic cardiac or pulmonary disease. Considerable morbidity is associated with PIV infections in infants and young children and would make the widescale use of a vaccine a valuable public health intervention. Surveillance information is essential to guide the development and use of preventive measures as well as to monitor their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Laurichesse
- Epidemiology Division, Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, Public Health Laboratory Service, Colindale, London, UK
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Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 31-1996. An 18-month-old immunosuppressed boy with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. N Engl J Med 1996; 335:1133-40. [PMID: 8813045 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199610103351508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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