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Massier L, Musat N, Stumvoll M, Tremaroli V, Chakaroun R, Kovacs P. Tissue-resident bacteria in metabolic diseases: emerging evidence and challenges. Nat Metab 2024; 6:1209-1224. [PMID: 38898236 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Although the impact of the gut microbiome on health and disease is well established, there is controversy regarding the presence of microorganisms such as bacteria and their products in organs and tissues. However, recent contamination-aware findings of tissue-resident microbial signatures provide accumulating evidence in support of bacterial translocation in cardiometabolic disease. The latter provides a distinct paradigm for the link between microbial colonizers of mucosal surfaces and host metabolism. In this Perspective, we re-evaluate the concept of tissue-resident bacteria including their role in metabolic low-grade tissue and systemic inflammation. We examine the limitations and challenges associated with studying low bacterial biomass samples and propose experimental and analytical strategies to overcome these issues. Our Perspective aims to encourage further investigation of the mechanisms linking tissue-resident bacteria to host metabolism and their potentially actionable health implications for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Massier
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niculina Musat
- Aarhus University, Department of Biology, Section for Microbiology, Århus, Denmark
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Valentina Tremaroli
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rima Chakaroun
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.
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2
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Ma N, Guo J, Li Z, Xu L, Zhang K, Xu T, Chang G, Loor JJ, Shen X. Disturbances of Ruminal Microbiota and Liver Inflammation, Mediated by LPS and Histamine, in Dairy Cows Fed a High-Concentrate Diet. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1495. [PMID: 38791713 PMCID: PMC11117260 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The ecosystem of ruminal microbiota profoundly affects the health and milk production of dairy cows. High-concentrate diets are widely used in dairy farms and evoke a series of metabolic disorders. Several studies have reported the effects of high-concentrate diets on the ruminal microbiome, while the effect of changes in ruminal microbial flora, induced by high-concentrate diet feeding, on the liver of dairy cows has not been studied before. In this study, 12 mid-lactating Holstein Friesian cows (weight of 455 ± 28 kg; parities of 2.5 ± 0.5; starting milk yield of 31.59 ± 3.2 kg/d; DMI of 21.7 ± 1.1 kg/d; and a DIM at the start of the experiment of 135 ± 28 d) were fitted with ruminal fistulas, as well as with portal and hepatic vein catheters. All cows were randomly divided into 2 groups; then, they fed with low-concentrate diets (LC, concentrate: forage = 40:60) and high-concentrate diets (HC, concentrate: forage = 60:40) for 18 weeks. The forage sources were corn silage and alfalfa hay. After the cows of two groups were euthanized over two consecutive days, ruminal microbiota; the concentration of LPS in the rumen content; cecum content; the levels of blood and histamine in rumen fluid, blood, and the liver; the histopathological status of the rumen and cecum; and the inflammatory response of the liver were assessed in dairy cows under conditions of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). These conditions were caused by high-concentrate diet feeding. All data were analyzed using the independent t-test in SPSS. The results showed that high-concentrate diet feeding increased the concentration of LPS and histamine in the rumen and plasma of veins (p < 0.05). The abundance of Bacteroidetes at the phylum level, and of both Bacteroidetes and Saccharibacteria at the genus level, was decreased, while the abundance of Firmicutes at the phylum level and Oscillibacter at the genus level was increased by high-concentrate diet feeding. The decreased pH values of ruminal contents (LC = 6.02, HC = 5.90, p < 0.05) and the increased level of LPS in the rumen (LC = 4.921 × 105, HC = 7.855 × 105 EU/mL, p < 0.05) and cecum (LC = 11.960 × 105, HC = 13.115 × 105 EU/mL, p < 0.01) induced the histopathological destruction of the rumen and cecum, combined with the increased mRNA expression of IL-1β (p < 0.05). The histamine receptor H1R and the NF-κB signaling pathway were activated in the liver samples taken from the HC group. In conclusion, the elevated concentrations of LPS and histamine in the gut may be related to changes in the ruminal microbiota. LPS and histamine induced the inflammatory response in the ruminal epithelium, cecum epithelium, and liver. However, the cause-effect mechanism needs to be proved in future research. Our study offers a novel therapeutic strategy by manipulating ruminal microbiota and metabolism to decrease LPS and histamine release and to improve the health of dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Ma
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (N.M.); (J.G.); (Z.L.); (L.X.); (K.Z.); (T.X.); (G.C.)
| | - Junfei Guo
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (N.M.); (J.G.); (Z.L.); (L.X.); (K.Z.); (T.X.); (G.C.)
| | - Zhenfu Li
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (N.M.); (J.G.); (Z.L.); (L.X.); (K.Z.); (T.X.); (G.C.)
| | - Lei Xu
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (N.M.); (J.G.); (Z.L.); (L.X.); (K.Z.); (T.X.); (G.C.)
| | - Kai Zhang
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (N.M.); (J.G.); (Z.L.); (L.X.); (K.Z.); (T.X.); (G.C.)
| | - Tianle Xu
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (N.M.); (J.G.); (Z.L.); (L.X.); (K.Z.); (T.X.); (G.C.)
| | - Guangjun Chang
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (N.M.); (J.G.); (Z.L.); (L.X.); (K.Z.); (T.X.); (G.C.)
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Xiangzhen Shen
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (N.M.); (J.G.); (Z.L.); (L.X.); (K.Z.); (T.X.); (G.C.)
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Chirivi M, Contreras GA. Endotoxin-induced alterations of adipose tissue function: a pathway to bovine metabolic stress. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:53. [PMID: 38581064 PMCID: PMC10998405 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
During the periparturient period, dairy cows exhibit negative energy balance due to limited appetite and increased energy requirements for lactogenesis. The delicate equilibrium between energy availability and expenditure puts cows in a state of metabolic stress characterized by excessive lipolysis in white adipose tissues (AT), increased production of reactive oxygen species, and immune cell dysfunction. Metabolic stress, especially in AT, increases the risk for metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Around parturition, cows are also susceptible to endotoxemia. Bacterial-derived toxins cause endotoxemia by promoting inflammatory processes and immune cell infiltration in different organs and systems while impacting metabolic function by altering lipolysis, mitochondrial activity, and insulin sensitivity. In dairy cows, endotoxins enter the bloodstream after overcoming the defense mechanisms of the epithelial barriers, particularly during common periparturient conditions such as mastitis, metritis, and pneumonia, or after abrupt changes in the gut microbiome. In the bovine AT, endotoxins induce a pro-inflammatory response and stimulate lipolysis in AT, leading to the release of free fatty acids into the bloodstream. When excessive and protracted, endotoxin-induced lipolysis can impair adipocyte's insulin signaling pathways and lipid synthesis. Endotoxin exposure can also induce oxidative stress in AT through the production of reactive oxygen species by inflammatory cells and other cellular components. This review provides insights into endotoxins' impact on AT function, highlighting the gaps in our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying AT dysfunction, its connection with periparturient cows' disease risk, and the need to develop effective interventions to prevent and treat endotoxemia-related inflammatory conditions in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Chirivi
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - G Andres Contreras
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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4
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Brown GC, Heneka MT. The endotoxin hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:30. [PMID: 38561809 PMCID: PMC10983749 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) constitutes much of the surface of Gram-negative bacteria, and if LPS enters the human body or brain can induce inflammation and act as an endotoxin. We outline the hypothesis here that LPS may contribute to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) via peripheral infections or gut dysfunction elevating LPS levels in blood and brain, which promotes: amyloid pathology, tau pathology and microglial activation, contributing to the neurodegeneration of AD. The evidence supporting this hypothesis includes: i) blood and brain levels of LPS are elevated in AD patients, ii) AD risk factors increase LPS levels or response, iii) LPS induces Aβ expression, aggregation, inflammation and neurotoxicity, iv) LPS induces TAU phosphorylation, aggregation and spreading, v) LPS induces microglial priming, activation and neurotoxicity, and vi) blood LPS induces loss of synapses, neurons and memory in AD mouse models, and cognitive dysfunction in humans. However, to test the hypothesis, it is necessary to test whether reducing blood LPS reduces AD risk or progression. If the LPS endotoxin hypothesis is correct, then treatments might include: reducing infections, changing gut microbiome, reducing leaky gut, decreasing blood LPS, or blocking LPS response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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5
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Harm S, Schildböck C, Cont D, Weber V. Heparin enables the reliable detection of endotoxin in human serum samples using the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2410. [PMID: 38287051 PMCID: PMC10825173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52735-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The determination of lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) in serum or plasma samples using Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL)-based assays is currently not sufficiently reliable in clinical diagnostics due to numerous interfering factors that strongly reduce the recovery of LPS in clinical samples. The specific plasma components responsible for the endotoxin neutralizing capacity of human blood remain to be identified. There are indications that certain endotoxin-neutralizing proteins or peptides, which are part of the host defense peptides/proteins of the innate immune system may be responsible for this effect. Based on our finding that several antimicrobial peptides can be neutralized by the polyanion heparin, we developed a heparin-containing diluent for serum and plasma samples, which enables reliable quantification of LPS measurement in clinical samples using the LAL assay. In a preclinical study involving 40 donors, this improved protocol yielded an over eightfold increase in LPS recovery in serum samples, as compared to the standard protocol. This modified protocol of sample pretreatment could make LPS measurement a valuable tool in medical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Harm
- Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria.
| | - Claudia Schildböck
- Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Denisa Cont
- Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Microbiology, Karl Landsteiner University, Krems, Austria
| | - Viktoria Weber
- Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
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6
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Piran Filho FA, Bragatto JM, Parra CS, Silva SMS, Roco PJ, Ferraretto LF, Pereira MN, Daniel JLP. Physical effectiveness of corn silage fractions stratified with the Penn State Particle Separator for lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6041-6059. [PMID: 37474365 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the physical effectiveness of whole-plant corn silage (CS) particles stratified with the Penn State Particle Separator, composed of 19- and 8-mm-diameter sieves and a pan, for lactating dairy cows. Eight Holstein cows (27.6 ± 2.8 kg/d of milk, 611 ± 74 kg body weight; 152 ± 83 d in milk) were assigned to two 4 × 4 Latin squares (22-d periods, 16-d adaptation), where one square was formed with rumen-cannulated cows. Three CS particle fractions were manually isolated using the 8- and 19-mm diameter sieves and re-ensiled in 200-L drums. The 4 experimental diets were (% dry matter): (1) CON (control): 17% forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) from CS (basal roughage), 31.5% starch, and 31.9% NDF; (2) PSPan: 17% forage NDF from CS + 9% NDF from CS particles <8 mm, 25.9% starch, and 37.9% NDF; (3) PS8: 17% forage NDF from CS + 9% NDF from CS particles 8 to 19 mm, 25.5% starch, and 38.3% NDF; and (4) PS19: 17% forage NDF from CS + 9% NDF from CS particles >19 mm, 24.9% starch, and 38.8% NDF. Cows fed PS8 had greater dry matter intake and energy-corrected milk yield (22.4 and 26.9 kg/d, respectively) than cows fed CON (20.8 and 24.7 kg/d) and PS19 (21.2 and 24.8 kg/d), but no difference was detected between PSPan (21.6 and 25.8 kg/d) and other treatments. Milk fat concentration was greater for PS8 than CON, with intermediate values for PSPan and PS19. Milk fat yield was greater for cows fed PS8 than CON and PS19, and cows fed PSPan secreted more fat than CON cows but were not different from cows fed the other 2 diets. Cows fed CON had a lower meal frequency than cows fed PSPan, shorter meal and rumination times than PS8, and greater meal size and lower rates of rumination and chewing than the other 3 diets. Total chewing per unit of NDF was higher for PS8 than PSPan, although neither treatment differed from CON or PS19. Cows fed PS19 had higher refusal of feed particles >19 mm than cows fed CON and PSPan. The refusal of dietary NDF and undigested NDF in favor of starch were all greater for PS19 than on the other treatments. Cows fed PS19 had a greater proportion of the swallowed bolus and rumen digesta with particles >19 mm than the other 3 diets. Cows fed CON had the lowest ruminal pH and greatest lactate concentration relative to the other 3 diets. Plasma lipopolysaccharide was higher for cows fed CON and PSPan than for cows fed PS8 and PS19, and serum d-lactate tended to be lower on PSPan than for CON and PS8. In summary, the inclusion of CS fractions in a low-forage fiber diet (CON) reduced signs of ruminal acidosis. Compared with CS NDF <8 and >19 mm, CS NDF with 8- to 19-mm length promoted better rumen health and performance of dairy cows. These results highlight the importance of adjusting CS harvest and formulating dairy diets based on the proportion of particles retained between the 8- and 19-mm sieves.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Piran Filho
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil, 87020-900
| | - J M Bragatto
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil, 87020-900
| | - C S Parra
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil, 87020-900
| | - S M S Silva
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil, 87020-900
| | - P J Roco
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil, 87020-900
| | - L F Ferraretto
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - M N Pereira
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil, 37200-900
| | - J L P Daniel
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil, 87020-900.
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7
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Kimoto H, Takahashi M, Masuko M, Sato K, Hirahara Y, Iiyama M, Suzuki Y, Hashimoto T, Hayashita T. High-Throughput Analysis of Bacterial Toxic Lipopolysaccharide in Water by Dual-Wavelength Monitoring Using a Ratiometric Fluorescent Chemosensor. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12349-12357. [PMID: 37524054 PMCID: PMC10448884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a bacterial toxin that causes fever in humans. Our small-molecule chemosensor named Zn-dpa-C2OPy shows rapid ratiometric fluorescence response to LPS in water with a detection limit of 11 pM, which is lower than that of our previously reported sensor. Spectroscopic measurements (fluorescence, absorbance, 1H NMR, and fluorescence lifetime), dynamic light scattering measurements, and transmission electron microscopy observations revealed that the fluorescence response was induced by the changes in the aggregation state via multi-point recognition of LPS through hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, in addition to the coordination between the zinc(II)-dipicolylamine moiety of the chemosensor and the phosphate group of LPS. The proposed Zn-dpa-C2OPy chemosensor was applied to an original flow injection analysis (FIA) system with a self-developed dual-wavelength fluorophotometer, and a high throughput of 36 samples per hour was achieved. These results demonstrate the feasibility of this unique methodology combining a ratiometric fluorescent chemosensor and FIA for continuous online monitoring of LPS in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kimoto
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, Sophia
University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
- Technical
Development Division, Nomura Micro Science
Co., Ltd., Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0021, Japan
| | - Moeka Takahashi
- Department
of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Masakage Masuko
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, Sophia
University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Kai Sato
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, Sophia
University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Yuya Hirahara
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, Sophia
University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
- Technical
Development Division, Nomura Micro Science
Co., Ltd., Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0021, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Iiyama
- Technical
Development Division, Nomura Micro Science
Co., Ltd., Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0021, Japan
| | - Yota Suzuki
- Department
of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
- Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Saitama
University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Department
of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Takashi Hayashita
- Department
of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
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8
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Rath T, Atreya R, Neurath MF. A spotlight on intestinal permeability and inflammatory bowel diseases. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:893-902. [PMID: 37606514 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2023.2242772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The intestinal barrier is a multi-faced structure lining the surface of the intestinal mucosa of the GI tract. To exert its main functions as a physical and immunological defense barrier, several components of the intestinal barrier act in a concerted and cooperative manner. AREAS COVERED Herein, we first introduce to the basic organization of the intestinal barrier and then summarize different methods to assess barrier function in and ex vivo. Finally, we provide an in-depth overview of the relevance of intestinal barrier dysfunction in inflammatory bowel diseases. EXPERT OPINION In parallel to a more fundamental understanding of the intestinal barrier as a key component for intestinal integrity is the notion that intestinal barrier defects are associated with a variety of diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases. Recent research has fueled and perpetuated the concept that barrier defects are critical components of disease development, disease behavior, and potentially also an area of therapeutic intervention in IBD patients. Although being far away from standard, new technologies can be used to easily assess barrier healing in IBD and to derive clinical consequences from these findings such as more accurate forecasting of future disease behavior or the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Rath
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ludwig Demling Endoscopy Center of Excellence, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raja Atreya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ludwig Demling Endoscopy Center of Excellence, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ludwig Demling Endoscopy Center of Excellence, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Für Immuntherapie DZI, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Brown GC, Camacho M, Williams‐Gray CH. The Endotoxin Hypothesis of Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2023; 38:1143-1155. [PMID: 37157885 PMCID: PMC10947365 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The endotoxin hypothesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the idea that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxins contribute to the pathogenesis of this disorder. LPS endotoxins are found in, and released from, the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, for example in the gut. It is proposed that gut dysfunction in early PD leads to elevated LPS levels in the gut wall and blood, which promotes both α-synuclein aggregation in the enteric neurons and a peripheral inflammatory response. Communication to the brain via circulating LPS and cytokines in the blood and/or the gut-brain axis leads to neuroinflammation and spreading of α-synuclein pathology, exacerbating neurodegeneration in brainstem nuclei and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, and manifesting in the clinical symptoms of PD. The evidence supporting this hypothesis includes: (1) gut dysfunction, permeability, and bacterial changes occur early in PD, (2) serum levels of LPS are increased in a proportion of PD patients, (3) LPS induces α-synuclein expression, aggregation, and neurotoxicity, (4) LPS causes activation of peripheral monocytes leading to inflammatory cytokine production, and (5) blood LPS causes brain inflammation and specific loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, mediated by microglia. If the hypothesis is correct, then treatment options might include: (1) changing the gut microbiome, (2) reducing gut permeability, (3) reducing circulating LPS levels, or (4) blocking the response of immune cells and microglia to LPS. However, the hypothesis has a number of limitations and requires further testing, in particular whether reducing LPS levels can reduce PD incidence, progression, or severity. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy C. Brown
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Marta Camacho
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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10
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Pepe RB, Lottenberg AM, Fujiwara CTH, Beyruti M, Cintra DE, Machado RM, Rodrigues A, Jensen NSO, Caldas APS, Fernandes AE, Rossoni C, Mattos F, Motarelli JHF, Bressan J, Saldanha J, Beda LMM, Lavrador MSF, Del Bosco M, Cruz P, Correia PE, Maximino P, Pereira S, Faria SL, Piovacari SMF. Position statement on nutrition therapy for overweight and obesity: nutrition department of the Brazilian association for the study of obesity and metabolic syndrome (ABESO-2022). Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:124. [PMID: 37296485 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease resulting from multifactorial causes mainly related to lifestyle (sedentary lifestyle, inadequate eating habits) and to other conditions such as genetic, hereditary, psychological, cultural, and ethnic factors. The weight loss process is slow and complex, and involves lifestyle changes with an emphasis on nutritional therapy, physical activity practice, psychological interventions, and pharmacological or surgical treatment. Because the management of obesity is a long-term process, it is essential that the nutritional treatment contributes to the maintenance of the individual's global health. The main diet-related causes associated with excess weight are the high consumption of ultraprocessed foods, which are high in fats, sugars, and have high energy density; increased portion sizes; and low intake of fruits, vegetables, and grains. In addition, some situations negatively interfere with the weight loss process, such as fad diets that involve the belief in superfoods, the use of teas and phytotherapics, or even the avoidance of certain food groups, as has currently been the case for foods that are sources of carbohydrates. Individuals with obesity are often exposed to fad diets and, on a recurring basis, adhere to proposals with promises of quick solutions, which are not supported by the scientific literature. The adoption of a dietary pattern combining foods such as grains, lean meats, low-fat dairy, fruits, and vegetables, associated with an energy deficit, is the nutritional treatment recommended by the main international guidelines. Moreover, an emphasis on behavioral aspects including motivational interviewing and the encouragement for the individual to develop skills will contribute to achieve and maintain a healthy weight. Therefore, this Position Statement was prepared based on the analysis of the main randomized controlled studies and meta-analyses that tested different nutrition interventions for weight loss. Topics in the frontier of knowledge such as gut microbiota, inflammation, and nutritional genomics, as well as the processes involved in weight regain, were included in this document. This Position Statement was prepared by the Nutrition Department of the Brazilian Association for the Study of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome (ABESO), with the collaboration of dietitians from research and clinical fields with an emphasis on strategies for weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Bressan Pepe
- Grupo de Obesidade e Sindrome Metabolica, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Lottenberg
- Laboratório de Lipides (LIM10), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Nutrition Department of the Brazilian Association for the Study of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome (ABESO), Rua Mato Grosso 306 - cj 1711, Sao Paulo, SP, 01239-040, Brazil.
| | - Clarissa Tamie Hiwatashi Fujiwara
- Grupo de Obesidade e Sindrome Metabolica, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mônica Beyruti
- Brazilian Association for the Study of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome (ABESO), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Dennys Esper Cintra
- Centro de Estudos em Lipídios e Nutrigenômica - CELN - University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta Marcondes Machado
- Liga Acadêmica de Controle de Diabetes do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Rodrigues
- Brazilian Association for the Study of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome (ABESO), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Natália Sanchez Oliveira Jensen
- Liga Acadêmica de Controle de Diabetes do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ariana Ester Fernandes
- Grupo de Obesidade e Sindrome Metabolica, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carina Rossoni
- Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Mattos
- Programa de Obesidade e Cirurgia Bariátrica do Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho da UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - João Henrique Fabiano Motarelli
- Núcleo de Estudos e Extensão em Comportamento Alimentar e Obesidade (NEPOCA) da Universidade de São Paulo - FMRP/USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Josefina Bressan
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Lis Mie Masuzawa Beda
- Brazilian Association for the Study of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome (ABESO), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Sílvia Ferrari Lavrador
- Liga Acadêmica de Controle de Diabetes do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Del Bosco
- Brazilian Association for the Study of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome (ABESO), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Cruz
- Grupo de Obesidade e Sindrome Metabolica, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Priscila Maximino
- Instituto PENSI - Fundação José Luiz Egydio Setúbal, Instituto Pensi, Fundação José Luiz Egydio Setúbal, Hospital Infantil Sabará, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia Pereira
- Núcleo de Saúde Alimentar da Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Bariátrica e Metabólica, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Fux AC, Casonato Melo C, Michelini S, Swartzwelter BJ, Neusch A, Italiani P, Himly M. Heterogeneity of Lipopolysaccharide as Source of Variability in Bioassays and LPS-Binding Proteins as Remedy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098395. [PMID: 37176105 PMCID: PMC10179214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also referred to as endotoxin, is the major component of Gram-negative bacteria's outer cell wall. It is one of the main types of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are known to elicit severe immune reactions in the event of a pathogen trespassing the epithelial barrier and reaching the bloodstream. Associated symptoms include fever and septic shock, which in severe cases, might even lead to death. Thus, the detection of LPS in medical devices and injectable pharmaceuticals is of utmost importance. However, the term LPS does not describe one single molecule but a diverse class of molecules sharing one common feature: their characteristic chemical structure. Each bacterial species has its own pool of LPS molecules varying in their chemical composition and enabling the aggregation into different supramolecular structures upon release from the bacterial cell wall. As this heterogeneity has consequences for bioassays, we aim to examine the great variability of LPS molecules and their potential to form various supramolecular structures. Furthermore, we describe current LPS quantification methods and the LPS-dependent inflammatory pathway and show how LPS heterogeneity can affect them. With the intent of overcoming these challenges and moving towards a universal approach for targeting LPS, we review current studies concerning LPS-specific binders. Finally, we give perspectives for LPS research and the use of LPS-binding molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Fux
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Cristiane Casonato Melo
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Sara Michelini
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Benjamin J Swartzwelter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, 1601 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Andreas Neusch
- Experimental Medical Physics, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paola Italiani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Martin Himly
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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12
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Saraswathy S, Rao NA. microRNA 146a ameliorates retinal damage in experimental autoimmune uveitis. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 3:1130202. [PMID: 38983073 PMCID: PMC11182178 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2023.1130202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Uveitis and related intraocular inflammations are a major cause of blindness due to retinal damage caused by degeneration and loss of the photoreceptor cells. In mouse experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) previously we have shown mitochondrial oxidative stress with marked upregulation of αA crystallin in the inner segments of the photoreceptors. Furthermore, αA crystallin treatment prevented photoreceptor mitochondrial oxidative stress by suppressing innate and adaptive immunity in EAU. Methods Since these immune processes are modulated by microRNAs, in this study we investigated (a) modulation of microRNAs during development of EAU by αA crystallin administration and (b) microRNA therapeutic intervention. Results Few microRNAs were significantly upregulated in EAU mice with intravenous injection of αA crystallin and among these, computational bioinformatic analysis revealed that the upregulated microRNA 146a targets the innate and adaptive immune responses. In EAU, intravenous as well as intravitreal administration of this microRNA prevented inflammatory cell infiltration in uvea and retina and preserved photoreceptor cells. Discussion This protective function suggests that microRNA146a can be a novel therapeutic agent in preventing retinal damage in uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Saraswathy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Narsing A. Rao
- Department of Opthalmology, USC-Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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13
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Kimoto H, Hirahara Y, Sato K, Iiyama M, Hashimoto T, Hayashita T. High-throughput determination of lipopolysaccharide by flow injection analysis using dipicolylamine-type fluorescent probe. TALANTA OPEN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2023.100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
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14
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Flórez P, de Castro M, Rodríguez D, Gonzalo-Orden JM, Carvajal A. Intralaboratory Validation of a Kinetic Turbidimetric Assay Based on Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) for Assessing Endotoxin Activity in Cow Milk. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030427. [PMID: 36766315 PMCID: PMC9913736 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis, one of the most common diseases in dairy cattle, causes severe losses in the dairy sector worldwide and affects animal welfare. The disease is characterized by an inflammatory reaction of the mammary gland and is mainly caused by bacterial infections, including both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The release of endotoxins associated to bacterial lysis is a weighty factor in the clinical course of Gram-negative associated mastitis and should be taken into consideration when using antibiotics in the treatment of these infections. Therefore, endotoxin detection in milk samples would be of help in the management of bovine mastitis. With this aim, we have validated a kinetic turbidimetric assay based on Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) for the quantification of endotoxins in milk samples. The assay was adapted to this particular matrix by incorporating filtration and dilution of the milk samples in the procedure. Our results demonstrate the robustness and usefulness of the assay, which allows the identification of coliform mastitis in milk samples from affected cows and the quantification of endotoxin activity in bulk and commercial milk samples. Further studies are required to evaluate the performance of the assay in mastitis milk samples associated to Gram-negative bacteria other than Escherichia coli as well as during the clinical course of these Gram-negative mastitis or after their treatment with antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Flórez
- Laboratorios Analíticos AGROVET, N-601 km312, 24217 Mansilla Mayor, León, Spain
| | - María de Castro
- Laboratorios Analíticos AGROVET, N-601 km312, 24217 Mansilla Mayor, León, Spain
| | - David Rodríguez
- Laboratorios Analíticos AGROVET, N-601 km312, 24217 Mansilla Mayor, León, Spain
| | - José Manuel Gonzalo-Orden
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina, IBIOMED, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Ana Carvajal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero, INDEGSAL, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Correspondence:
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15
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Sheraba NS, Hesham A, Fawzy M, Diab E, Basuony ME, Yassin AS, Zedan HH, Abu-Elghait M. Advanced approaches for endotoxin detection and removal from snake antivenoms. Toxicon 2023; 222:107003. [PMID: 36535530 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.107003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive assessment of the literature on strategies for the detection and removing endotoxin from biotechnological preparations was conducted. This study highlighted the brief history of endotoxin. After that, a review of endotoxin's chemical and physical features, as well as its pathophysiological consequences when the body is exposed to LPS excessively or systemically, is presented. The procedures for determining endotoxin and the interaction of endotoxin with proteins are also discussed, considering both known approaches and cutting-edge technology in this sector. This review presented the endotoxin detection and removal approaches from antisera with an economical approach using several processes documented in the literature (e.g., adsorption, ultrafiltration, and chromatography). Different methods with relatively high protein recoveries are mentioned. This review concludes that heat activation at 70 °C-80 °C for 10 min and rehydration of the LAL reagent with endotoxin-specific buffer solution is the best technique to control the enhancement problem when testing polyvalent snake venom antiserum samples by the LAL method. The most efficient method for eliminating endotoxins has proven to be affinity resin-based chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhan S Sheraba
- VACSERA, The Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hesham
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt; Middle East for Vaccines (MEVAC), El-Salihya El-Gededa, El-Sharkia, 44671, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Fawzy
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Emad Diab
- Middle East for Vaccines (MEVAC), El-Salihya El-Gededa, El-Sharkia, 44671, Egypt; Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Mohamad E Basuony
- Middle East for Vaccines (MEVAC), El-Salihya El-Gededa, El-Sharkia, 44671, Egypt; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Aymen S Yassin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hamdallah H Zedan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Abu-Elghait
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 11884, Cairo, Egypt.
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16
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Polyphenol-Rich Liupao Tea Extract Prevents High-Fat Diet-Induced MAFLD by Modulating the Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224930. [PMID: 36432617 PMCID: PMC9697786 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulation of gut microbiota dysbiosis might regulate the progression of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Here, we found that polyphenol-rich Liupao tea extract (PLE) prevents high-fat diet (HFD)-induced MAFLD in ApoE-/- male mice accompanied by protection of the intestinal barrier and downregulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-related Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) signaling in the liver. Fecal microbiome transplantation (FMT) from PLE-and-HFD-treated mice delayed MAFLD development significantly compared with FMT from HFD-treated mice. In this case, 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that Rikenellaceae and Odoribacter were significantly enriched and that Helicobacter was significantly decreased in not only the HFD+PLE group but also the HFD+PLE-FMT group. Furthermore, the level of 3-sulfodeoxycholic acid was significantly decreased in the HFD+PLE-FMT group compared with the HFD-FMT group. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that PLE could modulate the MAFLD phenotype in mice and that this effect is partly mediated through modulation of the gut microbiota.
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17
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Gorman A, Golovanov AP. Lipopolysaccharide Structure and the Phenomenon of Low Endotoxin Recovery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 180:289-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Niewiem M, Grzybowska-Chlebowczyk U. Assessment of Selected Intestinal Permeability Markers in Children with Food Allergy Depending on the Type and Severity of Clinical Symptoms. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204385. [PMID: 36297068 PMCID: PMC9608842 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Food allergy (FA) has a broad range of symptoms, and clinical manifestations may concern several reactions from one system or organ. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess intestinal permeability (IP) based on the analysis of serum zonulin and bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) levels in children with FA, taking into account the pathomechanism of immune reaction, clinical symptoms of FA and their severity. Material and methods: The study comprised 103 patients aged 7–60 months (median 34); 49 children with IgE-mediated allergy and 25 children with non-IgE-mediated allergy; the reference group comprised 29 children with functional gastrointestinal disorders. IP markers were determined using ELISA. Results: There was no correlation between the severity of clinical symptoms and the level of IP markers in children with FA. Zonulin and LPS levels were significantly higher in children with FA and gastrointestinal symptoms. Zonulin levels in the subgroup of children with non-IgE-mediated FA and gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly higher than in the subgroup of children with IgE-mediated FA and these symptoms. The level of LPS was significantly higher in the subgroup with IgE-mediated FA and atopic dermatitis. Conclusions: Zonulin and LPS levels were significantly higher in children with FA compared to children from the reference group. Zonulin levels were significantly higher in children with non-IgE-mediated FA than in children with IgE-mediated FA.
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19
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Kimoto H, Suzuki Y, Ebisawa Y, Iiyama M, Hashimoto T, Hayashita T. Simple and Rapid Endotoxin Recognition Using a Dipicolylamine-Modified Fluorescent Probe with Picomolar-Order Sensitivity. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:25891-25897. [PMID: 35910126 PMCID: PMC9330845 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Endotoxin is a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that is found in the outer membrane of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. Due to its high toxicity, the allowable endotoxin limit for water for injection is set at a very low value. Conventional methods for endotoxin detection are time-consuming and expensive and have low reproducibility. A previous study has shown that dipicolylamine (dpa)-modified pyrene-based probes exhibit fluorescence enhancement in response to LPS; however, the application of such probes to the sensing of LPS is not discussed. Against this backdrop, we have developed a simple and rapid endotoxin detection method using a dpa-modified pyrenyl probe having a zinc(II) center (Zn-dpa-C4Py). When LPS was added into Zn-dpa-C4Py solution, excimer emission of the pyrene moiety emerged at 470 nm. This probe can detect picomolar concentrations of LPS (limit of detection = 41 pM). The high sensitivity of the probe is ascribed to the electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between the probe and LPS, which result in the dimer formation of the pyrene moieties. We also found that Zn-dpa-C4Py has the highest selectivity for LPS compared with other phosphate derivatives, which is probably caused by the co-aggregation of the probe with LPS. We propose that Zn-dpa-C4Py is a promising chemical sensor for the detection of endotoxin in medical and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kimoto
- Department
of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
- Technical
Development Division, Nomura Micro Science
Co., Ltd., 2-4-37 Okada, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0021, Japan
| | - Yota Suzuki
- Department
of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Yu Ebisawa
- Department
of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Iiyama
- Technical
Development Division, Nomura Micro Science
Co., Ltd., 2-4-37 Okada, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0021, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Department
of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Takashi Hayashita
- Department
of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
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20
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Freckelton ML, Nedved BT, Cai YS, Cao S, Turano H, Alegado RA, Hadfield MG. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induces settlement and metamorphosis in a marine larva. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200795119. [PMID: 35467986 PMCID: PMC9651628 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200795119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
New surfaces in the sea are quickly populated by dense communities of invertebrate animals, whose establishment and maintenance require site-specific settlement of larvae from the plankton. Larvae selectively settle in sites where they can metamorphose and thrive largely due to inductive cues from bacteria residing on these surfaces. However, the nature of the cues used to identify “right places” has remained enigmatic. Here, we demonstrate that lipopolysaccharide, the main component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria from the bacterium Cellulophaga lytica , induces metamorphosis for a marine worm. We then discuss the likelihood that lipopolysaccharide provides the variation necessary to explain settlement site selectivity for many of the bottom-living invertebrate animals that metamorphose in response to bacterial biofilms. How larvae of the many phyla of marine invertebrates find places appropriate for settlement, metamorphosis, growth, and reproduction is an enduring question in marine science. Biofilm-induced metamorphosis has been observed in marine invertebrate larvae from nearly every major marine phylum. Despite the widespread nature of this phenomenon, the mechanism of induction remains poorly understood. The serpulid polychaete Hydroides elegans is a well established model for investigating bacteria-induced larval development. A broad range of biofilm bacterial species elicit larval metamorphosis in H. elegans via at least two mechanisms, including outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and complexes of phage-tail bacteriocins. We investigated the interaction between larvae of H. elegans and the inductive bacterium Cellulophaga lytica , which produces an abundance of OMVs but not phage-tail bacteriocins. We asked whether the OMVs of C. lytica induce larval settlement due to cell membrane components or through delivery of specific cargo. Employing a biochemical structure–function approach with a strong ecological focus, the cells and OMVs produced by C. lytica were interrogated to determine the class of the inductive compounds. Here, we report that larvae of H. elegans are induced to metamorphose by lipopolysaccharide produced by C. lytica . The widespread prevalence of lipopolysaccharide and its associated taxonomic and structural variability suggest it may be a broadly employed cue for bacterially induced larval settlement of marine invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian T. Nedved
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaiʻi, Honolulu, HI 96813
| | - You-Sheng Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shugeng Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720
| | - Helen Turano
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaiʻi Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813
| | - Rosanna A. Alegado
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaiʻi Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813
- Sea Grant College Program, University of Hawaiʻi Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813
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21
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Mobed A, Hasanzadeh M. Environmental protection based on the nanobiosensing of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs): material and method overview. RSC Adv 2022; 12:9704-9724. [PMID: 35424904 PMCID: PMC8959448 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09393b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or endotoxin control is critical for environmental and healthcare issues. LPSs are responsible for several infections, including septic and shock sepsis, and are found in water samples. Accurate and specific diagnosis of endotoxin is one of the most challenging issues in medical bacteriology. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), plating and culture-based methods, and Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay are the conventional techniques in quantifying LPS in research and medical laboratories. However, these methods have been restricted due to their disadvantages, such as low sensitivity and time-consuming and complicated procedures. Therefore, the development of new and advanced methods is demanding, particularly in the biological and medical fields. Biosensor technology is an innovative method that developed extensively in the past decade. Biosensors are classified based on the type of transducer and bioreceptor. So in this review, various types of biosensors, such as optical (fluorescence, SERS, FRET, and SPR), electrochemical, photoelectrochemical, and electrochemiluminescence, on the biosensing of LPs were investigated. Also, the critical role of advanced nanomaterials on the performance of the above-mentioned biosensors is discussed. In addition, the application of different labels on the efficient usage of biosensors for LPS is surveyed comprehensively. Also, various bio-elements (aptamer, DNA, miRNA, peptide, enzyme, antibody, etc.) on the structure of the LPS biosensor are investigated. Finally, bio-analytical parameters that affect the performance of LPS biosensors are surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Mobed
- Aging Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Iran
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz 51664 Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasanzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz 51664 Iran
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
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22
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Contino KF, Yadav H, Shiozawa Y. The gut microbiota can be a potential regulator and treatment target of bone metastasis. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 197:114916. [PMID: 35041811 PMCID: PMC8858876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota, an often forgotten organ, have a tremendous impact on human health. It has long been known that the gut microbiota are implicated in cancer development, and more recently, the gut microbiota have been shown to influence cancer metastasis to distant organs. Although one of the most common sites of distant metastasis is the bone, and the skeletal system has been shown to be a subject of interactions with the gut microbiota to regulate bone homeostasis, little research has been done regarding how the gut microbiota control the development of bone metastasis. This review will discuss the mechanisms through which the gut microbiota and derived microbial compounds (i) regulate gastrointestinal cancer disease progression and metastasis, (ii) influence skeletal remodeling and potentially modulate bone metastasis, and (iii) affect and potentially enhance immunotherapeutic treatments for bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly F Contino
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Hariom Yadav
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair and Institute for Microbiome, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Yusuke Shiozawa
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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23
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Guo J, Xu L, Khalouei H, Fehr K, Senaratne V, Ghia JE, Yoon I, Khafipour E, Plaizier JC. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products reduce bacterial endotoxin concentrations and inflammation during grain-based subacute ruminal acidosis in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:2354-2368. [PMID: 34998547 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is a metabolic disorder in dairy cows that is associated with dysbiosis of rumen and hindgut microbiomes, translocation of immunogenic compounds from the gut lumen into blood circulation, and systemic inflammatory response. In this study we hypothesized that Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP) attenuate the increases in ruminal and peripheral bacterial endotoxin concentrations and the inflammation resulting from repeated induction of SARA. Lactating Holstein dairy cows (parity 2 and 3+, n = 32) were fed diets with or without SCFP (all from Diamond V) and subjected to 2 episodes of SARA challenges. Cows received a basal total mixed ration (TMR) containing 34% neutral detergent fiber and 18.6% starch, dry matter (DM) basis. Treatments were randomly assigned to control (basal TMR and 140 g/d of ground corn with no SCFP) or 1 of 3 SCFP treatments: basal TMR and 14 g/d Original XPC (SCFPa), 19 g/d NutriTek (SCFPb-1×), or 38 g/d NutriTek (SCFPb-2×) mixed with 126, 121, or 102 g/d of ground corn, respectively. Treatments were implemented from 4 wk before until 12 wk after parturition. During wk 5 (SARA1) and wk 8 of lactation (SARA2), grain-based SARA challenges were conducted by gradually replacing 20% of DM of the basal TMR over 3 d with pellets containing 50% wheat and 50% barley. Ruminal fluid, fecal, and blood samples were collected weekly during Pre-SARA1 (wk 4, as baseline), Post-SARA1 (wk 7), and Post-SARA2 (wk 10 for blood and wk 12 for rumen and fecal parameters) stages, and twice a week during the challenges SARA1 and SARA2. Rumen papillae samples were taken only during Pre-SARA1 and Post-SARA2. We measured the concentrations of free lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the rumen fluid and feces; free LPS and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) endotoxins in peripheral plasma; interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in peripheral serum; acute-phase proteins, serum amyloid A (SAA), and LPS-binding protein in peripheral plasma; haptoglobin (Hp) in peripheral serum; and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in rumen papillae. Induction of SARA episodes increased free LPS concentrations in rumen fluid and tended to increase LTA in peripheral plasma. The SARA episodes increased concentration of circulating SAA and tended to increase that of IL-1β compared with Pre-SARA1. Induction of SARA did not affect the concentrations of circulating IL-6, Hp, and MPO. The SCFP supplementation reduced plasma concentrations of LTA and SAA and serum concentration of IL-1β compared with control. Additionally, SCFPb-2× tended to reduce ruminal LPS in second-parity cows compared with control. Overall, SCFP supplementation appeared to stabilize the rumen environment and reduce proinflammatory status, hence attenuating adverse digestive and inflammatory responses associated with SARA episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guo
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2E2, Canada
| | - L Xu
- Department of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - H Khalouei
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2E2, Canada
| | - K Fehr
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2E2, Canada
| | - V Senaratne
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2E2, Canada
| | - J E Ghia
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada
| | - I Yoon
- Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA 52404
| | - E Khafipour
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2E2, Canada.
| | - J C Plaizier
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2E2, Canada.
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24
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Larsson J, Hoppe E, Gautrois M, Cvijovic M, Jirstrand M. Second-generation TNFα turnover model for improved analysis of test compound interventions in LPS challenge studies. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 165:105937. [PMID: 34260892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a non-linear mixed effects model describing tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) release after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) provocations in absence or presence of anti-inflammatory test compounds. Inter-occasion variability and the pharmacokinetics of two test compounds have been added to this second-generation model, and the goal is to produce a framework of how to model TNFα response in LPS challenge studies in vivo and demonstrate its general applicability regardless of occasion or type of test compound. Model improvements based on experimental data were successfully implemented and provided a robust model for TNFα response after LPS provocation, as well as reliable estimates of the median pharmacodynamic parameters. The two test compounds, Test Compound A and roflumilast, showed 81.1% and 74.9% partial reduction of TNFα response, respectively, and the potency of Test Compound A was estimated to 0.166 µmol/L. Comparing this study with previously published work reveals that our model leads to biologically reasonable output, handles complex data pooled from different studies, and highlights the importance of accurately distinguishing the stimulatory effect of LPS from the inhibitory effect of the test compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Larsson
- Fraunhofer-Chalmers Centre, Chalmers Science Park, 412 88 Gothenburg, Sweden.; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden..
| | | | | | - Marija Cvijovic
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Jirstrand
- Fraunhofer-Chalmers Centre, Chalmers Science Park, 412 88 Gothenburg, Sweden
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25
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Cheng J, Balbuena E, Miller B, Eroglu A. The Role of β-Carotene in Colonic Inflammation and Intestinal Barrier Integrity. Front Nutr 2021; 8:723480. [PMID: 34646849 PMCID: PMC8502815 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.723480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Carotenoids are naturally occurring pigments accounting for the brilliant colors of fruits and vegetables. They may display antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in humans besides being precursors to vitamin A. There is a gap of knowledge in examining their role within colonic epithelial cells. We proposed to address this research gap by examining the effects of a major dietary carotenoid, β-carotene, in the in vitro epithelial cell model. Methods: We examined the function of β-carotene in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway. We conducted western blotting assays to evaluate expressions of TLR4 and its co-receptor, CD14. We also examined NF-κB p65 subunit protein levels in the model system. Furthermore, we studied the impact of β-carotene on the tight junction proteins, claudin-1, and occludin. We further carried out immunocytochemistry experiments to detect and visualize claudin-1 expression. Results: β-Carotene reduced LPS-induced intestinal inflammation in colonic epithelial cells. β-Carotene also promoted the levels of tight junction proteins, which might lead to enhanced barrier function. Conclusions: β-Carotene could play a role in modulating the LPS-induced TLR4 signaling pathway and in enhancing tight junction proteins. The findings will shed light on the role of β-carotene in colonic inflammation and also potentially in metabolic disorders since higher levels of LPS might induce features of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrui Cheng
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Emilio Balbuena
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Baxter Miller
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Abdulkerim Eroglu
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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26
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Barro C, Paul A, Saleh F, Chitnis T, Weiner HL. Validation of Two Kinetic Assays for the Quantification of Endotoxin in Human Serum. Front Neurol 2021; 12:691683. [PMID: 34248828 PMCID: PMC8266997 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.691683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is an emerging evidence of the role of the microbiome in neurological diseases. Endotoxin is a component of gram-negative bacteria and thought to be one of the possible signals between the gut microbiota and the immune system. Previous studies explored the blood levels of endotoxin using an endpoint chromogenic assay. Methods: We validated and compared the analytical performance of two kinetic assays for the quantification of endotoxin in serum: (1) the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) Kinetic-QCL assay and (2) the turbidimetric LAL Pyrogent-5000 assay. We used the best-performing validated assay to measure the endotoxin level in 20 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and eight healthy controls. Results: The Pyrogent-5000 and QCL assay achieved similar performance in regard to spike recovery and linear dilution; however, the Pyrogent-5000 had a better signal to noise in the calibrator curve. By using the Pyrogent-5000 assay, we found that serum samples from MS patients and healthy controls have a similar level of endotoxin; hence, we did not find evidence to support a penetration of endotoxin in the blood of MS patients. Our findings do not exclude a role of endotoxin in mediating signals from the gut microbiota in MS patients directly at the gut-blood barrier where numerous antigen-presenting cells are actively sensing metabolites and bacterial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Barro
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anu Paul
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fermisk Saleh
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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27
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An in vitro study on factors affecting endotoxin neutralization in human plasma using the Limulus amebocyte lysate test. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4192. [PMID: 33603020 PMCID: PMC7893160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Endotoxin neutralization, caused by plasma components, makes it difficult to detect endotoxins in human blood. In this study, we investigated which factors influence the recovery of endotoxins using limulus ameobocyte lysate (LAL)-based assays. The individual factors that were examined in more detail were lipoprotein content, type of blood anticoagulation, kinetics and serum levels of divalent cations. Furthermore, it was investigated whether there is a direct correlation between LAL activity and monocyte activation. We could show that polyanionic heparin increases endotoxin recovery in blood, while citrate anticoagulation promotes endotoxin neutralization. Furthermore, we could show that the endotoxin activity in human plasma and serum decreases strongly over time. Time-dependent endotoxin neutralization reaches its maximum after 4–6 h incubation. By means of filtration tests we could determine that endotoxins in the plasma bind to lipoproteins but do not influence their activity. Comparative measurements have shown that high LAL activity of endotoxins in plasma simultaneously possesses high monocyte activating properties in whole blood. For the maximum recovery of endotoxins in human blood the physiological calcium and magnesium concentrations are sufficient. In this study, it was shown that the endotoxin neutralizing plasma components have a molecular weight similar to β2-microglobulin (11.7 kDa). For the exact identification of the endotoxin neutralizing plasma components, which caused a modulation of the immunostimulating endotoxin activity, further investigations have to be carried out in the future.
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28
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Zolfaghari SI, Rabbani Khorasgani M, Noorbakhshnia M. The effects of lactobacilli (L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, L. Plantarum) on LPS-induced memory impairment and changes in CaMKII-α and TNF-α genes expression in the hippocampus of rat. Physiol Behav 2021; 229:113224. [PMID: 33127463 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, some investigations have focused on the relationship between gut microbiota and brain function in healthy and disease conditions. Moreover, changes in the gut microbiome may affect memory, behavior, and cognition. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of lactobacilli on passive avoidance learning, hippocampal CaMKII-α, and TNF-α genes expression in one experimental model of neuroinflammtion. Male wistar rats (220-240 g) received daily oral gavage of different lactobacilli including L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, and L. plantarum for 21 days. At the next step, behavioral test was performed and 4 hours after acute injection of LPS (1mg/kg, ip) retrieval was evaluated. Then the hippocampi were extracted and kept at _80°C. Finally CaMKII-α and TNF-α mRNA levels were evaluated by Real-time PCR. Our results showed that consumption of L. rhamnosus, L.reuteri, or L. plantarum significantly prevented LPS-induced enhancement of TNF-α mRNA and memory deterioration. Furthermore, L. rhamnosus significantly prevented changes induced by LPS on CaMKII-α mRNA levels. It seems the lactobacilli used in this study can affect brain function and memory performance by their immune-modulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayyed Iman Zolfaghari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Rabbani Khorasgani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Maryam Noorbakhshnia
- Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Iran.
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29
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van Gastelen S, Dijkstra J, Nichols K, Bannink A. Abomasal infusion of ground corn and ammonium chloride in early-lactating Holstein-Friesian dairy cows to induce hindgut and metabolic acidosis. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4174-4191. [PMID: 33485681 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Next to rumen acidosis, other forms of acidosis may also affect lactational performance of cows. Therefore, the effects of hindgut acidosis, induced via abomasal infusion of ground corn, and metabolic acidosis, induced via abomasal infusion of NH4Cl, were studied in cows in early lactation. Observations were made on intake and digestibility of nutrients, lactation performance, energy and N partitioning, blood acid-base status, and rumen and hindgut fermentation characteristics. In a 6 × 6 Latin square design, 6 rumen-fistulated, second-lactation Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (48 ± 17 d in milk) were subjected to 5 d of continuous abomasal infusions of water as control, or solutions of 2.5 mol of NH4Cl/d, 5.0 mol of NH4Cl/d, 3.0 kg of ground corn/d, or the combination of ground corn with either of the 2 NH4Cl levels, followed by 2 d of rest. Treatment solutions were administered via peristaltic pumps through infusion lines attached to the rumen cannula plug and an abomasal infusion line with a flexible disk (equipped with holes to allow digesta passage) to secure its placement through the sulcus omasi. A total mixed ration consisting of 70% grass silage and 30% concentrate (on dry matter basis) was fed at 95% of ad libitum intake of individual cows. The experiment was conducted in climate respiration chambers to determine feed intake, lactation performance, and energy and N balance. Abomasal infusion of NH4Cl affected the acid-base status of the cows, but more strongly when in combination with abomasal infusion of ground corn. Metabolic acidosis (defined as a blood pH < 7.40, blood HCO3 concentration < 25.0 mmol/L, and a negative base excess) was observed with 5.0 mol of NH4Cl/d, 3.0 kg of ground corn/d + 2.5 mol of NH4Cl/d, and 3.0 kg of ground corn/d + 5.0 mol of NH4Cl/d. Metabolic acidosis was associated with decreased milk lactose content, metabolic body weight, energy retained as protein, and fecal N excretion, and increased urine N excretion, and tended to decrease intake of nutrients. Digestibility of several nutrients increased with 5.0 mol of NH4Cl/d, likely as a result of decreased intake. Abomasal ground corn infusion resulted in hindgut acidosis, where fecal pH decreased from 6.86 without ground corn to 6.00 with ground corn, regardless of NH4Cl level. The decrease in fecal pH was likely the result of increased hindgut fermentation, evidenced by increased fecal volatile fatty acid concentrations. Hindgut acidosis was associated with decreased digestibility of nutrients, except for starch, which increased, and crude fat, which was not affected. No systemic inflammatory response was observed, suggesting that the hindgut epithelium was not severely affected by the more acidic conditions or barrier damage. Abomasal infusion of ground corn increased milk yield, milk protein and lactose yield, fecal N excretion, N use efficiency, and total energy retained as well as energy retained in fat, and reduced milk fat content and urine N excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne van Gastelen
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Jan Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kelly Nichols
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - André Bannink
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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30
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Massier L, Blüher M, Kovacs P, Chakaroun RM. Impaired Intestinal Barrier and Tissue Bacteria: Pathomechanisms for Metabolic Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:616506. [PMID: 33767669 PMCID: PMC7985551 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.616506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An intact intestinal barrier, representing the interface between inner and outer environments, is an integral regulator of health. Among several factors, bacteria and their products have been evidenced to contribute to gut barrier impairment and its increased permeability. Alterations of tight junction integrity - caused by both external factors and host metabolic state - are important for gut barrier, since they can lead to increased influx of bacteria or bacterial components (endotoxin, bacterial DNA, metabolites) into the host circulation. Increased systemic levels of bacterial endotoxins and DNA have been associated with an impaired metabolic host status, manifested in obesity, insulin resistance, and associated cardiovascular complications. Bacterial components and cells are distributed to peripheral tissues via the blood stream, possibly contributing to metabolic diseases by increasing chronic pro-inflammatory signals at both tissue and systemic levels. This response is, along with other yet unknown mechanisms, mediated by toll like receptor (TLR) transduction and increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which in turn can further increase intestinal permeability leading to a detrimental positive feedback loop. The modulation of gut barrier function through nutritional and other interventions, including manipulation of gut microbiota, may represent a potential prevention and treatment target for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Massier
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München, University Hospital Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rima M. Chakaroun
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Rima M. Chakaroun,
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31
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Jeon J, Lourenco J, Kaiser EE, Waters ES, Scheulin KM, Fang X, Kinder HA, Platt SR, Rothrock MJ, Callaway TR, West FD, Park HJ. Dynamic Changes in the Gut Microbiome at the Acute Stage of Ischemic Stroke in a Pig Model. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:587986. [PMID: 33343283 PMCID: PMC7744295 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.587986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of death and long-term disability affecting seven million adults in the United States each year. Recently, it has been demonstrated that neurological diseases, associated pathology, and susceptibility changes correlated with changes in the gut microbiota. However, changes in the microbial community in stroke has not been well characterized. The acute stage of stroke is a critical period for assessing injury severity, therapeutic intervention, and clinical prognosis. We investigated the changes in the gut microbiota composition and diversity using a middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion ischemic stroke pig model. Ischemic stroke was induced by cauterization of the MCA in pigs. Blood samples were collected prestroke and 4 h, 12 h, 1 day, and 5 days poststroke to evaluate circulating proinflammatory cytokines. Fecal samples were collected prestroke and 1, 3, and 5 days poststroke to assess gut microbiome changes. Results showed elevated systemic inflammation with increased plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha at 4 h and interleukin-6 at 12 h poststroke, relative to prestroke. Microbial diversity and evenness were reduced at 1 day poststroke compared to prestroke. Microbial diversity at 3 days poststroke was negatively correlated with lesion volume. Moreover, beta-diversity analysis revealed trending overall differences over time, with the most significant changes in microbial patterns observed between prestroke and 3 days poststroke. Abundance of the Proteobacteria was significantly increased, while Firmicutes decreased at 3 days poststroke, compared to prestroke populations. Abundance of the lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus was reduced at 3 days poststroke. By day 5, the microbial pattern returned to similar values as prestroke, suggesting the plasticity of gut microbiome in an acute period of stroke in a pig model. These findings provide a basis for characterizing gut microbial changes during the acute stage of stroke, which can be used to assess stroke pathology and the potential development of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jeon
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jeferson Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Erin E Kaiser
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Elizabeth S Waters
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kelly M Scheulin
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Xi Fang
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Holly A Kinder
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Simon R Platt
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Michael J Rothrock
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Todd R Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Franklin D West
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hea Jin Park
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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32
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Morjaria S, Zhang AW, Kim S, Peled JU, Becattini S, Littmann ER, Pamer EG, Abt MC, Perales MA. Monocyte Reconstitution and Gut Microbiota Composition after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Clin Hematol Int 2020; 2:156-164. [PMID: 34595456 PMCID: PMC8432405 DOI: 10.2991/chi.k.201108.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monocytes are an essential cellular component of the innate immune system that support the host's effectiveness to combat a range of infectious pathogens. Hemopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) results in transient monocyte depletion, but the factors that regulate recovery of monocyte populations are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated whether the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota is associated with the recovery of monocyte homeostasis after HCT. METHODS We performed a single-center, prospective, pilot study of 18 recipients of either autologous or allogeneic HCT. Serial blood and stool samples were collected from each patient during their HCT hospitalization. Analysis of the gut microbiota was done using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and flow cytometric analysis was used to characterize the phenotypic composition of monocyte populations. RESULTS Dynamic fluctuations in monocyte reconstitution occurred after HCT, and large differences were observed in monocyte frequency among patients over time. Recovery of absolute monocyte counts and subsets showed significant variability across the heterogeneous transplant types and conditioning intensities; no relationship to the microbiota composition was observed in this small cohort. CONCLUSION In this pilot study, a relationship between the microbiota composition and monocyte homeostasis could not be firmly established. However, we identify multivariate associations between clinical factors and monocyte reconstitution post-HCT. Our findings encourage further longitudinal surveillance of the intestinal microbiome and its link to immune reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Morjaria
- Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allen W. Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sohn Kim
- Immunology Program and Infectious Disease Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan U. Peled
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simone Becattini
- Immunology Program and Infectious Disease Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric R. Littmann
- Immunology Program and Infectious Disease Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric. G. Pamer
- Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program and Infectious Disease Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Lucielle Castori Center for Microbes, Inflammation and Cancer, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael C. Abt
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Miguel-Angel Perales
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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33
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Walrath T, Dyamenahalli KU, Hulsebus HJ, McCullough RL, Idrovo JP, Boe DM, McMahan RH, Kovacs EJ. Age-related changes in intestinal immunity and the microbiome. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:1045-1061. [PMID: 33020981 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ri0620-405rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a vitally important site for the adsorption of nutrients as well as the education of immune cells. Homeostasis of the gut is maintained by the interplay of the intestinal epithelium, immune cells, luminal Ags, and the intestinal microbiota. The well-being of the gut is intrinsically linked to the overall health of the host, and perturbations to this homeostasis can have severe impacts on local and systemic health. One factor that causes disruptions in gut homeostasis is age, and recent research has elucidated how critical systems within the gut are altered during the aging process. Intestinal stem cell proliferation, epithelial barrier function, the gut microbiota, and the composition of innate and adaptive immune responses are all altered in advanced age. The aging population continues to expand worldwide, a phenomenon referred to as the "Silver Tsunami," and every effort must be made to understand how best to prevent and treat age-related maladies. Here, recent research about changes observed in the intestinal epithelium, the intestinal immune system, the microbiota, and how the aging gut interacts with and influences other organs such as the liver, lung, and brain are reviewed. Better understanding of these age-related changes and their impact on multi-organ interactions will aid the development of therapies to increase the quality of life for all aged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Walrath
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kiran U Dyamenahalli
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Holly J Hulsebus
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rebecca L McCullough
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,GI and Liver Innate Immune Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Juan-Pablo Idrovo
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Devin M Boe
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rachel H McMahan
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Kovacs
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,GI and Liver Innate Immune Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Gram-Negative Bacterial Endotoxin LPS Induces NeuGc Loss through Ets1-Dependent Downregulation of Intestine-Specific pcmah Transcript in Porcine Intestinal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144892. [PMID: 32664459 PMCID: PMC7402312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc), a non-human sialic acid derivative synthesized by cytidine-5′-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH), plays a crucial role in mediating infections by certain pathogens. Although it has been postulated that NeuGc biosynthesis and CMAH expression are downregulated during microbial infection, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The present study showed that exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, leads to loss of NeuGc biosynthesis in pig small intestinal I2I-2I cells. This LPS-induced NeuGc loss was accompanied by decreased CMAH transcript levels, especially intestine-specific 5′pcmah-1. Furthermore, LPS suppressed the activity of the Pi promoter responsible for 5′pcmah-1 by inhibiting DNA binding of Est1. These findings provide insight into the regulatory mechanisms of Neu5Gc biosynthesis during pathogenic infectious events, which may represent a host defense mechanism that protects the self against pathogenic bacterial infections even in non-sanitary environments.
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Mavzyutov AR, Bondarenko KR, Mavzyutovа GA, Glazutdinova LR. [Clinical and laboratory parallels at pathological and borderline states associated with lipopolysaccharides.]. Klin Lab Diagn 2020; 65:29-36. [PMID: 32155004 DOI: 10.18821/0869-2084-2020-65-1-29-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The review systematizes data on the structure of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and their role in physiological and systemic pathological processes. The analysis of literature and our own data is of scientific and practical interest for specialists in the field of clinical laboratory diagnostics, anesthesiologists, resuscitators, therapists, immunologists and obstetrician-gynecologists, including studies on the role of LPS in unique three-component systems - «mother-placenta-fetus». The prospects of using LPS as immunomodulatory, including for the treatment of infectious diseases, are justified. It is shown that along with their use for the correction of immunodeficiency or the development of new adjuvants and vaccines, it is possible to use their high regulatory activity even at the epigenetic level. The possibility of the prophylactic and therapeutic use of LPS in the context of an alternative solution to the problem of antibiotic resistance of bacteria is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Mavzyutov
- Bashkir State Medical University, 450008, Ufa, Russia
| | - K R Bondarenko
- FGBOU IN RNIMU them. N.I. Pirogov of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 117997, Moscow, Russia
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36
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Schneier M, Razdan S, Miller AM, Briceno ME, Barua S. Current technologies to endotoxin detection and removal for biopharmaceutical purification. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2588-2609. [PMID: 32333387 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxins are the major contributors to the pyrogenic response caused by contaminated pharmaceutical products, formulation ingredients, and medical devices. Recombinant biopharmaceutical products are manufactured using living organisms, including Gram-negative bacteria. Upon the death of a Gram-negative bacterium, endotoxins (also known as lipopolysaccharides) in the outer cell membrane are released into the lysate where they can interact with and form bonds with biomolecules, including target therapeutic compounds. Endotoxin contamination of biologic products may also occur through water, raw materials such as excipients, media, additives, sera, equipment, containers closure systems, and expression systems used in manufacturing. The manufacturing process is, therefore, in critical need of methods to reduce and remove endotoxins by monitoring raw materials and in-process intermediates at critical steps, in addition to final drug product release testing. This review paper highlights a discussion on three major topics about endotoxin detection techniques, upstream processes for the production of therapeutic molecules, and downstream processes to eliminate endotoxins during product purification. Finally, we have evaluated the effectiveness of endotoxin removal processes from a perspective of high purity and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason Schneier
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
| | - Sidharth Razdan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
| | - Allison M Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
| | - Maria E Briceno
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
| | - Sutapa Barua
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
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37
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Coskun D, Corum O, Yazar E. Effect of supportive therapy on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous marbofloxacin in endotoxemic sheep. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:288-296. [PMID: 32133667 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the influences of supportive therapy (ST) on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of marbofloxacin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemic sheep. Furthermore, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of marbofloxacin against Escherichia coli, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus was determined. The study was performed using a three-period cross PK design following a 15-day washout period. In the first period, marbofloxacin (10 mg/kg) was administered by an intravenous (IV) injection. In the second and third periods, marbofloxacin was co-administered with ST (lactated ringer + 5% dextrose + 0.45% sodium chloride, IV, 20 ml/kg, dexamethasone 0.5 mg/kg, SC) and ST + LPS (E. coli O55:B5, 10 µg/kg), respectively. Plasma marbofloxacin concentration was measured using HPLC-UV. Following IV administration of marbofloxacin alone, the t 1 / 2 λ z , AUC0-∞ , ClT , and Vdss were 2.87 hr, 34.73 hr × µg/ml, 0.29 L hr-1 kg-1 , and 0.87 L/kg, respectively. While no change was found in the MBX + ST group in terms of the PK parameters of marbofloxacin, it was determined that the ClT of marbofloxacin decreased, AUC0-∞ increased, and t 1 / 2 λ z and MRT prolonged in the MBX + ST + LPS group. MIC values of marbofloxacin were 0.031 to >16 µg/ml for E. coli, 0.016 to >16 µg/ml for M. haemolytica, 0.016-1 µg/ml for P. multocida, 0.016-0.25 µg/ml for K. pneumoniae, 0.031-0.063 µg/ml for Salmonella spp., and 0.031-1 µg/ml for S. aureus. The study results show the necessity to make a dose adjustment of marbofloxacin following concomitant administration of ST in endotoxemic sheep. Also, the PK and pharmacodynamic effect of marbofloxacin needs to be determined in naturally infected septicemic sheep following concomitant administration of single and ST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devran Coskun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Siirt, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Enver Yazar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
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Moludi J, Maleki V, Jafari‐Vayghyan H, Vaghef‐Mehrabany E, Alizadeh M. Metabolic endotoxemia and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review about potential roles of prebiotics and probiotics. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:927-939. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Moludi
- School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
- Clinical Research Development Center Imam Reza Hospital Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Vahid Maleki
- Student Research Committee Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | | | - Elnaz Vaghef‐Mehrabany
- Nutrition Research Center Faculty of Nutrition Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Mohammad Alizadeh
- Nutrition Research Center Faculty of Nutrition Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
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Phillips CL, Grayson BE. The immune remodel: Weight loss-mediated inflammatory changes to obesity. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:109-121. [PMID: 31955604 PMCID: PMC7016415 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219900185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an escalating world problem that contributes to the complexity and cost of treatment of metabolic disorders. Obesity is the result of increased storage of energy in the form of adipose tissue, reducing the quality of daily life, and interfering with longevity. Obesity is also a chronic, low-grade inflammatory disorder. The inflammatory processes affect many organ systems with expanded numbers of immune cells and increased cytokine production. Long-term weight loss is difficult to achieve and maintain. Lifestyle modifications, pharmacologic treatments, and surgical methods are increasingly utilized to ameliorate excess body weight and the comorbidities of obesity, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, and cancers. Weight loss is also touted to reduce inflammation. Here we review the current literature on human obesity-related systemic and local changes to the immune system and circulating inflammatory mediators. Further, we consider the impact of weight loss to reduce the burden of inflammation, bearing in mind the different methods of weight loss—behavioral change vs. surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Phillips
- Program in Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Bernadette E Grayson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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40
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Li Z, Luo F, Dai G, Lu Y, Ai S, He P, Wang Q. Microchip electrophoretic detection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide based on aptamer-modified magnetic beads and polymerase chain amplification. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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41
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Martinho FC, de Rabello DGD, Ferreira LL, Nascimento GG. Participation of endotoxin in root canal infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Dent 2019; 11:398-406. [PMID: 28932155 PMCID: PMC5594974 DOI: 10.4103/ejd.ejd_84_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the relationship between endotoxin levels and presence of clinical signs/symptoms and radiographic features in patients with endodontic infection. Electronic searches were performed on Medline/PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scielo, Science Direct, Web of Knowledge and Scopus databases for identification of relevant studies published up to December 2016. Grey literature was searched in Google Scholar. The selected literature was reviewed independently by two authors. Clinical studies evaluating the levels of endotoxin and the presence of clinical and radiographic features were included in this review. In order to determine the relationship between endotoxin levels and presence of clinical signs/symptoms and radiographic features meta-analyses were performed. Among the 385 articles identified in the initial search, 30 were included for full-text appraisal and only eight studies met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. Meta-analysis revealed that individuals having teeth with tenderness to percussion (TTP) (P = 0.04; I2 57%) and previous episode of pain (PEP) (P = 0.001; I2 81%) had higher levels of endotoxin than their counterparts. Size of radiographic lesion >2 mm (P = 0.02; I2 68%) and presence of root canal exudation (EX) (P = 0.0007; I2 0%) were associated with higher levels of endotoxin. This systematic review and meta-analyses provided a strong evidence that endotoxin are related with the presence of clinical signs/symptoms and radiographic features in patients with endodontic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Canato Martinho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, São José dos Campos Dental School, State University of São Paulo, São Paulo
| | | | - Luciana Louzada Ferreira
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, São José dos Campos Dental School, State University of São Paulo, São Paulo
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Myeloperoxidase and Eosinophil Peroxidase Inhibit Endotoxin Activity and Increase Mouse Survival in a Lipopolysaccharide Lethal Dose 90% Model. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:4783018. [PMID: 31663003 PMCID: PMC6791248 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4783018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) are cationic haloperoxidases with potent microbicidal and detoxifying activities. MPO selectively binds to and kills some Gram-positive bacteria (GPB) and all Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) tested. GNB contain endotoxin, i.e., lipopolysaccharide (LPS) comprising a toxic lipid A component. The possibility that MPO and EPO bind and inhibit the endotoxin of GNB was tested by mixing MPO or EPO with LPS or lipid A and measuring for inhibition of endotoxin activity using the chromogenic Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay. The endotoxin-inhibiting activities of MPO and EPO were also tested in vivo using an LPS 90% lethal dose (LD90) mouse model studied over a five-day period. Mixing MPO or EPO with a fixed quantity of LPS from Escherichia coli O55:B5 or with diphosphoryl lipid A from E. coli F583 inhibited LAL endotoxin activity in proportion to the natural log of the MPO or EPO concentration. MPO and EPO enzymatic activities were not required for inhibition, and MPO haloperoxidase action did not increase endotoxin inhibition. Both MPO and EPO increased mouse survival in the LPS LD90 model. In conclusion, MPO and EPO nonenzymatically inhibited in vitro endotoxin activity using the LAL assay, and MPO and high-dose EPO significantly increased mouse survival in a LPS LD90 model, and such survival was increased in a dose-dependent manner.
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43
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Impact of luminal and systemic endotoxin exposure on gut function, immune response and performance of chickens. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933916000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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44
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Abstract
The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration is the hypothesis that endotoxin causes or contributes to neurodegeneration. Endotoxin is a lipopolysaccharide (LPS), constituting much of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, present at high concentrations in gut, gums and skin and in other tissue during bacterial infection. Blood plasma levels of endotoxin are normally low, but are elevated during infections, gut inflammation, gum disease and neurodegenerative disease. Adding endotoxin at such levels to blood of healthy humans induces systemic inflammation and brain microglial activation. Adding high levels of endotoxin to the blood or body of rodents induces microglial activation, priming and/or tolerance, memory deficits and loss of brain synapses and neurons. Endotoxin promotes amyloid β and tau aggregation and neuropathology, suggesting the possibility that endotoxin synergises with different aggregable proteins to give different neurodegenerative diseases. Blood and brain endotoxin levels are elevated in Alzheimer's disease, which is accelerated by systemic infections, including gum disease. Endotoxin binds directly to APOE, and the APOE4 variant both sensitises to endotoxin and predisposes to Alzheimer's disease. Intestinal permeability increases early in Parkinson's disease, and injection of endotoxin into mice induces α-synuclein production and aggregation, as well as loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The gut microbiome changes in Parkinson's disease, and changing the endotoxin-producing bacterial species can affect the disease in patients and mouse models. Blood endotoxin is elevated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and endotoxin promotes TDP-43 aggregation and neuropathology. Peripheral diseases that elevate blood endotoxin, such as sepsis, AIDS and liver failure, also result in neurodegeneration. Endotoxin directly and indirectly activates microglia that damage neurons via nitric oxide, oxidants and cytokines, and by phagocytosis of synapses and neurons. The endotoxin hypothesis is unproven, but if correct, then neurodegeneration may be reduced by decreasing endotoxin levels or endotoxin-induced neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.
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45
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Giannakou C, Aimonen K, Bloois LV, Catalán J, Geertsma RE, Gremmer ER, de Jong WH, Keizers PHJ, Schwillens PLWJ, Vandebriel RJ, Park MVDZ. Sensitive method for endotoxin determination in nanomedicinal product samples. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:1231-1246. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Nanomaterials and nanomedicinal products tend to interfere with various commonly used assays, including regulatory required endotoxin detection methods for medicines. We developed a method to quantify endotoxin levels that is compatible with nanomaterials and nanomedicinal products. Materials & methods: The method is based on measuring endotoxin indirectly via 3-hydroxylated fatty acids of lipid-A, using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The outcome was related to results of the commonly used Limulus Amebocyte Lysate method. Results: The ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry method has clear advantages compared with other endotoxin determination assays; particularly the absence of nanospecific interference. Conclusion: The method is sensitive, straightforward and accurate in determining and quantifying endotoxin in nanomedicinal product samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Giannakou
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kukka Aimonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Julia Catalán
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Robert E Geertsma
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Eric R Gremmer
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H de Jong
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter HJ Keizers
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Paul LWJ Schwillens
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J Vandebriel
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Margriet VDZ Park
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Low Endotoxin Recovery-Masking of Naturally Occurring Endotoxin. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040838. [PMID: 30781342 PMCID: PMC6412962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endotoxins are cell wall components of Gram-negative bacteria. A release of endotoxins into the human blood stream results in an inflammation reaction that can lead to life-threatening conditions like sepsis. Therefore, control for endotoxin contamination of intravenously administered drugs is crucial. Drugs are usually tested for putative endotoxin contamination with Limulus-based tests. However, validity of the compendial test procedures is questioned in the case of low endotoxin recovery (LER). To assure validity, regulatory authorities request hold-time studies of endotoxin in addition to pharmacopoeial requirements. Within these studies, endotoxin is added (spiked) to an undiluted product. The spiked product is held for a certain period of time and subsequently diluted for endotoxin determination. Due to the known heterogeneity of endotoxin the question has been raised as to which source represents the most adequate endotoxin spike. In the present study, endotoxin hold-time studies were analyzed by using different sources of endotoxin. Highly purified endotoxin, crude endotoxin extracts (Naturally Occurring Endotoxin) from different bacterial species and varied growth conditions as well as endogenous endotoxin contaminations were investigated. The results clearly demonstrate that endotoxin masking—an effect of LER—is dependent on the endotoxin source used. Various parameters such as bacterial strain and growth conditions lead to different masking susceptibilities. Due to these effects it is impossible to predict the susceptibility of bacterial endotoxin contamination to LER. In order to determine whether a sample is prone to LER, an endotoxin spike that is susceptible to LER is required.
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47
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Aschenbach JR, Zebeli Q, Patra AK, Greco G, Amasheh S, Penner GB. Symposium review: The importance of the ruminal epithelial barrier for a healthy and productive cow. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:1866-1882. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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48
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Nighot M, Rawat M, Al-Sadi R, Castillo EF, Nighot P, Ma TY. Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Increase in Intestinal Permeability Is Mediated by TAK-1 Activation of IKK and MLCK/MYLK Gene. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:797-812. [PMID: 30711488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are a major component of Gram-negative bacterial cell wall and play an important role in promoting intestinal inflammatory responses. Recent studies have shown that physiologically relevant concentrations of LPS (0 to 2000 pg/mL) cause an increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction (TJ) permeability without causing cell death. However, the intracellular pathways and the mechanisms that mediate LPS-induced increase in intestinal TJ permeability remain unclear. The aim was to delineate the intracellular pathways that mediate the LPS-induced increase in intestinal permeability using in vitro and in vivo intestinal epithelial models. LPS-induced increase in intestinal epithelial TJ permeability was preceded by an activation of transforming growth factor-β-activating kinase-1 (TAK-1) and canonical NF-κB (p50/p65) pathways. The siRNA silencing of TAK-1 inhibited the activation of NF-κB p50/p65. The siRNA silencing of TAK-1 and p65/p50 subunit inhibited the LPS-induced increase in intestinal TJ permeability and the increase in myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) expression, confirming the regulatory role of TAK-1 and NF-κB p65/p50 in up-regulating MLCK expression and the subsequent increase in TJ permeability. The data also showed that toll-like receptor (TLR)-4/myeloid differentiation primary response (MyD)88 pathway was crucial upstream regulator of TAK-1 and NF-κB p50/p65 activation. In conclusion, activation of TAK-1 by the TLR-4/MyD88 signal transduction pathway and MLCK by NF-κB p65/p50 regulates the LPS-induced increase in intestinal epithelial TJ permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghali Nighot
- Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, School of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Manmeet Rawat
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Rana Al-Sadi
- Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, School of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Eliseo F Castillo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Prashant Nighot
- Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, School of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas Y Ma
- Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, School of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
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49
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Startek JB, Boonen B, Talavera K, Meseguer V. TRP Channels as Sensors of Chemically-Induced Changes in Cell Membrane Mechanical Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E371. [PMID: 30654572 PMCID: PMC6359677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient Receptor Potential ion channels (TRPs) have been described as polymodal sensors, being responsible for transducing a wide variety of stimuli, and being involved in sensory functions such as chemosensation, thermosensation, mechanosensation, and photosensation. Mechanical and chemical stresses exerted on the membrane can be transduced by specialized proteins into meaningful intracellular biochemical signaling, resulting in physiological changes. Of particular interest are compounds that can change the local physical properties of the membrane, thereby affecting nearby proteins, such as TRP channels, which are highly sensitive to the membrane environment. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of TRP channel activation as a result of changes in the membrane properties induced by amphipathic structural lipidic components such as cholesterol and diacylglycerol, and by exogenous amphipathic bacterial endotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna B Startek
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1 bus 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Brett Boonen
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1 bus 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Karel Talavera
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1 bus 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Victor Meseguer
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández y CSIC, E-03550 Alicante , Spain.
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Abstract
As a consequence of their increase in annual production and widespread distribution in the environment, nanoparticles potentially pose a significant public health risk. The sought-after catalytic activity granted by their physiochemical properties doubles as a hazard to physiological processes following exposure through inhalation, oral, transdermal, subcutaneous, and intravenous uptake. Upon uptake into the body, their size, morphology, surface charge, coating, and chemical composition augment the response of biological systems to the materials and enhance their toxicity. Identification of each property is necessary to predict the harm imposed by foreign nanomaterials in the body. Assay methods ranging from endotoxin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) signaling to apoptosis and oxidative stress detection supply valuable techniques for exposing biomarkers of nanoparticle-induced cellular damage. Spectroscopic investigation of epithelial barrier permeation and distribution within living cells reveals the proclivity of nanoparticles to penetrate the body's natural defensive boundaries and deposit themselves in cytotoxic locations. Combination of the various characterization methodologies and assays is required for every new nanoparticulate system despite preexisting data for similar systems due to the lack of deterministic trends among investigated nanoparticles. The propensity of nanomaterials to denature proteins and oxidize substrates in their local environment generates significant concern for the applicability of several traditional in vitro assays, and the modification of susceptible approaches into novel methods suitable for the evaluation of nanoparticles comprises the focus of future work centered on nanoparticle toxicity analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T Savage
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - J Zach Hilt
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Thomas D Dziubla
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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