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Sangare K, Helmold Hait S, Moore M, Hogge C, Hoang T, Rahman MA, Venzon DJ, LaBranche C, Montefiori D, Robert-Guroff M, Thomas MA. E4orf1 Suppresses E1B-Deleted Adenovirus Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020295. [PMID: 35214753 PMCID: PMC8875587 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
As demonstrated by the recent COVID pandemic, vaccines can reduce the burden arising from infectious agents. Adenoviruses (Ads) with deletion of the early region 1B55K (ΔE1B Ad) are currently being explored for use in vaccine delivery. ΔE1B Ads are different from Ads with deletions in early region 1 and early region 3 (ΔE1/E3) used in most Ad vaccine vectors in that they contain the Ad early region 1A (E1A), and therefore the ability to replicate. Common to almost all Ads that are being explored for clinical use is the Ad early region 4 (E4). Among the E4 genes is open reading frame 1 (E4orf1), which mediates signals through the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway that is known to modulate immune responses. This suggests that E4orf1 might also modulate immune responses, although it has remained unexplored in ΔE1B Ad. Here, we show that cells infected with an E1B55K and E4orf1-deleted (ΔE41) Ad exhibited reduced levels of phosphorylated Akt (Ser473 and Thr308)) and expressed different intrinsic innate immune cytokines from those induced in cells infected with an E4orf1-containing, ΔE1B parental Ad that exhibited elevated levels of phosphorylated Akt. Rhesus macaques immunized with a ΔE41 Ad that expressed rhFLSC (HIV-1BaL gp120 linked to rhesus CD4 D1 and D2), exhibited higher levels of rhFLSC-specific interferon γ-producing memory T-cells, higher titers of rhFLSC-specific IgG1 binding antibody in serum, and antibodies able to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) with greater killing capacity than the ΔE1B Ad. Therefore, E4orf1, perhaps by acting through the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway, limits intrinsic innate and system-wide adaptive immune responses that are important for improved ΔE1B Ad-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotou Sangare
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA; (K.S.); (M.M.)
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.H.H.); (C.H.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - Sabrina Helmold Hait
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.H.H.); (C.H.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - Madison Moore
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA; (K.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Christopher Hogge
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.H.H.); (C.H.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - Tanya Hoang
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.H.H.); (C.H.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.H.H.); (C.H.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - David J. Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (C.L.); (D.M.)
| | - David Montefiori
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (C.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.H.H.); (C.H.); (T.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - Michael A. Thomas
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA; (K.S.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-202-806-6941
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Sakurai F, Tachibana M, Mizuguchi H. Adenovirus vector-based vaccine for infectious diseases. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 42:100432. [PMID: 34974335 PMCID: PMC8585960 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Replication-incompetent adenovirus (Ad) vectors have been widely used as gene delivery vehicles in both gene therapy studies and basic studies for gene function analysis due to their highly advantageous properties, which include high transduction efficiencies, relatively large capacities for transgenes, and high titer production. In addition, Ad vectors induce moderate levels of innate immunity and have relatively high thermostability, making them very attractive as potential vaccine vectors. Accordingly, it is anticipated that Ad vectors will be used in vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases, including Ebola virus disease and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Much attention is currently focused on the potential use of an Ad vector vaccine for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this review, we describe the basic properties of an Ad vector, Ad vector-induced innate immunity and immune responses to Ad vector-produced transgene products. Development of novel Ad vectors which can overcome the drawbacks of conventional Ad vector vaccines and clinical application of Ad vector vaccines to several infectious diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Sakurai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Masashi Tachibana
- Project for Vaccine and Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan; Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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3
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Hunegnaw R, Helmold Hait S, Enyindah-Asonye G, Rahman MA, Ko EJ, Hogge CJ, Hoang T, Robert-Guroff M. A Mucosal Adenovirus Prime/Systemic Envelope Boost Vaccine Regimen Elicits Responses in Cervicovaginal and Alveolar Macrophages of Rhesus Macaques Associated With Delayed SIV Acquisition and B Cell Help. Front Immunol 2020; 11:571804. [PMID: 33117363 PMCID: PMC7561428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine strategies targeting the mucosal portal of entry may prevent HIV acquisition and systemic infection. Macrophages in cervicovaginal compartments are one of the first cell types to encounter virus upon vaginal exposure. Their activation can lead to recruitment of additional macrophages and CD4+ T-cells susceptible to viral infection. However, they are also critical in providing early protection against invading pathogens. Therefore, understanding their response to immunization is important for vaccine design. We immunized rhesus macaques twice mucosally with replicating adenovirus (Ad) SIV recombinants, followed by two intramuscular boosts with SIV gp120 protein. Macaques were subsequently challenged intravaginally with repeated low doses of SIVmac251. Using flow cytometry, we evaluated responses of cervicovaginal macrophages (CVM) and alveolar macrophages (AM) in bronchoalveolar lavage as initial immunization was to the upper respiratory tract. The frequency of CVM increased over the course of immunization; however, CCR5 expression significantly decreased. Significantly increased expression of the chemokines CCL3 (p < 0.01), CCL4, CCL5, and CXCL8 (p < 0.0001 for all) on CVM was seen post-1st Ad but their expression significantly decreased post-2nd boost. CD4+ T-cell frequency in the cervical mucosa remained unchanged. CVM FcγRIII expression was significantly increased at all time points post-immunization compared to naïve animals. FcγRIII expression post-2nd Ad positively correlated with the number of challenges needed for infection (r = 0.68; p = 0.0051). Vaccination increased AM FcγRIII expression which post-2nd boost correlated with antibody-dependent phagocytosis. Activation of AMs was evident by increased expression of CD40 and CD80 post-2nd Ad compared to naïve macaques. APRIL expression also significantly increased post-2nd Ad and correlated with B cell frequency in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) (r = 0.73; p = 0.0019) and total IgG in BAL-fluid (r = 0.53; p = 0.047). B cells cultured with SIV gp120-stimulated AM supernatant from vaccinated macaques exhibited significant increases in B cell activation markers CD38 and CD69 compared to B cells cultured alone or with AM supernatant from unvaccinated macaques. Overall, the vaccine regimen did not induce recruitment of susceptible cells to the vaginal mucosa but increased CVM FcγRIII expression which correlated with delayed SIV acquisition. Further, immunization induced expression of AM cytokines, including those associated with providing B cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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4
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Helmold Hait S, Hogge CJ, Rahman MA, Ko EJ, Hunegnaw R, Mushtaq Z, Enyindah-Asonye G, Hoang T, Miller Jenkins LM, Appella E, Appella DH, Robert-Guroff M. An SAMT-247 Microbicide Provides Potent Protection against Intravaginal Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Rhesus Macaques, whereas an Added Vaccine Component Elicits Mixed Outcomes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:3315-3328. [PMID: 32393514 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Because of microbicide noncompliance and lack of a durable, highly effective vaccine, a combined approach might improve HIV prophylaxis. We tested whether a vaccine-microbicide combination would enhance protection against SIV infection in rhesus macaques. Four macaque groups included vaccine only, vaccine-microbicide, microbicide only, and controls. Vaccine groups were primed twice mucosally with replicating adenovirus type 5 host range mutant SIV env/rev, gag, and nef recombinants and boosted twice i.m. with SIV gp120 proteins in alum. Controls and the microbicide-only group received adenovirus type 5 host range mutant empty vector and alum. The microbicide was SAMT-247, a 2-mercaptobenzamide thioester that targets the viral nucleocapsid protein NCp7, causing zinc ejection and preventing RNA encapsidation. Following vaccination, macaques were challenged intravaginally with repeated weekly low doses of SIVmac251 administered 3 h after application of 0.8% SAMT-247 gel (vaccine-microbicide and microbicide groups) or placebo gel (vaccine-only and control groups). The microbicide-only group exhibited potent protection; 10 of 12 macaques remained uninfected following 15 SIV challenges. The vaccine-only group developed strong mucosal and systemic humoral and cellular immunity but did not exhibit delayed acquisition compared with adjuvant controls. However, the vaccine-microbicide group exhibited significant acquisition delay compared with both control and vaccine-only groups, indicating further exploration of the combination strategy is warranted. Impaired protection in the vaccine-microbicide group compared with the microbicide-only group was not attributed to a vaccine-induced increase in SIV target cells. Possible Ab-dependent enhancement will be further investigated. The potent protection provided by SAMT-247 encourages its movement into human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Helmold Hait
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5065
| | - Christopher James Hogge
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5065
| | - Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5065
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5065
| | - Ruth Hunegnaw
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5065
| | - Zuena Mushtaq
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5065
| | - Gospel Enyindah-Asonye
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5065
| | - Tanya Hoang
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5065
| | - Lisa M Miller Jenkins
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4256; and
| | - Ettore Appella
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4256; and
| | - Daniel H Appella
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0820
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5065;
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5
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Matsuda K, Huang J, Zhou T, Sheng Z, Kang BH, Ishida E, Griesman T, Stuccio S, Bolkhovitinov L, Wohlbold TJ, Chromikova V, Cagigi A, Leung K, Andrews S, Cheung CSF, Pullano AA, Plyler J, Soto C, Zhang B, Yang Y, Joyce MG, Tsybovsky Y, Wheatley A, Narpala SR, Guo Y, Darko S, Bailer RT, Poole A, Liang CJ, Smith J, Alexander J, Gurwith M, Migueles SA, Koup RA, Golding H, Khurana S, McDermott AB, Shapiro L, Krammer F, Kwong PD, Connors M. Prolonged evolution of the memory B cell response induced by a replicating adenovirus-influenza H5 vaccine. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/34/eaau2710. [PMID: 31004012 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau2710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Induction of an antibody response capable of recognizing highly diverse strains is a major obstacle to the development of vaccines for viruses such as HIV and influenza. Here, we report the dynamics of B cell expansion and evolution at the single-cell level after vaccination with a replication-competent adenovirus type 4 recombinant virus expressing influenza H5 hemagglutinin. Fluorescent H1 or H5 probes were used to quantitate and isolate peripheral blood B cells and their antigen receptors. We observed increases in H5-specific antibody somatic hypermutation and potency for several months beyond the period of active viral replication that was not detectable at the serum level. Individual broad and potent antibodies could be isolated, including one stem-specific antibody that is part of a new multidonor class. These results demonstrate prolonged evolution of the B cell response for months after vaccination and should be considered in efforts to evaluate or boost vaccine-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Matsuda
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section of the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jinghe Huang
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section of the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Zukerman Institute of Mind Brain Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Byong H Kang
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section of the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elise Ishida
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section of the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Trevor Griesman
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section of the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarah Stuccio
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section of the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lyuba Bolkhovitinov
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section of the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Teddy J Wohlbold
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Veronika Chromikova
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alberto Cagigi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kwanyee Leung
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarah Andrews
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Crystal S F Cheung
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alyssa A Pullano
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section of the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jason Plyler
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cinque Soto
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yongping Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Adam Wheatley
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sandeep R Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yicheng Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Zukerman Institute of Mind Brain Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sam Darko
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert T Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - April Poole
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section of the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - C Jason Liang
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jon Smith
- Emergent Biosolutions Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | | | - Marc Gurwith
- Emergent Biosolutions Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Stephen A Migueles
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section of the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hana Golding
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Admnistration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Admnistration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Zukerman Institute of Mind Brain Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark Connors
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section of the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Bi J, Li F, Zhang M, Wang H, Lu J, Zhang Y, Ling H, Wang J, Gao F, Kong W, Yu B, Yu X. An HIV-1 vaccine based on bacterium-like particles elicits Env-specific mucosal immune responses. Immunol Lett 2020; 222:29-39. [PMID: 32173375 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although many vaccines have been designed to induce effective mucosal immune responses against HIV-1, designing an effective HIV-1 vaccine remains a challenge. Bacterium-like particles (BLPs) are a new type of vector used to induce mucosal immune responses, and have already been used for some vaccines against respiratory tract viruses. In this study, we designed a mucosal vaccine against HIV-1 based on BLPs. The vaccine was used to immunize both mice and guinea pigs via intramuscular (i.m.) injection or intranasal (i.n.) drip. We found that gp120 trimers bound to BLPs delivered via i.n. drip successfully induced Env-specific secretory IgA (sIgA) at mucosal sites in mice. Furthermore, nasal washes from guinea pigs immunized via i.n. drip showed neutralizing activity against HIV-1 tier 1 pseudoviruses. Thus, gp120 trimers bound to BLPs may be an effective vaccine strategy against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Bi
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Fangshen Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Mo Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Huaiyu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jingcai Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hong Ling
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, 194 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jiaye Wang
- Key Lab of Heilongjiang Province for infection and Immunity, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China; Key Lab of Heilongjiang Province Education Bureau for Etiology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Feng Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bin Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Xianghui Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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7
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Matchett WE, Malewana GBR, Mudrick H, Medlyn MJ, Barry MA. Genetic Adjuvants in Replicating Single-Cycle Adenovirus Vectors Amplify Systemic and Mucosal Immune Responses against HIV-1 Envelope. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E64. [PMID: 32024265 PMCID: PMC7158672 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most infections occur at mucosal surfaces. Providing a barrier of protection at these surfaces may be a useful strategy to combat the earliest events in infection when there are relatively few pathogens to address. The majority of vaccines are delivered systemically by the intramuscular (IM) route. While IM vaccination can drive mucosal immune responses, mucosal immunization at intranasal (IN) or oral sites can lead to better immune responses at mucosal sites of viral entry. In macaques, IN immunization with replicating single-cycle adenovirus (SC-Ads) and protein boosts generated favorable mucosal immune responses. However, there was an apparent "distance effect" in generating mucosal immune responses. IN immunization generated antibodies against HIV envelope (env) nearby in the saliva, but weaker responses in samples collected from the distant vaginal samples. To improve on this, we tested here if SC-Ads expressing genetic adjuvants could be used to amplify antibody responses in distant vaginal samples when they are codelivered with SC-Ads expressing clade C HIV env immunogen. SC-Ads env 1157 was coadministered with SC-Ads expressing 4-1BBL, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF), IL-21, or Clostridoides difficile (C. diff.) toxin fragments by IN or IM routes. These data show that vaginal antibody responses were markedly amplified after a single immunization by the IN or IM routes, with SC-Ad expressing HIV env if this vaccine is complemented with SC-Ads expressing genetic adjuvants. Furthermore, the site and combination of adjuvants appear to "tune" these antibody responses towards an IgA or IgG isotype bias. Boosting these priming SC-Ad responses with another SC-Ad or with SOSIP native-like env proteins markedly amplifies env antibody levels in vaginal washes. Together, this data may be useful in informing the choice of route of delivery adenovirus and peptide vaccines against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E. Matchett
- Virology and Gene Therapy (VGT) Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | | | - Haley Mudrick
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (MPET) Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | | | - Michael A. Barry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Ko EJ, Robert-Guroff M. Dendritic Cells in HIV/SIV Prophylactic and Therapeutic Vaccination. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010024. [PMID: 31878130 PMCID: PMC7019216 DOI: 10.3390/v12010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are involved in human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV and SIV) pathogenesis but also play a critical role in orchestrating innate and adaptive vaccine-specific immune responses. Effective HIV/SIV vaccines require strong antigen-specific CD4 T cell responses, cytotoxic activity of CD8 T cells, and neutralizing/non-neutralizing antibody production at mucosal and systemic sites. To develop a protective HIV/SIV vaccine, vaccine regimens including DCs themselves, protein, DNA, mRNA, virus vectors, and various combinations have been evaluated in different animal and human models. Recent studies have shown that DCs enhanced prophylactic HIV/SIV vaccine efficacy by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines, improving T cell responses, and recruiting effector cells to target tissues. DCs are also targets for therapeutic HIV/SIV vaccines due to their ability to reverse latency, present antigen, and augment T and B cell immunity. Here, we review the complex interactions of DCs over the course of HIV/SIV prophylactic and therapeutic immunizations, providing new insights into development of advanced DC-targeted HIV/SIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Ko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Correspondence: (E.-J.K.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Correspondence: (E.-J.K.); (M.R.-G.)
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Ling XD, Dong WT, Zhang Y, Hu JJ, Liu JX, Zhao XX. A recombinant adenovirus targeting typical Aeromonas salmonicida induces an antibody-mediated adaptive immune response after immunization of rainbow trout. Microb Pathog 2019; 133:103559. [PMID: 31132417 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida, the oldest known fish pathogen and currently endemic throughout most of the world in both fresh and marine waters, causes severe economic losses to the salmon farming industry. Although there have been many studies on the prevention of furunculosis over the past few decades, it is still prevalent in many fisheries. In this study, a recombinant adenovirus vaccine candidate harboring the highly immunogenic Vapa gene (pAd-easy-cmv-Vapa) was successfully constructed and tested. The immune protection rate and specific antibody levels in the peripheral blood were then determined after immunizing rainbow trout. In addition, relative levels of IgM and IgT in the head kidney and hindgut before and after immunization were measured by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Western blotting results indicated that the recombinant adenovirus could infect HEK-293 cells and express the A layer protein (encoded by Vapa). Further, survival analysis of fish 28 days after challenge showed that immunization significantly lowered the mortality rate (40%) compared to that in the control group (76.6%) and empty vector group (73.6%). This also led to an increase in specific antibodies in peripheral serum. In addition, levels of IgM and IgT in the head kidney and hindgut were increased to varying degrees. In conclusion, our research provides a candidate vaccine for the prevention of Aeromonas salmonicida A450 infection in rainbow trout and lays the foundation for future research on adaptive immune mechanisms associated with rainbow trout antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Ling
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Wei-Tao Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Jun-Jie Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ji-Xing Liu
- Product R & D, Lanzhou Weitesen Biological Technology Co. Ltd., Lanzhou, 730030, China.
| | - Xing-Xu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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Ko EJ, Helmold Hait S, Enyindah-Asonye G, Rahman MA, Hoang T, Robert-Guroff M. Replicating Adenovirus-SIV Immunization of Rhesus Macaques Induces Mucosal Dendritic Cell Activation and Function Leading to Rectal Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:779. [PMID: 31031768 PMCID: PMC6473464 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducing strong mucosal immune responses by vaccination is important for providing protection against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). A replicating adenovirus type 5 host range mutant vector (Ad5hr) expressing SIV proteins induced mucosal immune responses in rectal tissue associated with delayed SIV acquisition in female rhesus macaques, but the initial mechanisms leading to the induced immunity have not been elucidated. As dendritic cells (DCs) are known to orchestrate both innate and adaptive effector immune cell responses, we investigated their role here. Rhesus macaques were immunized twice mucosally with a replicating Ad5hr expressing SIV Env, Gag, and Nef (Ad-SIV) or empty Ad5hr vector (Ad-Empty). DC subsets and their activation were examined in rectal tissue, blood, and LNs at 3 timepoints after each immunization. Plasmacytoid DCs, myeloid DCs, and Langerhans cells were significantly increased in the rectal mucosa, but only myeloid DCs were significantly increased in blood post-immunizations. All rectal DC subsets showed increased frequencies of cells expressing activation markers and cytokines post-immunization, blood DCs showed mixed results, and LN DCs showed few changes. Rectal DCs responded strongly to the vector rather than expressed SIV antigens, but rectal DC frequencies positively correlated with induced rectal antigen-specific memory T and B cells. These correlations were confirmed by in vitro co-cultures showing that rectal Ad-SIV DCs induced proliferation and antigen-specific cytokine production by autologous naïve T cells. Our results highlight the rapid response of DCs to Ad immunization and their role in mucosal immune activation and identify initial cellular mechanisms of the replicating Ad-SIV vaccine in the rhesus macaque model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Ko
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sabrina Helmold Hait
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gospel Enyindah-Asonye
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tanya Hoang
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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11
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Early T Follicular Helper Cell Responses and Germinal Center Reactions Are Associated with Viremia Control in Immunized Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01687-18. [PMID: 30463978 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01687-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (TFH) cells are fundamental in germinal center (GC) maturation and selection of antigen-specific B cells within secondary lymphoid organs. GC-resident TFH cells have been fully characterized in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, the role of GC TFH cells in GC B cell responses following various simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine regimens in rhesus macaques (RMs) has not been fully investigated. We characterized GC TFH cells of RMs over the course of a mucosal/systemic vaccination regimen to elucidate GC formation and SIV humoral response generation. Animals were mucosally primed twice with replicating adenovirus type 5 host range mutant (Ad5hr)-SIV recombinants and systemically boosted with ALVAC-SIVM766Gag/Pro/gp120-TM and SIVM766&CG7V gD-gp120 proteins formulated in alum hydroxide (ALVAC/Env) or DNA encoding SIVenv/SIVGag/rhesus interleukin 12 (IL-12) plus SIVM766&CG7V gD-gp120 proteins formulated in alum phosphate (DNA&Env). Lymph nodes were biopsied in macaque subgroups prevaccination and at day 3, 7, or 14 after the 2nd Ad5hr-SIV prime and the 2nd vector/Env boost. Evaluations of GC TFH and GC B cell dynamics including correlation analyses supported a significant role for early GC TFH cells in providing B cell help during initial phases of GC formation. GC TFH responses at day 3 post-mucosal priming were consistent with generation of Env-specific memory B cells in GCs and elicitation of prolonged Env-specific humoral immunity in the rectal mucosa. GC Env-specific memory B cell responses elicited early post-systemic boosting correlated significantly with decreased viremia postinfection. Our results highlight the importance of early GC TFH cell responses for robust GC maturation and generation of long-lasting SIV-specific humoral responses at mucosal and systemic sites. Further investigation of GC TFH cell dynamics should facilitate development of an efficacious HIV vaccine.IMPORTANCE The modest HIV protection observed in the human RV144 vaccine trial associated antibody responses with vaccine efficacy. T follicular helper (TFH) cells are CD4+ T cells that select antibody secreting cells with high antigenic affinity in germinal centers (GCs) within secondary lymphoid organs. To evaluate the role of TFH cells in eliciting prolonged virus-specific humoral responses, we vaccinated rhesus macaques with a combined mucosal prime/systemic boost regimen followed by repeated low-dose intrarectal challenges with SIV, mimicking human exposure to HIV-1. Although the vaccine regimen did not prevent SIV infection, decreased viremia was observed in the immunized macaques. Importantly, vaccine-induced TFH responses elicited at day 3 postimmunization and robust GC maturation were strongly associated. Further, early TFH-dependent SIV-specific B cell responses were also correlated with decreased viremia. Our findings highlight the contribution of early vaccine-induced GC TFH responses to elicitation of SIV-specific humoral immunity and implicate their participation in SIV control.
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12
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Musich T, Rahman MA, Mohanram V, Miller-Novak L, Demberg T, Venzon DJ, Felber BK, Franchini G, Pavlakis GN, Robert-Guroff M. Neutrophil Vaccination Dynamics and Their Capacity To Mediate B Cell Help in Rhesus Macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2287-2302. [PMID: 30217830 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocyte and play a critical role in the initial response to an Ag. Recently, their ability to contribute to adaptive immunity has been highlighted. We evaluated the ability of neutrophils from blood to contribute to the adaptive immune response in a preclinical rhesus macaque SIV vaccine trial. Replication-competent adenovirus-SIV recombinants induced neutrophil activation, B cell help markers, and enhanced ability to generate reactive oxygen species. Boosting with SIV vaccines (adjuvant together with ALVAC or DNA plus envelope protein) elicited significant neutrophil responses. Serum cytokine and chemokine levels induced correlated with the frequency of neutrophil subsets expressing IL-21, myeloperoxidase, and CD64. Post-SIV infection, neutrophils exhibited dysfunction, both phenotypically and functionally. B cells from protected and infected macaques cocultured with autologous polymorphonuclear cells, consisting primarily of neutrophils, were activated, underwent class switching, and produced Abs. This B cell help was not aided by addition of IL-10 and was largely contact dependent. Numerous genes associated with inflammation, Ab production, and chemotaxis were upregulated in the cocultured B cells. We conclude that immune stimulation by vaccination or antigenic exposure imparts a greater ability of neutrophils to contribute to the adaptive immune response. Harnessing this granulocytic response has the potential to improve vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Musich
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Venkatramanan Mohanram
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Leia Miller-Novak
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Thorsten Demberg
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David J Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Barbara K Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - George N Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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13
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Kang SH, Hong SJ, Lee YK, Cho S. Oral Vaccine Delivery for Intestinal Immunity-Biological Basis, Barriers, Delivery System, and M Cell Targeting. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E948. [PMID: 30960873 PMCID: PMC6403562 DOI: 10.3390/polym10090948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most currently available commercial vaccines are delivered by systemic injection. However, needle-free oral vaccine delivery is currently of great interest for several reasons, including the ability to elicit mucosal immune responses, ease of administration, and the relatively improved safety. This review summarizes the biological basis, various physiological and immunological barriers, current delivery systems with delivery criteria, and suggestions for strategies to enhance the delivery of oral vaccines. In oral vaccine delivery, basic requirements are the protection of antigens from the GI environment, targeting of M cells and activation of the innate immune response. Approaches to address these requirements aim to provide new vaccines and delivery systems that mimic the pathogen's properties, which are capable of eliciting a protective mucosal immune response and a systemic immune response and that make an impact on current oral vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hun Kang
- Department of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.
| | - Seok Jin Hong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hallym University, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong 18450, Korea.
| | - Yong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Korea.
- 4D Biomaterials Center, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyeong 27909, Korea.
| | - Sungpil Cho
- 4D Biomaterials Center, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyeong 27909, Korea.
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14
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Transgene Expression and Host Cell Responses to Replication-Defective, Single-Cycle, and Replication-Competent Adenovirus Vectors. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8020079. [PMID: 28218713 PMCID: PMC5333068 DOI: 10.3390/genes8020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most adenovirus (Ad) vectors are E1 gene deleted replication defective (RD-Ad) vectors that deliver one transgene to the cell and all expression is based on that one gene. In contrast, E1-intact replication-competent Ad (RC-Ad) vectors replicate their DNA and their transgenes up to 10,000-fold, amplifying transgene expression markedly higher than RD-Ad vectors. While RC-Ad are more potent, they run the real risk of causing adenovirus infections in vector recipients and those that administer them. To gain the benefits of transgene amplification, but avoid the risk of Ad infections, we developed “single cycle” Ad (SC-Ad) vectors. SC-Ads amplify transgene expression and generated markedly stronger and more persistent immune responses than RD-Ad as expected. However, they also unexpectedly generated stronger immune responses than RC-Ad vectors. To explore the basis of this potency here, we compared gene expression and the cellular responses to infection to these vectors in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, in primary human lung epithelial cells, SC- and RC-Ad amplified their genomes more than 400-fold relative to RD-Ad with higher replication by SC-Ad. This replication translated into higher green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression for 48 h by SC- and RC-Ad than by RD-Ad. In vitro, in the absence of an immune system, RD-Ad expression became higher by 72 h coincident with cell death mediated by SC- and RC-Ad and release of transgene product from the dying cells. When the vectors were compared in human THP-1 Lucia- interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) cells, which are a human monocyte cell line that have been modified to quantify ISG activity, RC-Ad6 provoked significantly stronger ISG responses than RD- or SC-Ad. In mice, intravenous or intranasal injection produced up to 100-fold genome replication. Under these in vivo conditions in the presence of the immune system, luciferase expression by RC and SC-Ad was markedly higher than that by RD-Ad. In immunodeficient mice, SC-Ad drove stronger luciferase expression than RC- or RD-Ad. These data demonstrate better transgene expression by SC- and RC-Ad in vitro and in vivo than RD-Ad. This higher expression by the replicating vectors results in a peak of expression within 1 to 2 days followed by cell death of infected cells and release of transgene products. While SC- and RC-Ad expression were similar in mice and in Syrian hamsters, RC-Ad provoked much stronger ISG induction which may explain in part SC-Ad′s ability to generate stronger and more persistent immune responses than RC-Ad in Ad permissive hamsters.
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15
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New concepts in HIV-1 vaccine development. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 41:39-46. [PMID: 27268856 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
With 2 million people newly infected with HIV-1 in 2014, an effective HIV-1 vaccine remains a major public health priority. HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials in humans, complemented by active and passive immunization studies in non-human primates, have identified several key vaccine-induced immunological responses that may correlate with protection against HIV-1 infection. Potential correlates of protection in these studies include V2-specific, polyfunctional, and broadly neutralizing antibody responses, as well as effector memory T cell responses. Here we review how these correlates of protection are guiding current approaches to HIV-1 vaccine development. These approaches include improvements on the ALVAC-HIV/AIDSVAX B/E vaccine regimen used in the RV144 clinical trial in Thailand, adenovirus serotype 26 vectors with gp140 boosting, intravenous infusions of bNAbs, and replicating viral vectors.
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16
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Musich T, Robert-Guroff M. New developments in an old strategy: heterologous vector primes and envelope protein boosts in HIV vaccine design. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:1015-27. [PMID: 26910195 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1158108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prime/boost vaccination strategies for HIV/SIV vaccine development have been used since the early 1990s and have become an established method for eliciting cell and antibody mediated immunity. Here we focus on induction of protective antibodies, both broadly neutralizing and non-neutralizing, with the viral envelope being the key target antigen. Prime/boost approaches are complicated by the diversity of autologous and heterologous priming vectors, and by various forms of envelope booster immunogens, many still in development as structural studies aim to design stable constructs with exposure of critical epitopes for protective antibody elicitation. This review discusses individual vaccine components, reviews recent prime/boost strategies and their outcomes, and highlights complicating factors arising as greater knowledge concerning induction of adaptive, protective immunity is acquired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Musich
- a Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- a Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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17
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Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Demers A, Shaw JM, Kang G, Ball D, Tuero I, Musich T, Mohanram V, Demberg T, Karpova TS, Li Q, Robert-Guroff M. Vaccine Induction of Lymph Node-Resident Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Env-Specific T Follicular Helper Cells in Rhesus Macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1700-10. [PMID: 26773147 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of Ag-specific T follicular helper (TFH) cell activity in rhesus macaques has not previously been reported. Given that rhesus macaques are the animal model of choice for evaluating protective efficacy of HIV/SIV vaccine candidates and that TFH cells play a pivotal role in aiding B cell maturation, quantifying vaccine induction of HIV/SIV-specific TFH cells would greatly benefit vaccine development. In this study, we quantified SIV Env-specific IL-21-producing TFH cells for the first time, to our knowledge, in a nonhuman primate vaccine study. Macaques were primed twice mucosally with adenovirus 5 host range mutant recombinants encoding SIV Env, Rev, Gag, and Nef followed by two i.m. boosts with monomeric SIV gp120 or oligomeric SIV gp140 proteins. At 2 wk after the second protein boost, we obtained lymph node biopsy specimens and quantified the frequency of total and SIV Env-specific IL-21(+) TFH cells and total germinal center B cells, the size and number of germinal centers, and the frequency of SIV-specific Ab-secreting cells in B cell zones. Multiple correlation analyses established the importance of TFH for development of B cell responses in systemic and mucosally localized compartments, including blood, bone marrow, and rectum. Our results suggest that the SIV-specific TFH cells, initially induced by replicating adenovirus-recombinant priming, are long lived. The multiple correlations of SIV Env-specific TFH cells with systemic and mucosal SIV-specific B cell responses indicate that this cell population should be further investigated in HIV vaccine development as a novel correlate of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Vargas-Inchaustegui
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
| | - Andrew Demers
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583; and
| | - Julia M Shaw
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Guobin Kang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583; and
| | - David Ball
- Center for Cancer Research Core Fluorescence Imaging Facility, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Iskra Tuero
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Thomas Musich
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Venkatramanan Mohanram
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Thorsten Demberg
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tatiana S Karpova
- Center for Cancer Research Core Fluorescence Imaging Facility, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583; and
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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18
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Tuero I, Mohanram V, Musich T, Miller L, Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Demberg T, Venzon D, Kalisz I, Kalyanaraman VS, Pal R, Ferrari MG, LaBranche C, Montefiori DC, Rao M, Vaccari M, Franchini G, Barnett SW, Robert-Guroff M. Mucosal B Cells Are Associated with Delayed SIV Acquisition in Vaccinated Female but Not Male Rhesus Macaques Following SIVmac251 Rectal Challenge. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005101. [PMID: 26267144 PMCID: PMC4534401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viral infections, including HIV, exhibit sex-based pathogenic differences. However, few studies have examined vaccine-related sex differences. We compared immunogenicity and protective efficacy of monomeric SIV gp120 with oligomeric SIV gp140 in a pre-clinical rhesus macaque study and explored a subsequent sex bias in vaccine outcome. Each immunization group (16 females, 8 males) was primed twice mucosally with replication-competent Ad-recombinants encoding SIVsmH4env/rev, SIV239gag and SIV239nefΔ1–13 and boosted twice intramuscularly with SIVmac239 monomeric gp120 or oligomeric gp140 in MF59 adjuvant. Controls (7 females, 5 males) received empty Ad and MF59. Up to 9 weekly intrarectal challenges with low-dose SIVmac251 were administered until macaques became infected. We assessed vaccine-induced binding, neutralizing, and non-neutralizing antibodies, Env-specific memory B cells and plasmablasts/plasma cells (PB/PC) in bone marrow and rectal tissue, mucosal Env-specific antibodies, and Env-specific T-cells. Post-challenge, only one macaque (gp140-immunized) remained uninfected. However, SIV acquisition was significantly delayed in vaccinated females but not males, correlated with Env-specific IgA in rectal secretions, rectal Env-specific memory B cells, and PC in rectal tissue. These results extend previous correlations of mucosal antibodies and memory B cells with protective efficacy. The gp140 regimen was more immunogenic, stimulating elevated gp140 and cyclic V2 binding antibodies, ADCC and ADCP activities, bone marrow Env-specific PB/PC, and rectal gp140-specific IgG. However, immunization with gp120, the form of envelope immunogen used in RV144, the only vaccine trial to show some efficacy, provided more significant acquisition delay. Further over 40 weeks of follow-up, no gp120 immunized macaques met euthanasia criteria in contrast to 7 gp140-immunized and 2 control animals. Although males had higher binding antibodies than females, ADCC and ADCP activities were similar. The complex challenge outcomes may reflect differences in IgG subtypes, Fc glycosylation, Fc-R polymorphisms, and/or the microbiome, key areas for future studies. This first demonstration of a sex-difference in SIV vaccine-induced protection emphasizes the need for sex-balancing in vaccine trials. Our results highlight the importance of mucosal immunity and memory B cells at the SIV exposure site for protection. Viral infections can have different disease courses in men and women. Following HIV infection, women generally exhibit lower viral loads and higher CD4 counts than men, but paradoxically progress faster to AIDS. Sex differences result from effects of X-linked genes and hormonal influences, and are believed to be largely based on immune response differences. Nevertheless, little is known about potential sex differences following vaccination. Here we report for the first time a sex bias in response to a SIV vaccine in rhesus macaques, showing that female animals were better protected against acquisition of SIV compared to males. The vaccine-induced immune responses that contributed to this better protection were viral-specific antibodies and immune antibody-secreting B cells, both at the local rectal site of SIV exposure. These results suggest that HIV/SIV vaccines should be better designed to target mucosal exposure sites. Additionally, they indicate that more vaccine studies should include animals of both sexes to address potential differences. Our study also illustrates that inclusion of both sexes can lead to greater complexity in vaccine trial outcomes, necessitating more in depth analyses. However, we believe sex balancing to be particularly important, as approximately 50% of HIV infections worldwide occur in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskra Tuero
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Venkatramanan Mohanram
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas Musich
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leia Miller
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Diego A. Vargas-Inchaustegui
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thorsten Demberg
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Irene Kalisz
- Advanced Bioscience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - V. S. Kalyanaraman
- Advanced Bioscience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ranajit Pal
- Advanced Bioscience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maria Grazia Ferrari
- Advanced Bioscience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mangala Rao
- USMHRP, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Susan W. Barnett
- Novartis Vaccines, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Musich T, Demberg T, Morgan IL, Estes JD, Franchini G, Robert-Guroff M. Purification and functional characterization of mucosal IgA from vaccinated and SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Clin Immunol 2015; 158:127-39. [PMID: 25840105 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine-induced mucosal antibodies are often evaluated using small volumes of secretory fluids. However, fecal matter containing mucosal IgA is abundant. We purified fecal IgA from five SIV-vaccinated and five SIV-infected rhesus macaques by sequential affinity chromatography. The purified IgA was dimeric by native PAGE, contained secretory component, and was analogous to IgA in colostrum and vaginal fluid by western blot. IgA from one infected and four vaccinated animals neutralized H9-derived SIV(mac)251 with IC(50)s as low as 1 μg/mL. Purified IgAs inhibited transcytosis and exhibited phagocytic activity, the latter significantly correlated with SIV(mac)251 Env-specific IgA in the purified samples. Among different affinity resins, peptide M was optimal compared to jacalin, anti-monkey IgA and SSL7 for IgA purification, as confirmed using tandem peptide M/anti-monkey IgA columns. Fecal IgA provided material sufficient for several assays relevant to protective efficacy, and was shown to be multifunctional. Our approach is potentially applicable to human clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jacob D Estes
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
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20
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Effect of therapeutic intensification followed by HIV DNA prime and rAd5 boost vaccination on HIV-specific immunity and HIV reservoir (EraMune 02): a multicentre randomised clinical trial. Lancet HIV 2015; 2:e82-91. [PMID: 26424549 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(15)00026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Achievement of a cure for HIV infection might need reactivation of latent virus and improvement of HIV-specific immunity. As an initial step, in this trial we assessed the effect of antiretroviral therapy intensification and immune modulation with a DNA prime and recombinant adenovirus 5 (rAd5) boost vaccine. METHODS In this multicentre, randomised, open-label, non-comparative, phase 2 clinical trial, we enrolled eligible adults 18-70 years of age with chronic HIV-1 infection on suppressive antiretroviral therapy with current CD4 count of at least 350 cells per μL and HIV DNA between 10 and 1000 copies per 10(6) peripheral blood mononuclear cells. After an 8 week lead-in of antiretroviral intensification therapy (standard dose raltegravir and dose-adjusted maraviroc based on baseline antiretroviral therapy), patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive antiretroviral therapy intensification alone or intensification plus injections of HIV DNA prime vaccine (4 mg VRC-HIVDNA016-00-VP) at weeks 8, 12, and 16, followed by HIV rAd5 boost vaccine (10(10) particle units of VRC-HIVADV014-00-VP) at week 32. Randomisation was computer generated in permuted blocks of six and was stratified by study site. The primary endpoint was a 0·5 log10 or greater decrease in HIV DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells at week 56. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00976404. FINDINGS Between Nov 29, 2010, and Oct 28, 2011, we enrolled 28 eligible patients from three academic HIV clinics in the USA. After the 8 week lead-in of antiretroviral intensification therapy, 14 patients were randomly assigned to continue antiretroviral therapy intensification alone and 14 to intensification plus vaccine. Enrolled participants had median CD4 count of 636 cells per μL, median HIV DNA 170 copies per 10(6) peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and duration of antiretroviral therapy of 13 years. The median amount of HIV DNA did not change significantly between baseline and week 56 in the antiretroviral therapy intensification plus vaccine group. One participant in the antiretroviral therapy intensification alone group reached the primary endpoint, with 0·55 log10 decrease in HIV DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Both treatments were well tolerated. No severe or systemic reactions to vaccination occurred, and five serious adverse events were recorded during the study, most of which resolved spontaneously or were judged unrelated to study treatments. INTERPRETATION Antiretroviral therapy intensification followed by DNA prime and rAd5 boost vaccine did not significantly increase HIV expression or reduce the latent HIV reservoir. A multifaceted approach that includes stronger activators of HIV expression and novel immune modulators will probably be needed to reduce the latent HIV reservoir and allow for long-term control in patients off antiretroviral therapy. FUNDING Objectif Recherche Vaccin SIDA (ORVACS).
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22
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Thomas MA, Tuero I, Demberg T, Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Musich T, Xiao P, Venzon D, LaBranche C, Montefiori DC, DiPasquale J, Reed SG, DeVico A, Fouts T, Lewis GK, Gallo RC, Robert-Guroff M. HIV-1 CD4-induced (CD4i) gp120 epitope vaccines promote B and T-cell responses that contribute to reduced viral loads in rhesus macaques. Virology 2014; 471-473:81-92. [PMID: 25461534 PMCID: PMC4312258 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To target the HIV CD4i envelope epitope, we primed rhesus macaques with replicating Ad-rhFLSC (HIV-1BaLgp120 linked to macaque CD4 D1 and D2), with or without Ad-SIVgag and Ad-SIVnef. Macaques were boosted with rhFLSC protein. Memory T-cells in PBMC, bronchoalveolar lavage and rectal tissue, antibodies with neutralizing and ADCC activity, and Env-specific secretory IgA in rectal secretions were elicited. Although protective neutralizing antibody levels were induced, SHIVSF162P4 acquisition following rectal challenge was not prevented. Rapid declines in serum ADCC activity, Env-specific memory B cells in PBMC and bone marrow, and systemic and mucosal memory T cells were observed immediately post-challenge together with delayed anamnestic responses. Innate immune signaling resulting from persisting Ad replication and the TLR-4 booster adjuvant may have been in conflict and reoriented adaptive immunity. A different adjuvant paired with replicating Ad, or a longer post-prime interval allowing vector clearance before boosting might foster persistent T- and B-cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Thomas
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Iskra Tuero
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Thorsten Demberg
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Diego A Vargas-Inchaustegui
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Thomas Musich
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Peng Xiao
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | | | - Janet DiPasquale
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Steven G Reed
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, United States
| | - Anthony DeVico
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Timothy Fouts
- Profectus BioSciences, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - George K Lewis
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Robert C Gallo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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23
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Common features of mucosal and peripheral antibody responses elicited by candidate HIV-1 vaccines in rhesus monkeys. J Virol 2014; 88:13510-5. [PMID: 25210178 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02095-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccines that elicit protective antibody responses at mucosal sites would be highly desirable. Here, we report that intramuscular immunization of candidate HIV-1 vaccine vectors and purified Env proteins elicited potent and durable humoral immune responses in colorectal mucosa in rhesus monkeys. The kinetics, isotypes, functionality, and epitope specificity of these mucosal antibody responses were similar to those of peripheral responses in serum. These data suggest a close immunological relationship between mucosal and systemic antibody responses following vaccination in primates.
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24
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Qureshi H, Genescà M, Fritts L, McChesney MB, Robert-Guroff M, Miller CJ. Infection with host-range mutant adenovirus 5 suppresses innate immunity and induces systemic CD4+ T cell activation in rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106004. [PMID: 25203111 PMCID: PMC4159191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ad5 is a common cause of respiratory disease and an occasional cause of gastroenteritis and conjunctivitis, and seroconversion before adolescence is common in humans. To gain some insight into how Ad5 infection affects the immune system of rhesus macaques (RM) 18 RM were infected with a host-range mutant Ad5 (Ad5hr) by 3 mucosal inoculations. There was a delay of 2 to 6 weeks after the first inoculation before plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) frequency and function increased in peripheral blood. Primary Ad5hr infection suppressed IFN-γ mRNA expression, but the second Ad5hr exposure induced a rapid increase in IFN-gamma mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Primary Ad5hr infection suppressed CCL20, TNF and IL-1 mRNA expression in PBMC, and subsequent virus exposures further dampened expression of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. Primary, but not secondary, Ad5hr inoculation increased the frequency of CXCR3+ CD4+ T cells in blood, while secondary, but not primary, Ad5hr infection transiently increased the frequencies of Ki67+, HLADR+ and CD95+/CCR5+ CD4+ T cells in blood. Ad5hr infection induced polyfunctional CD4 and CD8+ T cells specific for the Ad5 hexon protein in all of the animals. Thus, infection with Ad5hr induced a complex pattern of innate and adaptive immunity in RM that included transient systemic CD4+ T cell activation and suppressed innate immunity on re-exposure to the virus. The complex effects of adenovirus infection on the immune system may help to explain the unexpected results of testing Ad5 vector expressing HIV antigens in Ad5 seropositive people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huma Qureshi
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Linda Fritts
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Michael B. McChesney
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Miller
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Tuero I, Robert-Guroff M. Challenges in mucosal HIV vaccine development: lessons from non-human primate models. Viruses 2014; 6:3129-58. [PMID: 25196380 PMCID: PMC4147690 DOI: 10.3390/v6083129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficacious HIV vaccine is urgently needed to curb the AIDS pandemic. The modest protection elicited in the phase III clinical vaccine trial in Thailand provided hope that this goal might be achieved. However, new approaches are necessary for further advances. As HIV is transmitted primarily across mucosal surfaces, development of immunity at these sites is critical, but few clinical vaccine trials have targeted these sites or assessed vaccine-elicited mucosal immune responses. Pre-clinical studies in non-human primate models have facilitated progress in mucosal vaccine development by evaluating candidate vaccine approaches, developing methodologies for collecting and assessing mucosal samples, and providing clues to immune correlates of protective immunity for further investigation. In this review we have focused on non-human primate studies which have provided important information for future design of vaccine strategies, targeting of mucosal inductive sites, and assessment of mucosal immunity. Knowledge gained in these studies will inform mucosal vaccine design and evaluation in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskra Tuero
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Abstract
In spite of several attempts over many years at developing a HIV vaccine based on classical strategies, none has convincingly succeeded to date. As HIV is transmitted primarily by the mucosal route, particularly through sexual intercourse, understanding antiviral immunity at mucosal sites is of major importance. An ideal vaccine should elicit HIV-specific antibodies and mucosal CD8⁺ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) as a first line of defense at a very early stage of HIV infection, before the virus can disseminate into the secondary lymphoid organs in mucosal and systemic tissues. A primary focus of HIV preventive vaccine research is therefore the induction of protective immune responses in these crucial early stages of HIV infection. Numerous approaches are being studied in the field, including building upon the recent RV144 clinical trial. In this article, we will review current strategies and briefly discuss the use of adjuvants in designing HIV vaccines that induce mucosal immune responses.
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27
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Kraan H, Vrieling H, Czerkinsky C, Jiskoot W, Kersten G, Amorij JP. Buccal and sublingual vaccine delivery. J Control Release 2014; 190:580-92. [PMID: 24911355 PMCID: PMC7114675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Because of their large surface area and immunological competence, mucosal tissues are attractive administration and target sites for vaccination. An important characteristic of mucosal vaccination is its ability to elicit local immune responses, which act against infection at the site of pathogen entry. However, mucosal surfaces are endowed with potent and sophisticated tolerance mechanisms to prevent the immune system from overreacting to the many environmental antigens. Hence, mucosal vaccination may suppress the immune system instead of induce a protective immune response. Therefore, mucosal adjuvants and/or special antigen delivery systems as well as appropriate dosage forms are required in order to develop potent mucosal vaccines. Whereas oral, nasal and pulmonary vaccine delivery strategies have been described extensively, the sublingual and buccal routes have received considerably less attention. In this review, the characteristics of and approaches for sublingual and buccal vaccine delivery are described and compared with other mucosal vaccine delivery sites. We discuss recent progress and highlight promising developments in the search for vaccine formulations, including adjuvants and suitable dosage forms, which are likely critical for designing a successful sublingual or buccal vaccine. Finally, we outline the challenges, hurdles to overcome and formulation issues relevant for sublingual or buccal vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen Kraan
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Hilde Vrieling
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cecil Czerkinsky
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275 CNRS-INSERM-UNSA, Valbonne, France
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gideon Kersten
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Pierre Amorij
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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28
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Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Tuero I, Mohanram V, Musich T, Pegu P, Valentin A, Sui Y, Rosati M, Bear J, Venzon DJ, Kulkarni V, Alicea C, Pilkington GR, Liyanage NPM, Demberg T, Gordon SN, Wang Y, Hogg AE, Frey B, Patterson LJ, DiPasquale J, Montefiori DC, Sardesai NY, Reed SG, Berzofsky JA, Franchini G, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN, Robert-Guroff M. Humoral immunity induced by mucosal and/or systemic SIV-specific vaccine platforms suggests novel combinatorial approaches for enhancing responses. Clin Immunol 2014; 153:308-22. [PMID: 24907411 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Combinatorial HIV/SIV vaccine approaches targeting multiple arms of the immune system might improve protective efficacy. We compared SIV-specific humoral immunity induced in rhesus macaques by five vaccine regimens. Systemic regimens included ALVAC-SIVenv priming and Env boosting (ALVAC/Env); DNA immunization; and DNA plus Env co-immunization (DNA&Env). RepAd/Env combined mucosal replication-competent Ad-env priming with systemic Env boosting. A Peptide/Env regimen, given solely intrarectally, included HIV/SIV peptides followed by MVA-env and Env boosts. Serum antibodies mediating neutralizing, phagocytic and ADCC activities were induced by ALVAC/Env, RepAd/Env and DNA&Env vaccines. Memory B cells and plasma cells were maintained in the bone marrow. RepAd/Env vaccination induced early SIV-specific IgA in rectal secretions before Env boosting, although mucosal IgA and IgG responses were readily detected at necropsy in ALVAC/Env, RepAd/Env, DNA&Env and DNA vaccinated animals. Our results suggest that combined RepAd priming with ALVAC/Env or DNA&Env regimen boosting might induce potent, functional, long-lasting systemic and mucosal SIV-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Vargas-Inchaustegui
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Iskra Tuero
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Venkatramanan Mohanram
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Thomas Musich
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Poonam Pegu
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccine Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Antonio Valentin
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Yongjun Sui
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Margherita Rosati
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Jenifer Bear
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - David J Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, CCR, NCI, NIH, Rockville, MD 20850, United States
| | - Viraj Kulkarni
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Candido Alicea
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Guy R Pilkington
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Namal P M Liyanage
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccine Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Thorsten Demberg
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Shari N Gordon
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccine Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Yichuan Wang
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Alison E Hogg
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Blake Frey
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - L Jean Patterson
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Janet DiPasquale
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | | | - Steven G Reed
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, United States
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccine Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Barbara K Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - George N Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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29
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To briefly describe some of the replication-competent vectors being investigated for development of candidate HIV vaccines focusing primarily on technologies that have advanced to testing in macaques or have entered clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS Replication-competent viral vectors have advanced to the stage at which decisions can be made regarding the future development of HIV vaccines. The viruses being used as replication-competent vector platforms vary considerably, and their unique attributes make it possible to test multiple vaccine design concepts and also mimic various aspects of an HIV infection. Replication-competent viral vectors encoding simian immunodeficiency virus or HIV proteins can be used to safely immunize macaques, and in some cases, there is evidence of significant vaccine efficacy in challenge protection studies. Several live HIV vaccine vectors are in clinical trials to evaluate immunogenicity, safety, the effect of mucosal delivery, and potential effects of preexisting immunity. SUMMARY A variety of DNA and RNA viruses are being used to develop replication-competent viral vectors for HIV vaccine delivery. Multiple viral vector platforms have proven to be well tolerated and immunogenic with evidence of efficacy in macaques. Some of the more advanced HIV vaccine prototypes based on vesicular stomatitis virus, vaccinia virus, measles virus, and Sendai virus are in clinical trials.
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30
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Abstract
Recent advances in the immunology, pathogenesis, and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection continue to reveal clues to the mechanisms involved in the progressive immunodeficiency attributed to infection, but more importantly have shed light on the correlates of immunity to infection and disease progression. HIV selectively infects, eliminates, and/or dysregulates several key cells of the human immune system, thwarting multiple arms of the host immune response, and inflicting severe damage to mucosal barriers, resulting in tissue infiltration of 'symbiotic' intestinal bacteria and viruses that essentially become opportunistic infections promoting systemic immune activation. This leads to activation and recruitment or more target cells for perpetuating HIV infection, resulting in persistent, high-level viral replication in lymphoid tissues, rapid evolution of resistant strains, and continued evasion of immune responses. However, vaccine studies and studies of spontaneous controllers are finally providing correlates of immunity from protection and disease progression, including virus-specific CD4(+) T-cell responses, binding anti-bodies, innate immune responses, and generation of antibodies with potent antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity. Emerging correlates of immunity indicate that prevention of HIV infection may be possible through effective vaccine strategies that protect and stimulate key regulatory cells and immune responses in susceptible hosts. Furthermore, immune therapies specifically directed toward boosting specific aspects of the immune system may eventually lead to a cure for HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA
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31
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Thomas MA, Demberg T, Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Xiao P, Tuero I, Venzon D, Weiss D, Treece J, Robert-Guroff M. Rhesus macaque rectal and duodenal tissues exhibit B-cell sub-populations distinct from peripheral blood that continuously secrete antigen-specific IgA in short-term explant cultures. Vaccine 2013; 32:872-80. [PMID: 24374153 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly obvious that evaluation of a vaccine aimed at preventing HIV infection should include assessment of induced immunity at mucosal sites of viral entry. Among the most salient immune responses are viral-specific antibodies. A recent report on IgA-secreting plasma cells in human duodenal explants prompted us to examine similar duodenal and rectal biopsies of rhesus macaques, a key animal model for pre-clinical HIV/SIV vaccine studies, and characterize the local resident B-cells. Here we report that non-human primate rectal explants possess similar levels of B-cells as duodenal explants. We characterize the antibody isotype expression on mucosal memory B-cells and show for the first time that the B-cell memory subsets of the duodenum and rectum are distinct from those of PBMC, not only by essentially lacking CD27(+) cells, as previously reported for uninfected macaques (Titanji et al., 2010), but also in being mostly IgD(-). SIV- and SHIV-infected macaques had fewer total IgA-secreting cells in rectal tissue compared to naïve macaques. As expected, the fractions of B-cells with surface expression of IgA were dominant in the rectal and duodenal explants whereas in PBMC IgG surface expression was dominant among IgD(-) B-cells. Mucosal antibody secreting cells were found to be predominantly plasma cells/plasma blasts based on their lack of response to stimulation. Importantly, short-term culture of rectal explants of SIV- and SHIV-positive animals led to secretion of Env-specific IgA into the culture supernatant which could be easily measured by ELISA. Collection of such culture supernatant over several days allows for accumulation of mucosal antibody in amounts that should enable antibody purification, characterization, and use in functional assays. Rectal explants can be readily obtained and unequivocally identify the mucosal tissue as the source of antibody. Overall they facilitate evaluation of mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Thomas
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thorsten Demberg
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Diego A Vargas-Inchaustegui
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peng Xiao
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Iskra Tuero
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Deborah Weiss
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - James Treece
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Resistance to infection, early and persistent suppression of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac251 viremia, and significant reduction of tissue viral burden after mucosal vaccination in female rhesus macaques. J Virol 2013; 88:212-24. [PMID: 24155376 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02523-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of oral, intestinal, nasal, and vaginal vaccinations with DNA simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/interleukin-2 (IL-2)/IL-15, SIV Gag/Pol/Env recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA), and AT-2 SIVmac239 inactivated particles was compared in rhesus macaques after low-dose vaginal challenge with SIVmac251. Intestinal immunization provided better protection from infection, as a significantly greater median number of challenges was necessary in this group than in the others. Oral and nasal vaccinations provided the most significant control of disease progression. Fifty percent of the orally and nasally vaccinated animals suppressed viremia to undetectable levels, while this occurred to a significantly lower degree in intestinally and vaginally vaccinated animals and in controls. Viremia remained undetectable after CD8(+) T-cell depletion in seven vaccinated animals that had suppressed viremia after infection, and tissue analysis for SIV DNA and RNA was negative, a result consistent with a significant reduction of viral activity. Regardless of the route of vaccination, mucosal vaccinations prevented loss of CD4(+) central memory and CD4(+)/α4β7(+) T-cell populations and reduced immune activation to different degrees. None of the orally vaccinated animals and only one of the nasally vaccinated animals developed AIDS after 72 to 84 weeks of infection, when the trial was closed. The levels of anti-SIV gamma interferon-positive, CD4(+), and CD8(+) T cells at the time of first challenge inversely correlated with viremia and directly correlated with protection from infection and longer survival.
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Thomas MA, Song R, Demberg T, Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Venzon D, Robert-Guroff M. Effects of the deletion of early region 4 (E4) open reading frame 1 (orf1), orf1-2, orf1-3 and orf1-4 on virus-host cell interaction, transgene expression, and immunogenicity of replicating adenovirus HIV vaccine vectors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76344. [PMID: 24143187 PMCID: PMC3797075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The global health burden engendered by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a sobering reminder of the pressing need for a preventative vaccine. In non-human primate models replicating adenovirus (Ad)-HIV/SIV recombinant vaccine vectors have been shown to stimulate potent immune responses culminating in protection against challenge exposures. Nonetheless, an increase in the transgene carrying capacity of these Ad vectors, currently limited to approximately 3000 base pairs, would greatly enhance their utility. Using a replicating, E3-deleted Ad type 5 host range mutant (Ad5 hr) encoding full-length single-chain HIVBaLgp120 linked to the D1 and D2 domains of rhesus macaque CD4 (rhFLSC) we systematically deleted the genes encoding early region 4 open reading frame 1 (E4orf1) through E4orf4. All the Ad-rhFLSC vectors produced similar levels of viral progeny. Cell cycle analysis of infected human and monkey cells revealed no differences in virus-host interaction. The parental and E4-deleted viruses expressed comparable levels of the transgene with kinetics similar to Ad late proteins. Similar levels of cellular immune responses and transgene-specific antibodies were elicited in vaccinated mice. However, differences in recognition of Ad proteins and induced antibody subtypes were observed, suggesting that the E4 gene products might modulate antibody responses by as yet unknown mechanisms. In short, we have improved the transgene carrying capacity by one thousand base pairs while preserving the replicability, levels of transgene expression, and immunogenicity critical to these vaccine vectors. This additional space allows for flexibility in vaccine design that could not be obtained with the current vector and as such should facilitate the goal of improving vaccine efficacy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the effects of these E4 deletions on transgene expression and immunogenicity in a replicating Ad vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Thomas
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rui Song
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thorsten Demberg
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Diego A. Vargas-Inchaustegui
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss the recent major advances in the understanding of how host immune defenses contribute to HIV reservoir control. RECENT FINDINGS Immune control of HIV-1 reservoirs is a two-step process: viral replication activation from latent reservoirs followed by elimination of virus-expressing cells by the host. Environmental factors, such as pro-inflammatory type-I interferon, chemokines or cytokines, can facilitate HIV-1 replication, confer dormancy in CD4 cells or confer resistance to cytopathogenic effects of cytotoxic CD8 T cells. Therefore, they constitute a double-edged sword for immune control of HIV reservoirs. Concomitantly, adaptive immunity takes advantage of CD4 T-cell homeostatic mechanisms and can expose HIV-1 antigen-expressing cells to HIV-specific cytotoxic CD8 T cells, and limit virus spreading. These highly interconnected phenomena can lead to quasi-equilibrium between the HIV-1 reservoirs and host immune control that can serve as a model for the 'shock and kill' immune-based therapeutic strategies in play in the course of finding an HIV cure. SUMMARY Immune control of HIV reservoirs in CD4 T cells involves modulation of both HIV-1 latency and the continuous reseeding of the reservoir offering conceptual models that may advance HIV cure strategies.
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Demberg T, Brocca-Cofano E, Kuate S, Aladi S, Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Venzon D, Kalisz I, Kalyanaraman V, Lee EM, Pal R, DiPasquale J, Ruprecht RM, Montefiori DC, Srivastava I, Barnett SW, Robert-Guroff M. Impact of antibody quality and anamnestic response on viremia control post-challenge in a combined Tat/Env vaccine regimen in rhesus macaques. Virology 2013; 440:210-21. [PMID: 23528732 PMCID: PMC3744165 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previously, priming rhesus macaques with Adenovirus type 5 host range mutant-recombinants encoding Tat and Env and boosting with Tat and Env protein in MPL-SE controlled chronic viremia by 4 logs following homologous intravenous SHIV89.6P challenge. Here we evaluated Tat, Env, and Tat/Env regimens for immunogenicity and protective efficacy using clade C Env, alum adjuvant, and a heterologous intrarectal SHIV1157ipd3N4 challenge. Despite induction of strong cellular and humoral immunity, Tat/Env group T and B-cell memory responses were not significantly enhanced over Tat- or Env-only groups. Lack of viremia control post-challenge was attributed to lower avidity Env antibodies and no anamnestic ADCC response or SHIV1157ipd3N4 neutralizing antibody development post-challenge. Poor biologic activity of the Tat immunogen may have impaired Tat immunity. In the absence of sterilizing immunity, strong anamnestic responses to heterologous virus can help control viremia. Both antibody breadth and optimal adjuvanticity are needed to elicit high-quality antibody for protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Demberg
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Seraphin Kuate
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stanley Aladi
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Irene Kalisz
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Kensington, MD 20895, USA
| | | | - Eun Mi Lee
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Kensington, MD 20895, USA
| | - Ranajit Pal
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Kensington, MD 20895, USA
| | - Janet DiPasquale
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Prospects for oral replicating adenovirus-vectored vaccines. Vaccine 2013; 31:3236-43. [PMID: 23707160 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Orally delivered replicating adenovirus (Ad) vaccines have been used for decades to prevent adenovirus serotype 4 and 7 respiratory illness in military recruits, demonstrating exemplary safety and high efficacy. That experience suggests that oral administration of live recombinant Ads (rAds) holds promise for immunization against other infectious diseases, including those that have been refractory to traditional vaccination methods. Live rAds can express intact antigens from free-standing transgenes during replication in infected cells. Alternatively, antigenic epitopes can be displayed on the rAd capsid itself, allowing presentation of the epitope to the immune system both prior to and during replication of the virus. Such capsid-display rAds offer a novel vaccine approach that could be used either independently of or in combination with transgene expression strategies to provide a new tool in the search for protection from infectious disease.
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Mucosal priming with a replicating-vaccinia virus-based vaccine elicits protective immunity to simian immunodeficiency virus challenge in rhesus monkeys. J Virol 2013; 87:5669-77. [PMID: 23487457 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03247-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are not targeted by most human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccines, despite being major routes for HIV-1 transmission. Here we report a novel vaccination regimen consisting of a mucosal prime with a modified replicating vaccinia virus Tiantan strain (MVTT(SIVgpe)) and an intramuscular boost with a nonreplicating adenovirus strain (Ad5(SIVgpe)). This regimen elicited robust cellular immune responses with enhanced magnitudes, sustainability, and polyfunctionality, as well as higher titers of neutralizing antibodies against the simian immunodeficiency virus SIV(mac1A11) in rhesus monkeys. The reductions in peak and set-point viral loads were significant in most animals, with one other animal being protected fully from high-dose intrarectal inoculation of SIV(mac239). Furthermore, the animals vaccinated with this regimen were healthy, while ~75% of control animals developed simian AIDS. The protective effects correlated with the vaccine-elicited SIV-specific CD8(+) T cell responses against Gag and Pol. Our study provides a novel strategy for developing an HIV-1 vaccine by using the combination of a replicating vector and mucosal priming.
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Antibodies to gp120 and PD-1 expression on virus-specific CD8+ T cells in protection from simian AIDS. J Virol 2013; 87:3526-37. [PMID: 23325679 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02686-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We compared the relative efficacies against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenge of three vaccine regimens that elicited similar frequencies of SIV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses but differed in the level of antibody responses to the gp120 envelope protein. All macaques were primed with DNA plasmids expressing SIV gag, pol, env, and Retanef genes and were boosted with recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA) expressing the same genes, either once (1 × MVA) or twice (2 × MVA), or were boosted once with MVA followed by a single boost with replication-competent adenovirus (Ad) type 5 host range mutant (Ad5 h) expressing SIV gag and nef genes but not Retanef or env (1 × MVA/Ad5). While two of the vaccine regimens (1 × MVA and 1 × MVA/Ad5) protected from high levels of SIV replication only during the acute phase of infection, the 2 × MVA regimen, with the highest anti-SIV gp120 titers, protected during the acute phase and transiently during the chronic phase of infection. Mamu-A*01 macaques of this third group exhibited persistent Gag CD8(+)CM9(+) effector memory T cells with low expression of surface Programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor and high levels of expression of genes associated with major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and MHC-II antigen. The fact that control of SIV replication was associated with both high titers of antibodies to the SIV envelope protein and durable effector SIV-specific CD8(+) T cells suggests the hypothesis that the presence of antibodies at the time of challenge may increase innate immune recruiting activity by enhancing antigen uptake and may result in improvement of the quality and potency of secondary SIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses.
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Demberg T, Robert-Guroff M. Controlling the HIV/AIDS epidemic: current status and global challenges. Front Immunol 2012; 3:250. [PMID: 22912636 PMCID: PMC3418522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the current status of the global HIV pandemic and strategies to bring it under control. It updates numerous preventive approaches including behavioral interventions, male circumcision (MC), pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis (PREP and PEP), vaccines, and microbicides. The manuscript summarizes current anti-retroviral treatment options, their impact in the western world, and difficulties faced by emerging and resource-limited nations in providing and maintaining appropriate treatment regimens. Current clinical and pre-clinical approaches toward a cure for HIV are described, including new drug compounds that target viral reservoirs and gene therapy approaches aimed at altering susceptibility to HIV infection. Recent progress in vaccine development is summarized, including novel approaches and new discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Demberg
- Vaccine Branch, Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
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