1
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Iijima N. The emerging role of effector functions exerted by tissue-resident memory T cells. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 5:iqae006. [PMID: 39193473 PMCID: PMC11213632 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The magnitude of the effector functions of memory T cells determines the consequences of the protection against invading pathogens and tumor development or the pathogenesis of autoimmune and allergic diseases. Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) are unique T-cell populations that persist in tissues for long periods awaiting re-encounter with their cognate antigen. Although TRM cell reactivation primarily requires the presentation of cognate antigens, recent evidence has shown that, in addition to the conventional concept, TRM cells can be reactivated without the presentation of cognate antigens. Non-cognate TRM cell activation is triggered by cross-reactive antigens or by several combinations of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7, IL-12, IL-15 and IL-18. The activation mode of TRM cells reinforces their cytotoxic activity and promotes the secretion of effector cytokines (such as interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha). This review highlights the key features of TRM cell maintenance and reactivation and discusses the importance of effector functions that TRM cells exert upon being presented with cognate and/or non-cognate antigens, as well as cytokines secreted by TRM and non-TRM cells within the tissue microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norifumi Iijima
- Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBN), Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Lin M, Marin A, Ellis B, Eubanks LM, Andrianov AK, Janda KD. Polyphosphazene: A New Adjuvant Platform for Cocaine Vaccine Development. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3358-3366. [PMID: 35984034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine is a highly addictive drug that has seen a steady uptrend causing severe health problems worldwide. Currently, there are no approved therapeutics for treating cocaine use disorder; hence, there is an urgent need to identify new medications. Immunopharmacotherapeutics is a promising approach utilizing endogenous antibodies generated through active vaccination, and if properly programmed, can blunt a drug's psychoactive and addictive effects. However, drug vaccine efficacy has largely been limited by the modest levels of antibodies induced. Herein, we explored an adjuvant system consisting of a polyphosphazene macromolecule, specifically poly[di(carboxylatoethylphenoxy)-phosphazene] (PCEP), a biocompatible synthetic polymer that was solicited for improved cocaine conjugate vaccine delivery performance. Our results demonstrated PCEP's superior assembling efficiency with a cocaine hapten as well as with the combined adjuvant CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN). Importantly, this combination led to a higher titer response, balanced immunity, successful sequestering of cocaine in the blood, and a reduction in the drug in the brain. Moreover, a PCEP-cocaine conjugate vaccine was also found to function well via intranasal administration, where its efficacy was demonstrated through the antibody titer, affinity, mucosal IgA production, and a reduction in cocaine's locomotor activity. Overall, a comprehensive evaluation of PCEP integrated within a cocaine vaccine established an advance in the use of synthetic adjuvants in the drugs of abuse vaccine field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Lin
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alexander Marin
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lisa M Eubanks
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alexander K Andrianov
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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3
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Wilson B, Mukundan Geetha K. Nanomedicine to deliver biological macromolecules for treating COVID-19. Vaccine 2022; 40:3931-3941. [PMID: 35660038 PMCID: PMC9149150 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first reported in December 2019, China and later it was found that the causative microorganism is severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). As on 3rd June 2021, SARS-CoV-2 has affected 171049741 people worldwide with 3549710 deaths. Nanomedicine such as nanoparticles, liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, virus-like nanoparticles offer tremendous hopes to treat viral infections including COVID-19. Most importantly target specific ligands can be attached on the surface of them and this makes them more target specific and the loaded drug can be delivered to cellular and molecular level. These properties of nanomedicines can be utilized to deliver drugs or vaccines to treat viral diseases including SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review discusses about SARS-CoV-2 and the potential application of nanomedicines for delivering biological macromolecules like vaccines and drugs for treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnabas Wilson
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bangalore, Karnataka 560078, India.
| | - Kannoth Mukundan Geetha
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bangalore, Karnataka 560078, India
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4
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Fragoso-Saavedra M, Ramírez-Estudillo C, Peláez-González DL, Ramos-Flores JO, Torres-Franco G, Núñez-Muñoz L, Marcelino-Pérez G, Segura-Covarrubias MG, González-González R, Ruiz-Medrano R, Xoconostle-Cázares B, Gayosso-Vázquez A, Reyes-Maya S, Ramírez-Andoney V, Alonso-Morales RA, Vega-López MA. Combined Subcutaneous-Intranasal Immunization With Epitope-Based Antigens Elicits Binding and Neutralizing Antibody Responses in Serum and Mucosae Against PRRSV-2 and SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:848054. [PMID: 35432364 PMCID: PMC9008747 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.848054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
New vaccine design approaches, platforms, and immunization strategies might foster antiviral mucosal effector and memory responses to reduce asymptomatic infection and transmission in vaccinated individuals. Here, we investigated a combined parenteral and mucosal immunization scheme to induce local and serum antibody responses, employing the epitope-based antigens 3BT and NG19m. These antigens target the important emerging and re-emerging viruses PRRSV-2 and SARS-CoV-2, respectively. We assessed two versions of the 3BT protein, which contains conserved epitopes from the GP5 envelope protein of PRRSV-2: soluble and expressed by the recombinant baculovirus BacDual-3BT. On the other hand, NG19m, comprising the receptor-binding motif of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2, was evaluated as a soluble recombinant protein only. Vietnamese mini-pigs were immunized employing different inoculation routes: subcutaneous, intranasal, or a combination of both (s.c.-i.n.). Animals produced antigen-binding and neut1ralizing antibodies in serum and mucosal fluids, with varying patterns of concentration and activity, depending on the antigen and the immunization schedule. Soluble 3BT was a potent immunogen to elicit binding and neutralizing antibodies in serum, nasal mucus, and vaginal swabs. The vectored immunogen BacDual-3BT induced binding antibodies in serum and mucosae, but PRRSV-2 neutralizing activity was found in nasal mucus exclusively when administered intranasally. NG19m promoted serum and mucosal binding antibodies, which showed differing neutralizing activity. Only serum samples from subcutaneously immunized animals inhibited RBD-ACE2 interaction, while mini-pigs inoculated intranasally or via the combined s.c.-i.n. scheme produced subtle neutralizing humoral responses in the upper and lower respiratory mucosae. Our results show that intranasal immunization, alone or combined with subcutaneous delivery of epitope-based antigens, generates local and systemic binding and neutralizing antibodies. Further investigation is needed to evaluate the capability of the induced responses to prevent infection and reduce transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Fragoso-Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología de las Mucosas, Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carmen Ramírez-Estudillo
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología de las Mucosas, Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Diana L Peláez-González
- Unidad de Producción y Experimentación de Animales de Laboratorio, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jorge O Ramos-Flores
- Unidad de Producción y Experimentación de Animales de Laboratorio, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Torres-Franco
- Unidad de Producción y Experimentación de Animales de Laboratorio, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Leandro Núñez-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Marcelino-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María G Segura-Covarrubias
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rogelio González-González
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Roberto Ruiz-Medrano
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Xoconostle-Cázares
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Amanda Gayosso-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Silvia Reyes-Maya
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Vianey Ramírez-Andoney
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rogelio A Alonso-Morales
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marco A Vega-López
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología de las Mucosas, Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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5
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Lemon JL, McMenamy MJ. A Review of UK-Registered and Candidate Vaccines for Bovine Respiratory Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121403. [PMID: 34960149 PMCID: PMC8703677 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is widely regarded as a cornerstone in animal or herd health and infectious disease management. Nineteen vaccines against the major pathogens implicated in bovine respiratory disease are registered for use in the UK by the Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD). However, despite annual prophylactic vaccination, bovine respiratory disease is still conservatively estimated to cost the UK economy approximately £80 million per annum. This review examines the vaccine types available, discusses the surrounding literature and scientific rationale of the limitations and assesses the potential of novel vaccine technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L. Lemon
- Sustainable Agri-Food and Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Michael J. McMenamy
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK;
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6
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Brakel KA, Binjawadagi B, French-Kim K, Watts M, Harder O, Ma Y, Li J, Niewiesk S. Coexpression of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion (F) protein and attachment glycoprotein (G) in a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vector system provides synergistic effects against RSV infection in a cotton rat model. Vaccine 2021; 39:6817-6828. [PMID: 34702618 PMCID: PMC8595748 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most important causes of respiratory disease in infants, immunocompromised individuals, and the elderly. Natural infection does not result in long-term immunity, and there is no licensed vaccine. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a commonly used vaccine vector platform against infectious diseases, and has been used as a vector for a licensed Ebola vaccine. In this study, we expressed the RSV fusion (F) protein, the RSV F protein stabilized in either a pre-fusion or a post-fusion configuration, the attachment glycoprotein (G), or the G and F proteins of RSV in combination in a VSV vector. Cotton rats were immunized with these recombinants intranasally or subcutaneously to test immunogenicity. RSV F stabilized in either a pre-fusion or a post-fusion configuration proved to be poorly immunogenic and protective when compared to unmodified F. RSV G provided partial protection and moderate levels of neutralizing antibody production, both of which improved with intranasal administration compared to subcutaneous inoculation. The most successful vaccine vector was VSV expressing both the G and F proteins after intranasal inoculation. Immunization with this recombinant induced neutralizing antibodies and provided protection from RSV challenge in the upper and lower respiratory tract for at least 80 days. Our results demonstrate that co-expression of F and G proteins in a VSV vector provides synergistic effects in inducing RSV-specific neutralizing antibodies and protection against RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Brakel
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
| | - Basavaraj Binjawadagi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Ceva Sante Animale, Lenexa, KS, United States
| | - Kristen French-Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mauria Watts
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Olivia Harder
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Yuanmei Ma
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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7
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Yaqinuddin A, Shafqat A, Kashir J, Alkattan K. Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Mutations on the Efficacy of Antibody Therapy and Response to Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:914. [PMID: 34452039 PMCID: PMC8402590 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 causes severe acute respiratory syndrome, which has led to significant morbidity and mortality around the world. Since its emergence, extensive prophylactic and therapeutic countermeasures have been employed to successfully prevent the spread of COVID-19. Extensive work has been undertaken on using monoclonal antibody therapies, mass vaccination programs, and antiviral drugs to prevent and treat COVID-19. However, since antiviral drugs could take years to become widely available, immunotherapy and vaccines currently appear to be the most feasible option. In December 2020, the first vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 was approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) and, subsequently, many other vaccines were approved for use by different international regulators in different countries. Most monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and vaccines target the SARS-CoV-2 surface spike (S) protein. Recently, mutant (or variant) SARS-CoV-2 strains with increased infectivity and virulence that evade protective host antibodies present either due to infection, antibody therapy, or vaccine administration have emerged. In this manuscript, we discuss the different monoclonal antibody and vaccine therapies available against COVID-19 and how the efficacy of these therapies is affected by the emergence of variants of SARS-CoV-2. We also discuss strategies that might help society cope with variants that could neutralize the effects of immunotherapy and escape the protective immunity conferred by vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Yaqinuddin
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.); (J.K.); (K.A.)
| | - Areez Shafqat
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.); (J.K.); (K.A.)
| | - Junaid Kashir
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.); (J.K.); (K.A.)
- Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Alkattan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.); (J.K.); (K.A.)
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8
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Seyfoori A, Shokrollahi Barough M, Mokarram P, Ahmadi M, Mehrbod P, Sheidary A, Madrakian T, Kiumarsi M, Walsh T, McAlinden KD, Ghosh CC, Sharma P, Zeki AA, Ghavami S, Akbari M. Emerging Advances of Nanotechnology in Drug and Vaccine Delivery against Viral Associated Respiratory Infectious Diseases (VARID). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6937. [PMID: 34203268 PMCID: PMC8269337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral-associated respiratory infectious diseases are one of the most prominent subsets of respiratory failures, known as viral respiratory infections (VRI). VRIs are proceeded by an infection caused by viruses infecting the respiratory system. For the past 100 years, viral associated respiratory epidemics have been the most common cause of infectious disease worldwide. Due to several drawbacks of the current anti-viral treatments, such as drug resistance generation and non-targeting of viral proteins, the development of novel nanotherapeutic or nano-vaccine strategies can be considered essential. Due to their specific physical and biological properties, nanoparticles hold promising opportunities for both anti-viral treatments and vaccines against viral infections. Besides the specific physiological properties of the respiratory system, there is a significant demand for utilizing nano-designs in the production of vaccines or antiviral agents for airway-localized administration. SARS-CoV-2, as an immediate example of respiratory viruses, is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the coronaviridae family. COVID-19 can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome, similarly to other members of the coronaviridae. Hence, reviewing the current and past emerging nanotechnology-based medications on similar respiratory viral diseases can identify pathways towards generating novel SARS-CoV-2 nanotherapeutics and/or nano-vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Seyfoori
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (A.S.); (T.W.)
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Shokrollahi Barough
- Department of Immunology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran;
- ATMP Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, Iran
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran;
- Autophagy Research Center, Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
| | - Mazaher Ahmadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517838695, Iran; (M.A.); (T.M.)
| | - Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of IRAN, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Alireza Sheidary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6451, Iran;
| | - Tayyebeh Madrakian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517838695, Iran; (M.A.); (T.M.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6451, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Kiumarsi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady College of Medicine, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
| | - Tavia Walsh
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (A.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Kielan D. McAlinden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia;
| | - Chandra C. Ghosh
- Roger Williams Medical Center, Immuno-Oncology Institute (Ix2), Providence, RI 02908, USA;
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Amir A. Zeki
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, U.C. Davis Lung Center, Davis School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA;
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mather, CA 95817, USA
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Autophagy Research Center, Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady College of Medicine, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (A.S.); (T.W.)
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
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9
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Stephens LM, Ross KA, Waldstein KA, Legge KL, McLellan JS, Narasimhan B, Varga SM. Prefusion F-Based Polyanhydride Nanovaccine Induces Both Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Resulting in Long-Lasting Protection against Respiratory Syncytial Virus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2122-2134. [PMID: 33827894 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in both young children and in older adults. Despite the morbidity, mortality, and high economic burden caused by RSV worldwide, no licensed vaccine is currently available. We have developed a novel RSV vaccine composed of a prefusion-stabilized variant of the fusion (F) protein (DS-Cav1) and a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide adjuvant encapsulated within polyanhydride nanoparticles, termed RSVNanoVax. A prime-boost intranasal administration of RSVNanoVax in BALB/c mice significantly alleviated weight loss and pulmonary dysfunction in response to an RSV challenge, with protection maintained up to at least 6 mo postvaccination. In addition, vaccinated mice exhibited rapid viral clearance in the lungs as early as 2 d after RSV infection in both inbred and outbred populations. Vaccination induced tissue-resident memory CD4 and CD8 T cells in the lungs, as well as RSV F-directed neutralizing Abs. Based on the robust immune response elicited and the high level of durable protection observed, our prefusion RSV F nanovaccine is a promising new RSV vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Stephens
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Kathleen A Ross
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA
| | - Kody A Waldstein
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Kevin L Legge
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; and
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA
| | - Steven M Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; .,Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; and
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10
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Chand DJ, Magiri RB, Wilson HL, Mutwiri GK. Polyphosphazenes as Adjuvants for Animal Vaccines and Other Medical Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:625482. [PMID: 33763409 PMCID: PMC7982900 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.625482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphosphazenes are a class of experimental adjuvants that have shown great versatility as vaccine adjuvants in many animal species ranging from laboratory rodents to large animal species. Their adjuvant activity has shown promising results with numerous viral and bacterial antigens, as well as with crude and purified antigens. Vaccines adjuvanted with polyphosphazenes can be delivered via systemic and mucosal administration including respiratory, oral, rectal, and intravaginal routes. Polyphosphazenes can be used in combination with other adjuvants, further enhancing immune responses to antigens. The mechanisms of action of polyphosphazenes have not fully been defined, but several systematic studies have suggested that they act primarily by activating innate immunity. In the present review, we will highlight progress in the development of polyphosphazenes as adjuvants in animals and their other medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Chand
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Royford B Magiri
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,College of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Fiji National University, Nausori, Fiji
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - George K Mutwiri
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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11
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Andrianov AK, Langer R. Polyphosphazene immunoadjuvants: Historical perspective and recent advances. J Control Release 2021; 329:299-315. [PMID: 33285104 PMCID: PMC7904599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of successful vaccines has been increasingly reliant on the use of immunoadjuvants - additives, which can enhance and modulate immune responses to vaccine antigens. Immunoadjuvants of the polyphosphazene family encompass synthetic biodegradable macromolecules, which attain in vivo activity via antigen delivery and immunostimulation mechanisms. Over the last decades, the technology has witnessed evolvement of next generation members, expansion to include various antigens and routes of administration, and progression to clinical phase. This was accompanied by gaining important insights into the mechanism of action and the development of a novel class of virus-mimicking nano-assemblies for antigen delivery. The present review evaluates in vitro and in vivo data generated to date in the context of latest advances in understanding the primary function and biophysical behavior of these macromolecules. It also provides an overview of relevant synthetic and characterization methods, macromolecular biodegradation pathways, and polyphosphazene-based multi-component, nanoparticulate, and microfabricated formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K Andrianov
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Robert Langer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Heinrich MA, Martina B, Prakash J. Nanomedicine strategies to target coronavirus. NANO TODAY 2020; 35:100961. [PMID: 32904707 PMCID: PMC7457919 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.100961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
With the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002, the middle east respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) in 2012 and the recently discovered SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019, the 21st first century has so far faced the outbreak of three major coronaviruses (CoVs). In particular, SARS-CoV-2 spread rapidly over the globe affecting nearly 25.000.000 people up to date. Recent evidences pointing towards mutations within the viral spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 that are considered the cause for this rapid spread and currently around 300 clinical trials are running to find a treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nanomedicine, the application of nanocarriers to deliver drugs specifically to a target sites, has been applied for different diseases, such as cancer but also in viral infections. Nanocarriers can be designed to encapsulate vaccines and deliver them towards antigen presenting cells or function as antigen-presenting carriers themselves. Furthermore, drugs can be encapsulated into such carriers to directly target them to infected cells. In particular, virus-mimicking nanoparticles (NPs) such as self-assembled viral proteins, virus-like particles or liposomes, are able to replicate the infection mechanism and can not only be used as delivery system but also to study viral infections and related mechanisms. This review will provide a detailed description of the composition and replication strategy of CoVs, an overview of the therapeutics currently evaluated in clinical trials against SARS-CoV-2 and will discuss the potential of NP-based vaccines, targeted delivery of therapeutics using nanocarriers as well as using NPs to further investigate underlying biological processes in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Alexander Heinrich
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Section Targeted Therapeutics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, 7500AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Byron Martina
- Artemis One Health Research Institute, 2629JD, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Jai Prakash
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Section Targeted Therapeutics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, 7500AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
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13
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Al-Halifa S, Gauthier L, Arpin D, Bourgault S, Archambault D. Nanoparticle-Based Vaccines Against Respiratory Viruses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:22. [PMID: 30733717 PMCID: PMC6353795 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory mucosa is the primary portal of entry for numerous viruses such as the respiratory syncytial virus, the influenza virus and the parainfluenza virus. These pathogens initially infect the upper respiratory tract and then reach the lower respiratory tract, leading to diseases. Vaccination is an affordable way to control the pathogenicity of viruses and constitutes the strategy of choice to fight against infections, including those leading to pulmonary diseases. Conventional vaccines based on live-attenuated pathogens present a risk of reversion to pathogenic virulence while inactivated pathogen vaccines often lead to a weak immune response. Subunit vaccines were developed to overcome these issues. However, these vaccines may suffer from a limited immunogenicity and, in most cases, the protection induced is only partial. A new generation of vaccines based on nanoparticles has shown great potential to address most of the limitations of conventional and subunit vaccines. This is due to recent advances in chemical and biological engineering, which allow the design of nanoparticles with a precise control over the size, shape, functionality and surface properties, leading to enhanced antigen presentation and strong immunogenicity. This short review provides an overview of the advantages associated with the use of nanoparticles as vaccine delivery platforms to immunize against respiratory viruses and highlights relevant examples demonstrating their potential as safe, effective and affordable vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soultan Al-Halifa
- Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, PROTEO, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Laurie Gauthier
- Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, PROTEO, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Dominic Arpin
- Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, PROTEO, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Steve Bourgault
- Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, PROTEO, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Denis Archambault
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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Magiri R, Mutwiri G, Wilson HL. Recent advances in experimental polyphosphazene adjuvants and their mechanisms of action. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 374:465-471. [PMID: 30294754 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2929-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination continues to be a very important public health intervention to control infectious diseases in the world. Subunit vaccines are generally poorly immunogenic and require the addition of adjuvants to induce protective immune responses. Despite their critical role in vaccines, adjuvant mechanism of action remains poorly understood, which is a barrier to the development of new, safe and effective vaccines. In the present review, we focus on recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of action of the experimental adjuvants poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene] (PCPP) and poly[di(sodiumcarboxylatoethyl-phenoxy)phosphazene] (PCEP) (in this review, adjuvants PCPP and PCEP are collectively referred to as PZ denoting polyphosphazenes). PZs are high molecular weight, water-soluble, synthetic polymers that have been shown to regulate innate immune response genes, induce cytokines and chemokines secretion at the site of injection and, also, induce immune cell recruitment to the site of injection to create a local immune-competent environment. There is an evidence that as well as its role as an immunoadjuvant (that activate innate immune responses), PZ can also act as a vaccine carrier. The mechanism of action that explains how PZ leads to these effects is not known and is a barrier to the development of designer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Royford Magiri
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - George Mutwiri
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
- VIDO-InterVac, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Canada.
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15
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Ellis JA. How efficacious are vaccines against bovine respiratory syncytial virus in cattle? Vet Microbiol 2017; 206:59-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Schulze K, Ebensen T, Babiuk LA, Gerdts V, Guzman CA. Intranasal vaccination with an adjuvanted polyphosphazenes nanoparticle-based vaccine formulation stimulates protective immune responses in mice. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:2169-2178. [PMID: 28579436 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The most promising strategy to sustainably prevent infectious diseases is vaccination. However, emerging as well as re-emerging diseases still constitute a considerable threat. Furthermore, lack of compliance and logistic constrains often result in the failure of vaccination campaigns. To overcome these hurdles, novel vaccination strategies need to be developed, which fulfill maximal safety requirements, show maximal efficiency and are easy to administer. Mucosal vaccines constitute promising non-invasive approaches able to match these demands. Here we demonstrate that nanoparticle (polyphosphazenes)-based vaccine formulations including c-di-AMP as adjuvant, cationic innate defense regulator peptides (IDR) and ovalbumin (OVA) as model antigen were able to stimulate strong humoral and cellular immune responses, which conferred protection against the OVA expressing influenza strain A/WSN/OVAI (H1N1). The presented results confirm the potency of nanoparticle-based vaccine formulations to deliver antigens across the mucosal barrier, but also demonstrate the necessity to include adjuvants to stimulate efficient antigen-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Schulze
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Ebensen
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization and Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
| | - Carlos A Guzman
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Braunschweig, Germany.
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17
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Shafique M, Rasool MH, Khurshid M. Respiratory syncytial virus: an overview of infection biology and vaccination strategies. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the foremost cause of lower respiratory tract infections, especially in infants and young children. To date, there is no licensed vaccine available for RSV. Only option to restrain RSV is a prophylactic treatment in the form of monoclonal antibody (palivizumab). However, it is quite expensive and used in few patients with co-morbidities. In ongoing research, virologists contemplate about various vaccine candidates to control RSV infection. This review will help in understating the RSV pathobiology and encompass the advancement on various vaccine candidates that would lead to reduce the incidence, mortality and morbidity. Furthermore, it will lighten up the different avenues which might be useful for the development of novel vaccination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shafique
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Mohsin Khurshid
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
- College of Allied Health Professionals, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
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18
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Angelos JA, Chigerwe M, Edman JM, Hess JF. Systemic and ocular immune responses in cattle following intranasal vaccination with precipitated or partially solubilized recombinant Moraxella bovis cytotoxin adjuvanted with polyacrylic acid. Am J Vet Res 2017; 77:1411-1418. [PMID: 27901388 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.12.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate changes in systemic and ocular antibody responses of steers following intranasal vaccination with precipitated or partially solubilized recombinant Moraxella bovis cytotoxin (MbxA). ANIMALS 13 Angus steers with ages ranging from 318 to 389 days and weights ranging from 352 to 437 kg. PROCEDURES Steers were assigned to receive 500 μg of a precipitated (MbxA-P; n = 5) or partially solubilized (MbxA-S; 5) recombinant MbxA subunit adjuvanted with polyacrylic acid. A control group (n = 3) received the adjuvant alone. Each steer received the assigned treatment (1 mL/nostril) on days 0 and 28. Serum and tear samples were collected on days 0 (before vaccination), 14, 28, 42, and 55. Changes in MbxA-neutralizing antibody titers and MbxA-specific IgG concentrations in serum and tears and changes in MbxA-specific IgA concentrations in tears were measured. RESULTS Mean fold changes in MbxA-specific IgG concentration in serum and tears and MbxA-neutralizing antibody titer in tears for the MbxA-P group were significantly greater than those for the MbxA-S and control groups. Mean serum MbxA-neutralizing antibody titer did not differ among the 3 groups. Although the mean fold change in tear MbxA-specific IgA concentration differed significantly among the groups in the overall analysis, post hoc comparisons failed to identify any significant pairwise differences. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Systemic and ocular immune responses induced by intranasal administration of the MbxA-P vaccine were superior to those induced by the MbxA-S vaccine. Additional research is necessary to determine whether the MbxA-P vaccine can prevent naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis.
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Dar A, Tipu M, Townsend H, Potter A, Gerdts V, Tikoo S. Administration of Poly[di(sodium carboxylatoethylphenoxy)phosphazene] (PCEP) and Avian Beta Defensin as Adjuvants in Inactivated Inclusion Body Hepatitis Virus and its Hexon Protein-Based Experimental Vaccine Formulations in Chickens. Avian Dis 2016; 59:518-24. [PMID: 26629626 DOI: 10.1637/11202-052815-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) is one of the major infectious diseases adversely affecting the poultry industry of the United States and Canada. Currently, no effective and safe vaccine is available for the control of IBH virus (IBHV) infection in chickens. However, based on the excellent safety and immunogenic profiles of experimental veterinary vaccines developed with the use of new generation adjuvants, we hypothesized that characterization of vaccine formulations containing inactivated IBHV or its capsid protein hexon as antigens, along with poly[di(sodium carboxylatoethylphenoxy)phosphazene] (PCEP) and avian beta defensin 2 (ABD2) as vaccine adjuvants, will be helpful in development of an effective and safe vaccine formulation for IBH. Our data demonstrated that experimental administration of vaccine formulations containing inactivated IBHV and a mixture of PCEP with or without ABD2 as an adjuvant induced significantly higher antibody responses compared with other vaccine formulations, while hexon protein-based vaccine formulations showed relatively lower levels of antibody responses. Thus, a vaccine formulation containing inactivated IBHV with PCEP or a mixture of PCEP and ABD2 (with a reduced dosage of PCEP) as an adjuvant may serve as a potential vaccine candidate. However, in order to overcome the risks associated with whole virus inactivated vaccines, characterization of additional viral capsid proteins, including fiber protein and penton of IBHV along with hexon protein in combination with more new generation adjuvants, will be helpful in further improvements of vaccines against IBHV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshud Dar
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan SK, Canada S7N 5E3
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20
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
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21
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Gursel M, Klinman DM. Use of CpG Oligonucleotides as Mucosal Adjuvants. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Common features of mucosal and peripheral antibody responses elicited by candidate HIV-1 vaccines in rhesus monkeys. J Virol 2014; 88:13510-5. [PMID: 25210178 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02095-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccines that elicit protective antibody responses at mucosal sites would be highly desirable. Here, we report that intramuscular immunization of candidate HIV-1 vaccine vectors and purified Env proteins elicited potent and durable humoral immune responses in colorectal mucosa in rhesus monkeys. The kinetics, isotypes, functionality, and epitope specificity of these mucosal antibody responses were similar to those of peripheral responses in serum. These data suggest a close immunological relationship between mucosal and systemic antibody responses following vaccination in primates.
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Ciabattini A, Pettini E, Medaglini D. CD4(+) T Cell Priming as Biomarker to Study Immune Response to Preventive Vaccines. Front Immunol 2013; 4:421. [PMID: 24363656 PMCID: PMC3850413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell priming is a critical event in the initiation of the immune response to vaccination since it deeply influences both the magnitude and the quality of the immune response induced. CD4(+) T cell priming, required for the induction of high-affinity antibodies and immune memory, represents a key target for improving and modulating vaccine immunogenicity. A major challenge in the study of in vivo T cell priming is due to the low frequency of antigen-specific T cells. This review discusses the current knowledge on antigen-specific CD4(+) T cell priming in the context of vaccination, as well as the most advanced tools for the characterization of the in vivo T cell priming and the opportunities offered by the application of systems biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Pettini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
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24
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Fiorino F, Pettini E, Pozzi G, Medaglini D, Ciabattini A. Prime-boost strategies in mucosal immunization affect local IgA production and the type of th response. Front Immunol 2013; 4:128. [PMID: 23755051 PMCID: PMC3665932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinations of different delivery routes for priming and boosting represent vaccination strategies that can modulate magnitude, quality, and localization of the immune response. A murine model was used to study T cell clonal expansion following intranasal (IN) or subcutaneous (SC) priming, and secondary immune responses after boosting by either homologous or heterologous routes. T cell primary activation was studied by using the adoptive transfer model of ovalbumin-specific transgenic CD4(+) T cells. Both IN and SC immunization efficiently elicited, in the respective draining lymph nodes, primary clonal expansion of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells that disseminated toward distal lymph nodes (mesenteric and iliac) and the spleen. After boosting, a significant serum IgG response was induced in all groups independent of the combination of immunization routes used, while significant levels of local IgA were detected only in mice boosted by the IN route. Mucosal priming drove a stronger Th1 polarization than the systemic route, as shown by serum IgG subclass analysis. IFN-gamma production was observed in splenocytes of all groups, while prime-boost vaccine combinations that included the mucosal route, yielded higher levels of IL-17. Memory lymphocytes were identified in both spleen and draining lymph nodes in all immunized mice, with the highest number of IL-2 producing cells detected in mice primed and boosted by the nasal route. This work shows the critical role of immunization routes in modulating quality and localization of immune responses in prime-boost vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fiorino
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena , Siena , Italy
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25
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Garg R, Shrivastava P, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. The role of dendritic cells in innate and adaptive immunity to respiratory syncytial virus, and implications for vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 11:1441-57. [PMID: 23252388 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common human pathogen that causes cold-like symptoms in most healthy adults and children. However, RSV often moves into the lower respiratory tract in infants and young children predisposed to respiratory illness, making it the most common cause of pediatric broncheolitis and pneumonia. The development of an appropriate balanced immune response is critical for recovery from RSV, while an unbalanced and/or excessively vigorous response may lead to immunopathogenesis. Different dendritic cell (DC) subsets influence the magnitude and quality of the host response to RSV infection, with myeloid DCs mediating and plasmacytoid DCs modulating immunopathology. Furthermore, stimulation of DCs through Toll-like receptors is essential for induction of protective immunity to RSV. These characteristics have implications for the rational design of a RSV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravendra Garg
- VIDO-Intervac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
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26
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Innate and adaptive immune response to pneumonia virus of mice in a resistant and a susceptible mouse strain. Viruses 2013; 5:295-320. [PMID: 23337382 PMCID: PMC3564122 DOI: 10.3390/v5010295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of infant bronchiolitis. The closely related pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) causes a similar immune-mediated disease in mice, which allows an analysis of host factors that lead to severe illness. This project was designed to compare the immune responses to lethal and sublethal doses of PVM strain 15 in Balb/c and C57Bl/6 mice. Balb/c mice responded to PVM infection with an earlier and stronger innate response that failed to control viral replication. Production of inflammatory cyto- and chemokines, as well as infiltration of neutrophils and IFN-γ secreting natural killer cells into the lungs, was more predominant in Balb/c mice. In contrast, C57Bl/6 mice were capable of suppressing both viral replication and innate inflammatory responses. After a sublethal infection, PVM-induced IFN-γ production by splenocytes was stronger early during infection and weaker at late time points in C57Bl/6 mice when compared to Balb/c mice. Furthermore, although the IgG levels were similar and the mucosal IgA titres lower, the virus neutralizing antibody titres were higher in C57Bl/6 mice than in Balb/c mice. Overall, the difference in susceptibility of these two strains appeared to be related not to an inherent T helper bias, but to the capacity of the C57Bl/6 mice to control both viral replication and the immune response elicited by PVM.
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Buffa V, Klein K, Fischetti L, Shattock RJ. Evaluation of TLR agonists as potential mucosal adjuvants for HIV gp140 and tetanus toxoid in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50529. [PMID: 23272062 PMCID: PMC3521731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we investigate the impact of a range of TLR ligands and chitosan as potential adjuvants for different routes of mucosal immunisation (sublingual (SL), intranasal (IN), intravaginal (IVag) and a parenteral route (subcutaneous (SC)) in the murine model. We assess their ability to enhance antibody responses to HIV-1 CN54gp140 (gp140) and Tetanus toxoid (TT) in systemic and vaginal compartments. A number of trends were observed by route of administration. For non-adjuvanted antigen, SC>SL>IN immunisation with respect to systemic IgG responses, where endpoint titres were greater for TT than for gp140. In general, co-administration with adjuvants increased specific IgG responses where IN = SC>SL, while in the vaginal compartment IN>SL>SC for specific IgA. In contrast, for systemic and mucosal IgA responses to antigen alone SL>IN = SC. A number of adjuvants increased specific systemic IgA responses where in general IN>SL>SC immunisation, while for mucosal responses IN = SL>SC. In contrast, direct intravaginal immunisation failed to induce any detectable systemic or mucosal responses to gp140 even in the presence of adjuvant. However, significant systemic IgG responses to TT were induced by intravaginal immunisation with or without adjuvant, and detectable mucosal responses IgG and IgA were observed when TT was administered with FSL-1 or Poly I∶C. Interestingly some TLRs displayed differential activity dependent upon the route of administration. MPLA (TLR4) suppressed systemic responses to SL immunisation while enhancing responses to IN or SC immunisation. CpG B enhanced SL and IN responses, while having little or no impact on SC immunisation. These data demonstrate important route, antigen and adjuvant effects that need to be considered in the design of mucosal vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Buffa
- Clinical Sciences, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Klein
- Clinical Sciences, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Fischetti
- Clinical Sciences, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Clinical Sciences, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Babiuk LA, Gerdts V. Future vaccines for a globalized world. Emerg Microbes Infect 2012. [PMID: 26038417 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2012.17r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
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Shafique M, Wilschut J, de Haan A. Induction of mucosal and systemic immunity against respiratory syncytial virus by inactivated virus supplemented with TLR9 and NOD2 ligands. Vaccine 2011; 30:597-606. [PMID: 22120195 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the most important viral cause of severe respiratory disease in infants and children worldwide and also forms a serious threat in the elderly. The development of RSV vaccine, however, has been hampered by the disastrous outcome of an earlier trial using an inactivated and parenterally administered RSV vaccine which did not confer protection but rather primed for enhanced disease upon natural infection. Mucosal administration does not seem to prime for enhanced disease, but non-replicating RSV antigen does not induce a strong mucosal immune response. We therefore investigated if mucosal immunization with inactivated RSV supplemented with innate receptor ligands, TLR9 (CpG ODN) and NOD2 (L18-MDP) through the upper or total respiratory tract is an effective and safe approach to induce RSV-specific immunity. Our data show that beta-propiolactone (BPL) inactivated RSV (BPL-RSV) supplemented with CpG ODN and L18-MDP potentiates activation of antigen-presenting cells (APC) in vitro, as demonstrated by NF-κB induction in a model APC cell line. In vivo, BPL-RSV supplemented with CpG ODN/L18-MDP ligands induces local IgA responses and augments Th1-signature IgG2a subtype responses after total respiratory tract (TRT), but less efficient after upper respiratory tract (intranasal, IN) immunization. Addition of TLR9/NOD2 ligands to the inactivated RSV also promoted affinity maturation of RSV-specific IgG antibodies and shifted T cell responses from mainly IL-5-secreting cells to predominantly IFN-γ-producing cells, indicating a Th1-skewed response. This effect was seen for both IN and TRT immunization. Finally, BPL-RSV supplemented with TLR9/NOD2 ligands significantly improved the protection efficacy against a challenge with infectious virus, without stimulating enhanced disease as evidenced by lack of eotaxin mRNA expression and eosinophil infiltration in the lung. We conclude that mucosal immunization with inactivated RSV antigen supplemented with TLR9/NOD2 ligands is a promising approach to induce effective RSV-specific immunity without priming for enhanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shafique
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Huang CF, Wu TC, Wu CC, Lee CC, Lo WT, Hwang KS, Hsu ML, Peng HJ. Sublingual vaccination with sonicated Salmonella proteins and mucosal adjuvant induces mucosal and systemic immunity and protects mice from lethal enteritis. APMIS 2011; 119:468-78. [PMID: 21635554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2011.02761.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enteritidis is one of the most common pathogens of enteritis. Most experimental vaccines against Salmonella infection have been applied through injections. This is a new trial to explore the effect of sublingual administration of Salmonella vaccines on systemic and mucosal immunity. Adult BALB/c mice were sublingually vaccinated with sonicated Salmonella proteins (SSP) alone, or plus adjuvant CpG DNA (CpG) or cholera toxin (CT). They were boosted 2 weeks later. Saliva specific secretory IgA (SIgA) antibody responses were significantly stimulated in the mice vaccinated with SSP only or together with CpG or CT. Whereas the mice sublingually vaccinated with SSP and CpG had higher spleen cell IFN-γ production and serum specific IgG2a antibody responses, those receiving SSP and CT showed enhanced spleen cell IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6 production, and serum specific IgG1 antibody responses. After oral challenge with live S. enteritidis, the same strain of the source of SSP, immune protection in those sublingually vaccinated with SSP and CpG or CT was found to prevent intestinal necrosis and to render a higher survival rate. In conclusion, sublingual vaccination together with mucosal adjuvant CpG or CT is a simple but effective way against enteric bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Feng Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Blank F, Stumbles P, von Garnier C. Opportunities and challenges of the pulmonary route for vaccination. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:547-63. [PMID: 21438741 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.565326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The respiratory tract is an attractive target for the delivery of vaccine antigens. Potential advantages of drug delivery by means of the pulmonary route include accessibility, non-invasiveness, ease of administration, and the possibility to reach an elaborate mucosal network of antigen-presenting cells. AREAS COVERED This review discusses current pulmonary vaccination strategies and their advantages and disadvantages. EXPERT OPINION To improve efficiency of vaccination and develop new strategies, a well-founded knowledge about composition and characterization of antigen-presenting cell populations throughout the respiratory tract is essential. In particular, respiratory tract dendritic cells, as key antigen-presenting cells in the lung, constitute an ideal target for vaccine delivery. Furthermore, particle size is a key factor when designing new inhalable vaccines, as size determines not only deposition in different respiratory tract compartments, but also how an antigen and its carrier will interact with lung tissue components and immune cells. An increased knowledge of different respiratory tract antigen-presenting cell populations and their interactions with other components of the immune system will enable new targeting strategies to improve the efficacy of pulmonary vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Blank
- Bern University, Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, Murtenstrasse 50, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland.
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