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Liu T, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Wu Q, Xin J, Pan Q. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae inhibits the unfolded protein response to prevent host macrophage apoptosis and M2 polarization. Infect Immun 2024:e0005124. [PMID: 39133018 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00051-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzootic pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) has inflicted substantial economic losses on the global pig industry. The progression of M. hyopneumoniae induced-pneumonia is associated with lung immune cell infiltration and extensive proinflammatory cytokine secretion. Our previous study established that M. hyopneumoniae disrupts the host unfolded protein response (UPR), a process vital for the survival and immune function of macrophages. In this study, we demonstrated that M. hyopneumoniae targets the UPR- and caspase-12-mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated classical intrinsic apoptotic pathway to interfere with host cell apoptosis signaling, thereby preserving the survival of host tracheal epithelial cells (PTECs) and alveolar macrophages (PAMs) during the early stages of infection. Even in the presence of apoptosis inducers, host cells infected with M. hyopneumoniae exhibited an anti-apoptotic potential. Further analyses revealed that M. hyopneumoniae suppresses the three UPR branches and their induced apoptosis. Interestingly, while UPR activation typically drives host macrophages toward an M2 polarization phenotype, M. hyopneumoniae specifically obstructs this process to maintain a proinflammatory phenotype in the host macrophages. Overall, our findings propose that M. hyopneumoniae inhibits the host UPR to sustain macrophage survival and a proinflammatory phenotype, which may be implicated in its pathogenesis in inducing host pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Huanjun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jiuqing Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qiao Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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2
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Pan Q, Zhang Y, Liu T, Xu Q, Wu Q, Xin J. Mycoplasma glycine cleavage system key subunit GcvH is an apoptosis inhibitor targeting host endoplasmic reticulum. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012266. [PMID: 38787906 PMCID: PMC11156438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are minimal but notorious bacteria that infect humans and animals. These genome-reduced organisms have evolved strategies to overcome host apoptotic defense and establish persistent infection. Here, using Mycoplasma bovis as a model, we demonstrate that mycoplasma glycine cleavage system (GCS) H protein (GcvH) targets the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to hijack host apoptosis facilitating bacterial infection. Mechanically, GcvH interacts with the ER-resident kinase Brsk2 and stabilizes it by blocking its autophagic degradation. Brsk2 subsequently disturbs unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling, thereby inhibiting the key apoptotic molecule CHOP expression and ER-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway. CHOP mediates a cross-talk between ER- and mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptosis. The GcvH N-terminal amino acid 31-35 region is necessary for GcvH interaction with Brsk2, as well as for GcvH to exert anti-apoptotic and potentially pro-infective functions. Notably, targeting Brsk2 to dampen apoptosis may be a conserved strategy for GCS-containing mycoplasmas. Our study reveals a novel role for the conserved metabolic route protein GcvH in Mycoplasma species. It also sheds light on how genome-reduced bacteria exploit a limited number of genomic proteins to resist host cell apoptosis thereby facilitating pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Tong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qingyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Institute of Western Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qi Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jiuqing Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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3
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Khalid K, Hussain T, Jamil Z, Alrokayan KS, Ahmad B, Waheed Y. Vaccinomics-Aided Development of a Next-Generation Chimeric Vaccine against an Emerging Threat: Mycoplasma genitalium. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101720. [PMID: 36298585 PMCID: PMC9608589 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma genitalium, besides urethritis, causes a number of other sexually transmitted diseases, posing a significant health threat to both men and women, particularly in developing countries. In light of the rapid appearance of multidrug-resistant strains, M. genitalium is regarded as an emerging threat and has been placed on the CDC's "watch list". Hence, a protective vaccine is essential for combating this pathogen. In this study, we utilized reverse vaccinology to develop a chimeric vaccine against M. genitalium by identifying vaccine targets from the reference proteome (Strain G-37) of this pathogen. A multiepitope vaccine was developed using proteins that are non-toxic, non-allergic, and non-homologous to human proteins. Several bioinformatic tools identified linear and non-linear B-cell epitopes, as well as MHC epitopes belonging to classes I and II, from the putative vaccine target proteins. The epitopes that showed promiscuity among the various servers were shortlisted and subsequently selected for further investigation based on an immunoinformatic analysis. Using GPGPG, AAY, and KK linkers, the shortlisted epitope sequences were assembled to create a chimeric construct. A GPI anchor protein immunomodulating adjuvant was adjoined to the vaccine construct's N-terminus through the EAAK linker so as to improve the overall immunogenicity. For further investigations of the designed construct, various bioinformatic tools were employed to study the physicochemical properties, immune profile, solubility, and allergenicity profile. A tertiary chimeric design was computationally modeled using I-TASSER and Robetta and was subsequently refined through GalaxyRefine. ProSA-Web was exploited to corroborate the quality of the construct by detecting errors and the Ramachandran plot was used to identify possible quality issues. Simulation studies of the molecular dynamics demonstrated the robustness and flexibility of the designed construct. Following the successful docking of the designed model to the immune receptors, the construct was computationally cloned into Escherichia coli plasmids to affirm the efficient expression of the designed construct in a biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashaf Khalid
- Clinical and Biomedical Research Center, Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Tajamul Hussain
- Research Chair for Biomedical Application of Nanomaterials, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zubia Jamil
- Department of Medicine, Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | | | - Bashir Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Office of Research, Innovation and Commercialization, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1401, Lebanon
- Correspondence:
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Pan Q, Xu Q, Liu T, Zhang Y, Xin J. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
membrane protein Mhp271 interacts with host
UPR
protein
GRP78
to facilitate infection. Mol Microbiol 2022; 118:208-222. [PMID: 35791781 PMCID: PMC9542919 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) plays a crucial role in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) pathogenesis. We previously demonstrated that M. hyopneumoniae interferes with the host UPR to foster bacterial adhesion and infection. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of this UPR modulation is unclear. Here, we report that M. hyopneumoniae membrane protein Mhp271 interacts with host GRP78, a master regulator of UPR localized to the porcine tracheal epithelial cells (PTECs) surface. The interaction of Mhp271 with GRP78 reduces the porcine beta‐defensin 2 (PBD‐2) production, thereby facilitating M. hyopneumoniae adherence and infection. Furthermore, the R1‐2 repeat region of Mhp271 is crucial for GRP78 binding and the regulation of PBD‐2 expression. Intriguingly, a coimmunoprecipitation (Co‐IP) assay and molecular docking prediction indicated that the ATP, rather than the substrate‐binding domain of GRP78, is targeted by Mhp271 R1‐2. Overall, our findings identify host GRP78 as a target for M. hyopneumoniae Mhp271 modulating the host UPR to facilitate M. hyopneumoniae adherence and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin China
| | - Qingyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin China
| | - Tong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin China
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin China
| | - Jiuqing Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin China
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Aguila LKT, Patton DL, Gornalusse GG, Vojtech LN, Murnane RD, Wood GE. Ascending Reproductive Tract Infection in Pig-Tailed Macaques Inoculated with Mycoplasma genitalium. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0013122. [PMID: 35583346 PMCID: PMC9202418 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00131-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma genitalium is a sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen that causes urogenital disease in men and women. M. genitalium infections can persist for months to years and can ascend to the upper reproductive tract in women where it is associated with serious sequelae including pelvic inflammatory disease, tubal factor infertility, and preterm birth. An animal model is needed to understand immune evasion strategies that allow persistence, mechanisms of ascending infection, and factors associated with clearance. In earlier studies, we determined that pig-tailed macaques are susceptible to cervical infection; however, not all primates were successfully infected, persistence varied between animals, and ascension to the upper reproductive tract was not observed after 4 or 8 weeks of follow-up. Building on our previous findings, we refined our inoculation methods to increase infection rates, extended observation to 18 weeks, and comprehensively sampled the upper reproductive tract to detect ascending infection. With these improvements, we established infection in all (3/3) primates inoculated with M. genitalium and demonstrated lower tract persistence for 16 to 18 weeks. Ascension to the upper reproductive tract at endpoint was observed in two out of three primates. All three primates developed serum and local antibodies reacting primarily to the MgpB and MgpC adherence proteins. Elevated genital polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, erythema of the ectocervix in one primate, and histologic evidence of vaginitis and endocervicitis in two primates suggest a mild to moderate inflammatory response to infection. This model will be valuable to understand the natural history of M. genitalium infection including mechanisms of persistence, immune evasion, and ascension to the upper reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laarni Kendra T. Aguila
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dorothy L. Patton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - German G. Gornalusse
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lucia N. Vojtech
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert D. Murnane
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gwendolyn E. Wood
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Investigation of the relationship between community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome toxin and the high-mobility group box protein 1-toll-like receptors-myeloid differentiation factor 88 signaling pathway in Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48:64. [PMID: 35505407 PMCID: PMC9066890 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, reports of refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (RMPP) have gradually increased, including reports on how these conditions threaten the lives of children. However, the specific mechanism of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome toxin (CARDS TX) and High-mobility group box protein 1-Toll-like receptors-Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (HMGB1-TLRs-MyD88) in MPP and to examine the immune pathogenesis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. METHODS Children who were diagnosed with MPP and examined by bronchoscopy were included in the MPP group. Additionally, children who underwent bronchoscopy because of bronchial foreign bodies in the same period were included in the control group. Gene expression of CARDS TX, HMGB1, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), MyD88, and cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were detected using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Correlations between CARDS TX and HMGB1-TLRs-MyD88 were analyzed. RESULTS CARDS TX, HMGB1, TLR2, MyD88, and CD14 mRNA expression in BALF in the MPP group was significantly higher than that in the control group (all P < 0.05). CARDS TX mRNA expression was positively correlated with HMGB1, TLR2, MyD88, and CD14 mRNA expression (all P < 0.05). Furthermore, HMGB1 mRNA expression was positively correlated with TLR2, MyD88, and CD14 mRNA expression (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS CARDS TX may participate in the immune pathogenesis of MPP through the HMGB1-TLRs/CD14-MyD88 pathway.
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Santos Junior MN, de Macêdo Neres NS, Campos GB, Bastos BL, Timenetsky J, Marques LM. A Review of Ureaplasma diversum: A Representative of the Mollicute Class Associated With Reproductive and Respiratory Disorders in Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:572171. [PMID: 33681318 PMCID: PMC7930009 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.572171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mollicutes class encompasses wall-less microbes with a reduced genome. They may infect plants, insects, humans, and animals including those on farms and in livestock. Ureaplasma diversum is a mollicute associated with decreased reproduction mainly in the conception rate in cattle, as well as weight loss and decreased quality in milk production. Therefore, U. diversum infection contributes to important economic losses, mainly in large cattle-producing countries such as the United States, China, Brazil, and India. The characteristics of Mollicutes, virulence, and pathogenic variations make it difficult to control their infections. Genomic analysis, prevalence studies, and immunomodulation assays help better understand the pathogenesis of bovine ureaplasma. Here we present the main features of transmission, virulence, immune response, and pathogenesis of U. diversum in bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel Neres Santos Junior
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Nayara Silva de Macêdo Neres
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Barreto Campos
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lopes Bastos
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Jorge Timenetsky
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Miranda Marques
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Zou W, Gong L, Zhou F, Long Y, Li Z, Xiao Z, Ouyang B, Liu M. Anti-inflammatory effect of traditional Chinese medicine preparation Penyanling on pelvic inflammatory disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 266:113405. [PMID: 32979412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Penyanling is made up of Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma (SG, from Smilar glabra Roxb.), Angelicae Sinensis Radix (AS, from Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels), Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (SM, from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge), Sargentodoxae Caulis (SC, from Sargentodoxa cuneata (Oliv.) Rehd.et Wils.), Linderae Radix (LR, from Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm.), Paeoniae Radix Rubra (PR, from Paeonia lactiflora Pall.), Sparganii Rhizoma (SR, from Sparganium stoloniferum (Graebn.) Buch.-Ham.), Corydalis Rhizoma (CoR, from Corydalis yanhusuo W. T. Wang), Cyperi Rhizoma (CyR, from Cyperus rotundus Linn.), Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (GR, from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.), and Patrinia Scabiosaefolia (PS, from Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch. ex Trev.) recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. It has been used on pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) for more than twenty years. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was carried out to illustrate its pharmacological action and clarify its substantial composition. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-inflammatory effects of Penyanling were studied on a PID rat model and a lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated THP-1 cell line. Histological changes and levels of inflammatory factors in the uterine tube of the PID rat were examined. Levels of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in the nuclear of THP-1 cells and NF-κB, IκB-α, and FPR2 in the cytoplasm were tested by Western blot analysis. Substances within Penyanling were scanned with liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS). The contents of total flavonoids, phenolics, and saponins were quantified. RESULTS The anti-inflammatory effects of Penyanling were observed on PID rats, such as suppressing the infiltrations of lymphocytes and neutrophils in the uterine tube, decreasing the release of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, and promoting the production of lipoxin A4 (LXA4). On the other hand, Penyanling regulated the activity of NF-κB signal pathway on the LPS-stimulated THP-1 cell line, which suggested the potential mechanism of its anti-inflammatory effect. Besides, it could promote the expression of formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), which suggested its effect on enhancing the resolution of inflammation. Seventy-six substances were identified by their accurate molecular weights, mass fragment patterns, retention times, and standards if available. Most of these substances were flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, and alkaloids. The contents of total flavonoids, phenolics, and saponins within Penyanling were 0.186, 1.371, and 4.321 mg/mL, respectively. CONCLUSION Penyanling showed an anti-inflammatory effect on PID, and its potential mechanism involved suppressing NF-κB signal pathway and promoting the resolution of inflammation. The main substances within it were flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, and alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Prevention and Treatment, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, 410008, PR China
| | - Linna Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Fenghua Zhou
- School of Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Yao Long
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Prevention and Treatment, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, 410008, PR China
| | - Zhen Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Prevention and Treatment, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, 410008, PR China
| | - Zuoqi Xiao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Prevention and Treatment, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, 410008, PR China
| | - Bo Ouyang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Prevention and Treatment, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, 410008, PR China
| | - Menghua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China.
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Polydatin attenuates Mycoplasma gallisepticum (HS strain)-induced inflammation injury via inhibiting the TLR6/ MyD88/NF-κB pathway. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104552. [PMID: 33010363 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection is the main cause of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) characterized by severe respiratory inflammation in chickens. Polydatin (PD) is a resveratrol glycoside isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum, which has prominent anti-inflammatory effect. The purpose of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of PD against MG-induced inflammation in chicken and its underlying mechanism. Histopathological analysis showed that PD treatment (15, 30, and 45 mg/kg) apparently alleviated MG-induced pathological changes of chicken embryonic lung. In chicken embryo fibroblast (DF-1) cells, PD treatment (15, 30, and 60 μg/mL) could effectively suppress MG propagation, promote MG-infected cell proliferation and cell cycle progress, and inhibit MG-induced cell apoptosis. ELISA and qPCR assays showed that PD treatment significantly suppressed the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induced by MG both in vivo and in vitro. Besides, molecular studies indicated that the MG-induced levels of toll-like receptor-6 TLR6, myeloid differentiation-88 (MyD88) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) were significantly decreased by PD treatment. Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis showed that PD treatment restrained the MG-induced NF-κB-p65 nuclear translocation. Taken together, these results indicate the protective effects of PD against MG-induced inflammation injury in chicken were mainly by inhibiting the TLR6/MyD88/NF-κB pathway.
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10
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Luo H, He J, Qin L, Chen Y, Chen L, Li R, Zeng Y, Zhu C, You X, Wu Y. Mycoplasma pneumoniae lipids license TLR-4 for activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and autophagy to evoke a proinflammatory response. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 203:66-79. [PMID: 32894580 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an obligate pathogen that causes pneumonia, tracheobronchitis, pharyngitis and asthma in humans. It is well recognized that membrane lipoproteins are immunostimulants exerting as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory responses upon M. pneumoniae infection. Here, we report that the M. pneumoniae-derived lipids are another proinflammatory agents. Using an antibody-neutralizing assay, RNA interference or specific inhibitors, we found that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) is essential for M. pneumoniae lipid-induced tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β production. We also demonstrate that NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome (NLRP3) inflammasome, autophagy and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-dependent pathways are critical for the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, while inhibition of TLR-4 significantly abrogates these events. Further characterization revealed that autophagy-mediated inflammatory responses involved the activation of NF-κB. In addition, the activation of NF-κB promoted lipid-induced autophagosome formation, as revealed by assays using pharmacological inhibitors, 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and Bay 11-7082, or silencing of atg5 and beclin-1. These findings suggest that, unlike the response to lipoprotein stimulation, the inflammation in response to M. pneumoniae lipids is mediated by the TLR-4 pathway, which subsequently initiates the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and formation of a positive feedback loop between autophagy and NF-κB signalling cascade, ultimately promoting TNF-α and Il-1β production in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Luo
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - J He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - L Qin
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Y Chen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - L Chen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - R Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Y Zeng
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - C Zhu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - X You
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Y Wu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
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11
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Integration of gene expression profile data to screen and verify immune-related genes of chicken erythrocytes involved in Marek's disease virus. Microb Pathog 2020; 148:104454. [PMID: 32818575 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chicken erythrocytes participated in immunity, but the role of erythrocytes in the immunity of Marek's disease virus (MDV) has not been reported related to the immunity genes. The purpose of this study was to screen and verify the immune-related genes of chicken erythrocytes which could be proven as a biomarker in MDV. The datasets (GPL8764-Chicken Gene Expression Microarray) were downloaded from the GEO profile database for control and MDV infected chickens to obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs) through bioinformatics methods. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) was performed to find enriched pathways, including Gene Ontology (GO). Based on enriched pathways, the top 19 immune-related genes were screened-out and process further to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. The screened genes were validated on RT-PCR and qPCR. Results suggested that the mRNA transcription of Toll-like receptors 2, 3, 4, 6 (TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR6), major histocompatibility complex-II (MHCII), interleukin-7 (IL-7), interferon-βeta (IFN-β), chicken myelomonocytic growth factor (cMGF) and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) were significantly up-regulated. The expression of toll-like receptor 5, 7 (TLR5, TLR7) interleukin-12 (IL-12 p40), interleukin-13 (IL-13), and interferon-αlpha (IFN-α) were significantly down-regulated in the erythrocytes of the infected group (P < 0.05). In contrast, the expression of toll-like receptor-1, 15, 21 (TLR1, TLR15, TLR21), major histocompatibility complex I (MHCI) and Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) were not significant. In conclusion, it has been verified on qRT-PCR results that 19 immune-related genes, which included TLRs, cytokines and MHC have immune functions in MDV infected chickens.
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12
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Bai F, Wu J, Liu B, Wang X, Shi X, Lv T, Wang Y, Hao Y. Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae-derived lipid-associated membrane proteins induce cytokine secretion in mouse peritoneal macrophages through TLR2 signalling. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:474-480. [PMID: 32799171 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (M. ovi) is the causative agent of chronic non-progressive pneumonia in sheep, goats, bighorn, and wild small ruminants. However, the mechanism of infection and immune response to M. ovi remain unclear. Invading microbes express lipid-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) on the cell surface that interact with host cells to facilitate infection, and are thus the major molecules recognised by the host immune system. Upon LAMP recognition, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and NLRP3 inflammasome sense the pathogens and signalling pathways for cytokine secretion. In this study, we investigated whether M. ovi and M. ovi-derived LAMPs are immuno-biologically active compounds capable of activating mouse peritoneal macrophages and explored the underlying mechanism. RESULTS After infection of wild-type mice with M. ovi, the expression of TLR2 and NLRP3 at the transcriptional and translational levels was determined with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry. In addition, the cytokine levels and associated pathways were detected in infected wild-type, Tlr2-/-, and Nlrp3-/- mice via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and western blotting. The nuclear factor (NF)-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways were found to mediate the expression of inflammatory cytokines in M. ovi or M. ovi-derived LAMP-infected peritoneal macrophages, and cytokines were not induced in Tlr2-/- and/or Nlrp3-/- macrophages. CONCLUSION Host cytokine production is activated in response to M. ovi-derived LAMPs through the NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathway via TLR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, Hohhot 010018, China; Veterinary Research Institute, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, No. 22 Zhaojun Road, Yuquan District, Hohhot 010031, China.
| | - Jindi Wu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, Hohhot 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, Hohhot 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Xiaona Shi
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Tianxing Lv
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Yongqing Hao
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, Hohhot 010018, China.
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13
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Hu X, Zeng W, You X, Ding W, Liu P, Chen L, Zeng Y, Zhu C. Exogenous Hydrogen Sulfide Regulates Mycoplasma pneumoniae Lipid-Associated Membrane Proteins to Induce Expression of Heme Oxygenase-1 and Proinflammatory Cytokines. Inflammation 2020; 43:847-856. [PMID: 31925623 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on the secretion of Heme oxygenase (HO-1) and proinflammatory cytokines in human mononuclear cell line THP-1 stimulated by lipid-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) prepared from Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) and explore its regulatory mechanism. Cultured cells were stimulated with M. pneumoniae LAMPs after pretreatment with H2S to analyze the production of proinflammatory cytokines and HO-1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot. The results showed that THP-1 cells, which were stimulated by LAMPs after pretreatment with H2S, had decreased production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) by inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and increased expression of HO-1 by activating the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway. Our results indicate that H2S may play an important role in attenuating inflammation induced by M. pneumoniae LAMPs due to its ability to decrease the production of IL-6 and IL-8 and increase the expression of the HO-1. These findings support further studies for possible clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinnian Hu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Qingyuan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Qingyuan, 511500, China
| | - Wuwei Zeng
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiaoxing You
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Weiyan Ding
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Liesong Chen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yanhua Zeng
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Cuiming Zhu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China.
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14
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Das K, Garnica O, Flores J, Dhandayuthapani S. Methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) modulates cells and protects against Mycoplasma genitalium induced cytotoxicity. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:323-335. [PMID: 32222467 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) is a ubiquitous antioxidant repair enzyme which specifically reduces the oxidized methionine (Met-O) in proteins to methionine (Met). Previous studies have shown that lack of or overexpression of MsrA in cells affects the function of proteins and can lead to altered cellular processes. Interestingly, some pathogenic bacteria secrete and/or carry MsrA on their surface, suggesting some key roles for this enzyme in the modulation of host cellular processes. Therefore, we investigated how exogenously added MsrA affects the ability of the host cells in combating infection by using an in vitroMycoplasma genitalium cytotoxicity model. HeLa cells pretreated with MsrA and infected with M. genitalium showed significantly lower necrosis (cytotoxicity) than untreated cells infected with M. genitalium. Intriguingly, necrotic cell death pathway specific real time RT-PCR revealed that M. genitalium infection upregulates the expression of the TNF gene in HeLa cells and that MsrA pretreatment of the cells downregulates its expression significantly. Consistent with this, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results showed that HeLa cells pretreated with MsrA secreted reduced levels of TNF-α following M. genitalium infection. Also, our study demonstrates that MsrA treatment of cells affects the phosphorylation status of transcriptional regulators such as NF-кB, JNK and p53 that regulate different cytokines. Further, fluorescent microscopy showed the cellular uptake of exogenously added MsrA fused with red fluorescent protein (MsrA-RFP). Altogether, our results suggest that secreted MsrA may help pathogens to modulate host cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Das
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Omar Garnica
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Javier Flores
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Subramanian Dhandayuthapani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA.
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15
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Goto S, Konnai S, Hirano Y, Kohara J, Okagawa T, Maekawa N, Sajiki Y, Watari K, Minato E, Kobayashi A, Gondaira S, Higuchi H, Koiwa M, Tajima M, Taguchi E, Uemura R, Yamada S, Kaneko MK, Kato Y, Yamamoto K, Toda M, Suzuki Y, Murata S, Ohashi K. Upregulation of PD-L1 Expression by Prostaglandin E 2 and the Enhancement of IFN-γ by Anti-PD-L1 Antibody Combined With a COX-2 Inhibitor in Mycoplasma bovis Infection. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:12. [PMID: 32154274 PMCID: PMC7045061 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mycoplasmosis caused by Mycoplasma bovis results in pneumonia and mastitis in cattle. We previously demonstrated that the programmed death 1 (PD-1)/PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway is involved in immune dysfunction during M. bovis infection and that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) suppressed immune responses and upregulated PD-L1 expression in Johne's disease, a bacterial infection in cattle. In this study, we investigated the role of PGE2 in immune dysfunction and the relationship between PGE2 and the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in M. bovis infection. In vitro stimulation with M. bovis upregulated the expressions of PGE2 and PD-L1 presumably via Toll-like receptor 2 in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PGE2 levels of peripheral blood in infected cattle were significantly increased compared with those in uninfected cattle. Remarkably, plasma PGE2 levels were positively correlated with the proportions of PD-L1+ monocytes in M. bovis-infected cattle. Additionally, plasma PGE2 production in infected cattle was negatively correlated with M. bovis-specific interferon (IFN)-γ production from PBMCs. These results suggest that PGE2 could be one of the inducers of PD-L1 expression and could be involved in immunosuppression during M. bovis infection. In vitro blockade assays using anti-bovine PD-L1 antibody and a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor significantly upregulated the M. bovis-specific IFN-γ response. Our study findings might contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for bovine mycoplasmosis that target PGE2 and the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Goto
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Hirano
- Agriculture Research Department, Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Japan
| | - Junko Kohara
- Agriculture Research Department, Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okagawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoya Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yamato Sajiki
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kei Watari
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Erina Minato
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsuhi Kobayashi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Gondaira
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Higuchi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Masateru Koiwa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Motoshi Tajima
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | | | - Ryoko Uemura
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamada
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiichi Yamamoto
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Research and Development Center, Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Toda
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,New Business and International Business Development, Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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16
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Li Y, Yang Q, Shi ZH, Zhou M, Yan L, Li H, Xie YH, Wang SW. The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Feiyangchangweiyan Capsule and Its Main Components on Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in Rats via the Regulation of the NF- κB and BAX/BCL-2 Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2019; 2019:9585727. [PMID: 31312226 PMCID: PMC6595388 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9585727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although gastroenteritis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) occur in the gastrointestinal tract and pelvis, respectively, they display similar pathogeneses. The incidence of inflammation in these conditions is usually associated with dysbacteriosis, and, at times, they are caused by the same pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus aureus. Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYC) is a traditional Chinese patent medicine that is widely used to treat bacterial dysentery and acute and chronic gastroenteritis. However, whether it has an effect on PID is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of FYC and its main components, gallic acid (GA), ellagic acid (EA), and syringin (SY), on a pathogen-induced PID model and illustrate their potential mechanism of action. Female specific pathogen-free SD rats (n = 1110) were randomly divided into control, PID, FYC, GA, EA, SY, GA + EA, GA + SY, EA + SY, GA + EA + SY, and Fuke Qianjin capsule (FKC) positive groups. Histological examination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were carried out as well as western blot analysis to detect the expression of NF-κB, BAX, BCL-2, and JNK. In this study, FYC and its main components dramatically suppressed the infiltration of inflammatory cells, reduced the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, and MCP-1, and elevated the IL-10 level to varying degrees. We also found that FYC and its main components inhibited the expression of BAX induced by infection and increased the expression of Bcl-2. FYC, GA, EA, and SY could also block the activation of the NF-κB pathway. Finally, we found that the phosphorylation of JNK could be decreased by FYC, GA, and SY. FYC and its main components exhibit anti-inflammatory effect on a pathogen-induced PID model by regulating the NF-κB and apoptosis signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhi-hui Shi
- Shaanxi Junbisha Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Xianyang, 712000, China
| | - Min Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712000, China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yan-hua Xie
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Si-wang Wang
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
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17
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Gao Y, Jiang J, Yang S, Cao J, Han B, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Zhang S, Zhang Q, Fang L, Cantrell B, Sun D. Genome-wide association study of Mycobacterium avium subspecies Paratuberculosis infection in Chinese Holstein. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:972. [PMID: 30591025 PMCID: PMC6307165 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Paratuberculosis is a contagious, chronic and enteric disease in ruminants, which is caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection, resulting in enormous economic losses worldwide. There is currently no effective cure for MAP infection or a vaccine, it is thus important to explore the genetic variants that contribute to host susceptibility to infection by MAP, which may provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of paratuberculosis and benefit animal genetic improvement. Herein we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify genomic regions and candidate genes associated with susceptibility to MAP infection in dairy cattle. Results Using Illumina Bovine 50 K (54,609 SNPs) and GeneSeek HD (138,893 SNPs) chips, two analytical approaches were performed, GRAMMAR-GC and ROADTRIPS in 937 Chinese Holstein cows, among which individuals genotyped by the 50 K chip were imputed to HD SNPs with Beagle software. Consequently, 15 and 11 significant SNPs (P < 5 × 10− 5) were identified with GRAMMAR-GC and ROADTDRIPS, respectively. A total of 10 functional genes were in proximity to (i.e., within 1 Mb) these SNPs, including IL4, IL5, IL13, IRF1, MyD88, PACSIN1, DEF6, TDP2, ZAP70 and CSF2. Functional enrichment analysis showed that these genes were involved in immune related pathways, such as interleukin, T cell receptor signaling pathways and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), implying their potential associations with susceptibility to MAP infection. In addition, by examining the publicly available cattle QTLdb, a previous QTL for MAP was found to be overlapped with one of regions detected currently at 32.5 Mb on BTA23, where the TDP2 gene was anchored. Conclusions In conclusion, we identified 26 SNPs located on 15 chromosomes in the Chinese Holstein population using two GWAS strategies with high density SNPs. Integrated analysis of GWAS, biological functions and the reported QTL information helps to detect positional candidate genes and the identification of regions associated with susceptibility to MAP traits in dairy cattle. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5385-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shaohua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bo Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yachun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shengli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lingzhao Fang
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Bonnie Cantrell
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Dongxiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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18
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Ye GY, Wang KY, Gui QD, Wang M. Ureaplasma urealyticum-derived lipid-associated membrane proteins introduce IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α cytokines into human amniotic epithelial cells via Toll-like receptor 2. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2018; 19:654-661. [PMID: 30070088 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1800005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the role of Ureaplasma urealyticum-derived lipid-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) in the host innate immune system, specifically their effect on Toll-like receptors (TLRs). METHODS LAMPs were derived from U. urealyticum strains, and human amniotic epithelial cells (HAECs) were isolated from healthy full-term placentas. Cytokine concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and TLR2 mRNA by real-time PCR. Expression of TLR2 was confirmed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS LAMPs induced HAECs to produce inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Cytokine production was reduced after blocking TLR2 using TLR2 inhibitor (anti-hTLR2-IgA). CONCLUSIONS LAMPs isolated from U. urealyticum induced TLR2-dependent up-regulation of inflammatory genes and cytokines in HAECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yong Ye
- Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Ke-Yi Wang
- Central Laboratory, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Qiao-di Gui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Min Wang
- Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
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19
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Christodoulides A, Gupta N, Yacoubian V, Maithel N, Parker J, Kelesidis T. The Role of Lipoproteins in Mycoplasma-Mediated Immunomodulation. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1682. [PMID: 30108558 PMCID: PMC6080569 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma infections, such as walking pneumonia or pelvic inflammatory diseases, are a major threat to public health. Despite their relatively small physical and genomic size, mycoplasmas are known to elicit strong host immune responses, generally inflammatory, while also being able to evade the immune system. The mycoplasma membrane is composed of approximately two-thirds protein and one-third lipid and contains several lipoproteins that are known to regulate host immune responses. Herein, the immunomodulatory effects of mycoplasma lipoproteins are reviewed. A better understanding of the immunomodulatory effects, both activating and evasive, of Mycoplasma surface lipoproteins will contribute to understanding mechanisms potentially relevant to mycoplasma disease vaccine development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Christodoulides
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Neha Gupta
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Vahe Yacoubian
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Neil Maithel
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jordan Parker
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Theodoros Kelesidis
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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20
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Huang X, Qiao Y, Zhou Y, Ruan Z, Kong Y, Li G, Xie X, Zhang J. Ureaplasma spp. lipid-associated membrane proteins induce human monocyte U937 cell cycle arrest through p53-independent p21 pathway. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 308:819-828. [PMID: 30033344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ureaplasma spp. are known to be associated with human genitourinary tract diseases and perinatal diseases and Ureaplasma spp. Lipid-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) play important roles in their related diseases. However, the exact mechanism underlying pathogenesis of Ureaplasma spp. LAMPs is largely unknown. In this study, we explored the pathogenic mechanisms of Ureaplasma spp. LAMPs by elucidating their role in modulating the cell cycle and related signaling pathways in human monocytic cell U937, which is highly related to the inflammatory and protective effect in infectious diseases. We utilized the two ATCC reference strains (Ureaplasma parvum serovar 3 str. ATCC 27,815 (UPA3) and Ureaplasma urealyticum serovar 8 str. ATCC 27,618 (UUR8)) and nine clinical isolates which including both UPA and UUR to study the effects of Ureaplasma spp. LAMPs on U937 in vitro. We found that LAMPs derived from UUR8 and both UPA and UUR of clinical strains markedly inhibited the cell proliferation, while UPA3 LAMPs suppressed slightly. Besides, the result of flow cytometry analysis indicated all the Ureaplasma spp. LAMPs could arrest U937 cells in G1 phase. Next, we found that the cell cycle arrest was associated with increased levels of p53 and p21, and a concomitant decrease in the levels of CDK2, CDK4, CDK6 and cyclin E1 at both transcriptional and translational levels after treatment with LAMPs derived from UUR8 or clinical strains, while only cyclin E1 was down-regulated after treatment with UPA3 LAMPs. Further study showed that p53 down-regulation had almost no effect on the distribution of cell cycle and the expression of p21. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that LAMPs derived from UUR8 and clinical strains could inhibit the proliferation of U937 cells by inducing G1 cell cycle arrest through increasing the p21 expression in a p53-independent manner, while UPA3 LAMPs could induce the cell cycle arrest slightly. Our study could contribute to the understanding of Ureaplasma spp. pathogenesis, which has potential value for the treatment of Ureaplasma spp. infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xucheng Huang
- Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China; Biomedical Research Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Yingli Qiao
- Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China; Biomedical Research Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Yixuan Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China; Biomedical Research Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Zhi Ruan
- Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China; Biomedical Research Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Yingying Kong
- Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China; Biomedical Research Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Guoli Li
- Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China; Biomedical Research Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Xinyou Xie
- Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China; Biomedical Research Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China; Biomedical Research Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China.
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21
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Santos-Junior MN, Rezende IS, Souza CLS, Barbosa MS, Campos GB, Brito LF, Queiroz ÉC, Barbosa EN, Teixeira MM, Da Silva LO, Silva LSC, Nascimento FS, Da Silva TL, Martens AA, Siqueira AFP, Assumpção MEOD, Machado-Santelli GM, Bastos BL, Guimarães AMS, Timenetsky J, Marques LM. Ureaplasma diversum and Its Membrane-Associated Lipoproteins Activate Inflammatory Genes Through the NF-κB Pathway via Toll-Like Receptor 4. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1538. [PMID: 30050519 PMCID: PMC6052353 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives:Ureaplasma diversum is a pathogen of cows that may cause intense inflammatory responses in the reproductive tract and interfere with bovine reproduction. The aims of this study were to evaluate the immune response of bovine blastocysts and macrophages to U. diversum infection and to evaluate the invasion capacity of this microorganism in bovine blastocysts. Methods: Viable and heat-inactivated U. diversum strains ATCC 49782 and CI-GOTA and their extracted membrane lipoproteins were inoculated in macrophages in the presence or absence of signaling blockers of Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 4, TLR2/4, and Nuclear Factor KB (NF-κB). In addition, the same viable U. diversum strains were used to infect bovine blastocysts. RNA was extracted from infected and lipoprotein-exposed macrophages and infected blastocysts and assayed by qPCR to evaluate the expression of Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α), TLR2 and TLR4 genes. U. diversum internalization in blastocysts was followed by confocal microscopy. Results: Both Ureaplasma strains and different concentrations of extracted lipoproteins induced a higher gene expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, TLR2, and TLR4 in macrophages (p < 0.05) when compared to non-infected cells. The used blockers inhibited the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α in all treatments. Moreover, U. diversum was able to internalize within blastocysts and induce a higher gene expression of IL-1b and TNF- α when compared to non-infected blastocysts (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The obtained results strongly suggest that U. diversum and its lipoproteins interact with TLR4 in a signaling pathway acting via NF-kB signaling to stimulate the inflammatory response. This is the first study to evaluate the in vitro immunological response of macrophages and bovine blastocysts against U. diversum. These results may contribute to a better understanding of the immunomodulatory activity and pathogenicity of this infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel N Santos-Junior
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Izadora S Rezende
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarissa L S Souza
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Maysa S Barbosa
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme B Campos
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laís F Brito
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Éllunny C Queiroz
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Elaine N Barbosa
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Teixeira
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Letícia O Da Silva
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Lucas S C Silva
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Flávia S Nascimento
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Tassyo L Da Silva
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Adam A Martens
- Department of Cellular Biology and Development, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano F P Siqueira
- Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayra E O D'Avila Assumpção
- Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glaucia M Machado-Santelli
- Department of Cellular Biology and Development, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno L Bastos
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Ana M S Guimarães
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Timenetsky
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas M Marques
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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The Immunopathogenesis of Mycoplasma genitalium Infections in Women: A Narrative Review. Sex Transm Dis 2018; 44:428-432. [PMID: 28608793 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma genitalium is a common, predominately asymptomatic, and often undiagnosed sexually transmitted infection that is associated with inflammatory urogenital and reproductive tract disease syndromes of men and women. Without programmatic screening in the United States, and with increasing resistance to antibiotics used in empiric sexually transmitted infection management, undiagnosed M. genitalium infections put many women at risk for cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Chronic infection may also lead to tubal-factor infertility, adverse pregnancy outcomes in expectant mothers, and is a risk factor for acquisition and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. This review details the dynamics of M. genitalium infection, and then examines the potentially deleterious role of host immunity in reproductive tract disease pathogenesis and enhanced human immunodeficiency virus acquisition/transmission.
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23
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Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Feiyangchangweiyan Capsule on Rat Pelvic Inflammatory Disease through JNK/NF- κB Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:8476147. [PMID: 29681986 PMCID: PMC5851019 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8476147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives In this study, we aimed to illustrate the preventive effect and possible mechanisms of Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYCWYC) on rat pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) model. Methods To construct the rat PID model, upper genital tract was infected by multipathogen, and then drugs were orally administered for 8 days. The histological examination, immunohistochemical analysis, and ELISA were carried out. Furthermore, Western blotting was used to analyze the expression of Akt, MAPKs, NF-κB p65, and IκB-α in uterus. Results As the results showed, infiltrations of neutrophils and lymphocytes in uterus were significantly suppressed, and IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL-1, and TNF-α were also reduced in a dose-dependent manner. We also found that FYCWYC inhibited apoptosis induced by infection. Furthermore, FYCWYC could block the infection-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB. We found that FYCWYC treatment only decreased the phosphorylation of JNK induced by infection and had no effects on Akt and P38. Additional, the effects of SP600125, an inhibitor of phospho-JNK, were similar to the results of FYCWYC. Conclusions Taken together, our results demonstrated that FYCWYC had anti-inflammatory effect in pathogen-induced PID model, and the mechanism might be through inhibiting NF-κB nuclear translocation which is mediated by JNK.
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24
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Campos GB, Marques LM, Rezende IS, Barbosa MS, Abrão MS, Timenetsky J. Mycoplasma genitalium can modulate the local immune response in patients with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2018; 109:549-560.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Yu Y, Chen Y, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhang L, Xin J. TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway regulates IL-1β production in DF-1 cells exposed to Mycoplasma gallisepticum LAMPs. Microb Pathog 2018; 117:225-231. [PMID: 29471139 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (M. gallisepticum) is one of the most important pathogens that cause chronic respiratory disease in chickens. M. gallisepticum-derived lipid-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) are thought to be one of the major factors in mycoplasma pathogenesis and are potent inducers of the host innate immune response. However, the interaction of pathogenic M. gallisepticum-derived LAMPs with Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the signaling pathways responsible for activating inflammation and NF-κB have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we found that IL-1β expression was induced in DF-1 cells stimulated with M. gallisepticum LAMPs. Subcellular localization experiments using immunofluorescence assays (IFAs) showed p65 translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in DF-1 cells following stimulation with M. gallisepticum LAMPs. Phosphorylation of p65 was detected in LAMP-stimulated DF-1 cells. Treatment with an NF-κB-specific inhibitor showed that NF-κB is required for M. gallisepticum LAMP-induced IL-1β expression. In addition, the results indicated that TLR2 and myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88 (MyD88)-dependent signaling pathways were involved in the activation of NF-κB by M. gallisepticum LAMPs. Together, these results provide evidence that M. gallisepticum LAMPs activate IL-1β production through the NF-κB pathway via TLR2 and MyD88.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, PR China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, PR China
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, PR China
| | - Jiuqing Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, PR China.
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26
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Interaction of Mycoplasma hominis PG21 with Human Dendritic Cells: Interleukin-23-Inducing Mycoplasmal Lipoproteins and Inflammasome Activation of the Cell. J Bacteriol 2017; 199:JB.00213-17. [PMID: 28559291 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00213-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hominis lacks a cell wall, and lipoproteins anchored to the extracellular side of the plasma membrane are in direct contact with the host components. A Triton X-114 extract of M. hominis enriched with lipoproteins was shown to stimulate the production of interleukin-23 (IL-23) by human dendritic cells (hDCs). The inflammasome activation of the host cell has never been reported upon M. hominis infection. We studied here the interaction between M. hominis PG21 and hDCs by analyzing both the inflammation-inducing mycoplasmal lipoproteins and the inflammasome activation of the host cell. IL-23-inducing lipoproteins were determined using a sequential extraction strategy with two nondenaturing detergents, Sarkosyl and Triton X-114, followed by SDS-PAGE separation and mass spectrometry identification. The activation of the hDC inflammasome was assessed using PCR array and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We defined a list of 24 lipoproteins that could induce the secretion of IL-23 by hDCs, 5 with a molecular mass between 20 and 35 kDa and 19 with a molecular mass between 40 and 100 kDa. Among them, lipoprotein MHO_4720 was identified as potentially bioactive, and a synthetic lipopeptide corresponding to the N-terminal part of the lipoprotein was subsequently shown to induce IL-23 release by hDCs. Regarding the hDC innate immune response, inflammasome activation with caspase-dependent production of IL-1β was observed. After 24 h of coincubation of hDCs with M. hominis, downregulation of the NLRP3-encoding gene and of the adaptor PYCARD-encoding gene was noticed. Overall, this study provides insight into both protagonists of the interaction of M. hominis and hDCs.IMPORTANCEMycoplasma hominis is a human urogenital pathogen involved in gynecologic and opportunistic infections. M. hominis lacks a cell wall, and its membrane contains many lipoproteins that are anchored to the extracellular side of the plasma membrane. In the present study, we focused on the interaction between M. hominis and human dendritic cells and examined both sides of the interaction, the mycoplasmal lipoproteins involved in the activation of the host cell and the immune response of the cell. On the mycoplasmal side, we showed for the first time that M. hominis lipoproteins with high molecular mass were potentially bioactive. On the cell side, we reported an activation of the inflammasome, which is involved in the innate immune response.
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27
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Wang Y, Wang Q, Li Y, Chen Y, Shao J, Nick N, Li C, Xin J. Mmm-derived lipid-associated membrane proteins activate IL-1β production through the NF-κB pathway via TLR2, MyD88, and IRAK4. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4349. [PMID: 28659605 PMCID: PMC5489475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04729-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma mycoides subsp.mycoides (Mmm) is a pathogen that causes pneumonia, otitis media, and arthritis in young calves. Its pathogenesis is attributed in part to excessive immune responses. Mmm-derived lipid-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) are potent inducers of the host innate immune system; however, interactions between Mmm-derived LAMPs as pathogenic agents, toll-like receptors (TLRs), and the signaling pathways responsible for activating inflammation and nuclear factor (NF)-κB have not been fully elucidated. Here, we analyzed the expression kinetics of interleukin (IL)-1β in Mmm-derived LAMP-stimulated embryonic bovine lung (EBL) cells and found that Mmm-derived LAMPs induced IL-1β expression. Subcellular localization analysis revealed the nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit after EBL cells were stimulated with Mmm-derived LAMPs. Furthermore, a specific inhibitor assay demonstrated that NF-κB is required for Mmm-derived LAMP-induced IL-1β expression. Additionally, overexpression of TLR2, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), and IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) increased IL-1β expression during LAMP stimulation, and TLR2-neutralizing antibodies reduced IL-1β expression in EBL cells during LAMP stimulation. Furthermore, LAMPs inhibited IL-1β expression following transfection with dominant-negative MyD88 and IRAK4 variants. These results suggested that Mmm-derived LAMPs activate IL-1β production through the NF-κB pathway via TLR2, MyD88, and IRAK4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Reference Laboratory, Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Li
- National Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Reference Laboratory, Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiari Shao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Nwankpa Nick
- African Union, Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Center, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Chunyan Li
- College of Resources and Environmental, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
| | - Jiuqing Xin
- National Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Reference Laboratory, Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, China.
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28
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Zou W, Zhou H, Hu J, Zhang L, Tang Q, Wen X, Xiao Z, Wang W. Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae inhibits pathogen-induced upper genital tract inflammation in rats through suppression of NF-κB pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 202:103-113. [PMID: 28238827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae (RSG) is traditionally used to treat gynecological disease, which is simply recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. However, whether it has effect on upper genital tract inflammation (UGTI) is unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the pharmacological effect of RSG on UGTI in rats and analyze its phytochemistry characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS The substances in RSG extract was qualified by LC-Q-TOF-MS method, and 11 substances were further quantified. The RSG extract, at dose of 241, 482 (clinical dose) and 964mg/kg/day, was orally administered to UGTI rats whose upper genital tracts were multi-infected with pathogens. Infiltrations of neutrophil and lymphocyte and productions of IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL-1, MCP-1, RANTES, PGE2, COX-2, NF-κB p65 and IκB-α in upper genital tract were examined to evaluate the effects of RSG and its potential mechanism. RESULTS A total of 77 substances were detected in RSG extract, with 50 substances putatively identified, most of which were flavonoids, phenolic acids and phenylpropanoids. The quantification analysis showed flavonoid had a relative high amount. In pharmacological study, RSG extract suppressed infiltrations of inflammatory cells, reduced over-productions of factors involved in inflammation and pelvic pain. A potential mechanism of these effects was blocking NF-κB signal pathway. CONCLUSIONS The RSG extract exhibited anti-inflammatory effect on UGTI, with a potential mechanism of blocking the activation of NF-κB signal pathway. The effect may be involved in the presence of substances, such as flavonoids and phenolic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zou
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Traditional Chinese Medicine in Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Hougang Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Traditional Chinese Medicine in Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha 410008, China; TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Qiue Tang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Traditional Chinese Medicine in Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xiaoke Wen
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Traditional Chinese Medicine in Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Zuoqi Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Traditional Chinese Medicine in Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
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29
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Experimental Infection of Pig-Tailed Macaques (Macaca nemestrina) with Mycoplasma genitalium. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00738-16. [PMID: 27872239 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00738-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma genitalium is an underappreciated cause of human reproductive tract disease, characterized by persistent, often asymptomatic, infection. Building on our previous experiments using a single female pig-tailed macaque as a model for M. genitalium infection (G. E. Wood, S. L. Iverson-Cabral, D. L. Patton, P. K. Cummings, Y. T. Cosgrove Sweeney, and P. A. Totten, Infect Immun 81:2938-2951, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01322-12), we cervically inoculated eight additional animals, two of which were simultaneously inoculated in salpingeal tissue autotransplanted into abdominal pockets. Viable M. genitalium persisted in the lower genital tract for 8 weeks in three animals, 4 weeks in two, and 1 week in one; two primates resisted infection. In both animals inoculated in salpingeal pockets, viable M. genitalium was recovered for 2 weeks. Recovery of viable M. genitalium from lower genital tract specimens was improved by diluting the specimen in broth and by Vero cell coculture. Ascension to upper reproductive tract tissues was not detected, even among three persistently infected animals. M. genitalium-specific serum antibodies targeting the immunodominant MgpB and MgpC proteins appeared within 1 week in three animals inoculated both cervically and in salpingeal pockets and in one of three persistently infected animals inoculated only in the cervix. M. genitalium-specific IgG, but not IgA, was detected in cervical secretions of serum antibody-positive animals, predominantly against MgpB and MgpC, but was insufficient to clear M. genitalium lower tract infection. Our findings further support female pig-tailed macaques as a model of M. genitalium infection, persistence, and immune evasion.
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Zou W, Xiao Z, Wen X, Luo J, Chen S, Cheng Z, Xiang D, Hu J, He J. The anti-inflammatory effect of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees on pelvic inflammatory disease in rats through down-regulation of the NF-κB pathway. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:483. [PMID: 27887650 PMCID: PMC5123283 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees (APN), a principal constituent of a famous traditional Chinese medicine Fukeqianjin tablet which is used for the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effect in vitro. However, whether it has pharmacological effect on PID in vivo is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study is to test the anti-inflammatory effect of APN and illuminate a potential mechanism. METHODS Thirty-six female specific pathogen-free SD rats were randomly divided into control group, PID group, APN1 group, APN2 group, APN3 group and prednisone group. Pathogen-induced PID rats were constructed. The APN1, APN2 and APN3 group rats were orally administrated with APN extract at different levels. The prednisone group rats were administrated with prednisone. Eight days after the first infection, the histological examination of upper genital tract was carried out, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was carried out using homogenate of the uterus and fallopian tube. Furthermore, immunohistochemical evaluations of NF-κB p65 and IκB-α in uterus was conducted. RESULTS APN obviously suppressed the infiltrations of neutrophils and lymphocytes, and it could significantly reduce the excessive production of cytokines and chemokines including IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL-1, MCP-1 and RANTES in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, APN could block the pathogen-induced activation of NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSION APN showed potent anti-inflammatory effect on pathogen-induced PID in rats, with a potential mechanism of inhibiting the NF-κB signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zou
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Traditional Chinese Medicine in Obstetrics and Gynecology Research, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 53 XiangChun Road, Changsha, 410008, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Zuoqi Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Traditional Chinese Medicine in Obstetrics and Gynecology Research, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 53 XiangChun Road, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xiaoke Wen
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Traditional Chinese Medicine in Obstetrics and Gynecology Research, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 53 XiangChun Road, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Jieying Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Shuqiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Traditional Chinese Medicine in Obstetrics and Gynecology Research, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 53 XiangChun Road, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zeneng Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Daxiong Xiang
- Clinic Pharmacy Research Laboratory, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Jian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Traditional Chinese Medicine in Obstetrics and Gynecology Research, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 53 XiangChun Road, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jingyu He
- Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1121 Haibin Road, Guangzhou, 511458, Guangdong, China.
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Tian W, Zhao C, Hu Q, Sun J, Peng X. Roles of Toll-like receptors 2 and 6 in the inflammatory response to Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in DF-1 cells and in chicken embryos. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 59:39-47. [PMID: 26797426 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
While Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is a major pathogen that causes chronic respiratory diseases in chicken, the molecular mechanism of MG infection is not clear. In this study, we investigated the roles of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and 6 (TLR6) in MG infection. We found that TLR2 type 2 (TLR2-2) and TLR6 had differential expressions in chicken embryo fibroblasts (DF-1 cells), where TLR6 was highly expressed, but TLR2-2 was barely expressed. Upon MG infection, TLR6 expression was upregulated, followed by upregulation of downstream factors, MyD88, NF-κB, IL2, IL6, and TNF-α. Knockdown of TLR6 expression by shRNA abolished the MG-induced inflammatory responses. More interestingly, in the presence of TLR6, TLR2-2 didn't respond to MG infection in DF-1 cells. When TLR6 was knocked down by shRNA, however, TLR2 was upregulated upon MG infection, which was followed by upregulation of proinflammatory genes. Finally, we tested effects of the MG infection on expression of TLR2-2 and TLR6 in the lungs and trachea tissues of chicken embryos. We found both TLR2-2 and TLR6 were upregulated upon MG infection, followed by upregulation of the downstream NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses. This study was the first to report the differential roles of TLR2-2 and TLR6 in MG-infected DF-1 cells and chicken embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qingchuang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Xiuli Peng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Zou W, Wen X, Sheng X, Zheng YI, Xiao Z, Luo J, Chen S, Wang Y, Cheng Z, Xiang D, Nie Y. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric method-based urine metabolomic profile of rats with pelvic inflammatory disease. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:1653-1660. [PMID: 27168785 PMCID: PMC4840532 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) can lead to a poor outcome of severe sequelae, and the current methods of clinical diagnosis are not satisfactory. Metabolomics is an effective method for the identification of disease-related metabolite biomarkers to facilitate disease diagnosis. However, to the best of our knowledge, no PID-associated metabolomic study has yet been carried out. The metabolomic changes of rats with PID were investigated in the present study. A PID model was constructed by the multi-pathogenic infection of the upper genital tract in rats. Infiltration of inflammatory cells and elevated expression levels of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in the uterus and fallopian tubes validated the disease model. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with derivatization was used to determine the urine metabolomic profile. Principal component analysis and partial least squares-discriminant analysis of the data sets showed a clear separation of metabolic profiles between rats with PID and control rats. Eighteen differentiating metabolites were found, including four amino acids, three fatty acids, nine organic acids, and two sugars, which indicated alterations in sugar metabolism, the citric acid cycle, amino acid metabolism and fatty acid metabolism. These metabolites could be potential biomarkers of PID, and this research may offer a new approach to evaluate the effect of anti-PID drugs in pre-clinical or clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zou
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Traditional Chinese Medicine in Obstetrics and Gynecology Research, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoke Wen
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Traditional Chinese Medicine in Obstetrics and Gynecology Research, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqi Sheng
- Technical Research Centre of Clinical Preventive and Treatment for Children, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Y I Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Traditional Chinese Medicine in Obstetrics and Gynecology Research, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zuoqi Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Traditional Chinese Medicine in Obstetrics and Gynecology Research, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jieying Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Shuqiong Chen
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department of Gynecology, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yichao Wang
- Technical Research Centre of Clinical Preventive and Treatment for Children, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zeneng Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Daxiong Xiang
- Clinic Pharmacy Research Laboratory, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Yichu Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
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Goret J, Le Roy C, Touati A, Mesureur J, Renaudin H, Claverol S, Bébéar C, Béven L, Pereyre S. Surface lipoproteome of Mycoplasma hominis PG21 and differential expression after contact with human dendritic cells. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:179-94. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To assess the lipoproteins that are involved in the interaction between Mycoplasma hominis and human dendritic cells. Materials & methods: The surface lipoproteome of M. hominis PG21 was characterized by using Triton X-114 extraction and LC–MS/MS identification. The transcriptional changes in lipoprotein genes upon contact with human dendritic cells were determined by using reverse transcription quantitative PCR after identification of reference genes suitable for normalization. Results: A large-scale overexpression of lipoprotein genes was observed with 21 upregulated transcripts. Seven genes of unknown function were M. hominis species specific and six genes were putatively associated with increased nutrient capture from the host cell and adhesion. Conclusion: M. hominis regulates lipoprotein gene expression and may use species-specific mechanisms during the host colonization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Goret
- Université de Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- INRA, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Chloé Le Roy
- Université de Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- INRA, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
| | - Arabella Touati
- Université de Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- INRA, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Hélène Renaudin
- Université de Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane Claverol
- Pôle Protéomique, Plateforme Génomique Fonctionnelle de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cécile Bébéar
- Université de Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- INRA, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laure Béven
- INRA, UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sabine Pereyre
- Université de Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- INRA, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Wang Y, Liu S, Li Y, Wang Q, Shao J, Chen Y, Xin J. Mycoplasma bovis-derived lipid-associated membrane proteins activate IL-1β production through the NF-κB pathway via toll-like receptor 2 and MyD88. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:111-8. [PMID: 26499291 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis causes pneumonia, otitis media, and arthritis in young calves, resulting in economic losses to the cattle industry worldwide. M. bovis pathogenesis results in part from excessive immune responses. Lipid-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) can potently induce host innate immunity. However, interactions between M. bovis-derived LAMPs and Toll-like receptors (TLRs), or signaling pathways eliciting active inflammation and NF-κB activation, are incompletely understood. Here, we found that IL-1β expression was induced in embryonic bovine lung (EBL) cells stimulated with M. bovis-derived LAMPs. Subcellular-localization analysis revealed nuclear p65 translocation following EBL cell stimulation with M. bovis-derived LAMPs. An NF-κB inhibitor reversed M. bovis-derived LAMP-induced IL-1β expression. TLR2 and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) overexpression increased LAMP-dependent IL-1β induction. TLR2-neutralizing antibodies reduced IL-1β expression during LAMP stimulation. LAMPs also inhibited IL-1β expression following overexpression of a dominant-negative MyD88 protein. These results suggested that M. bovis-derived LAMPs activate IL-1β production through the NF-κB pathway via TLR2 and MyD88.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- National Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Reference Laboratory, Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, 150001, China; Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Suli Liu
- National Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Reference Laboratory, Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yuan Li
- National Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Reference Laboratory, Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jiari Shao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jiuqing Xin
- National Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Reference Laboratory, Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, 150001, China.
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Morris G, Berk M, Walder K, Maes M. The Putative Role of Viruses, Bacteria, and Chronic Fungal Biotoxin Exposure in the Genesis of Intractable Fatigue Accompanied by Cognitive and Physical Disability. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2550-71. [PMID: 26081141 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Patients who present with severe intractable apparently idiopathic fatigue accompanied by profound physical and or cognitive disability present a significant therapeutic challenge. The effect of psychological counseling is limited, with significant but very slight improvements in psychometric measures of fatigue and disability but no improvement on scientific measures of physical impairment compared to controls. Similarly, exercise regimes either produce significant, but practically unimportant, benefit or provoke symptom exacerbation. Many such patients are afforded the exclusionary, non-specific diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome if rudimentary testing fails to discover the cause of their symptoms. More sophisticated investigations often reveal the presence of a range of pathogens capable of establishing life-long infections with sophisticated immune evasion strategies, including Parvoviruses, HHV6, variants of Epstein-Barr, Cytomegalovirus, Mycoplasma, and Borrelia burgdorferi. Other patients have a history of chronic fungal or other biotoxin exposure. Herein, we explain the epigenetic factors that may render such individuals susceptible to the chronic pathology induced by such agents, how such agents induce pathology, and, indeed, how such pathology can persist and even amplify even when infections have cleared or when biotoxin exposure has ceased. The presence of active, reactivated, or even latent Herpes virus could be a potential source of intractable fatigue accompanied by profound physical and or cognitive disability in some patients, and the same may be true of persistent Parvovirus B12 and mycoplasma infection. A history of chronic mold exposure is a feasible explanation for such symptoms, as is the presence of B. burgdorferi. The complex tropism, life cycles, genetic variability, and low titer of many of these pathogens makes their detection in blood a challenge. Examination of lymphoid tissue or CSF in such circumstances may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Tir Na Nog, Bryn Road seaside 87, Llanelli, SA15 2LW, Wales, UK
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia. .,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Metabolomic Study on the Preventive Effect of Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch on Multipathogen Induced Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:170792. [PMID: 26175792 PMCID: PMC4484566 DOI: 10.1155/2015/170792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Patrinia
scabiosaefolia Fisch (PSF), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been used as a “heat-clearing and detoxifying” agent. The present study was to illustrate the preventive effect of PSF on pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in rats. The PID model was constructed by multipathogen infection of the upper genital tract with reference to the method previously reported. Urine metabolomic analysis was conducted with a GC-MS coupled with derivatization method. In this study, PID rats showed obvious infiltration of inflammatory cells and elevated expression of cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) in upper genital tract, compared with control rats. Sixteen differentiating metabolites contributed to the alteration of metabolic profile in PID rats, including two amino acids, three fat acids, nine organic acids, and two types of sugars. The rats, infected by multipathogen and administered with PSF, showed decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells and lowered expression of cytokines in upper genital tract, compared with PID rats. Meanwhile, PSF intervened in the PID-associated alterations in TCA cycle, sugar metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and other uncertain metabolic pathways. These results indicate that PSF has preventive effect on multipathogen induced PID and holistic interventional effect on disease-associated metabolomic change.
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Bai F, Ni B, Liu M, Feng Z, Xiong Q, Shao G. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae-derived lipid-associated membrane proteins induce inflammation and apoptosis in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Vet Microbiol 2014; 175:58-67. [PMID: 25481242 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the causative agent of swine enzootic pneumonia (EP), a disease that causes considerable economic losss in swine industry. Lipid-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) of mycoplasma play important roles in causing mycoplasma diseases. The present study explores the pathogenic mechanisms of M. hyopneumoniae LAMPs by elucidating their role in modulating the inflammation, apoptosis, and relevant signaling pathways of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of pig. LAMP treatment inhibited the growth of PBMCs. Up-regulation of cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-1β, as well as increased production of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion were all detected in the supernatant of LAMPs-treated PBMCs. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis using dual staining with annexin-V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI) showed that LAMPs of M. hyopneumoniae induced a time-dependent apoptosis in lymphocyts and monocytes from PBMCs, which was blocked by NOS inhibitor or antioxidant. In addition, LAMPs induced the phosphorylation of p38, the ratio of pro-apoptotic Bax protein to anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, activation of caspase-3 and caspase-8, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage in PBMCs. These findings demonstrated that M. hyopneumoniae LAMPs induced the production of proinflammatory cytokines, NO and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptosis of PBMCs in vitro through p38 MAPK and Bax/Bcl-2 signaling pathways, as well as caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Bai
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Bo Ni
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Maojun Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Xue D, Ma Y, Li M, Li Y, Luo H, Liu X, Wang Y. Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae induces inflammatory response in sheep airway epithelial cells via a MyD88-dependent TLR signaling pathway. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 163:57-66. [PMID: 25440083 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (M. ovipneumoniae) is a bacterium that specifically infects sheep and goat and causes ovine infectious pleuropneumonia. In an effort to understand the pathogen-host interaction between the M. ovipneumoniae and airway epithelial cells, we investigated the host inflammatory response using a primary air-liquid interface (ALI) epithelial culture model generated from bronchial epithelial cells of Ningxia Tan sheep (Ovis aries). The ALI culture of sheep bronchial epithelial cells showed a fully differentiated epithelium comprising distinct epithelial types, including the basal, ciliated and goblet cells. Exposure of ALI cultures to M. ovipneumoniae led to increased expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and components of the myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent TLR signaling pathway, including the MyD88, TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), IL-1 receptor-associated kinases (IRAKs) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), as well as subsequent pro-inflammatory cytokines in the epithelial cells. Of interest, infection with M. ovipneumoniae failed to induce the expression of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), TRAF3 and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), key components of the MyD88-independent signaling pathway. These results suggest that the MyD88-dependent TLR pathway may play a crucial role in sheep airway epithelial cells in response to M. ovipneumoniae infection, which also indicate that the ALI culture system may be a reliable model for investigating pathogen-host interactions between M. ovipneumoniae and airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Xue
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, China; College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, China; College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, China; College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, China; College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Haixia Luo
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, China; College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, China; College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Yujiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, China; College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China.
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Mycoplasma gallisepticum lipid associated membrane proteins up-regulate inflammatory genes in chicken tracheal epithelial cells via TLR-2 ligation through an NF-κB dependent pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112796. [PMID: 25401327 PMCID: PMC4234737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum-mediated respiratory inflammation in chickens is associated with accumulation of leukocytes in the tracheal submucosa. However the molecular mechanisms underpinning these changes have not been well described. We hypothesized that the initial inflammatory events are initiated upon ligation of mycoplasma lipid associated membrane proteins (LAMP) to TLRs expressed on chicken tracheal epithelial cells (TEC). To test this hypothesis, live bacteria or LAMPs isolated from a virulent (Rlow) or a non-virulent (Rhigh) strain were incubated with primary TECs or chicken tracheae ex vivo. Microarray analysis identified up-regulation of several inflammatory and chemokine genes in TECs as early as 1.5 hours post-exposure. Kinetic analysis using RT-qPCR identified the peak of expression for most genes to be at either 1.5 or 6 hours. Ex-vivo exposure also showed up-regulation of inflammatory genes in epithelial cells by 1.5 hours. Among the commonly up-regulated genes were IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p40, CCL-20, and NOS-2, all of which are important immune-modulators and/or chemo-attractants of leukocytes. While these inflammatory genes were up-regulated in all four treatment groups, Rlow exposed epithelial cells both in vitro and ex vivo showed the most dramatic up-regulation, inducing over 100 unique genes by 5-fold or more in TECs. Upon addition of a TLR-2 inhibitor, LAMP-mediated gene expression of IL-1β and CCL-20 was reduced by almost 5-fold while expression of IL-12p40, IL-6, IL-8 and NOS-2 mRNA was reduced by about 2–3 fold. Conversely, an NF-κB inhibitor abrogated the response entirely for all six genes. miRNA-146a, a negative regulator of TLR-2 signaling, was up-regulated in TECs in response to either Rlow or Rhigh exposure. Taken together we conclude that LAMPs isolated from both Rhigh and Rlow induced rapid, TLR-2 dependent but transient up-regulation of inflammatory genes in primary TECs through an NF-κB dependent pathway.
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Bin L, Luping D, Bing S, Zhengyu Y, Maojun L, Zhixin F, Yanna W, Haiyan W, Guoqing S, Kongwang H. Transcription analysis of the porcine alveolar macrophage response to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101968. [PMID: 25098731 PMCID: PMC4123846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is considered the major causative agent of porcine respiratory disease complex, occurs worldwide and causes major economic losses to the pig industry. To gain more insights into the pathogenesis of this organism, the high throughput cDNA microarray assays were employed to evaluate host responses of porcine alveolar macrophages to M. hyopneumoniae infection. A total of 1033 and 1235 differentially expressed genes were identified in porcine alveolar macrophages in responses to exposure to M. hyopneumoniae at 6 and 15 hours post infection, respectively. The differentially expressed genes were involved in many vital functional classes, including inflammatory response, immune response, apoptosis, cell adhesion, defense response, signal transduction, protein folding, protein ubiquitination and so on. The pathway analysis demonstrated that the most significant pathways were the chemokine signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains (Nod)-like receptor signaling pathway and apoptosis signaling pathway. The reliability of the data obtained from the microarray was verified by performing quantitative real-time PCR. The expression kinetics of chemokines was further analyzed. The present study is the first to document the response of porcine alveolar macrophages to M. hyopneumoniae infection. The data further developed our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of M. hyopneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Bin
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (LB); (HK)
| | - Du Luping
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sun Bing
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Zhengyu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Liu Maojun
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhixin
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei Yanna
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wang Haiyan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shao Guoqing
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - He Kongwang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (LB); (HK)
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Effect of Ureaplasma parvum co-incubation on Chlamydia trachomatis maturation in human epithelial HeLa cells treated with interferon-γ. J Infect Chemother 2014; 20:460-4. [PMID: 24855914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes a sexually transmitted disease. Ureaplasma parvum is commensal in the human genital tract, with a minimal contribution to urogenital infection. We have recently found that U. parvum has a significant effect on the presence of C. trachomatis in the genital tract of healthy women. We therefore assessed the effect of U. parvum co-incubation on C. trachomatis maturation from reticulate bodies (RBs) to elementary bodies (EBs) in HeLa cells in the absence or presence of interferon (IFN)-γ, which is a critical host defense factor. IFN-γ stimulation of viable U. parvum significantly prompted chlamydial growth with an increase in infectious particles, EBs, in HeLa cells. IFN-γ treatment of killed U. parvum had a similar effect on C. trachomatis maturation in HeLa cells. There was no change in expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in cultures of viable or killed U. parvum. We concluded that U. parvum co-incubation by IFN-γ helped C. trachomatis to mature from RBs to EBs in HeLa cells, independent of IDO expression. This suggests a novel survival strategy of C. trachomatis against IFN-γ exposure, prompting secondary infection of the genital mucosa, with possible clinical implications.
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Mycoplasma genitalium promotes epithelial crossing and peripheral blood mononuclear cell infection by HIV-1. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 23:31-8. [PMID: 24661929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma genitalium co-infection in HIV-infected individuals has been reported to increase the shedding of HIV in the urogenital region of females. To better understand this relationship, we investigated the influence of M. genitalium on the transmission and replication of HIV using an in vitro model. METHODS The Transwell co-culture system was employed to assess the crossing of an endocervical cell barrier by HIV-1. Immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy were used to assess the distribution of the nectin-1 molecule on M. genitalium-infected epithelial cells of the End1/E6E7 endocervical cell line, grown as monolayers in the insert wells. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were cultured in the bottom wells to assess the effects of M. genitalium, passing through the semipermeable culturing membrane, on subsequent HIV infection of susceptible target cells. RESULTS Infection of the endocervical cells with the adhesion-positive M. genitalium G37 strain (wild-type) significantly elevated the passage of HIV across the epithelial cell barrier relative to HIV transfer across endocervical cells infected with the adhesion-negative M. genitalium JB1 strain. Immunostaining of the M. genitalium-G37-infected epithelial cells disclosed capping and internalization of the junctional regulatory protein nectin-1, in association with reduced transepithelial resistance (TER) in the cell monolayer. When PBMC were cultured beneath insert wells containing M. genitalium-G37-infected epithelial cell monolayers, we observed significantly enhanced infectivity and replication of HIV added afterward to the cultures. CONCLUSIONS M. genitalium influences events on both sides of a cultured mucosal epithelial monolayer: (1) by infecting the epithelial cells and reducing the integrity of the barrier itself, and (2) by activating HIV target cells below it, thereby promoting HIV infection and progeny virus production.
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Xu Y, Li H, Chen W, Yao X, Xing Y, Wang X, Zhong J, Meng G. Mycoplasma hyorhinis activates the NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77955. [PMID: 24223129 PMCID: PMC3819327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M.hyorhinis, M.hy) is associated with development of gastric and prostate cancers. The NLRP3 inflammasome, a protein complex controlling maturation of important pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, is also involved in tumorigenesis and metastasis of various cancers. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To clarify whether M.hy promoted tumor development via inflammasome activation, we analyzed monocytes for IL-1β and IL-18 production upon M.hy challenge. When exposed to M.hy, human monocytes exhibited rapid and robust IL-1β and IL-18 secretion. We further identified that lipid-associated membrane protein (LAMP) from M.hy was responsible for IL-1β induction. Applying competitive inhibitors, gene specific shRNA and gene targeted mice, we verified that M.hy induced IL-1β secretion was NLRP3-dependent in vitro and in vivo. Cathepsin B activity, K(+) efflux, Ca(2+) influx and ROS production were all required for the NLRP3 inflammasome activation by M.hy. Importantly, it is IL-1β but not IL-18 produced from macrophages challenged with M.hy promoted gastric cancer cell migration and invasion. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by M.hy may be associated with its promotion of gastric cancer metastasis, and anti-M.hy therapy or limiting NLRP3 signaling could be effective approach for control of gastric cancer progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Xing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Shanghai Blood Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangxun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Uchida K, Nakahira K, Mimura K, Shimizu T, De Seta F, Wakimoto T, Kawai Y, Nomiyama M, Kuwano K, Guaschino S, Yanagihara I. Effects of Ureaplasma parvum lipoprotein multiple-banded antigen on pregnancy outcome in mice. J Reprod Immunol 2013; 100:118-27. [PMID: 24238827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ureaplasma spp. are members of the family Mycoplasmataceae and have been considered to be associated with chorioamnionitis and preterm delivery. However, it is unclear whether Ureaplasma spp. have virulence factors related to these manifestations. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the immunogenic protein multiple-banded antigen (MBA) from Ureaplasma parvum is a virulence factor for preterm delivery. We partially purified MBA from a type strain and clinical isolates of U. parvum, and also synthesized a diacylated lipopeptide derived from U. parvum, UPM-1. Using luciferase assays, both MBA-rich fraction MRF and UPM-1 activated the NF-κB pathway via TLR2. UPM-1 upregulated IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p35, TNF-α, MIP2, LIX, and iNOS in mouse peritoneal macrophage. MRF or UPM-1 was injected into uteri on day 15 of gestation on pregnant C3H/HeN mice. The intrauterine MRF injection group had a significantly higher incidence of intrauterine fetal death (IUFD; 38.5%) than the control group (14.0%). Interestingly, intrauterine injection of UPM-1 caused preterm deliveries at high concentration (80.0%). In contrast, a low concentration of UPM-1 induced a significantly higher rate of fetal deaths (55.2%) than the control group (14.0%). The placentas of the UPM-1 injection group showed neutrophil infiltration and increased iNOS protein expression. Our data indicate that MBA from the clinical isolate of U. parvum is a potential virulence factor for IUFD and preterm delivery in mice and that the N-terminal diacylated lipopeptide is essential for the initiation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Uchida
- Department of Developmental Medicine, Research Institute, Osaka Medical Center for Maternal and Child Health, 840-Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
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He J, Wang S, Zeng Y, You X, Ma X, Wu N, Wu Y. Binding of CD14 to Mycoplasma genitalium-Derived Lipid-Associated Membrane Proteins Upregulates TNF-α. Inflammation 2013; 37:322-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9743-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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McGowin CL, Radtke AL, Abraham K, Martin DH, Herbst-Kralovetz M. Mycoplasma genitalium infection activates cellular host defense and inflammation pathways in a 3-dimensional human endocervical epithelial cell model. J Infect Dis 2013; 207:1857-68. [PMID: 23493725 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because Mycoplasma genitalium is a prevalent and emerging cause of sexually transmitted infections, understanding the mechanisms by which M. genitalium elicits mucosal inflammation is an essential component to managing lower and upper reproductive tract disease syndromes in women. METHODS We used a rotating wall vessel bioreactor system to create 3-dimensional (3-D) epithelial cell aggregates to model and assess endocervical infection by M. genitalium. RESULTS Attachment of M. genitalium to the host cell's apical surface was observed directly and confirmed using immunoelectron microscopy. Bacterial replication was observed from 0 to 72 hours after inoculation, during which time host cells underwent ultrastructural changes, including reduction of microvilli, and marked increases in secretory vesicle formation. Using genome-wide transcriptional profiling, we identified a host defense and inflammation signature activated by M. genitalium during acute infection (48 hours after inoculation) that included cytokine and chemokine activity and secretion of factors for antimicrobial defense. Multiplex bead-based protein assays confirmed secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, several of which are involved in leukocyte recruitment and hypothesized to enhance susceptibility to human immunodeficiency type 1 infection. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide insight into key molecules and pathways involved in innate recognition of M. genitalium and the response to acute infection in the human endocervix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris L McGowin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-2822, USA.
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Cazanave C, Manhart LE, Bébéar C. Mycoplasma genitalium, an emerging sexually transmitted pathogen. Med Mal Infect 2012; 42:381-92. [PMID: 22975074 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma genitalium is a sexually transmitted organism associated with non-gonococcal urethritis in men and several inflammatory reproductive tract syndromes in women such as cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and infertility. There was evidence for an association of M. genitalium with endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), but additional studies are necessary to confirm this. The evidence as to whether M. genitalium can cause adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm labor is conflicting. But the authors of some studies on M. genitalium as a cause of infertility have reported this association. This species is very difficult to culture; thus, nucleic acid amplification testing is the only method available for M. genitalium detection. The lack of a cell wall makes M. genitalium intrinsically resistant to antibiotics acting at this level, such as beta-lactams. The treatment of M. genitalium infections is not standardized. Macrolides are recommended, especially single-dose azithromycin; tetracyclines are responsible for a great number of therapeutic failures even no resistance mechanism has yet been demonstrated. Acquired resistance to macrolides and fluoroquinolones leading to therapeutic failure has also been reported. All this raises the issue of the most appropriate therapeutic management and requires drafting diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for the treatment of M. genitalium infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cazanave
- USC Infections Humaines à Mycoplasmes et Chlamydiae, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France.
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Das K, De la Garza G, Maffi S, Saikolappan S, Dhandayuthapani S. Methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) deficient Mycoplasma genitalium shows decreased interactions with host cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36247. [PMID: 22558404 PMCID: PMC3340341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma genitalium is an important sexually transmitted pathogen that affects both men and women. In genital-mucosal tissues, it initiates colonization of epithelial cells by attaching itself to host cells via several identified bacterial ligands and host cell surface receptors. We have previously shown that a mutant form of M. genitalium lacking methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA), an antioxidant enzyme which converts oxidized methionine (Met(O)) into methionine (Met), shows decreased viability in infected animals. To gain more insights into the mechanisms by which MsrA controls M. genitalium virulence, we compared the wild-type M. genitalium strain (G37) with an msrA mutant (MS5) strain for their ability to interact with target cervical epithelial cell lines (HeLa and C33A) and THP-1 monocytic cells. Infection of epithelial cell lines with both strains revealed that MS5 was less cytotoxic to HeLa and C33A cell lines than the G37 strain. Also, the MS5 strain was more susceptible to phagocytosis by THP-1 cells than wild type strain (G37). Further, MS5 was less able to induce aggregation and differentiation in THP-1 cells than the wild type strain, as determined by carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) labeling of the cells, followed by counting of cells attached to the culture dish using image analysis. Finally, MS5 was observed to induce less proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α by THP-1 cells than wild type G37 strain. These results indicate that MsrA affects the virulence properties of M. genitalium by modulating its interaction with host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Das
- Regional Academic Health Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas, United States of America
| | - Georgina De la Garza
- Regional Academic Health Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shivani Maffi
- Regional Academic Health Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sankaralingam Saikolappan
- Regional Academic Health Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas, United States of America
| | - Subramanian Dhandayuthapani
- Regional Academic Health Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas, United States of America
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Weinstein SA, Stiles BG. A review of the epidemiology, diagnosis and evidence-based management of Mycoplasma genitalium. Sex Health 2011; 8:143-58. [PMID: 21592428 DOI: 10.1071/sh10065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma genitalium is attracting increasing recognition as an important sexually transmitted pathogen. Presented is a review of the epidemiology, detection, presentation and management of M. genitalium infection. Accumulating evidence suggests that M. genitalium is an important cause of non-gonococcal, non-chlamydial urethritis and cervicitis, and is linked with pelvic inflammatory disease and, possibly, obstetric complications. Although there is no standard detection assay, several nucleic acid amplification tests have >95% sensitivity and specificity for M. genitalium. To date, there is a general lack of established protocols for screening in public health clinics. Patients with urethritis or cervicitis should be screened for M. genitalium and some asymptomatic sub-groups should be screened depending on individual factors and local prevalence. Investigations estimating M. genitalium geographic prevalence document generally low incidence, but some communities exhibit infection frequencies comparable to that of Chlamydia trachomatis. Accumulating evidence supports an extended regimen of azithromycin for treatment of M. genitalium infection, as data suggest that stat 1 g azithromycin may be less effective. Although data are limited, azithromycin-resistant cases documented to date respond to an appropriate fluoroquinolone (e.g. moxifloxacin). Inconsistent clinical recognition of M. genitalium may result in treatment failure and subsequent persistence due to ineffective antibiotics. The contrasting nature of existing literature regarding risks of M. genitalium infection emphasises the need for further carefully controlled studies of this emerging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Weinstein
- Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA 5003, Australia.
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Lee NY, Lee HY, Lee KH, Han SH, Park SJ. Vibrio vulnificus IlpA induces MAPK-mediated cytokine production via TLR1/2 activation in THP-1 cells, a human monocytic cell line. Mol Immunol 2011; 49:143-54. [PMID: 21903273 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a pathogenic bacterium causing primary septicemia, which is followed by a classical septic shock pathway including an overwhelming inflammatory cytokine response. V. vulnificus IlpA is a potent immunogenic lipoprotein that triggers cytokine production in human monocytes by activating the toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). In this study, we further defined the IlpA signaling pathways involved in cytokine production in the human monocytic cell line, THP-1. TLR2 was involved in cytokine production by complexing with TLR1, but not with TLR6. MyD88 was necessary for IlpA-induced cytokine expression through TLR1/TLR2. Three mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK), p38, ERK1/2, and JNK, were activated in THP-1 cells stimulated with recombinant IlpA (rIlpA). Selective inhibition of each MAPK resulted in significant decrease of rIlpA-induced cytokine production. Especially, functional TLR2 was necessary for IlpA-induced activation of p38 and JNK. IlpA augmented the DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcriptional factors to their recognition sites in THP-1 cells. These results suggest that serial activation of TLR1/TLR2, MyD88, the three MAPKs, and NF-κB/AP-1 comprises the signaling pathway responsible for proinflammatory cytokine production by V. vulnificus IlpA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yeon Lee
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
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