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Wang L, Wang C, Xu L, Wang M. Regulation of nitrogen utilization and mycotoxin biosynthesis by the GATA transcription factor AaAreA in Alternaria alternata. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:236. [PMID: 38850454 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Alternaria alternata is a prevalent postharvest pathogen that generates diverse mycotoxins, notably alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), which are recurrent severe contaminants. Nitrogen sources modulate fungal growth, development, and secondary metabolism, including mycotoxin production. The GATA transcription factor AreA regulates nitrogen source utilization. However, little is known about its involvement in the regulation of nitrogen utilization in A. alternata. To examine the regulatory mechanism of AaAreA on AOH and AME biosynthesis in A. alternata, we analyzed the impact of diverse nitrogen sources on the fungal growth, conidiation and mycotoxin production. The use of a secondary nitrogen source (NaNO3) enhanced mycelial elongation and sporulation more than the use of a primary source (NH4Cl). NaNO3 favored greater mycotoxin accumulation than did NH4Cl. The regulatory roles of AaAreA were further clarified through gene knockout. The absence of AaAreA led to an overall reduction in growth in minimal media containing any nitrogen source except NH4Cl. AaAreA positively regulates mycotoxin biosynthesis when both NH4Cl and NaNO3 are used as nitrogen sources. Subcellular localization analysis revealed abundant nuclear transport when NaNO3 was the sole nitrogen source. The regulatory pathway of AaAreA was systematically revealed through comprehensive transcriptomic analyses. The deletion of AaAreA significantly impedes the transcription of mycotoxin biosynthetic genes, including aohR, pksI and omtI. The interaction between AaAreA and aohR, a pathway-specific transcription factor gene, demonstrated that AaAreA binds to the aohR promoter sequence (5'-GGCTATGGAAA-3'), activating its transcription. The expressed AohR regulates the expression of downstream synthase genes in the cluster, ultimately impacting mycotoxin production. This study provides valuable information to further understand how AreA regulates AOH and AME biosynthesis in A. alternata, thereby enabling the effective design of control measures for mycotoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology of BAAFS (Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences), No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agri-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agri-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830091, China.
| | - Liang Xu
- Flower Technology Extension and Demonstration Station of Daxing District, Beijing, 102601, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology of BAAFS (Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences), No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, China.
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Kerkaert JD, Huberman LB. Regulation of nutrient utilization in filamentous fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:5873-5898. [PMID: 37540250 PMCID: PMC10983054 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Organisms must accurately sense and respond to nutrients to survive. In filamentous fungi, accurate nutrient sensing is important in the establishment of fungal colonies and in continued, rapid growth for the exploitation of environmental resources. To ensure efficient nutrient utilization, fungi have evolved a combination of activating and repressing genetic networks to tightly regulate metabolic pathways and distinguish between preferred nutrients, which require minimal energy and resources to utilize, and nonpreferred nutrients, which have more energy-intensive catabolic requirements. Genes necessary for the utilization of nonpreferred carbon sources are activated by transcription factors that respond to the presence of the specific nutrient and repressed by transcription factors that respond to the presence of preferred carbohydrates. Utilization of nonpreferred nitrogen sources generally requires two transcription factors. Pathway-specific transcription factors respond to the presence of a specific nonpreferred nitrogen source, while another transcription factor activates genes in the absence of preferred nitrogen sources. In this review, we discuss the roles of transcription factors and upstream regulatory genes that respond to preferred and nonpreferred carbon and nitrogen sources and their roles in regulating carbon and nitrogen catabolism. KEY POINTS: • Interplay of activating and repressing transcriptional networks regulates catabolism. • Nutrient-specific activating transcriptional pathways provide metabolic specificity. • Repressing regulatory systems differentiate nutrients in mixed nutrient environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Kerkaert
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lori B Huberman
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Chen M, Yang X, Liu H, Wan J. Identification and functional characterization of a bipartite nuclear localization signal in ANKRD11. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 670:117-123. [PMID: 37290286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ANKRD11 gene encodes for the large nuclear protein essential for multiple system development including the nervous system. However, the molecular basis for the proper nuclear localization of ANKRD11 has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we have identified a functional bipartite nuclear localization signal (bNLS) between residues 53 and 87 of ANKRD11. Using biochemical approaches, we discovered two major binding sites in this bipartite NLS for Importin α1. Through site-directed mutagenesis and functional analysis, we further found that this bipartite NLS is sufficient for nuclear import of overexpressing GFP in HeLa cells and necessary for nuclear localization of ANKRD11. Importantly, our study provides a possible pathogenic mechanism for certain clinical variants located within the bipartite nuclear localization signal of ANKRD11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen-Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Greater Bay Biomedical InnoCenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Greater Bay Biomedical InnoCenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Jun Wan
- Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen-Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518036, China; Greater Bay Biomedical InnoCenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518107, China; School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Liu H, Qiao J, Shangguan J, Guo X, Xing Z, Zhou X, Zhao M, Zhu J. A Gene from Ganoderma lucidum with Similarity to nmrA of Filamentous Ascomycetes Contributes to Regulating AreA. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050516. [PMID: 37233227 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal AreA is a key nitrogen metabolism transcription factor in nitrogen metabolism repression (NMR). Studies have shown that there are different ways to regulate AreA activity in yeast and filamentous ascomycetes, but in Basidiomycota, how AreA is regulated is unknown. Here, a gene from Ganoderma lucidum with similarity to nmrA of filamentous ascomycetes was identified. The NmrA interacted with the C-terminal of AreA according to yeast two-hybrid assay. In order to determine the effect of NmrA on the AreA, 2 nmrA silenced strains of G. lucidum, with silencing efficiencies of 76% and 78%, were constructed using an RNA interference method. Silencing nmrA resulted in a decreased content of AreA. The content of AreA in nmrAi-3 and nmrAi-48 decreased by approximately 68% and 60%, respectively, compared with that in the WT in the ammonium condition. Under the nitrate culture condition, silencing nmrA resulted in a 40% decrease compared with the WT. Silencing nmrA also reduced the stability of the AreA protein. When the mycelia were treated with cycloheximide for 6 h, the AreA protein was almost undetectable in the nmrA silenced strains, while there was still approximately 80% of the AreA protein in the WT strains. In addition, under the nitrate culture, the content of AreA protein in the nuclei of the WT strains was significantly increased compared with that under the ammonium condition. However, when nmrA was silenced, the content of the AreA protein in the nuclei did not change compared with the WT. Compared with the WT, the expression of the glutamine synthetase gene in nmrAi-3 and nmrAi-48 strains increased by approximately 94% and 88%, respectively, under the ammonium condition, while the expression level of the nitrate reductase gene in nmrAi-3 and nmrAi-48 strains increased by approximately 100% and 93%, respectively, under the nitrate condition. Finally, silencing nmrA inhibited mycelial growth and increased ganoderic acid biosynthesis. Our findings are the first to reveal that a gene from G. lucidum with similarity to the nmrA of filamentous ascomycetes contributes to regulating AreA, which provides new insight into how AreA is regulated in Basidiomycota.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Liu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinjin Qiao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiaolei Shangguan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhenzhen Xing
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Ran Y, Xu H, Yang Q, Xu Y, Yang H, Qiao D, Cao Y. GATA-type transcriptional factor SpGAT1 interacts with SpMIG1 and promotes lipid accumulation in the oleaginous yeast [Formula: see text] zwy-2-3. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:103. [PMID: 36209175 PMCID: PMC9548168 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02177-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In oleaginous yeast, nitrogen limitation is a critical parameter for lipid synthesis. GATA-family transcriptional factor GAT1, a member of the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway and nitrogen catabolite repression (NCR), regulates nitrogen uptake and utilization. Therefore, it is significant to study the SpGAT1 regulatory mechanism of lipid metabolism for conversion of biomass to microbial oil in [Formula: see text] zwy-2-3. RESULTS Compared with WT, [Formula: see text], and OE::gat1, the lipid yield of OE::gat1 increased markedly in the low carbon and nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) mediums, while the lipid yield and residual sugar of [Formula: see text] decreased in the high C/N ratio medium. According to yeast two-hybrid assays, SpGAT1 interacted with SpMIG1, and its deletion drastically lowered SpMIG1 expression on the high C/N ratio medium. MIG1 deletion has been found in earlier research to affect glucose metabolic capacity, resulting in a prolonged lag period. Therefore, we speculated that SpGAT1 influenced glucose consumption rate across SpMIG1. Based on yeast one-hybrid assays and qRT-PCR analyses, SpGAT1 regulated the glyoxylate cycle genes ICL1, ICL2, and pyruvate bypass pathway gene ACS, irrespective of the C/N ratio. SpGAT1 also could bind to the ACAT2 promoter in the low C/N medium and induce sterol ester (SE) accumulation. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that SpGAT1 positively regulated lipid metabolism in S.podzolica zwy-2-3, but that its regulatory patterns varied depending on the C/N ratio. When the C/N ratio was high, SpGAT1 interacted with SpMIG1 to affect carbon absorption and utilization. SpGAT1 also stimulated lipid accumulation by regulating essential lipid anabolism genes. Our insights might spur more research into how nitrogen and carbon metabolism interact to regulate lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Ran
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering key laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Xu
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering key laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingzhuoma Yang
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering key laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Xu
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering key laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huahao Yang
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering key laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dairong Qiao
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering key laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Cao
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering key laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065 People’s Republic of China
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Li A, Parsania C, Tan K, Todd RB, Wong KH. Co-option of an extracellular protease for transcriptional control of nutrient degradation in the fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1409. [PMID: 34921231 PMCID: PMC8683493 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02925-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient acquisition is essential for all organisms. Fungi regulate their metabolism according to environmental nutrient availability through elaborate transcription regulatory programs. In filamentous fungi, a highly conserved GATA transcription factor AreA and its co-repressor NmrA govern expression of genes involved in extracellular breakdown, uptake, and metabolism of nitrogen nutrients. Here, we show that the Aspergillus nidulans PnmB protease is a moonlighting protein with extracellular and intracellular functions for nitrogen acquisition and metabolism. PnmB serves not only as a secreted protease to degrade extracellular nutrients, but also as an intracellular protease to control the turnover of the co-repressor NmrA, accelerating AreA transcriptional activation upon nitrogen starvation. PnmB expression is controlled by AreA, which activates a positive feedback regulatory loop. Hence, we uncover a regulatory mechanism in the well-established controls determining the response to nitrogen starvation, revealing functional evolution of a protease gene for transcriptional regulation and extracellular nutrient breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- grid.437123.00000 0004 1794 8068Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR China ,grid.470124.4Present Address: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Chirag Parsania
- grid.437123.00000 0004 1794 8068Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR China ,Present Address: Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW 2050 China
| | - Kaeling Tan
- grid.437123.00000 0004 1794 8068Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR China ,grid.437123.00000 0004 1794 8068Gene Expression, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR China
| | - Richard B. Todd
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, 1712 Claflin Road, 4024 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Koon Ho Wong
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, China. .,Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, China. .,MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
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Zhang C, Wang G, Deng W, Li T. Distribution, evolution and expression of GATA-TFs provide new insights into their functions in light response and fruiting body development of Tolypocladium guangdongense. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9784. [PMID: 32923181 PMCID: PMC7457929 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fungal GATA-type transcription factors (GATA-TFs) are a class of transcriptional regulators involved in various biological processes. However, their functions are rarely analyzed systematically, especially in edible or medicinal fungi, such as Tolypocladium guangdongense, which has various medicinal and food safety properties with a broad range of potential applications in healthcare products and the pharmaceutical industry. Methods GATA-TFs in T. guangdongense (TgGATAs) were identified using InterProScan. The type, distribution, and gene structure of TgGATAs were analyzed by genome-wide analyses. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to analyze their evolutionary relationships using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method. To explore the functions of GATA-TFs, conserved domains were analyzed using MEME, and cis-elements were predicted using the PlantCARE database. In addition, the expression patterns of TgGATAs under different light conditions and developmental stages were studied using qPCR. Results Seven TgGATAs were identified. They were randomly distributed on four chromosomes and contained one to four exons. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that GATA-TFs in each subgroup are highly conserved, especially for GATA1 to GATA5. Intron distribution analyses suggested that GATA1 and GATA3 possessed the most conserved gene structures. Light treatments induced the expression levels of TgGATA1 and TgGATA5-7, but the expression levels varied depending on the duration of illumination. The predicted protein structures indicate that TgGATA1 and TgGATA2 possess typical light-responsive domains and may function as photoreceptors to regulate downstream biological processes. TgGATA3 and TgGATA5 may be involved in nitrogen metabolism and siderophore biosynthesis, respectively. TgGATA6 and TgGATA7 possess unique Zn finger loop sequences, suggesting that they may have special functions. Furthermore, gene expression analysis indicated that TgGATA1 (WC1) was notably involved in mycelial color transformation, while other genes were involved in fruiting body development to some extent. These results provide valuable information to further explore the mechanisms through which TgGATAs are regulated during fruiting body development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gangzheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wangqiu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Milhomem Cruz-Leite VR, Salem-Izacc SM, Novaes E, Neves BJ, de Almeida Brito W, O'Hara Souza Silva L, Paccez JD, Parente-Rocha JA, Pereira M, Maria de Almeida Soares C, Borges CL. Nitrogen Catabolite Repression in members of Paracoccidioides complex. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104281. [PMID: 32585293 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Paracoccidioides complex is a genus that comprises pathogenic fungi which are responsible by systemic disease Paracoccidioidomycosis. In host tissues, pathogenic fungi need to acquire nutrients in order to survive, making the uptake of nitrogen essential for their establishment and dissemination. Nitrogen utilization is employed by the alleviation of Nitrogen Catabolite Repression (NCR) which ensures the use of non-preferential or alternative nitrogen sources when preferential sources are not available. NCR is controlled by GATA transcription factors which act through GATA binding sites on promoter regions in NCR-sensitive genes. This process is responsible for encoding proteins involved with the scavenge, uptake and catabolism of a wide variety of non-preferential nitrogen sources. In this work, we predict the existence of AreA GATA transcription factor and feature the zinc finger domain by three-dimensional structure in Paracoccidioides. Furthermore, we demonstrate the putative genes involved with NCR response by means of in silico analysis. The gene expression profile under NCR conditions was evaluated. Demonstrating that P. lutzii supported transcriptional regulation and alleviated NCR in non-preferential nitrogen-dependent medium. The elucidation of NCR in members of Paracoccidioides complex will provide new knowledge about survival, dissemination and virulence for these pathogens with regard to nitrogen-scavenging strategies in the interactions of host-pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Maria Salem-Izacc
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Evandro Novaes
- Escola de Agronomia, Setor de Melhoramento de Plantas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II Samambaia, Rodovia Goiânia a Nova Veneza, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Junior Neves
- Centro Universitário de Anápolis - UniEVANGÉLICA, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Wesley de Almeida Brito
- Centro Universitário de Anápolis - UniEVANGÉLICA, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Goiás - UEG - CCET, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Lana O'Hara Souza Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Juliano Domiraci Paccez
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Alves Parente-Rocha
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Maristela Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Clayton Luiz Borges
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Liu Y, Li H, Li J, Zhou Y, Zhou Z, Wang P, Zhou S. Characterization of the promoter of the nitrate transporter-encoding gene nrtA in Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Genet Genomics 2020; 295:1269-1279. [PMID: 32561986 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-020-01700-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus nidulans nrtA encodes a nitrate transporter that plays an important role in the [Formula: see text] assimilatory process. Many studies have focused on protein functions rather than gene regulation. The knowledge of nrtA[Formula: see text] uptake process, particularly in the regulation mechanism of transcription factors AreA and NirA on nrtA transcription, is very limited. Herein, we investigated the transcriptional regulation of nrtA in response to various N-sources in detail and characterized the promoter activity of nrtA. We confirmed that nrtA was induced by [Formula: see text] and repressed by preferred N-sources. Additionally, for the first time, we found that the transcription of nrtA increased under N-starvation conditions. AreA mediates nrtA transcription under both [Formula: see text] and N-starvation conditions, while NirA is effective only under [Formula: see text] conditions. All of the proposed AreA and NirA binding sites in the promoter region were capable of binding to their corresponding transcription factors in vitro. In vivo, all of the NirA binding sites showed regulation activities, but to AreA, only several of the initiation-codon-proximal binding sites participated in nrtA transcription. Moreover, the active binding sites contributed in different degrees of regulation strength to nrtA transcription, which is unrelated to the distance between the binding sites and initiation codon. These results provided an extensive map of nrtA promoter, defining the functional regulatory elements of A. nidulans nrtA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Haoxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St Paul, USA
| | - Shengmin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Yang CY, Sun CW. Sequence analysis and protein interactions of Arabidopsis CIA2 and CIL proteins. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2020; 61:20. [PMID: 32556735 PMCID: PMC7303255 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-020-00297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous screening of Arabidopsis thaliana for mutants exhibiting dysfunctional chloroplast protein transport identified the chloroplast import apparatus (cia) gene. The cia2 mutant has a pale green phenotype and reduced rate of protein import into chloroplasts, but leaf shape and size are similar to wild-type plants of the same developmental stage. Microarray analysis showed that nuclear CIA2 protein enhances expression of the Toc75, Toc33, CPN10 and cpRPs genes, thereby up-regulating protein import and synthesis efficiency in chloroplasts. CIA2-like (CIL) shares 65% sequence identity to CIA2, suggesting that CIL and CIA2 are homologous proteins in Arabidopsis. Here, we further assess the protein interactions and sequence features of CIA2 and CIL. RESULTS Subcellular localizations of truncated CIA2 protein fragments in our onion transient assay demonstrate that CIA2 contains two nuclear localization signals (NLS) located at amino acids (aa) 62-65 and 291-308, whereas CIL has only one NLS at aa 47-50. We screened a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) Arabidopsis cDNA library to search for putative CIA2-interacting proteins and identified 12 nuclear proteins, including itself, CIL, and flowering-control proteins (such as CO, NF-YB1, NF-YC1, NF-YC9 and ABI3). Additional Y2H experiments demonstrate that CIA2 and CIL mainly interact with flowering-control proteins via their N-termini, but preferentially form homo- or hetero-dimers through their C-termini. Moreover, sequence alignment showed that the N-terminal sequences of CIA2, CIL and NF-YA are highly conserved. Therefore, NF-YA in the NF-Y complex could be substituted by CIA2 or CIL. CONCLUSIONS We show that Arabidopsis CIA2 and CIL can interact with CO and NF-Y complex, so not only may they contribute to regulate chloroplast function but also to modulate flower development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yen Yang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Sun
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan.
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11
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Li J, Wu F, Cheng L, Zhang J, Cha C, Chen L, Feng T, Zhang J, Guo G. A nuclear localization signal is required for the nuclear translocation of Fign and its microtubule‑severing function. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:2367-2374. [PMID: 32236575 PMCID: PMC7185285 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
It is commonly known that the specific function of a given ATPase associated with diverse cellular activities protein (i.e., a member of the AAA superfamily of proteins) depends primarily on its subcellular location. The microtubule-severing protein fidgetin (Fign) possesses a nuclear localization signal (NLS) that facilitates its translocation to the nucleus, where its assembly is finalized; here, Fign contributes to the regulation of microtubule configuration by cutting and trimming microtubule polymers. In the present study, Fign was found to be a nuclear protein, whose N-terminal sequence (SSLKRKAFYM; residues 314–323) acts as an NLS. Following substitution (KR to NN; 317–318) or deletion (NT; 314–323) mutations within the NLS, Fign, which is predominantly expressed in the nucleus, was found to reside in the cytoplasm of transfected cells. Furthermore, Fign was found to have an essential role in microtubule severing by preferentially targeting highly-tyrosinated microtubules (tyr-MTs). Mutation of the Fign NLS did not affect its microtubule-severing function or the cleavage of tyr-MTs, but did affect the cellular distribution of the Fign protein itself. Taken altogether, an NLS for Fign was identified, and it was demonstrated that the basic amino acids K317 and R318 are necessary for regulating its entry into the nucleus, whereas an increase in Fign in the cytosol due to mutations of the NLS did not affect its cleavage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Li
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Fengming Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Longfei Cheng
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Caihui Cha
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Taoshan Feng
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Guoqing Guo
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
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12
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Chudzicka-Ormaniec P, Macios M, Koper M, Weedall GD, Caddick MX, Weglenski P, Dzikowska A. The role of the GATA transcription factor AreB in regulation of nitrogen and carbon metabolism in Aspergillus nidulans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 366:5426211. [PMID: 30939206 PMCID: PMC6494665 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Aspergillus nidulans, nitrogen and carbon metabolism are under the control of wide-domain regulatory systems, including nitrogen metabolite repression, carbon catabolite repression and the nutrient starvation response. Transcriptomic analysis of the wild type strain grown under different combinations of carbon and nitrogen regimes was performed, to identify differentially regulated genes. Carbon metabolism predominates as the most important regulatory signal but for many genes, both carbon and nitrogen metabolisms coordinate regulation. To identify mechanisms coordinating nitrogen and carbon metabolism, we tested the role of AreB, previously identified as a regulator of genes involved in nitrogen metabolism. Deletion of areB has significant phenotypic effects on the utilization of specific carbon sources, confirming its role in the regulation of carbon metabolism. AreB was shown to regulate the expression of areA, tamA, creA, xprG and cpcA regulatory genes suggesting areB has a range of indirect, regulatory effects. Different isoforms of AreB are produced as a result of differential splicing and use of two promoters which are differentially regulated by carbon and nitrogen conditions. These isoforms are likely to be functionally distinct and thus contributing to the modulation of AreB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Chudzicka-Ormaniec
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Macios
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Koper
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gareth D Weedall
- Institute of Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.,School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Mark X Caddick
- Institute of Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Piotr Weglenski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Dzikowska
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Regulation of Morphology, Aflatoxin Production, and Virulence of Aspergillus flavus by the Major Nitrogen Regulatory Gene areA. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11120718. [PMID: 31835504 PMCID: PMC6950533 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a renowned plant, animal and human pathogen. areA is a global nitrogen regulatory gene of the GATA transcription factor family, shown to be the major nitrogen regulator. In this study, we identified areA in A. flavus and studied its function. The AreA protein contained a signatory zinc finger domain, which is extremely conserved across fungal species. Gene deletion (ΔareA) and over-expression (OE::areA) strains were constructed by homologous recombination to elucidate the role of areA in A. flavus. The ΔareA strain was unable to efficiently utilize secondary nitrogen sources for growth of A. flavus, and it had poorly developed conidiophores, when observed on complete medium, resulting in the production of significantly less conidia than the wild-type strain (WT). Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production was reduced in ΔareA compared with the WT strain in most conditions tested, and ΔareA had impaired virulence in peanut seeds. areA also played important roles in the sensitivity of A. flavus to osmotic, cell wall and oxidative stresses. Hence, areA was found to be important for the growth, aflatoxin production and pathogenicity of A. flavus. This work sheds light on the function of areA in the regulation of the nitrogen metabolism of A. flavus, and consequently aims at providing new ways for controlling the crossover pathogen, A. flavus.
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14
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Aspergillus nidulans in the post-genomic era: a top-model filamentous fungus for the study of signaling and homeostasis mechanisms. Int Microbiol 2019; 23:5-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s10123-019-00064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Zhang Z, Ren C, Zou L, Wang Y, Li S, Liang Z. Characterization of the GATA gene family in Vitis vinifera: genome-wide analysis, expression profiles, and involvement in light and phytohormone response. Genome 2018; 61:713-723. [PMID: 30092656 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2018-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The plant GATA family is one of the most important transcription factors involved in light-responsive development, nitrogen metabolism, phytohormone signaling, and source/sink balance. However, the function of the GATA gene is less known in grape (Vitis vinifera L.). In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the GATA family in grape, particularly the phylogenetic evolution, duplication patterns, conserved motifs, gene structures, cis-elements, tissue expression patterns, and predicted function of VvGATA genes in response to abiotic stress. The potential roles of VvGATA genes in berry development were also investigated. The GATA transcription factors displayed expression diversity among different grape organs and tissues, and some of them showed preferential expression in a specific tissue. Heterotrophic cultured cells were used as model systems for the functional characterization of the VvGATA gene and study of its response to light and phytohormone. Results indicated that some VvGATA genes displayed differential responses to light and phytohormones, suggesting their role in light and hormone signaling pathways. A thorough analysis of GATA transcription factors in grape (V. vinifera L.) presented the characterization and functional prediction of VvGATA genes. The data presented here lay the foundation for further functional studies of grape GATA transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Zhang
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100093, China.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chong Ren
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100093, China.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Luming Zou
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100093, China.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi Wang
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100093, China.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shaohua Li
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Zhenchang Liang
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100093, China.,c Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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16
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More than One Way in: Three Gln3 Sequences Required To Relieve Negative Ure2 Regulation and Support Nuclear Gln3 Import in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2017; 208:207-227. [PMID: 29113979 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Gln3 is responsible for Nitrogen Catabolite Repression-sensitive transcriptional activation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae In nitrogen-replete medium, Gln3 is cytoplasmic and NCR-sensitive transcription is repressed. In nitrogen-limiting medium, in cells treated with TorC1 inhibitor, rapamycin, or the glutamine synthetase inhibitor, methionine sulfoximine (Msx), Gln3 becomes highly nuclear and NCR-sensitive transcription derepressed. Previously, nuclear Gln3 localization was concluded to be mediated by a single nuclear localization sequence, NLS1. Here, we show that nuclear Gln3-Myc13 localization is significantly more complex than previously appreciated. We identify three Gln3 sequences, other than NLS1, that are highly required for nuclear Gln3-Myc13 localization. Two of these sequences exhibit characteristics of monopartite (K/R-Rich NLS) and bipartite (S/R NLS) NLSs, respectively. Mutations altering these sequences are partially epistatic to a ure2Δ. The third sequence, the Ure2 relief sequence, exhibits no predicted NLS homology and is only necessary when Ure2 is present. Substitution of the basic amino acid repeats in the Ure2 relief sequence or phosphomimetic aspartate substitutions for the serine residues between them abolishes nuclear Gln3-Myc13 localization in response to both limiting nitrogen and rapamycin treatment. In contrast, Gln3-Myc13 responses are normal in parallel serine-to-alanine substitution mutants. These observations suggest that Gln3 responses to specific nitrogen environments likely occur in multiple steps that can be genetically separated. At least one general step that is associated with the Ure2 relief sequence may be prerequisite for responses to the specific stimuli of growth in poor nitrogen sources and rapamycin inhibition of TorC1.
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17
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Yuan C, Lazarowitz SG, Citovsky V. Identification of Plasmodesmal Localization Sequences in Proteins In Planta. J Vis Exp 2017:55301. [PMID: 28829412 PMCID: PMC5614340 DOI: 10.3791/55301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (Pd) are cell-to-cell connections that function as gateways through which small and large molecules are transported between plant cells. Whereas Pd transport of small molecules, such as ions and water, is presumed to occur passively, cell-to-cell transport of biological macromolecules, such proteins, most likely occurs via an active mechanism that involves specific targeting signals on the transported molecule. The scarcity of identified plasmodesmata (Pd) localization signals (PLSs) has severely restricted the understanding of protein-sorting pathways involved in plant cell-to-cell macromolecular transport and communication. From a wealth of plant endogenous and viral proteins known to traffic through Pd, only three PLSs have been reported to date, all of them from endogenous plant proteins. Thus, it is important to develop a reliable and systematic experimental strategy to identify a functional PLS sequence, that is both necessary and sufficient for Pd targeting, directly in the living plant cells. Here, we describe one such strategy using as a paradigm the cell-to-cell movement protein (MP) of the Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). These experiments, that identified and characterized the first plant viral PLS, can be adapted for discovery of PLS sequences in most Pd-targeted proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York;
| | | | - Vitaly Citovsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York
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18
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Wang B, Han X, Bai Y, Lin Z, Qiu M, Nie X, Wang S, Zhang F, Zhuang Z, Yuan J, Wang S. Effects of nitrogen metabolism on growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 324:691-700. [PMID: 27899241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs), produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, are strongly toxic and carcinogenic. Here, we showed that glutamine is the optimal nitrogen source for AF-production in A. flavus grown in Czapek Dox medium. Additionally, 4mM glutamine was the threshold for high production of aflatoxin B1. However, no significant impact of glutamine synthetase inhibitor was detected for on AF biosynthesis. In contrast, rapamycin could significantly suppress the glutamine inducing effect on AFs production, simultaneously inhibiting the fungal growth and conidiation. To identify the genes and regulatory networks involved in AFs biosynthesis, especially concerning the nitrogen source metabolism pathway and the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway, we obtained transcriptomes for A. flavus under treatment of three nitrogen sources by RNA-sequencing. We identified 1429 differentially expressed genes. Through GO and KEGG pathway analyses, the relationship between nitrogen metabolism and AFs biosynthesis was revealed, and the effects of TOR inhibitor were confirmed. Additionally, the quantitative real-time PCR results verified the credibility and reliability of the RNA-seq data, and were consistent with the other experimental results. Our research laid the foundation for a primary study on the involvement of the nitrogen regulatory network and TOR signaling pathway in AF biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaoyun Han
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Youhuang Bai
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhenguo Lin
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, United States
| | - Mengguang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinyi Nie
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Sen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhenhong Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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19
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Fang Y, Jang HS, Watson GW, Wellappili DP, Tyler BM. Distinctive Nuclear Localization Signals in the Oomycete Phytophthora sojae. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:10. [PMID: 28210240 PMCID: PMC5288373 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, nuclear localization signals (NLSs) that target proteins to nuclei in oomycetes have not been defined, but have been assumed to be the same as in higher eukaryotes. Here, we use the soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae as a model to investigate these sequences in oomycetes. By establishing a reliable in vivo NLS assay based on confocal microscopy, we found that many canonical monopartite and bipartite classical NLSs (cNLSs) mediated nuclear import poorly in P. sojae. We found that efficient localization of P. sojae nuclear proteins by cNLSs requires additional basic amino acids at distal sites or collaboration with other NLSs. We found that several representatives of another well-characterized NLS, proline-tyrosine NLS (PY-NLS) also functioned poorly in P. sojae. To characterize PY-NLSs in P. sojae, we experimentally defined the residues required by functional PY-NLSs in three P. sojae nuclear-localized proteins. These results showed that functional P. sojae PY-NLSs include an additional cluster of basic residues for efficient nuclear import. Finally, analysis of several highly conserved P. sojae nuclear proteins including ribosomal proteins and core histones revealed that these proteins exhibit a similar but stronger set of sequence requirements for nuclear targeting compared with their orthologs in mammals or yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Fang
- Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Virginia TechBlacksburg, VA, USA; Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
| | - Hyo Sang Jang
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Gregory W Watson
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA; Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
| | - Dulani P Wellappili
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Brett M Tyler
- Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Virginia TechBlacksburg, VA, USA; Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
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20
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Bi F, Ment D, Luria N, Meng X, Prusky D. Mutation of AREA affects growth, sporulation, nitrogen regulation, and pathogenicity in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 99:29-39. [PMID: 28027951 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The GATA transcription factor AreA is a global nitrogen regulator that restricts the utilization of complex and poor nitrogen sources in the presence of good nitrogen sources in microorganisms. In this study, we report the biological function of an AreA homolog (the CgareA gene) in the fruit postharvest pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Targeted gene deletion mutants of areA exhibited significant reductions in vegetative growth, increases in conidia production, and slight decreases in conidial germination rates. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that the expression of AreA was highly induced under nitrogen-limiting conditions. Moreover, compared to wild-type and complemented strains, nitrogen metabolism-related genes were misregulated in ΔareA mutant strains. Pathogenicity assays indicated that the virulence of ΔareA mutant strains were affected by the nitrogen content, but not the carbon content, of fruit hosts. Taken together, our results indicate that CgareA plays a critical role in fungal development, conidia production, regulation of nitrogen metabolism and virulence in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangcheng Bi
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China; Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Dana Ment
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Neta Luria
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Xiangchun Meng
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Dov Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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21
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Kinnunen S, Välimäki M, Tölli M, Wohlfahrt G, Darwich R, Komati H, Nemer M, Ruskoaho H. Nuclear Receptor-Like Structure and Interaction of Congenital Heart Disease-Associated Factors GATA4 and NKX2-5. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144145. [PMID: 26642209 PMCID: PMC4671672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Transcription factor GATA4 is a dosage sensitive regulator of heart development and alterations in its level or activity lead to congenital heart disease (CHD). GATA4 has also been implicated in cardiac regeneration and repair. GATA4 action involves combinatorial interaction with other cofactors such as NKX2-5, another critical cardiac regulator whose mutations also cause CHD. Despite its critical importance to the heart and its evolutionary conservation across species, the structural basis of the GATA4-NKX2-5 interaction remains incompletely understood. METHODS AND RESULTS A homology model was constructed and used to identify surface amino acids important for the interaction of GATA4 and NKX2-5. These residues were subjected to site-directed mutagenesis, and the mutant proteins were characterized for their ability to bind DNA and to physically and functionally interact with NKX2-5. The studies identify 5 highly conserved amino acids in the second zinc finger (N272, R283, Q274, K299) and its C-terminal extension (R319) that are critical for physical and functional interaction with the third alpha helix of NKX2-5 homeodomain. Integration of the experimental data with computational modeling suggests that the structural arrangement of the zinc finger-homeodomain resembles the architecture of the conserved DNA binding domain of nuclear receptors. CONCLUSIONS The results provide novel insight into the structural basis for protein-protein interactions between two important classes of transcription factors. The model proposed will help to elucidate the molecular basis for disease causing mutations in GATA4 and NKX2-5 and may be relevant to other members of the GATA and NK classes of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sini Kinnunen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Välimäki
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marja Tölli
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Gerd Wohlfahrt
- Orion Pharma, Computer-Aided Drug Design, Espoo, Finland
| | - Rami Darwich
- Laboratory of Cardiac Development and Differentiation, Department of Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Hiba Komati
- Laboratory of Cardiac Development and Differentiation, Department of Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mona Nemer
- Laboratory of Cardiac Development and Differentiation, Department of Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- * E-mail: (HR); (MN)
| | - Heikki Ruskoaho
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- * E-mail: (HR); (MN)
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Hou R, Jiang C, Zheng Q, Wang C, Xu JR. The AreA transcription factor mediates the regulation of deoxynivalenol (DON) synthesis by ammonium and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signalling in Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:987-99. [PMID: 25781642 PMCID: PMC6638501 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium graminearum, is harmful to humans and animals. Because different nitrogen sources are known to have opposite effects on DON production, in this study, we characterized the regulatory mechanisms of the AREA transcription factor in trichothecene biosynthesis. The ΔareA mutant showed significantly reduced vegetative growth and DON production in cultures inoculated with hyphae. Suppression of TRI gene expression and DON production by ammonium were diminished in the ΔareA mutant. The deletion of AREA also affected the stimulatory effects of arginine on DON biosynthesis. The AreA-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion complemented the ΔareA mutant, and its localization to the nucleus was enhanced under nitrogen starvation conditions. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that the conserved predicted protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation site S874 was important for AreA function, indicating that AreA may be a downstream target of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-PKA pathway, which is known to regulate DON production. We also showed that AreA interacted with Tri10 in co-immunoprecipitation assays. The interaction of AreA with Tri10 is probably related to its role in the regulation of TRI gene expression. Interestingly, the ΔareA mutant showed significantly reduced PKA activity and expression of all three predicted ammonium permease (MEP) genes, in particular MEP1, under low ammonium conditions. Taken together, our results show that AREA is involved in the regulation of DON production by ammonium suppression and the cAMP-PKA pathway. The AreA transcription factor may interact with Tri10 and control the expression and up-regulation of MEP genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Cong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chenfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Katz ME, Buckland R, Hunter CC, Todd RB. Distinct roles for the p53-like transcription factor XprG and autophagy genes in the response to starvation. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 83:10-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Gressler M, Meyer F, Heine D, Hortschansky P, Hertweck C, Brock M. Phytotoxin production in Aspergillus terreus is regulated by independent environmental signals. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26173180 PMCID: PMC4528345 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolites have a great potential as pharmaceuticals, but there are only a few examples where regulation of gene cluster expression has been correlated with ecological and physiological relevance for the producer. Here, signals, mediators, and biological effects of terrein production were studied in the fungus Aspergillus terreus to elucidate the contribution of terrein to ecological competition. Terrein causes fruit surface lesions and inhibits plant seed germination. Additionally, terrein is moderately antifungal and reduces ferric iron, thereby supporting growth of A. terreus under iron starvation. In accordance, the lack of nitrogen or iron or elevated methionine levels induced terrein production and was dependent on either the nitrogen response regulators AreA and AtfA or the iron response regulator HapX. Independent signal transduction allows complex sensing of the environment and, combined with its broad spectrum of biological activities, terrein provides a prominent example of adapted secondary metabolite production in response to environmental competition. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07861.001 Organisms produce a wide variety of small molecules called metabolites through the break down of food and other chemical reactions. Some of these molecules—known as primary metabolites—are required for growth, reproduction and other vital processes. Other molecules called secondary metabolites are not strictly required by the organism, but generally have other roles that may improve the individual’s ability to survive and reproduce. Fungi and other microbes produce a large variety of secondary metabolites, many of which are used as medicines to treat diseases in humans and other animals. For example, a molecule called lovastatin—which is produced by a fungus known as Aspergillus terreus—can reduce a human patient's risk of heart disease. However, it is not known what role many secondary metabolites play in the microbe that produced them. A. terreus lives in the soil, but it can also infect plants and animals. In addition to lovastatin, it also makes another secondary metabolite called terrein. A recent study identified the genes responsible for making terrein, and discovered that this molecule is harmful to plant cells and may help the fungus to colonize and thrive in the area immediately around plant roots, which is known as the rhizosphere. Here, Gressler et al. studied how terrein may help the fungus to cope with competitors in this environment. The experiments show that terrein increases the availability of iron and inhibits the growth of competing microbes. A shortage of iron or nitrogen-containing nutrients can stimulate the fungus to produce terrein, and elevated levels of a molecule called methionine have the same effect. These conditions are commonly found in the rhizosphere and further experiments identified several proteins in the fungus that are required for sensing them. Gressler et al.'s findings suggest that terrein helps to ensure that the fungus has sufficient nitrogen and iron to thrive in the rhizosphere. Also, this study confirms that the production of secondary metabolites in microbes can happen in response to elaborate cues from the environment, which may explain why only a limited number of secondary metabolites are produced by microbes when they are grown in the laboratory. Future studies will analyze other ways to activate the production of secondary metabolites outside of the microbe's normal environment, which may lead to the discovery of new important drugs. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07861.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gressler
- Microbial Biochemistry and Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Florian Meyer
- Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Heine
- Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Hortschansky
- Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Brock
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Fungal Genetics and Biology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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25
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Tudzynski B. Nitrogen regulation of fungal secondary metabolism in fungi. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:656. [PMID: 25506342 PMCID: PMC4246892 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi occupy diverse environments where they are constantly challenged by stressors such as extreme pH, temperature, UV exposure, and nutrient deprivation. Nitrogen is an essential requirement for growth, and the ability to metabolize a wide variety of nitrogen sources enables fungi to colonize different environmental niches and survive nutrient limitations. Favored nitrogen sources, particularly ammonium and glutamine, are used preferentially, while the expression of genes required for the use of various secondary nitrogen sources is subject to a regulatory mechanism called nitrogen metabolite repression. Studies on gene regulation in response to nitrogen availability were carried out first in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus nidulans, and Neurospora crassa. These studies revealed that fungi respond to changes in nitrogen availability with physiological and morphological alterations and activation of differentiation processes. In all fungal species studied, the major GATA transcription factor AreA and its co-repressor Nmr are central players of the nitrogen regulatory network. In addition to growth and development, the quality and quantity of nitrogen also affects the formation of a broad range of secondary metabolites (SMs). Recent studies, mainly on species of the genus Fusarium, revealed that AreA does not only regulate a large set of nitrogen catabolic genes, but can also be involved in regulating production of SMs. Furthermore, several other regulators, e.g., a second GATA transcription factor, AreB, that was proposed to negatively control nitrogen catabolic genes by competing with AreA for binding to GATA elements, was shown to act as activator of some nitrogen-repressed as well as nitrogen-induced SM gene clusters. This review highlights our latest understanding of canonical (AreA-dependent) and non-canonical nitrogen regulation mechanisms by which fungi may regulate biosynthesis of certain SMs in response to nitrogen availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Tudzynski
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster Muenster, Germany
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