1
|
Ansari MA, Alomary MN. Bioinspired ferromagnetic NiFe 2O 4 nanoparticles: Eradication of fungal and drug-resistant bacterial pathogens and their established biofilm. Microb Pathog 2024; 193:106729. [PMID: 38851363 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Nickel ferrite nanoparticles (NiFe2O4 NPs) were synthesized using the medicinally important plant Aloe vera leaf extract, and their structural, morphological, and magnetic properties were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The synthesized NPs were soft ferromagnetic and spinel in nature, with an average particle size of 22.2 nm. To the best of our understanding, this is the first comprehensive investigation into the antibacterial, anticandidal, antibiofilm, and antihyphal properties of NiFe2O4 NPs against C. albicans as well as drug-resistant gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and gram-negative multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR-P. aeruginosa) bacteria. NiFe2O4 NPs showed potent antimicrobial activity (MIC 1.6-2 mg/mL) against the test pathogens. NiFe2O4 NPs at 0.5 mg/mL suppressed biofilm formation by 49.5-53.1 % in test pathogens. The study found that the NPs not only prevent the formation of biofilm, but also eliminate existing mature biofilms by 50.5-75.79 % at 0.5 mg/mL, which was further validated by SEM. SEM examination revealed a reduction in the number of cells that form biofilms and adhere to the surface. Additionally, it considerably impeded the colonization and aggregation of the biofilm strains on the glass surface. Light microscopic examination demonstrated that NPs effectively prevent the expansion of hyphae, filaments, and yeast-to-hyphae transformation in C. albicans, resulting in a substantial decrease in their ability to cause infection. Moreover, SEM images of the treated cells exhibited the presence of wrinkles, deformities, and impaired cell walls, which suggests an alteration and instability of the membrane. This study demonstrated the efficacy of the greenly manufactured NPs in suppressing the proliferation of candida, drug-resistant bacteria, and their preexisting biofilms, as well as yeast-to-hyphae transformation. Therefore, these NPs with broad spectrum applications could be utilized in health settings to mitigate biofilm-related health conditions caused by pathogenic microbial strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Azam Ansari
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad N Alomary
- Advanced Diagnostic and Therapeutic Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang D, Zeng N, Li C, Li Z, Zhang N, Li B. Fungal biofilm formation and its regulatory mechanism. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32766. [PMID: 38988529 PMCID: PMC11233959 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungal biofilm is a microbial community composed of fungal cells and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). In recent years, fungal biofilms have played an increasingly important role in many fields. However, there are few studies on fungal biofilms and their related applications and development are still far from enough. Therefore, this review summarizes the composition and function of EPS in fungal biofilms, and improves and refines the formation process of fungal biofilms according to the latest viewpoints. Moreover, based on the study of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans, this review summarizes the gene regulation network of fungal biofilm synthesis, which is crucial for systematically understanding the molecular mechanism of fungal biofilm formation. It is of great significance to further develop effective methods at the molecular level to control harmful biofilms or enhance and regulate the formation of beneficial biofilms. Finally, the quorum sensing factors and mixed biofilms formed by fungi in the current research of fungal biofilms are summarized. These results will help to deepen the understanding of the formation process and internal regulation mechanism of fungal biofilm, provide reference for the study of EPS composition and structure, formation, regulation, group behavior and mixed biofilm formation of other fungal biofilms, and provide strategies and theoretical basis for the control, development and utilization of fungal biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, PR China
| | - Nan Zeng
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, PR China
| | - Chunji Li
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510225, PR China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, PR China
| | - Zijing Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, PR China
| | - Ning Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, PR China
| | - Bingxue Li
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Soll DR. White-opaque switching in Candida albicans: cell biology, regulation, and function. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0004322. [PMID: 38546228 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00043-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYCandida albicans remains a major fungal pathogen colonizing humans and opportunistically invading tissue when conditions are predisposing. Part of the success of C. albicans was attributed to its capacity to form hyphae that facilitate tissue invasion. However, in 1987, a second developmental program was discovered, the "white-opaque transition," a high-frequency reversible switching system that impacted most aspects of the physiology, cell architecture, virulence, and gene expression of C. albicans. For the 15 years following the discovery of white-opaque switching, its role in the biology of C. albicans remained elusive. Then in 2002, it was discovered that in order to mate, C. albicans had to switch from white to opaque, a unique step in a yeast mating program. In 2006, three laboratories simultaneously identified a putative master switch gene, which led to a major quest to elucidate the underlying mechanisms that regulate white-opaque switching. Here, the evolving discoveries related to this complicated phenotypic transition are reviewed in a quasi-chronological order not only to provide a historical perspective but also to highlight several unique characteristics of white-opaque switching, which are fascinating and may be important to the life history and virulence of this persistent pathogen. Many of these characteristics have not been fully investigated, in many cases, leaving intriguing questions unresolved. Some of these include the function of unique channeled pimples on the opaque cell wall, the capacity to form opaque cells in the absence of the master switch gene WOR1, the formation of separate "pathogenic" and "sexual" biofilms, and the possibility that a significant portion of natural strains colonizing the lower gastrointestinal tract may be in the opaque phase. This review addresses many of these characteristics with the intent of engendering interest in resolving questions that remain unanswered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Soll
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Katsipoulaki M, Stappers MHT, Malavia-Jones D, Brunke S, Hube B, Gow NAR. Candida albicans and Candida glabrata: global priority pathogens. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0002123. [PMID: 38832801 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00021-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYA significant increase in the incidence of Candida-mediated infections has been observed in the last decade, mainly due to rising numbers of susceptible individuals. Recently, the World Health Organization published its first fungal pathogen priority list, with Candida species listed in medium, high, and critical priority categories. This review is a synthesis of information and recent advances in our understanding of two of these species-Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. Of these, C. albicans is the most common cause of candidemia around the world and is categorized as a critical priority pathogen. C. glabrata is considered a high-priority pathogen and has become an increasingly important cause of candidemia in recent years. It is now the second most common causative agent of candidemia in many geographical regions. Despite their differences and phylogenetic divergence, they are successful as pathogens and commensals of humans. Both species can cause a broad variety of infections, ranging from superficial to potentially lethal systemic infections. While they share similarities in certain infection strategies, including tissue adhesion and invasion, they differ significantly in key aspects of their biology, interaction with immune cells, host damage strategies, and metabolic adaptations. Here we provide insights on key aspects of their biology, epidemiology, commensal and pathogenic lifestyles, interactions with the immune system, and antifungal resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Katsipoulaki
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Mark H T Stappers
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Dhara Malavia-Jones
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Neil A R Gow
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shaik S, Lee JH, Kim YG, Lee J. Antifungal, anti-biofilm, and anti-hyphal properties of N-substituted phthalimide derivatives against Candida species. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1414618. [PMID: 38903941 PMCID: PMC11188339 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1414618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida species comprise a ubiquitous pathogenic fungal genus responsible for causing candidiasis. They are one of the primary causatives of several mucosal and systemic infections in humans and can survive in various environments. In this study, we investigated the antifungal, anti-biofilm, and anti-hyphal effects of six N-substituted phthalimides against three Candida species. Of the derivatives, N-butylphthalimide (NBP) was the most potent, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 100 µg/ml and which dose-dependently inhibited biofilm at sub-inhibitory concentrations (10-50 µg/ml) in both the fluconazole-resistant and fluconazole-sensitive Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. NBP also effectively inhibited biofilm formation in other pathogens including uropathogenic Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, along with the polymicrobial biofilms of S. epidermidis and C. albicans. NBP markedly inhibited the hyphal formation and cell aggregation of C. albicans and altered its colony morphology in a dose-dependent manner. Gene expression analysis showed that NBP significantly downregulated the expression of important hyphal- and biofilm-associated genes, i.e., ECE1, HWP1, and UME6, upon treatment. NBP also exhibited mild toxicity at concentrations ranging from 2 to 20 µg/ml in a nematode model. Therefore, this study suggests that NBP has anti-biofilm and antifungal potential against various Candida strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu Z, Li Y, Xu A, Xue L, Soteyome T, Yuan L, Ma Q, Seneviratne G, Hong W, Mao Y, Kjellerup BV, Liu J. Differential alteration in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum quorum-sensing systems and reduced Candida albicans yeast survival and virulence gene expression in dual-species interaction. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0035324. [PMID: 38717160 PMCID: PMC11237386 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00353-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum (L. plantarum) are frequently identified in various niches, but their dual-species interaction, especially with C. albicans in yeast form, remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the dual-species interaction of L. plantarum and C. albicans, including proliferation, morphology, and transcriptomes examined by selective agar plate counting, microscopy, and polymicrobial RNA-seq, respectively. Maintaining a stable and unchanged growth rate, L. plantarum inhibited C. albicans yeast cell proliferation but not hyphal growth. Combining optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy, cell-to-cell direct contact and co-aggregation with L. plantarum cells surrounding C. albicans yeast cells were observed during dual-species interaction. Reduced C. albicans yeast cell proliferation in mixed culture was partially due to L. plantarum cell-free culture supernatant but not the acidic environment. Upon polymicrobial transcriptomics analysis, interesting changes were identified in both L. plantarum and C. albicans gene expression. First, two L. plantarum quorum-sensing systems showed contrary changes, with the activation of lamBDCA and repression of luxS. Second, the upregulation of stress response-related genes and downregulation of cell cycle, cell survival, and cell integrity-related pathways were identified in C. albicans, possibly connected to the stress posed by L. plantarum and the reduced yeast cell proliferation. Third, a large scale of pathogenesis and virulence factors were downregulated in C. albicans, indicating the potential interruption of pathogenic activities by L. plantarum. Fourth, partial metabolism and transport pathways were changed in L. plantarum and C. albicans. The information in this study might aid in understanding the behavior of L. plantarum and C. albicans in dual-species interaction.IMPORTANCEThe anti-Candida albicans activity of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum has been explored in the past decades. However, the importance of C. albicans yeast form and the effect of C. albicans on L. plantarum had also been omitted. In this study, the dual-species interaction of L. plantarum and C. albicans was investigated with a focus on the transcriptomes. Cell-to-cell direct contact and co-aggregation with L. plantarum cells surrounding C. albicans yeast cells were observed. Upon polymicrobial transcriptomics analysis, interesting changes were identified, including contrary changes in two L. plantarum quorum-sensing systems and reduced cell survival-related pathways and pathogenesis determinants in C. albicans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbo Xu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaqin Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aijuan Xu
- Guangzhou Hybribio Medical Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, China, Guangzhou, Guangdong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Thanapop Soteyome
- Home Economics Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lei Yuan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Wei Hong
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuzhu Mao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Birthe V. Kjellerup
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Junyan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Science, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
El-Gazzar N, Elez RMMA, Attia ASA, Abdel-Warith AWA, Darwish MM, Younis EM, Eltahlawi RA, Mohamed KI, Davies SJ, Elsohaby I. Antifungal and antibiofilm effects of probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius, zinc nanoparticles, and zinc nanocomposites against Candida albicans from Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus), water and humans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1358270. [PMID: 38895734 PMCID: PMC11183309 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1358270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Candida albicans (C. albicans) can form biofilms; a critical virulence factor that provides effective protection from commercial antifungals and contributes to public health issues. The development of new antifungal therapies, particularly those targeting biofilms, is imperative. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the antifungal and antibiofilm effects of Lactobacillus salivarius (L. salivarius), zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) and nanocomposites (ZnNCs) on C. albicans isolates from Nile tilapia, fish wash water and human fish sellers in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Methods A cross-sectional study collected 300 samples from tilapia, fish wash water, and fish sellers (100 each). Probiotic L. salivarius was immobilized with ZnNPs to synthesize ZnNCs. The study assessed the antifungal and antibiofilm activities of ZnNPs, L. salivarius, and ZnNCs compared to amphotericin (AMB). Results Candida spp. were detected in 38 samples, which included C. albicans (42.1%), C. glabrata (26.3%), C. krusei (21.1%), and C. parapsilosis (10.5%). A total of 62.5% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antifungal agent, with the highest resistance to nystatin (62.5%). However, 75% of the isolates were highly susceptible to AMB. All C. albicans isolates exhibited biofilm-forming capabilities, with 4 (25%) isolates showing strong biofilm formation. At least one virulence-associated gene (RAS1, HWP1, ALS3, or SAP4) was identified among the C. albicans isolates. Probiotics L. salivarius, ZnNPs, and ZnNCs displayed antibiofilm and antifungal effects against C. albicans, with ZnNCs showing significantly higher inhibitory activity. ZnNCs, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 10 µg/mL, completely reduced C. albicans biofilm gene expression. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy images of C. albicans biofilms treated with ZnNCs revealed asymmetric, wrinkled surfaces, cell deformations, and reduced cell numbers. Conclusion This study identified virulent, resistant C. albicans isolates with strong biofilm-forming abilities in tilapia, water, and humans, that pose significant risks to public health and food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nashwa El-Gazzar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rasha M. M. Abou Elez
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amira S. A. Attia
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Manal M. Darwish
- Medical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza, Egypt
| | - Elsayed M. Younis
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehab A. Eltahlawi
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Simon J. Davies
- Aquaculture Nutrition Research Unit ANRU, Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ibrahim Elsohaby
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice (OHRP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rai LS, Chauvel M, Sanchez H, van Wijlick L, Maufrais C, Cokelaer T, Sertour N, Legrand M, Sanyal K, Andes DR, Bachellier-Bassi S, d’Enfert C. Metabolic reprogramming during Candida albicans planktonic-biofilm transition is modulated by the transcription factors Zcf15 and Zcf26. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002693. [PMID: 38905306 PMCID: PMC11221756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal of the human microbiota that can form biofilms on implanted medical devices. These biofilms are tolerant to antifungals and to the host immune system. To identify novel genes modulating C. albicans biofilm formation, we performed a large-scale screen with 2,454 C. albicans doxycycline-dependent overexpression strains and identified 16 genes whose overexpression significantly hampered biofilm formation. Among those, overexpression of the ZCF15 and ZCF26 paralogs that encode transcription factors and have orthologs only in biofilm-forming species of the Candida clade, caused impaired biofilm formation both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, overexpression of ZCF15 impeded biofilm formation without any defect in hyphal growth. Transcript profiling, transcription factor binding, and phenotypic microarray analyses conducted upon overexpression of ZCF15 and ZCF26 demonstrated their role in reprogramming cellular metabolism by regulating central metabolism including glyoxylate and tricarboxylic acid cycle genes. Taken together, this study has identified a new set of biofilm regulators, including ZCF15 and ZCF26, that appear to control biofilm development through their specific role in metabolic remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laxmi Shanker Rai
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INRAE USC2019, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Paris, France
- Department of Life Sciences, GITAM University, Bengaluru, Karnataka 561203, India
| | - Murielle Chauvel
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INRAE USC2019, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Paris, France
| | - Hiram Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Lasse van Wijlick
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INRAE USC2019, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Maufrais
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INRAE USC2019, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Cokelaer
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, Paris, France
| | - Natacha Sertour
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INRAE USC2019, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Legrand
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INRAE USC2019, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Paris, France
| | - Kaustuv Sanyal
- Molecular Mycology Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, Unified Academic Campus, EN-80, Sector-V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, India
| | - David R. Andes
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sophie Bachellier-Bassi
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INRAE USC2019, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Paris, France
| | - Christophe d’Enfert
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INRAE USC2019, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen M, Huang WK, Yao Y, Wu SM, Yang YX, Liu WX, Luo G, Wei SF, Zhang H, Liu HM, Wang B. Heterologous expression of the insect SVWC peptide WHIS1 inhibits Candida albicans invasion into A549 and HeLa epithelial cells. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1358752. [PMID: 38873147 PMCID: PMC11169590 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1358752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans), a microbe commonly isolated from Candida vaginitis patients with vaginal tract infections, transforms from yeast to hyphae and produces many toxins, adhesins, and invasins, as well as C. albicans biofilms resistant to antifungal antibiotic treatment. Effective agents against this pathogen are urgently needed. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been used to cure inflammation and infectious diseases. In this study, we isolated whole housefly larvae insect SVWC peptide 1 (WHIS1), a novel insect single von Willebrand factor C-domain protein (SVWC) peptide from whole housefly larvae. The expression pattern of WHIS1 showed a response to the stimulation of C. albicans. In contrast to other SVWC members, which function as antiviral peptides, interferon (IFN) analogs or pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which are the prokaryotically expressed MdWHIS1 protein, inhibit the growth of C. albicans. Eukaryotic heterologous expression of WHIS1 inhibited C. albicans invasion into A549 and HeLa cells. The heterologous expression of WHIS1 clearly inhibited hyphal formation both extracellularly and intracellularly. Furthermore, the mechanism of WHIS1 has demonstrated that it downregulates all key hyphal formation factors (ALS1, ALS3, ALS5, ECE1, HWP1, HGC1, EFG1, and ZAP1) both extracellularly and intracellularly. These data showed that heterologously expressed WHIS1 inhibits C. albicans invasion into epithelial cells by affecting hyphal formation and adhesion factor-related gene expression. These findings provide new potential drug candidates for treating C. albicans infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Health Medicine Biotechnology of Guizhou Province & School of Biology and Engineering (Modern Industry College of Health Medicine) & School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, China Ministry of Education (Guizhou Medical University), Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Wei-Kang Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Health Medicine Biotechnology of Guizhou Province & School of Biology and Engineering (Modern Industry College of Health Medicine) & School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yang Yao
- Engineering Research Center of Health Medicine Biotechnology of Guizhou Province & School of Biology and Engineering (Modern Industry College of Health Medicine) & School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Shi-Mei Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Health Medicine Biotechnology of Guizhou Province & School of Biology and Engineering (Modern Industry College of Health Medicine) & School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yong-Xin Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Health Medicine Biotechnology of Guizhou Province & School of Biology and Engineering (Modern Industry College of Health Medicine) & School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Wen-Xia Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Health Medicine Biotechnology of Guizhou Province & School of Biology and Engineering (Modern Industry College of Health Medicine) & School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Gang Luo
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Shao-Feng Wei
- Engineering Research Center of Health Medicine Biotechnology of Guizhou Province & School of Biology and Engineering (Modern Industry College of Health Medicine) & School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, China Ministry of Education (Guizhou Medical University), Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Hong-Mei Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Health Medicine Biotechnology of Guizhou Province & School of Biology and Engineering (Modern Industry College of Health Medicine) & School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, China Ministry of Education (Guizhou Medical University), Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Health Medicine Biotechnology of Guizhou Province & School of Biology and Engineering (Modern Industry College of Health Medicine) & School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, China Ministry of Education (Guizhou Medical University), Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee J, Song H, Kim K. Inhibition of Candida albicans Biofilm Formation and Attenuation of Its Virulence by Liriope muscari. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:434. [PMID: 38786162 PMCID: PMC11117302 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13050434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Although Candida albicans accounts for the majority of fungal infections, therapeutic options are limited and require alternative antifungal agents with new targets; (2) Methods: A biofilm formation assay with RPMI1640 medium was performed with Liriope muscari extract. A combination antifungal assay, dimorphic transition assay, and adhesion assay were performed under the biofilm formation condition to determine the anti-biofilm formation effect. qRT-PCR analysis was accomplished to confirm changes in gene expression; (3) Results: L. muscari extract significantly reduces biofilm formation by 51.65% at 1.56 μg/mL use and therefore increases susceptibility to miconazole. L. muscari extract also inhibited the dimorphic transition of Candida; nearly 50% of the transition was inhibited when 1.56 μg/mL of the extract was treated. The extract of L. muscari inhibited the expression of genes related to hyphal development and extracellular matrix of 34.4% and 36.0%, respectively, as well as genes within the Ras1-cAMP-PKA, Cph2-Tec1, and MAP kinase signaling pathways of 25.58%, 7.1% and 15.8%, respectively, at 1.56 μg/mL of L. muscari extract treatment; (4) Conclusions: L. muscari extract significantly reduced Candida biofilm formation, which lead to induced antifungal susceptibility to miconazole. It suggests that L. muscari extract is a promising anti-biofilm candidate of Candida albicans since the biofilm formation of Candida albicans is an excellent target for candidiasis regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghoon Lee
- Department of Medical Science of Meridian, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Kyungheedae-ro 6-gil, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyunchan Song
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kiyoung Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tan J, Zhang Z, Zheng D, Mu Y, Cao B, Yang J, Han L, Huang X. Structure-activity relationship and biofilm formation-related gene targets of oleanolic acid-type saponins from Pulsatilla chinensis against Candida albicans. Bioorg Chem 2024; 146:107311. [PMID: 38547720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
In the course of our investigations of antifungal natural products, the structure-activity relationship and antifungal activities of oleanolic acid-type saponins (1-28) from Pulsatilla chinensis against human and plant pathogenic fungi were elucidated. The analysis of structure-activity relationship of oleanolic acid-type saponins showed that the free carboxyl at C-28 was essential for their antifungal activities; the free hydroxyl group at the C-23 site of oleanolic acid-type saponins played a crucial role in their antifungal activities; the oligosaccharide chain at C-3 oleanolic acid-type saponins showed significant effects on antifungal efficacy and a disaccharide or trisaccharide moiety at position C-3 displayed optimal antifungal activity. The typical saponin pulchinenoside B3 (16, PB3) displayed satisfactory antifungal activity against human and plant pathogenic fungi, especially, C. albicans with an MIC value of 12.5 μg/mL. Furthermore, PB3 could inhibit the biofilm formation of C. albicans through downregulating the expression of the integrated network of biofilm formation-associated transcription factors (Bcr1 Efg1, Ndt80, Brg1, Rob1 and Tec1) and adhesion-related target genes (HWP1, ALS1, and ALS3). Meanwhile, we found that PB3 could effectively destroy the mature biofilm of C. albicans by the oxidative damage and inducing mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Tan
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Zengguang Zhang
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Dan Zheng
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yu Mu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Bixuan Cao
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Junwei Yang
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Li Han
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Xueshi Huang
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xiong L, Pereira De Sa N, Zarnowski R, Huang MY, Mota Fernandes C, Lanni F, Andes DR, Del Poeta M, Mitchell AP. Biofilm-associated metabolism via ERG251 in Candida albicans. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012225. [PMID: 38739655 PMCID: PMC11115363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans is the basis for its ability to infect medical devices. The metabolic gene ERG251 has been identified as a target of biofilm transcriptional regulator Efg1, and here we report that ERG251 is required for biofilm formation but not conventional free-living planktonic growth. An erg251Δ/Δ mutation impairs biofilm formation in vitro and in an in vivo catheter infection model. In both in vitro and in vivo biofilm contexts, cell number is reduced and hyphal length is limited. To determine whether the mutant defect is in growth or some other aspect of biofilm development, we examined planktonic cell features in a biofilm-like environment, which was approximated with sealed unshaken cultures. Under those conditions, the erg251Δ/Δ mutation causes defects in growth and hyphal extension. Overexpression in the erg251Δ/Δ mutant of the paralog ERG25, which is normally expressed more weakly than ERG251, partially improves biofilm formation and biofilm hyphal content, as well as growth and hyphal extension in a biofilm-like environment. GC-MS analysis shows that the erg251Δ/Δ mutation causes a defect in ergosterol accumulation when cells are cultivated under biofilm-like conditions, but not under conventional planktonic conditions. Overexpression of ERG25 in the erg251Δ/Δ mutant causes some increase in ergosterol levels. Finally, the hypersensitivity of efg1Δ/Δ mutants to the ergosterol inhibitor fluconazole is reversed by ERG251 overexpression, arguing that reduced ERG251 expression contributes to this efg1Δ/Δ phenotype. Our results indicate that ERG251 is required for biofilm formation because its high expression levels are necessary for ergosterol synthesis in a biofilm-like environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Xiong
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nivea Pereira De Sa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert Zarnowski
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Manning Y. Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Caroline Mota Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Frederick Lanni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David R. Andes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Aaron P. Mitchell
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ahmady L, Gothwal M, Mukkoli MM, Bari VK. Antifungal drug resistance in Candida: a special emphasis on amphotericin B. APMIS 2024; 132:291-316. [PMID: 38465406 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections in humans caused by several Candida species, increased considerably in immunocompromised or critically ill patients, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality. Candida albicans is the most prevalent species, although the frequency of these organisms varies greatly according to geographic region. Infections with C. albicans and non-albicans Candida species have become more common, especially in the past 20 years, as a result of aging, immunosuppressive medication use, endocrine disorders, malnourishment, extended use of medical equipment, and an increase in immunogenic diseases. Despite C. albicans being the species most frequently associated with human infections, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei also have been identified. Several antifungal drugs with different modes of action are approved for use in clinical settings to treat fungal infections. However, due to the common eukaryotic structure of humans and fungi, only a limited number of antifungal drugs are available for therapeutic use. Furthermore, drug resistance in Candida species has emerged as a result of the growing use of currently available antifungal drugs against fungal infections. Amphotericin B (AmB), a polyene class of antifungal drugs, is mainly used for the treatment of serious systemic fungal infections. AmB interacts with fungal plasma membrane ergosterol, triggering cellular ion leakage via pore formation, or extracting the ergosterol from the plasma membrane inducing cellular death. AmB resistance is primarily caused by changes in the content or structure of ergosterol. This review summarizes the antifungal drug resistance exhibited by Candida species, with a special focus on AmB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lailema Ahmady
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Manisha Gothwal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | | | - Vinay Kumar Bari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Madhuri M, Rudramurthy SM, Roy U. Two promising Bacillus-derived antifungal lipopeptide leads AF 4 and AF 5 and their combined effect with fluconazole on the in vitro Candida glabrata biofilms. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1334419. [PMID: 38708082 PMCID: PMC11066293 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1334419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Candida species are endowed with the ability to produce biofilms, which is one of the causes of pathogenicity, as biofilms protect yeasts from antifungal drugs. Candida glabrata (Nakaseomyces glabrata) is one of the most prevalent pathogenic yeasts in humans and a biofilm producer. Methods: The study was aimed at evaluating the combined effects of two highly promising antifungal biomolecules (AF4 and AF5) lipopeptide in nature, chromatographically purified to homogeneity from Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and the standard antifungal fluconazole (at different concentrations) to demonstrate C. glabrata biofilm formation inhibition. Biofilm production and inhibition were evaluated by quantification of the biofilm biomass and metabolic activity using crystal violet (CV) staining and XTT reduction assays, respectively. Microscopic techniques such as confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to visualize biofilm formation and inhibition. Results and Discussion: Compared to untreated and fluconazole-treated biofilms, an enhanced in vitro anti-biofilm effect of the antifungal lipopeptides AF4/AF5 alone and their combinations with fluconazole was established. The lipopeptides AF4/AF5 alone at 8 and 16 μg/mL exhibited significant biomass and metabolic activity reductions. SEM and CSLM images provided evidence that the lipopeptide exposure results in architectural alterations and a significant reduction of C. glabrata biofilms, whereas (2', 7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA) and propidium iodide (PI) analyses showed reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation along with membrane permeabilization. The estimation of exopolysaccharides (EPS) in AF4/AF5-treated biofilms indicated EPS reduction. The combinations of fluconazole (64/128 μg/mL) and AF4/AF5 lipopeptide (16 μg/mL) were found to significantly disrupt the mature (24 h) biofilms as revealed by CSLM and SEM studies. The CSLM images of biofilms were validated using COMSTAT. The FTIR-analyses indicate the antibiofilm effects of both lipopeptides on 24 h biofilms to support CSLM and SEM observations. The combinations of fluconazole (64/128 μg/mL) and AF4/AF5 lipopeptide were found to disrupt the mature biofilms; the study also showed that the lipopeptides alone have the potentials to combat C. glabrata biofilms. Taken together, it may be suggested that these lipopeptide leads can be optimized to potentially apply on various surfaces to either reduce or nearly eradicate yeast biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madduri Madhuri
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Sancoale, Goa, India
| | - Shivaprakash M Rudramurthy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical Mycology Division, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Utpal Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Sancoale, Goa, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jørgensen MR. Pathophysiological microenvironments in oral candidiasis. APMIS 2024. [PMID: 38571459 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Oral candidiasis (OC), a prevalent opportunistic infection of the oral mucosa, presents a considerable health challenge, particularly in individuals with compromised immune responses, advanced age, and local predisposing conditions. A considerable part of the population carries Candida in the oral cavity, but only few develop OC. Therefore, the pathogenesis of OC may depend on factors other than the attributes of the fungus, such as host factors and other predisposing factors. Mucosal trauma and inflammation compromise epithelial integrity, fostering a conducive environment for fungal invasion. Molecular insights into the immunocompromised state reveal dysregulation in innate and adaptive immunity, creating a permissive environment for Candida proliferation. Detailed examination of Candida species (spp.) and their virulence factors uncovers a nuanced understanding beyond traditional C. albicans focus, which embrace diverse Candida spp. and their strategies, influencing adhesion, invasion, immune evasion, and biofilm formation. Understanding the pathophysiological microenvironments in OC is crucial for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions. This review aims to unravel the diverse pathophysiological microenvironments influencing OC development focusing on microbial, host, and predisposing factors, and considers Candida resistance to antifungal therapy. The comprehensive approach offers a refined perspective on OC, seeking briefly to identify potential therapeutic targets for future effective management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mette Rose Jørgensen
- Section of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shen T, Tian B, Liu W, Yang X, Sheng Q, Li M, Wang H, Wang X, Zhou H, Han Y, Ding C, Sai S. Transdermal administration of farnesol-ethosomes enhances the treatment of cutaneous candidiasis induced by Candida albicans in mice. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0424723. [PMID: 38415658 PMCID: PMC10986551 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04247-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous candidiasis, caused by Candida albicans, is a severe and frustrating condition, and finding effective treatments can be challenging. Therefore, the development of farnesol-loaded nanoparticles is an exciting breakthrough. Ethosomes are a novel transdermal drug delivery carrier that incorporates a certain concentration (10-45%) of alcohols into lipid vesicles, resulting in improved permeability and encapsulation rates compared to conventional liposomes. Farnesol is a quorum-sensing molecule involved in morphogenesis regulation in C. albicans, and these ethosomes offer a promising new approach to treating this common fungal infection. This study develops the formulation of farnesol-loaded ethosomes (farnesol-ethosomes) and assesses applications in treating cutaneous candidiasis induced by C. albicans in vitro and in vivo. Farnesol-ethosomes were successfully developed by ethanol injection method. Therapeutic properties of farnesol-ethosomes, such as particle size, zeta potential, and morphology, were well characterized. According to the results, farnesol-ethosomes demonstrated an increased inhibition effect on cells' growth and biofilm formation in C. albicans. In Animal infection models, treating farnesol-ethosomes by transdermal administration effectively relieved symptoms caused by cutaneous candidiasis and reduced fungal burdens in quantity. We also observed that ethosomes significantly enhanced drug delivery efficacy in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that farnesol-ethosomes can provide future promising roles in curing cutaneous candidiasis. IMPORTANCE Cutaneous candidiasis attributed to Candida infection is a prevalent condition that impacts individuals of all age groups. As a type of microbial community, biofilms confer benefits to host infections and mitigate the clinical effects of antifungal treatments. In C. albicans, the yeast-to-hypha transition and biofilm formation are effectively suppressed by farnesol through its modulation of multiple signaling pathway. However, the characteristics of farnesol such as hydrophobicity, volatility, degradability, and instability in various conditions can impose limitations on its effectiveness. Nanotechnology holds the potential to enhance the efficiency and utilization of this molecule. Treatment of farnesol-ethosomes by transdermal administration demonstrated a very remarkable therapeutic effect against C. albicans in infection model of cutaneous candidiasis in mice. Many patients suffering fungal skin infection will benefit from this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Baocheng Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Life and Health Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuesong Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Mengxin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuwen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Huihui Zhou
- Department of pathology, Affiliated Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yanchun Han
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Chen Ding
- College of Life and Health Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sixiang Sai
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang TW, Sofras D, Montelongo-Jauregui D, Paiva TO, Carolus H, Dufrêne YF, Alfaifi AA, McCracken C, Bruno VM, Van Dijck P, Jabra-Rizk MA. Functional Redundancy in Candida auris Cell Surface Adhesins Crucial for Cell-Cell Interaction and Aggregation. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4077218. [PMID: 38562859 PMCID: PMC10984083 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4077218/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging nosocomial fungal pathogen associated with life-threatening invasive disease due to its persistent colonization, high level of transmissibility and multi-drug resistance. Aggregative and non-aggregative growth phenotypes for C. auris strains with different biofilm forming abilities, drug susceptibilities and virulence characteristics have been described. Using comprehensive transcriptional analysis we identified key cell surface adhesins that were highly upregulated in the aggregative phenotype during in vitro and in vivo grown biofilms using a mouse model of catheter infection. Phenotypic and functional evaluations of generated null mutants demonstrated crucial roles for the adhesins Als5 and Scf1 in mediating cell-cell adherence, coaggregation and biofilm formation. While individual mutants were largely non-aggregative, in combination cells were able to co-adhere and aggregate, as directly demonstrated by measuring cell adhesion forces using single-cell atomic force spectroscopy. This co-adherence indicates their role as complementary adhesins, which despite their limited similarity, may function redundantly to promote cell-cell interaction and biofilm formation. Functional diversity of cell wall proteins may be a form of regulation that provides the aggregative phenotype of C. auris with flexibility and rapid adaptation to the environment, potentially impacting persistence and virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan W. Wang
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Dimitrios Sofras
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel Montelongo-Jauregui
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Telmo O. Paiva
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Hans Carolus
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yves F. Dufrêne
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Areej A. Alfaifi
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Carrie McCracken
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Vincent M. Bruno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang TW, Sofras D, Montelongo-Jauregui D, Paiva TO, Carolus H, Dufrêne YF, Alfaifi AA, McCracken C, Bruno VM, Van Dijck P, Jabra-Rizk MA. Functional Redundancy in Candida auris Cell Surface Adhesins Crucial for Cell-Cell Interaction and Aggregation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.21.586120. [PMID: 38562758 PMCID: PMC10983922 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.21.586120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging nosocomial fungal pathogen associated with life-threatening invasive disease due to its persistent colonization, high level of transmissibility and multi-drug resistance. Aggregative and non-aggregative growth phenotypes for C. auris strains with different biofilm forming abilities, drug susceptibilities and virulence characteristics have been described. Using comprehensive transcriptional analysis we identified key cell surface adhesins that were highly upregulated in the aggregative phenotype during in vitro and in vivo grown biofilms using a mouse model of catheter infection. Phenotypic and functional evaluations of generated null mutants demonstrated crucial roles for the adhesins Als5 and Scf1 in mediating cell-cell adherence, coaggregation and biofilm formation. While individual mutants were largely non-aggregative, in combination cells were able to co-adhere and aggregate, as directly demonstrated by measuring cell adhesion forces using single-cell atomic force spectroscopy. This co-adherence indicates their role as complementary adhesins, which despite their limited similarity, may function redundantly to promote cell-cell interaction and biofilm formation. Functional diversity of cell wall proteins may be a form of regulation that provides the aggregative phenotype of C. auris with flexibility and rapid adaptation to the environment, potentially impacting persistence and virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan W. Wang
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Dimitrios Sofras
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel Montelongo-Jauregui
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Telmo O. Paiva
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Hans Carolus
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yves F. Dufrêne
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Areej A. Alfaifi
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Carrie McCracken
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Vincent M. Bruno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schimanski J, Gresnigt MS, Brunner E, Werz O, Hube B, Garscha U. Hyphal-associated protein expression is crucial for Candida albicans-induced eicosanoid biosynthesis in immune cells. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350743. [PMID: 38233139 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Candida albicans causes opportunistic infections ranging from mucosal mycoses to life-threatening systemic infections in immunocompromised patients. During C. albicans infection, leukotrienes and prostaglandins are formed from arachidonic acid by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and cyclooxygenases, respectively to amplify inflammatory conditions, but also to initiate macrophage infiltration to achieve tissue homeostasis. Since less is known about the cellular mechanisms triggering such lipid mediator biosynthesis, we investigated the eicosanoid formation in monocyte-derived M1 and M2 macrophages, neutrophils and HEK293 cells transfected with 5-LOX and 5-LOX-activating protein (FLAP) in response to C. albicans yeast or hyphae. Leukotriene biosynthesis was exclusively induced by hyphae in neutrophils and macrophages, whereas prostaglandin E2 was also formed in response to yeast cells by M1 macrophages. Eicosanoid biosynthesis was significantly higher in M1 compared to M2 macrophages. In HEK_5-LOX/FLAP cells only hyphae activated the essential 5-LOX translocation to the nuclear membrane. Using yeast-locked C. albicans mutants, we demonstrated that hyphal-associated protein expression is critical in eicosanoid formation. For neutrophils and HEK_5-LOX/FLAP cells, hyphal wall protein 1 was identified as the essential surface protein that stimulates leukotriene biosynthesis. In summary, our data suggest that hyphal-associated proteins of C. albicans are central triggers of eicosanoid biosynthesis in human phagocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Schimanski
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mark S Gresnigt
- Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Elena Brunner
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Garscha
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Feng Z, Lu H, Jiang Y. Promising immunotherapeutic targets for treating candidiasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1339501. [PMID: 38404288 PMCID: PMC10884116 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1339501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In the last twenty years, there has been a significant increase in invasive fungal infections, which has corresponded with the expanding population of individuals with compromised immune systems. As a result, the mortality rate linked to these infections remains unacceptably high. The currently available antifungal drugs, such as azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins, face limitations in terms of their diversity, the escalating resistance of fungi and the occurrence of significant adverse effects. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop new antifungal medications. Vaccines and antibodies present a promising avenue for addressing fungal infections due to their targeted antifungal properties and ability to modulate the immune response. This review investigates the structure and function of cell wall proteins, secreted proteins, and functional proteins within C. albicans. Furthermore, it seeks to analyze the current advancements and challenges in macromolecular drugs to identify new targets for the effective management of candidiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Thombre D, Shelar A, Nakhale S, Khairnar B, Karale N, Sangshetti J, Nile SH, Patil R. Green synthesis of biogenic selenium nanoparticles functionalized with ginger dietary extract targeting virulence factor and biofilm formation in Candida albicans. Microb Pathog 2024; 186:106462. [PMID: 38030019 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
To treat the systemic infections caused by Candida albicans (C. albicans), various drugs have been used, however, infections still persisted due to virulence factors and increasing antifungal resistance. As a solution to this problem, we synthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) by using Bacillus cereus bacteria. This is the first study to report a higher (70 %) reduction of selenite ions into SeNPs in under 6 h. The as-synthesized, biogenic SeNPs were used to deliver bioactive constituents of aqueous extract of ginger for inhibiting the growth and biofilm (virulence factors) in C. albicans. UV-visible spectroscopy revealed a characteristic absorption at 280 nm, and Raman spectroscopy showed a characteristic peak shift at 253 cm-1 for the biogenic SeNPs. The synthesized SeNPs are spherical with 240-250 nm in size as determined by electron microscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the functionalization of antifungal constituents of ginger over the SeNPs (formation of Ginger@SeNPs nanoconjugates). In contrast to biogenic SeNPs, nanoconjugates were active against C. albicans for inhibiting growth and biofilm formation. In order to reveal antifungal mechanism of nanoconjugates', real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was performed, according to RT-PCR analysis, the nanoconjugates target virulence genes involved in C. albicans hyphae and biofilm formation. Nanoconjugates inhibited 25 % growth of human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cell line, indicating moderate cytotoxicity of active nanoconjugates in an in-vitro cytotoxicity study. Therefore, biogenic SeNPs conjugated with ginger dietary extract may be a potential antifungal agent and drug carrier for inhibiting C. albicans growth and biofilm formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dipalee Thombre
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Amruta Shelar
- Department of Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Sweta Nakhale
- PES's Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce Ganeshkhind. Pune, Maharashtra, 411053, India
| | - Bhushan Khairnar
- Interdisciplinary School of Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Netaji Karale
- Vidya Pratishthan's Arts, Science and Commerce College, Baramati, 413133, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Shivraj Hariram Nile
- Division of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, DBT-National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector-81, Knowledge City, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India.
| | - Rajendra Patil
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
David H, Solomon AP. Molecular association of Candida albicans and vulvovaginal candidiasis: focusing on a solution. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1245808. [PMID: 37900321 PMCID: PMC10611527 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1245808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans-mediated vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a significant challenge in clinical settings, owing to the inefficacy of current antifungals in modulating virulence, development of resistance, and poor penetration into the biofilm matrix. Various predisposition factors are molecular drivers that lead to the dysbiosis of normal microflora of the vagina, upregulation of central metabolic pathways, morphogenesis, hyphal extension, adhesion, invasion, and biofilm formation leading to chronic infection and recurrence. Hence, it is crucial to understand the molecular mechanism behind the virulence pathways driven by those drivers to decode the drug targets. Finding innovative solutions targeting fungal virulence/biofilm may potentiate the antifungals at low concentrations without affecting the recurrence of resistance. With this background, the present review details the critical molecular drivers and associated network of virulence pathways, possible drug targets, target-specific inhibitors, and probable mode of drug delivery to cross the preclinical phase by appropriate in vivo models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adline Princy Solomon
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gerges MA, Fahmy YA, Hosny T, Gandor NH, Mohammed SY, Mohamed TMA, Abdelmoteleb NEM, Esmaeel NE. Biofilm Formation and Aspartyl Proteinase Activity and Their Association with Azole Resistance Among Candida albicans Causing Vulvovaginal Candidiasis, Egypt. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:5283-5293. [PMID: 37601561 PMCID: PMC10439283 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s420580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Candida albicans (C. albicans) is a major cause of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), a condition that is commonly treated with azole agents. Biofilm formation and aspartyl proteinase production are important virulence factors that could be linked to azole resistance in C. albicans impeding therapy. Aim To find out the association of both factors with azole resistance among C. albicans isolated from VVC cases in Egyptian nonpregnant women of childbearing age. Patients and Methods In a cross-sectional study, C. albicans was isolated from nonpregnant females diagnosed clinically as having VVC during a 1-year study period. Susceptibility to azole agents was tested using the disc diffusion method. Biofilm formation and aspartyl proteinase production were assessed phenotypically. Additionally, two biofilm-related genes (ALS1 and HWP1) and three proteinase genes (SAP2, SAP4, and SAP6) were screened for using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results Among 204 C. albicans isolates, azole resistance ratios were as follows: voriconazole (30.4%), itraconazole (17.6%), fluconazole (11.3%) and econazole (6.4%). Biofilm-producing capacity was detected in 63.2% of isolates, and 63.2% were proteinase producers. The frequencies of ALS1 and HWP1 were 69.6% and 74.5%, respectively, while SAP2, SAP4, and SAP6 were 69.2%, 88.7%, and 64.7%, respectively. Biofilm formation was significantly associated with azole resistance (P < 0.001 for each tested azole agent) as was proteinase production (P < 0.001 for fluconazole, voriconazole, and econazole resistance and P = 0.047 for itraconazole). Conclusion Among nonpregnant Egyptian women of childbearing age, azole resistance in C. albicans causing VVC is significantly associated with biofilm formation and proteinase production. The development of new therapeutic agents that can target these factors is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marian A Gerges
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Yasmin Ahmed Fahmy
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Thoraya Hosny
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nessma H Gandor
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sherif Y Mohammed
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | | | - Noura E Esmaeel
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ng AWR, Li L, Ng EWL, Li C, Qiao Y. Molecular Docking Reveals Critical Residues in Candida albicans Cyr1 for Peptidoglycan Recognition and Hyphal Growth. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1362-1371. [PMID: 37318518 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The key virulent characteristic of Candida albicans, the major fungal pathogen in humans, lies in its ability to switch between the benign yeast state and the invasive hyphal form upon exposure to specific stimuli. Among the numerous hyphal-inducing signals, bacterial peptidoglycan fragments (PGNs) represent the most potent inducers of C. albicans hyphal growth. The sole adenylyl cyclase Cyr1 in C. albicans is a known sensor for PGNs and activates downstream signaling of hyphal growth, yet the molecular details of PGN-Cyr1 interactions have remained unclear. In this study, we performed in silico docking of a PGN motif to the modeled structure of the Cyr1 leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain and uncovered four putative PGN-interacting residues in Cyr1_LRR. The critical roles of these residues in PGN binding and supporting C. albicans hyphal growth were demonstrated by in-gel fluorescence binding assay and hyphal induction assay, respectively. Remarkably, the C. albicans mutant harboring the cyr1 variant allele that is defective for PGN recognition exhibits significantly reduced cytotoxicity in macrophage infection assay. Overall, our work offered important insights into the molecular recognition of PGNs by C. albicans Cyr1 sensor protein, establishing that disruption of PGN recognition by Cyr1 results in defective hyphal growth and reduced virulence of C. albicans. Our findings provide an exciting starting point for the future development of Cyr1 antagonists as novel anti-virulence therapeutics to combat C. albicans invasive growth and infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allan Wee Ren Ng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore S637371, Singapore
| | - Lanxin Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore S637371, Singapore
| | - Evan Wei Long Ng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore S637371, Singapore
| | - Chenyu Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore S637371, Singapore
| | - Yuan Qiao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore S637371, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zeng H, Stadler M, Abraham WR, Müsken M, Schrey H. Inhibitory Effects of the Fungal Pigment Rubiginosin C on Hyphal and Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans and Candida auris. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:726. [PMID: 37504715 PMCID: PMC10381533 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The two fungal human pathogens, Candida auris and Candida albicans, possess a variety of virulence mechanisms. Among them are the formation of biofilms to protect yeast against harsh conditions through the development of (pseudo)hyphae whilst also facilitating the invasion of host tissues. In recent years, increased rates of antifungal resistance have been associated with C. albicans and C. auris, posing a significant challenge for the effective treatment of fungal infections. In the course of our ongoing search for novel anti-infectives, six selected azaphilones were tested for their cytotoxicity and antimicrobial effects as well as for their inhibitory activity against biofilm and hyphal formation. This study revealed that rubiginosin C, derived from stromata of the ascomycete Hypoxylon rubiginosum, effectively inhibited the formation of biofilms, pseudohyphae, and hyphae in both C. auris and C. albicans without lethal effects. Crystal violet staining assays were utilized to assess the inhibition of biofilm formation, while complementary microscopic techniques, such as confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and optical microscopy, were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Rubiginosin C is one of the few substances known to effectively target both biofilm formation and the yeast-to-hyphae transition of C. albicans and C. auris within a concentration range not affecting host cells, making it a promising candidate for therapeutic intervention in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoxuan Zeng
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wolf-Rainer Abraham
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mathias Müsken
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hedda Schrey
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yang X, Bai S, Wu J, Fan Y, Zou Y, Xia Z, Ao J, Chen T, Zhang M, Yang R. Antifungal Activity and Potential Action Mechanism of Allicin against Trichosporon asahii. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0090723. [PMID: 37199655 PMCID: PMC10269704 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00907-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichosporon asahii is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that causes potentially fatal disseminated trichosporonosis. The global prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) poses an increasing fungal infection burden caused by T. asahii. Allicin is the main biologically active component with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity in garlic. In this study, we performed an in-depth analysis of the antifungal characteristics of allicin against T. asahii based on physiological, cytological, and transcriptomic assessments. In vitro, allicin inhibited the growth of T. asahii planktonic cells and biofilm cells significantly. In vivo, allicin improved the mean survival time of mice with systemic trichosporonosis and reduced tissue fungal burden. Electron microscopy observations clearly demonstrated damage to T. asahii cell morphology and ultrastructure caused by allicin. Furthermore, allicin increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, leading to oxidative stress damage in T. asahii cells. Transcriptome analysis showed that allicin treatment disturbed the biosynthesis of cell membrane and cell wall, glucose catabolism, and oxidative stress. The overexpression of multiple antioxidant enzymes and transporters may also place an additional burden on cells, causing them to collapse. Our findings shed new light on the potential of allicin as an alternative treatment strategy for trichosporonosis. IMPORTANCE Systemic infection caused by T. asahii has recently been recognized as an important cause of mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Invasive trichosporonosis remains a significant challenge for clinicians, due to the limited therapeutic options. The present work suggests that allicin holds great potential as a therapeutic candidate for T. asahii infection. Allicin demonstrated potent in vitro antifungal activity and potential in vivo protective effects. In addition, transcriptome sequencing provided valuable insights into the antifungal effects of allicin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Shuang Bai
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yunlong Fan
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuekun Zou
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhikuan Xia
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junhong Ao
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mingwang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rongya Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kherad Z, Yazdanpanah S, Saadat F, Pakshir K, Zomorodian K. Vitamin D 3: A promising antifungal and antibiofilm agent against Candida species. Curr Med Mycol 2023; 9:17-22. [PMID: 38375518 PMCID: PMC10874479 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.2023.345062.1416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Candida species are opportunistic fungal pathogens that cause mild to life-threatening infections in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised populations. The increasing prevalence of drug-resistant Candida species has posed a significant challenge to the management of infections in clinical settings. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the direct antifungal and antibiofilm effect of vitamin D3 against Candida species. Materials and Methods The antifungal activity of vitamin D3 was evaluated by broth microdilution method based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Prevention of biofilm formation by Candida albicans was measured using the XTT assay following exposure to different concentrations of vitamin D3. Moreover, expression of Agglutinin-like sequence gene 1 (ALS1), hyphal wall protein gene (HWP1), secreted aspartyl proteinase 6 gene (SAP6), and morphogenesis pathway regulatory gene (EFG1) were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction using the comparative Ct method (ΔΔ Ct) after exposure to vitamin D3. Results Vitamin D3 showed antifungal activity against Candida species ranging from 1-128 μg/mL. Furthermore, vitamin D3 inhibited biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 of 7.5 μg/mL. Treatment with vitamin D3 resulted in significant upregulation of the EFG1, ALS1, and SAP6 genes under hypha-inducing conditions to overcome environmental challenges. Conclusion Results of the current study demonstrated that vitamin D3 has a significant inhibitory effect on Candida growth and biofilm formation. Considering its demonstrated antifungal and antibiofilm properties, vitamin D3 holds promise as a potential agent for medical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Kherad
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Somayeh Yazdanpanah
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farshid Saadat
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Keyvan Pakshir
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Center of Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kamiar Zomorodian
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Center of Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Martorano-Fernandes L, Goodwine JS, Ricomini-Filho AP, Nobile CJ, Del Bel Cury AA. Candida albicans Adhesins Als1 and Hwp1 Modulate Interactions with Streptococcus mutans. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1391. [PMID: 37374893 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans are known to synergistically interact with each other in the oral cavity. For example, glucosyltransferase B (GtfB), secreted by S. mutans, can bind to the C. albicans cell surface, promoting dual-species biofilm formation. However, the fungal factors mediating interactions with S. mutans are unknown. The C. albicans adhesins Als1, Als3, and Hwp1 are key players in C. albicans single-species biofilm formation, but their roles, if any, in interacting with S. mutans have not been assessed. Here, we investigated the roles of the C. albicans cell wall adhesins Als1, Als3, and Hwp1 on forming dual-species biofilms with S. mutans. We assessed the abilities of the C. albicans wild-type als1Δ/Δ, als3Δ/Δ, als1Δ/Δ/als3Δ/Δ, and hwp1Δ/Δ strains to form dual-species biofilms with S. mutans by measuring optical density, metabolic activity, cell enumeration, biomass, thickness, and architecture of the biofilms. We observed that the C. albicans wild-type strain formed enhanced dual-species biofilms in the presence of S. mutans in these different biofilm assays, confirming that C. albicans and S. mutans synergistically interact in the context of biofilms. Our results reveal that C. albicans Als1 and Hwp1 are major players in interacting with S. mutans, since dual-species biofilm formation was not enhanced when the als1Δ/Δ or hwp1Δ/Δ strains were cultured with S. mutans in dual-species biofilms. Als3, however, does not seem to play a clear role in interacting with S. mutans in dual-species biofilm formation. Overall, our data suggest that the C. albicans adhesins Als1 and Hwp1 function to modulate interactions with S. mutans and could be potential targets for future therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loyse Martorano-Fernandes
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - James S Goodwine
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Antônio Pedro Ricomini-Filho
- Department of Physiological Science, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Clarissa J Nobile
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Altair Antoninha Del Bel Cury
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li Y, Huang S, Du J, Wu M, Huang X. Current and prospective therapeutic strategies: tackling Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans cross-kingdom biofilm. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1106231. [PMID: 37249973 PMCID: PMC10213903 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1106231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most frequent strain associated with cross-kingdom infections in the oral cavity. Clinical evidence shows the co-existence of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and C. albicans in the carious lesions especially in children with early childhood caries (ECC) and demonstrates the close interaction between them. During the interaction, both S. mutans and C. albicans have evolved a complex network of regulatory mechanisms to boost cariogenic virulence and modulate tolerance upon stress changes in the external environment. The intricate relationship and unpredictable consequences pose great therapeutic challenges in clinics, which indicate the demand for de novo emergence of potential antimicrobial therapy with multi-targets or combinatorial therapies. In this article, we present an overview of the clinical significance, and cooperative network of the cross-kingdom interaction between S. mutans and C. albicans. Furthermore, we also summarize the current strategies for targeting cross-kingdom biofilm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingyun Du
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Minjing Wu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gaziano R, Sabbatini S, Monari C. The Interplay between Candida albicans, Vaginal Mucosa, Host Immunity and Resident Microbiota in Health and Disease: An Overview and Future Perspectives. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1211. [PMID: 37317186 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), which is primarily caused by Candida albicans, is an infection that affects up to 75% of all reproductive-age women worldwide. Recurrent VVC (RVVC) is defined as >3 episodes per year and affects nearly 8% of women globally. At mucosal sites of the vagina, a delicate and complex balance exists between Candida spp., host immunity and local microbial communities. In fact, both immune response and microbiota composition play a central role in counteracting overgrowth of the fungus and maintaining homeostasis in the host. If this balance is perturbed, the conditions may favor C. albicans overgrowth and the yeast-to-hyphal transition, predisposing the host to VVC. To date, the factors that affect the equilibrium between Candida spp. and the host and drive the transition from C. albicans commensalism to pathogenicity are not yet fully understood. Understanding the host- and fungus-related factors that drive VVC pathogenesis is of paramount importance for the development of adequate therapeutic interventions to combat this common genital infection. This review focuses on the latest advances in the pathogenic mechanisms implicated in the onset of VVC and also discusses novel potential strategies, with a special focus on the use of probiotics and vaginal microbiota transplantation in the treatment and/or prevention of recurrent VVC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Gaziano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Samuele Sabbatini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Medical Microbiology Section, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Monari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Medical Microbiology Section, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
The fungal cell wall is essential for growth and survival, and is a key target for antifungal drugs and the immune system. The cell wall must be robust but flexible, protective and shielding yet porous to nutrients and membrane vesicles and receptive to exogenous signals. Most fungi have a common inner wall skeleton of chitin and β-glucans that functions as a flexible viscoelastic frame to which a more diverse set of outer cell wall polymers and glycosylated proteins are attached. Whereas the inner wall largely determines shape and strength, the outer wall confers properties of hydrophobicity, adhesiveness, and chemical and immunological heterogeneity. The spatial organization and dynamic regulation of the wall in response to prevailing growth conditions enable fungi to thrive within changing, diverse and often hostile environments. Understanding this architecture provides opportunities to develop diagnostics and drugs to combat life-threatening fungal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil A R Gow
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Megan D Lenardon
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Patel R, Soni M, Soyantar B, Shivangi S, Sutariya S, Saraf M, Goswami D. A clash of quorum sensing vs quorum sensing inhibitors: an overview and risk of resistance. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:107. [PMID: 36881156 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03442-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Indiscriminate use of antibiotics to treat microbial pathogens has caused emergence of multiple drug resistant strains. Most infectious diseases are caused by microbes that are capable of intercommunication using signaling molecules, which is known as quorum sensing (QS). Such pathogens express their pathogenicity through various QS-regulated virulence factors. Interference of QS could lead to decisive results in controlling such pathogenicity. Hence, QS inhibition has become an attractive new approach for the development of novel drugs. Many quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs) of diverse origins have been reported. It is imperative that more such anti-QS compounds be found and studied, as they have significant effect on microbial pathogenicity. This review attempts to give a brief account of QS mechanism, its inhibition and describes some compounds with anti-QS potential. Also discussed is the possibility of emergence of quorum sensing resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Mansi Soni
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Bilv Soyantar
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Suruchi Shivangi
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Swati Sutariya
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Meenu Saraf
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Dweipayan Goswami
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
do Rosário Esteves Guimarães C, de Freitas HF, Barros TF. Candida albicans antibiofilm molecules: analysis based on inhibition and eradication studies. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:37-52. [PMID: 36576671 PMCID: PMC9944165 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00876-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are communities of microbial cells surrounded by an extracellular polysaccharide matrix, recognized as a fungal source for local and systemic infections and less susceptible to antifungal drugs. Thus, treatment of biofilm-related Candida spp. infections with popular antifungals such as fluconazole is limited and species-dependent and alternatively demands the use of expensive and high toxic drugs. In this sense, molecules with antibiofilm activity have been studied but without care regarding the use of important criteria such as antibiofilm concentration lower than antifungal concentration when considering the process of inhibition of formation and concentrations equal to or lower than 300 µM. Therefore, this review tries to gather the most promising molecules regarding the activity against the C. albicans biofilm described in the last 10 years, considering the activity of inhibition and eradication. From January 2011 to July 2021, articles were searched on Scopus, PubMed, and Science Direct, combining the keywords "antibiofilm," "candida albicans," "compound," and "molecule" with AND and OR operators. After 3 phases of selection, 21 articles describing 42 molecules were discussed in the review. Most of them were more promising for the inhibition of biofilm formation, with SM21 (24) being an interesting molecule for presenting inhibitory and eradication activity in biofilms with 24 and 48 h, as well as alizarin (26) and chrysazine (27), with concentrations well below the antifungal concentration. Despite the detection of these molecules and the attempts to determine the mechanisms of action by microscopic analysis and gene expression, no specific target has been determined. Thus, a gap is signaled, requiring further studies such as proteomic analyses to clarify it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina do Rosário Esteves Guimarães
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmacy, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Bahia, Barão de Geremoabo Street, 147, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia CEP, 40170115, Brazil
| | - Humberto Fonseca de Freitas
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmacy, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Bahia, Barão de Geremoabo Street, 147, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia CEP, 40170115, Brazil
| | - Tânia Fraga Barros
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmacy, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Bahia, Barão de Geremoabo Street, 147, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia CEP, 40170115, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zeng L, Huang Y, Tan J, Peng J, Hu N, Liu Q, Cao Y, Zhang Y, Chen J, Huang X. QCR7 affects the virulence of Candida albicans and the uptake of multiple carbon sources present in different host niches. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1136698. [PMID: 36923588 PMCID: PMC10009220 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1136698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Candida albicans is a commensal yeast that may cause life-threatening infections. Studies have shown that the cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 7 gene (QCR7) of C. albicans encodes a protein that forms a component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain complex III, making it an important target for studying the virulence of this yeast. However, to the best of our knowledge, the functions of QCR7 have not yet been characterized. Methods A QCR7 knockout strain was constructed using SN152, and BALb/c mice were used as model animals to determine the role of QCR7 in the virulence of C. albicans. Subsequently, the effects of QCR7 on mitochondrial functions and use of carbon sources were investigated. Next, its mutant biofilm formation and hyphal growth maintenance were compared with those of the wild type. Furthermore, the transcriptome of the qcr7Δ/Δ mutant was compared with that of the WT strain to explore pathogenic mechanisms. Results Defective QCR7 reduced recruitment of inflammatory cells and attenuated the virulence of C. albicans infection in vivo. Furthermore, the mutant influenced the use of multiple alternative carbon sources that exist in several host niches (GlcNAc, lactic acid, and amino acid, etc.). Moreover, it led to mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, the QCR7 knockout strain showed defects in biofilm formation or the maintenance of filamentous growth. The overexpression of cell-surface-associated genes (HWP1, YWP1, XOG1, and SAP6) can restore defective virulence phenotypes and the carbon-source utilization of qcr7Δ/Δ. Conclusion This study provides new insights into the mitochondria-based metabolism of C. albicans, accounting for its virulence and the use of variable carbon sources that promote C. albicans to colonize host niches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingbing Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, School of Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yongcheng Huang
- School of Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Junjun Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Niya Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, School of Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - YanLi Cao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Junzhu Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaotian Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, School of Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Derkacz D, Krasowska A. Alterations in the Level of Ergosterol in Candida albicans' Plasma Membrane Correspond with Changes in Virulence and Result in Triggering Diversed Inflammatory Response. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043966. [PMID: 36835379 PMCID: PMC9964392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans possesses multiple virulence factors which enable colonization and infection of host tissues. Candida-related infections frequently occur in immunocompromised patients, which is related to an insufficient inflammatory response. Furthermore, immunosuppression and multidrug resistance of C. albicans clinical isolates make the treatment of candidiasis a challenge for modern medicine. The most common resistance mechanism of C. albicans to antifungals includes point mutations in the ERG11 gene, which encodes target protein for azoles. We investigated whether the mutations or deletion of the ERG11 gene influence the pathogen-host interactions. We prove that both C. albicans erg11∆/∆ and ERG11K143R/K143R exhibit increased cell surface hydrophobicity. Additionally, C. albicans KS058 has an impaired ability of biofilm and hyphae formation. Analysis of the inflammatory response of human dermal fibroblasts and vaginal epithelial cell lines revealed that altered morphology of C. albicans erg11∆/∆ results in a significantly weaker immune response. C. albicans ERG11K143R/K143R triggered stronger production of pro-inflammatory response. Analysis of genes encoding adhesins confirmed differences in the expression pattern of key adhesins for both erg11∆/∆ and ERG11K143R/K143R strains. Obtained data indicate that alterations in Erg11p consequence in resistance to azoles and affect the key virulence factors and inflammatory response of host cells.
Collapse
|
36
|
Nile SH, Thombre D, Shelar A, Gosavi K, Sangshetti J, Zhang W, Sieniawska E, Patil R, Kai G. Antifungal Properties of Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles Functionalized with Nystatin for the Inhibition of Candida albicans Biofilm Formation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041836. [PMID: 36838823 PMCID: PMC9958786 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, biogenic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have been prepared using Paenibacillus terreus and functionalized with nystatin (SeNP@PVP_Nystatin nanoconjugates) for inhibiting growth, morphogenesis, and a biofilm in Candida albicans. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy analysis has shown a characteristic absorption at 289, 303, and 318 nm, and X-ray diffraction analysis has shown characteristic peaks at different 2θ values for SeNPs. Electron microscopy analysis has shown that biogenic SeNPs are spherical in shape with a size in the range of 220-240 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has confirmed the functionalization of nystatin on SeNPs (formation of SeNP@PVP_Nystatin nanoconjugates), and the zeta potential has confirmed the negative charge on the nanoconjugates. Biogenic SeNPs are inactive; however, nanoconjugates have shown antifungal activities on C. albicans (inhibited growth, morphogenesis, and a biofilm). The molecular mechanism for the action of nanoconjugates via a real-time polymerase chain reaction has shown that genes involved in the RAS/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway play an important role in antifungal activity. In cytotoxic studies, nanoconjugates have inhibited only 12% growth of the human embryonic kidney cell line 293 cells, indicating that the nanocomposites are not cytotoxic. Thus, the biogenic SeNPs produced by P. terreus can be used as innovative and effective drug carriers to increase the antifungal activity of nystatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivraj Hariram Nile
- Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Dipalee Thombre
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Amruta Shelar
- Department of Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Krithika Gosavi
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Jaiprakash Sangshetti
- Y. B. Chavan College of Pharmacy, Dr. Rafiq Zakaria Campus, Aurangabad 431001, India
| | - Weiping Zhang
- Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Elwira Sieniawska
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Rajendra Patil
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (G.K.); Tel.: +91-7875136344 (R.P.)
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (G.K.); Tel.: +91-7875136344 (R.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Poon Y, Hui M. Inhibitory effect of lactobacilli supernatants on biofilm and filamentation of Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida parapsilosis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1105949. [PMID: 36860488 PMCID: PMC9969145 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1105949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Probiotic Lactobacillus strains had been investigated for the potential to protect against infection caused by the major fungal pathogen of human, Candida albicans. Besides antifungal activity, lactobacilli demonstrated a promising inhibitory effect on biofilm formation and filamentation of C. albicans. On the other hand, two commonly isolated non-albicans Candida species, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis, have similar characteristics in filamentation and biofilm formation with C. albicans. However, there is scant information of the effect of lactobacilli on the two species. Methods In this study, biofilm inhibitory effects of L. rhamnosus ATCC 53103, L. plantarum ATCC 8014, and L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 were tested on the reference strain C. albicans SC5314 and six bloodstream isolated clinical strains, two each of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis. Results and Discussion Cell-free culture supernatants (CFSs) of L. rhamnosus and L. plantarum significantly inhibited in vitro biofilm growth of C. albicans and C. tropicalis. L. acidophilus, conversely, had little effect on C. albicans and C. tropicalis but was more effective on inhibiting C. parapsilosis biofilms. Neutralized L. rhamnosus CFS at pH 7 retained the inhibitory effect, suggesting that exometabolites other than lactic acid produced by the Lactobacillus strain might be accounted for the effect. Furthermore, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of L. rhamnosus and L. plantarum CFSs on the filamentation of C. albicans and C. tropicalis strains. Significantly less Candida filaments were observed after co-incubating with CFSs under hyphae-inducing conditions. Expressions of six biofilm-related genes (ALS1, ALS3, BCR1, EFG1, TEC1, and UME6 in C. albicans and corresponding orthologs in C. tropicalis) in biofilms co-incubated with CFSs were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR. When compared to untreated control, the expressions of ALS1, ALS3, EFG1, and TEC1 genes were downregulated in C. albicans biofilm. In C. tropicalis biofilms, ALS3 and UME6 were downregulated while TEC1 was upregulated. Taken together, the L. rhamnosus and L. plantarum strains demonstrated an inhibitory effect, which is likely mediated by the metabolites secreted into culture medium, on filamentation and biofilm formation of C. albicans and C. tropicalis. Our finding suggested an alternative to antifungals for controlling Candida biofilm.
Collapse
|
38
|
Takano T, Kudo H, Eguchi S, Matsumoto A, Oka K, Yamasaki Y, Takahashi M, Koshikawa T, Takemura H, Yamagishi Y, Mikamo H, Kunishima H. Inhibitory effects of vaginal Lactobacilli on C andida albicans growth, hyphal formation, biofilm development, and epithelial cell adhesion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1113401. [PMID: 37201113 PMCID: PMC10188118 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1113401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antifungal agents are not always efficient in resolving vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), a common genital infection caused by the overgrowth of Candida spp., including Candida albicans, or in preventing recurrent infections. Although lactobacilli (which are dominant microorganisms constituting healthy human vaginal microbiota) are important barriers against VVC, the Lactobacillus metabolite concentration needed to suppress VVC is unknown. Methods We quantitatively evaluated Lactobacillus metabolite concentrations to determine their effect on Candida spp., including 27 vaginal strains of Lactobacillus crispatus, L. jensenii, L. gasseri, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, and Limosilactobacillus vaginalis, with inhibitory abilities against biofilms of C. albicans clinical isolates. Results Lactobacillus culture supernatants suppressed viable fungi by approximately 24%-92% relative to preformed C. albicans biofilms; however, their suppression differed among strains and not species. A moderate negative correlation was found between Lactobacillus lactate production and biofilm formation, but no correlation was observed between hydrogen peroxide production and biofilm formation. Both lactate and hydrogen peroxide were required to suppress C. albicans planktonic cell growth. Lactobacillus strains that significantly inhibited biofilm formation in culture supernatant also inhibited C. albicans adhesion to epithelial cells in an actual live bacterial adhesion competition test. Discussion Healthy human microflora and their metabolites may play important roles in the development of new antifungal agent against C. albicans-induced VVC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Takano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hayami Kudo
- Research Department, R&D Division, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shuhei Eguchi
- Research Department, R&D Division, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Asami Matsumoto
- Research Department, R&D Division, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Oka
- Research Department, R&D Division, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yukitaka Yamasaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Motomichi Takahashi
- Research Department, R&D Division, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takuro Koshikawa
- Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki-shi, Japan
| | - Hiromu Takemura
- Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki-shi, Japan
| | - Yuka Yamagishi
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku-shi, Kochi, Japan
| | - Hiroshige Mikamo
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kunishima
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hiroyuki Kunishima,
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gómez-Gaviria M, Martínez-Álvarez JA, Chávez-Santiago JO, Mora-Montes HM. Candida haemulonii Complex and Candida auris: Biology, Virulence Factors, Immune Response, and Multidrug Resistance. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:1455-1470. [PMID: 36942024 PMCID: PMC10024503 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s402754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
There is worldwide concern about the constant increase in infections caused by Candida species that are multiresistant to antifungal drugs. The most common candidiasis is caused by Candida albicans, however, the species of the Candida haemulonii complex and Candida auris are emerging opportunistic pathogens, which isolation from clinical samples has significantly increased in the past years. The special interest in the study of these species lies in their ability to evade the action of antifungal drugs, such as amphotericin B, azoles, and echinocandins. In addition, the phenotypic changes of these species have given them the ability to easily adapt to environmental changes, including the host milieu and immunity. In this paper, a detailed review of the current literature on the C. haemulonii complex and C. auris is shown, analyzing aspects such as biology, immune response, putative virulence factors, infection, treatment, and the current strategies for diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gómez-Gaviria
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto, México
- Correspondence: Manuela Gómez-Gaviria; Héctor M Mora-Montes, Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Col. Noria Alta, Guanajuato, Gto, C. P. 36050, México, Tel +52 473-7320006 Ext. 8193, Fax +52 473-7320006 Ext. 8153, Email ;
| | - José A Martínez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto, México
| | - Joaquín O Chávez-Santiago
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto, México
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto, México
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Conte M, Eletto D, Pannetta M, Petrone AM, Monti MC, Cassiano C, Giurato G, Rizzo F, Tessarz P, Petrella A, Tosco A, Porta A. Effects of Hst3p inhibition in Candida albicans: a genome-wide H3K56 acetylation analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1031814. [PMID: 36389164 PMCID: PMC9647175 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1031814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida spp. represent the third most frequent worldwide cause of infection in Intensive Care Units with a mortality rate of almost 40%. The classes of antifungals currently available include azoles, polyenes, echinocandins, pyrimidine derivatives, and allylamines. However, the therapeutical options for the treatment of candidiasis are drastically reduced by the increasing antifungal resistance. The growing need for a more targeted antifungal therapy is limited by the concern of finding molecules that specifically recognize the microbial cell without damaging the host. Epigenetic writers and erasers have emerged as promising targets in different contexts, including the treatment of fungal infections. In C. albicans, Hst3p, a sirtuin that deacetylates H3K56ac, represents an attractive antifungal target as it is essential for the fungus viability and virulence. Although the relevance of such epigenetic regulator is documented for the development of new antifungal therapies, the molecular mechanism behind Hst3p-mediated epigenetic regulation remains unrevealed. Here, we provide the first genome-wide profiling of H3K56ac in C. albicans resulting in H3K56ac enriched regions associated with Candida sp. pathogenicity. Upon Hst3p inhibition, 447 regions gain H3K56ac. Importantly, these genomic areas contain genes encoding for adhesin proteins, degradative enzymes, and white-opaque switching. Moreover, our RNA-seq analysis revealed 1330 upregulated and 1081 downregulated transcripts upon Hst3p inhibition, and among them, we identified 87 genes whose transcriptional increase well correlates with the enrichment of H3K56 acetylation on their promoters, including some well-known regulators of phenotypic switching and virulence. Based on our evidence, Hst3p is an appealing target for the development of new potential antifungal drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Conte
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Daniela Eletto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Martina Pannetta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Anna M. Petrone
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Maria C. Monti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Chiara Cassiano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giurato
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Peter Tessarz
- Max Planck Research Group “Chromatin and Ageing”, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Alessandra Tosco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- *Correspondence: Amalia Porta, ; Alessandra Tosco,
| | - Amalia Porta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- *Correspondence: Amalia Porta, ; Alessandra Tosco,
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kim YG, Lee JH, Park S, Khadke SK, Shim JJ, Lee J. Hydroquinones Including Tetrachlorohydroquinone Inhibit Candida albicans Biofilm Formation by Repressing Hyphae-Related Genes. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0253622. [PMID: 36190417 PMCID: PMC9602536 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02536-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic fungus responsible for candidiasis. The pathogen readily forms antifungal agent-resistant biofilms on implanted medical devices or human tissue. Morphologic transition from yeast to filamentous cells and subsequent biofilm formation is a key virulence factor and a prerequisite for biofilm development by C. albicans. We investigated the antibiofilm and antifungal activities of 18 hydroquinones against fluconazole-resistant C. albicans. Tetrachlorohydroquinone (TCHQ) at subinhibitory concentrations (2 to 10 μg/mL) significantly inhibited C. albicans biofilm formation with an MIC of 50 μg/mL, whereas the backbone hydroquinone did not (MIC > 400 μg/mL), and it markedly inhibited cell aggregation and hyphal formation. Transcriptomic analyses showed that TCHQ downregulated the expressions of several hyphae-forming and biofilm-related genes (ALS3, ECE1, HWP1, RBT5, and UME6) but upregulated hyphae- and biofilm-inhibitory genes (IFD6 and YWP1). Furthermore, it prevented C. albicans biofilm development on porcine skin and at concentrations of 20 to 50 μg/mL was nontoxic to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and did not adversely affect Brassica rapa seed germination and growth. This study indicates that hydroquinones, particularly TCHQ, diminish the virulence, biofilm formation, and animal tissue adhesion of C. albicans, which suggests hydroquinones should be considered potential candidate antifungal agents against drug-resistant C. albicans strains. IMPORTANCE Persistence in chronic infections by Candida albicans is due to its ability of biofilm formation that endures conventional antifungals and host immune systems. Hence, the inhibition of biofilm formation and virulence characteristics is another mean of addressing infections. This study is a distinctive one since 18 hydroquinone analogues were screened and TCHQ efficiently inhibited the biofilm formation by C. albicans with significantly changed expressional profile of hyphae-forming and biofilm-related genes. The antibiofilm efficacy was confirmed using a porcine skin model and chemical toxicity was investigated using plant seed germination and nematode models. Our findings reveal that TCHQ can efficiently control the C. albicans biofilms and virulence characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Guy Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sagar Kiran Khadke
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Shim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mohd Badri PEA, Rismayuddin NAR, Kenali NM, Darnis DS, Arzmi MH. Characterization of Cervus timorensis Velvet Antler and its Effect on Biofilm Formation of Candida Species. Med Mycol 2022; 60:6696968. [PMID: 36099875 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myac073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral biofilms comprise extracellular polysaccharides and polymicrobial microorganisms. The objectives of the study were to characterize the deer velvet antler (DVA) compounds and their effect on Candida species biofilm formation with the hypothesis that DVA inhibits the biofilm of Candida spp. Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) was conducted to characterize the DVA compounds. To study the effect of DVA on biofilm, Candida albicans ATCC MYA-4901 (ALT5), AIDS isolate (ALC2), oral cancer isolate (ALC3), C. dubliniensis ATCC MYA-2975, C. glabrata ATCC 90030, C. krusei 14 243, C. lusitaniae ATCC 34449, C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019, and C. tropicalis ATCC 13803 were inoculated with DVA in separate wells of a 96-well plate containing RPMI-1640 followed by 72 h incubation. A total of 45 compounds were detected in the DVA extract. C. lusitaniae exhibited a higher percentage of biofilm biomass reduction when treated with DVA extract (66.10% ± 5.33), followed by ALC3 (44.12% ± 6.24). However, C. glabrata, C. krusei, and C. parapsilosis showed no reduction in biofilm biomass after being treated with DVA extract. Most Candida strains also exhibited decreased total cell count when treated with DVA extract, except for ALC3 and C. krusei. ALT5 had the lowest total cell count (0.17 × 105 cells/mL) when cultured with DVA extract. In conclusion, DVA extract inhibits Candida spp. biofilm formation except for C. glabrata, C. krusei, and C. parapsilosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Puteri Elysa Alia Mohd Badri
- Cluster of Cancer Research Initiative IIUM (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.,Department of Biotechnology, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Alia Risma Rismayuddin
- Cluster of Cancer Research Initiative IIUM (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Norzaiti Mohd Kenali
- Cluster of Cancer Research Initiative IIUM (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.,Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Deny Susanti Darnis
- Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Arzmi
- Cluster of Cancer Research Initiative IIUM (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.,Department of Fundamental Dental and Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Miao F, Tai Z, Wang Y, Zhu Q, Fang JKH, Hu M. Tachyplesin I Analogue Peptide as an Effective Antimicrobial Agent against Candida albicans- Staphylococcus aureus Poly-Biofilm Formation and Mixed Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1839-1850. [PMID: 35998684 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Microbial biofilms are difficult to tackle in many infectious diseases. Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus are prevalent symbiotic strains in polymicrobial biofilms, which showed enhanced antimicrobial resistance and made identifying effective treatment techniques more difficult. The antibiofilm abilities of tachplesin I analogue peptide (TP11A) and tachplesin I were investigated quantitatively in this study. Both inhibited C. albicans monomicrobial, S. aureus monomicrobial, and C. albicans-S. aureus polymicrobial biofilms quite well. TP11A suppressed the biofilm- and virulence-related genes of C. albicans (hwp 1) and S. aureus (ica A, fnb B, agr A, hla, nor A, and sig B) in the mixed biofilm, according to quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. We created an injectable thermosensitive in situ PLEL@TP11A gel system by simply adding TP11A into poly(d,l-lactide)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(d,l-lactide) (PLEL). Using C. albicans-S. aureus mixed infected wound models of mice, the in vivo therapeutic effect of TP11A and PLEL@TP11A in polymicrobial infections was investigated. The findings revealed that TP11A and PLEL@TP11A could efficiently reduce bacterial and fungal burden in wound infections, as well as accelerated wound healing. Based on above findings, TP11A might be an effective antimicrobial against C. albicans-S. aureus poly-biofilm formation and mixed infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengze Miao
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zongguang Tai
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Youji Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Quangang Zhu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - James Kar-Hei Fang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, China
| | - Menghong Hu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Changes of Gene Expression in Candida albicans Isolates from Vaginal Infections by Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Fluconazole. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm-124602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There are serious challenges of drug resistance in Candida albicans infection. Therefore, it is essential to identify new antifungal agents against resistant species to effectively treat patients affected by these species. Objectives: The present study aimed to study how zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and fluconazole affected the genes encoding resistance to fluconazole (i.e., CDR2 and ERG11) and those encoding adhesins (i.e., ALS1 and HWP1) in C. albicans isolates. Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, samples of 120 patients with vaginitis were obtained using sterile swabs. After the identification of C. albicans strains, the fluconazole-resistant candida isolates were treated with various sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of ZnO-NPs, fluconazole, and a combination of ZnO-NPs and fluconazole. Then, the effects of ZnO-NPs and fluconazole on the expression levels of ALS1, HWP1, CDR2, and ERG11 genes were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: In this study, 50 out (41.6%) of 120 species with C. albicans were isolated, and 13 (26%) of 50 species were resistant to fluconazole. The expression analysis of fluconazole-resistant C. albicans strains showed that the expression of HWP1 and ALS1 genes was decreased by 2.84 and 1.62 times (P < 0.05), respectively. Nevertheless, the expression of CDR2 increased 1.42 - fold after the treatment with fluconazole. The expression of ERG11, CDR2, HWP1, and ALS1 in isolates treated with the combination of ZnO-NPs and fluconazole was downregulated by 2.1, 5.9, 3, and 5.5 times, respectively, compared to that of the control group. Conclusions: Based on the results, ZnO-NPs are helpful for the treatment of vaginitis-related C. albicans isolates in combination with fluconazole.
Collapse
|
45
|
Oh SH, Martin-Yken H, Coleman DA, Dague E, Hoyer LL. Development and Use of a Monoclonal Antibody Specific for the Candida albicans Cell-Surface Protein Hwp1. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:907453. [PMID: 35832385 PMCID: PMC9273023 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.907453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Candida albicans cell-surface protein Hwp1 functions in adhesion to the host and in biofilm formation. A peptide from the Gln-Pro-rich adhesive domain of Hwp1 was used to raise monoclonal antibody (MAb) 2-E8. MAb 2-E8 specificity for Hwp1 was demonstrated using a hwp1/hwp1 C. albicans isolate and strains that expressed at least one HWP1 allele. Immunofluorescence and atomic force microscopy experiments using MAb 2-E8 confirmed C. albicans germ-tube-specific detection of the Hwp1 protein. MAb 2-E8 also immunolabeled the tips of some Candida dubliniensis germ tubes grown under conditions that maximized HWP1 expression. The phylogeny of HWP1 and closely related genes suggested that the Gln-Pro-rich adhesive domain was unique to C. albicans and C. dubliniensis focusing the utility of MAb 2-E8 on these species. This new reagent can be used to address unanswered questions about Hwp1 and its interactions with other proteins in the context of C. albicans biology and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Hwan Oh
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Hélène Martin-Yken
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - David A. Coleman
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Etienne Dague
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Lois L. Hoyer
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Priya A, Pandian SK. Biofilm and hyphal inhibitory synergistic effects of phytoactives piperine and cinnamaldehyde against Candida albicans. Med Mycol 2022; 60:6602366. [PMID: 35661216 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral candidiasis, the most common mycotic infection of the human oral cavity is non-life-threatening yet if untreated may advance as systemic infections. Ability of Candida albicans to adapt sessile lifestyle imparts resistance to drugs and host immunity. Consequently, due to limited effectiveness of conventional antifungal treatment, novel therapeutic strategies are required. In the present study, synergistic interaction of phytochemicals, piperine and cinnamaldehyde against the biofilm and hyphal of C. albicans was evaluated. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and biofilm inhibitory concentration (BIC) of piperine and cinnamaldehyde against C. albicans were analysed through microbroth dilution assay and crystal violet staining method, respectively. Combinatorial biofilm and hyphal inhibitory effect were investigated through checkerboard assay. In vitro results were validated through gene expression analysis. BIC of piperine and cinnamaldehyde was determined to be 32 µg/mL and 64 µg/mL, respectively. Interaction between these two phytocomponents was found to be synergistic and six different synergistic antibiofilm combinations were identified. Microscopic analysis of biofilm architecture also evidenced the biofilm and surface adherence inhibitory potential of piperine and cinnamaldehyde combinations. Phenotypic switching between yeast and hyphal morphological forms was influenced by synergistic combinations. qPCR analysis corroborated the results of in vitro activities. nrg1 and trp1, the negative transcriptional regulators of filamentous growth were upregulated whereas other genes that are involved in biofilm formation, filamentous growth, adhesion etc were found to be downregulated. These proficient phytochemical combinations provide a new therapeutic avenue for the treatment of biofilm associated oral candidiasis and to combat the recurrent infections due to antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Priya
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kota AK, Mikkineni A, Mathi P, Patnala K, Velagapudi K, Panditi SK, Jeevigunta NLL. Competetive metal binding stoichiometry between calcium and strontium by cell wall proteins of
Neurospora crassa. J Basic Microbiol 2022; 62:568-583. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Kota
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology Krishna University Machilipatnam India
| | - Anupama Mikkineni
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology Krishna University Machilipatnam India
| | | | | | - Kavitha Velagapudi
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology Krishna University Machilipatnam India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wang Y, Guo Y, Jin Y, Wang Y, Wang C. Mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and anti-adherence characterization of pure titanium fabricated by casting, milling, and selective laser melting. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2022; 110:1523-1534. [PMID: 35226794 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Milling and selective laser melting (SLM) technology have become new options for removable partial denture (RPD) processing. However, whether milling and SLM technology has an impact on the properties of RPD remains unclear, which is also the aim of our study. To investigate the effects of milling and SLM technology on pure titanium, mechanical property, corrosion resistance, and anti-adherence of specimens were evaluated, and specimens processed by lost-wax casting were used as control. Compared with casting and milling groups, the SLM group showed enhanced Vickers hardness (402.1 ± 13.0 HV), tensile stress (694.4 ± 4.5 MPa), and larger electrochemical capacitance arc radius compared with casting and milling groups. A series of adhesion-related genes (Als1, Als3, and HWP1) of Candida albicans cultured on SLM specimens were upregulated for more than two times that of casting and milling groups. However, images from scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy exhibited similar biofilm morphology and biomass of C. albicans on a titanium disk processed by casting, milling, and SLM. Dwindled water contact angle (64.7 ± 0.6°) and higher TiO2 constituents (40.82%) in the SLM group might lead to the incompatibility of genetic expression and biofilm generation. Our findings indicated that SLM is an ideal process to produce titanium dentures, providing a reference on the selection of processing technology for dentists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanyang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yabing Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Arita GS, Faria DR, Capoci IR, Kioshima ES, Bonfim-Mendonça PS, Svidzinski TI. Cell wall associated proteins involved in filamentation with impact on the virulence of Candida albicans. Microbiol Res 2022; 258:126996. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.126996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
50
|
Cloete L, Picot-Allain C, Ramasawmy B, Neetoo H, Ramful-Baboolall D, Emmambux MN. Drivers and Barriers for Commercial Uptake of Edible Coatings for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Industry- A Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2012795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liza Cloete
- Agricultural and Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Carene Picot-Allain
- Agricultural Production and Systems Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Brinda Ramasawmy
- Agricultural Production and Systems Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Hudaa Neetoo
- Agricultural and Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Deena Ramful-Baboolall
- Agricultural and Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | | |
Collapse
|