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Yang HQ, Sun H, Li K, Shao MM, Zhai K, Tong ZH. Dynamics of host immune responses and a potential function of Trem2 hi interstitial macrophages in Pneumocystis pneumonia. Respir Res 2024; 25:72. [PMID: 38317180 PMCID: PMC10845524 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a life-threatening opportunistic fungal infection with a high mortality rate in immunocompromised patients, ranging from 20 to 80%. However, current understanding of the variation in host immune response against Pneumocystis across different timepoints is limited. METHODS In this study, we conducted a time-resolved single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of CD45+ cells sorted from lung tissues of mice infected with Pneumocystis. The dynamically changes of the number, transcriptome and interaction of multiply immune cell subsets in the process of Pneumocystis pneumonia were identified according to bioinformatic analysis. Then, the accumulation of Trem2hi interstitial macrophages after Pneumocystis infection was verified by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. We also investigate the role of Trem2 in resolving the Pneumocystis infection by depletion of Trem2 in mouse models. RESULTS Our results characterized the CD45+ cell composition of lung in mice infected with Pneumocystis from 0 to 5 weeks, which revealed a dramatic reconstitution of myeloid compartments and an emergence of PCP-associated macrophage (PAM) following Pneumocystis infection. PAM was marked by the high expression of Trem2. We also predicted that PAMs were differentiated from Ly6C+ monocytes and interacted with effector CD4+ T cell subsets via multiple ligand and receptor pairs. Furthermore, we determine the surface markers of PAMs and validated the presence and expansion of Trem2hi interstitial macrophages in PCP by flow cytometry. PAMs secreted abundant pro-inflammation cytokines, including IL-6, TNF-α, GM-CSF, and IP-10. Moreover, PAMs inhibited the proliferation of T cells, and depletion of Trem2 in mouse lead to reduced fungal burden and decreased lung injury in PCP. CONCLUSION Our study delineated the dynamic transcriptional changes in immune cells and suggests a role for PAMs in PCP, providing a framework for further investigation into PCP's cellular and molecular basis, which could provide a resource for further discovery of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu-Qin Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO. 8, Gong Ti South Road, Chao yang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Han Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO. 8, Gong Ti South Road, Chao yang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO. 8, Gong Ti South Road, Chao yang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Ming-Ming Shao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO. 8, Gong Ti South Road, Chao yang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Kan Zhai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO. 8, Gong Ti South Road, Chao yang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Zhao-Hui Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO. 8, Gong Ti South Road, Chao yang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
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Detection of Cytokines and Collectins in Bronchoalveolar Fluid Samples of Patients Infected with Histoplasma capsulatum and Pneumocystis jirovecii. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110938. [PMID: 34829225 PMCID: PMC8623738 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Histoplasmosis and pneumocystosis co-infections have been reported mainly in immunocompromised humans and in wild animals. The immunological response to each fungal infection has been described primarily using animal models; however, the host response to concomitant infection is unknown. The present work aimed to evaluate the pulmonary immunological response of patients with pneumonia caused either by Histoplasma capsulatum, Pneumocystis jirovecii, or their co-infection. We analyzed the pulmonary collectin and cytokine patterns of 131 bronchoalveolar lavage samples, which included HIV and non-HIV patients infected with H. capsulatum, P. jirovecii, or both fungi, as well as healthy volunteers and HIV patients without the studied fungal infections. Our results showed an increased production of the surfactant protein-A (SP-A) in non-HIV patients with H. capsulatum infection, contrasting with HIV patients (p < 0.05). Significant differences in median values of SP-A, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-18, IL-17A, IL-33, IL-13, and CXCL8 were found among all the groups studied, suggesting that these cytokines play a role in the local inflammatory processes of histoplasmosis and pneumocystosis. Interestingly, non-HIV patients with co-infection and pneumocystosis alone showed lower levels of SP-A, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-18, IL-17A, and IL-23 than histoplasmosis patients, suggesting an immunomodulatory ability of P. jirovecii over H. capsulatum response.
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New Insights into Blood Circulating Lymphocytes in Human Pneumocystis Pneumonia. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080652. [PMID: 34436191 PMCID: PMC8400826 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The host lymphocyte response is decisive in Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) pathophysiology but little is known of the specific roles of lymphocyte subpopulations in this fungal infection. Peripheral NK, NKT, B, TCD4+ and TCD8+ subpopulations were compared by immunophenotyping between 20 patients diagnosed with PCP (PCP(+)] and 20 uninfected immunosuppressed patients (PCP(−)). Among PCP(+) subjects, the lymphocyte populations were also compared between surviving and deceased patients. Low B cell count (<40 cells/µL) was more frequent in PCP(+) than in PCP(−) patients (p = 0.03), while there was no difference for the TCD4 count. Among the PCP(+) group, the 7 deceased patients had lower Th1 (p = 0.02) and Tc1 (p = 0.03) populations, higher Th2 response (p = 0.03), higher effector TCD8 (p < 0.01), lower central memory TCD8 (p = 0.04) and reduced NK cells (p = 0.02) compared with the 13 survivors. Th1/Th2 ratio < 17, CD8 Tc1 < 44%, effector TCD8 < 25%, central memory TCD8 < 4%, NK cells < 50 cells/µL and total lymphocytes < 0.75 G/L were associated with a higher risk of mortality (p = 0.003, p = 0.007, p = 0.0007, p = 0.004, p = 0.02 and p = 0.019, respectively). The traditional analysis of TCD4 and TCD8 populations may be insufficient in the context of PCP. It could be completed by using B cells to predict the risk of PCP, and by using lymphocyte subpopulations or total lymphocyte count, which are easy to obtain in all health care facilities, to evaluate PCP prognosis.
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Charpentier E, Ménard S, Marques C, Berry A, Iriart X. Immune Response in Pneumocystis Infections According to the Host Immune System Status. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080625. [PMID: 34436164 PMCID: PMC8399367 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The host immune response is critical in Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). Immunocompetent hosts can eliminate the fungus without symptoms, while immunodeficient hosts develop PCP with an unsuitable excessive inflammatory response leading to lung damage. From studies based on rodent models or clinical studies, this review aimed to better understand the pathophysiology of Pneumocystis infection by analysing the role of immune cells, mostly lymphocytes, according to the immune status of the infected host. Hence, this review first describes the immune physiological response in infected immunocompetent hosts that are able to eliminate the fungus. The objective of the second part is to identify the immune elements required for the control of the fungus, focusing on specific immune deficiencies. Finally, the third part concentrates on the effect of the different immune elements in immunocompromised subjects during PCP, to better understand which cells are detrimental, and which, on the contrary, are beneficial once the disease has started. This work highlights that the immune response associated with a favourable outcome of the infection may differ according to the immune status of the host. In the case of immunocompetency, a close communication between B cells and TCD4 within tertiary lymphocyte structures appears critical to activate M2 macrophages without much inflammation. Conversely, in the case of immunodeficiency, a pro-inflammatory response including Th1 CD4, cytotoxic CD8, NK cells, and IFNγ release seems beneficial for M1 macrophage activation, despite the impact of inflammation on lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eléna Charpentier
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Toulouse University Hospital, 31059 Toulouse, France;
- Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse III, 31024 Toulouse, France; (S.M.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (X.I.)
| | - Sandie Ménard
- Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse III, 31024 Toulouse, France; (S.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Catherine Marques
- Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse III, 31024 Toulouse, France; (S.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Antoine Berry
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Toulouse University Hospital, 31059 Toulouse, France;
- Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse III, 31024 Toulouse, France; (S.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Xavier Iriart
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Toulouse University Hospital, 31059 Toulouse, France;
- Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse III, 31024 Toulouse, France; (S.M.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (X.I.)
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Tong T, Wang Z, Xu Y, Shen J. Immunization with Pneumocystis carinii A12 1-85 antigen activates immune function against P. carinii. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:40. [PMID: 34174820 PMCID: PMC8236001 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00436-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP), which is caused by Pneumocystis carinii, is a life-threatening infection that affects immunocompromised individuals. Unfortunately, chemoprophylaxis and dapsone are only effective for half of the patients with PcP, indicating that additional preventive methods are needed. We predicated the pneumocystis surface protein A12 sequence 1-85 by DNAStar software and BepiPred, and identified it as a potential vaccine candidate by bioresearch. METHODS We used recombinant A121-85 as antigen to immunized mice and detected serum titer of IgG, expression of inflammatory factors by EILSA, qRT-PCR and flow cytometry. RESULTS Our results showed that immunization with recombinant A121-85 increased the serum titer of IgG, promoted the secretion of T lymphocytes, increased the expression of inflammatory factors, and elevated lung inflammatory injury in mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that A121-85 is a potential vaccine target for preventing Pneumocystis carinii. The evaluation of A121-85-elicited antibodies in the prevention of PcP in humans deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Tong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230022 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongxin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230022 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230022 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jilu Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, 100 Huaihai Road, Hefei, Anhui People’s Republic of China
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Survey of the Transcription Factor Responses of Mouse Lung Alveolar Macrophages to Pneumocystis murina. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050569. [PMID: 34066663 PMCID: PMC8151842 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis jirovecii is a fungal pathogen that can cause life-threatening infections in individuals who are immunocompromised. Acquired via inhalation, upon entering the respiratory tract, the fungi first encounter innate immune cells such as alveolar macrophages (AMs). Relatively little is known about the AM cellular responses to the organism, and particularly transcription factor (TF) profiles leading to early host responses during infection. Utilizing the Mouse Transcription Factors RT2 Profiler™ PCR Array, we report an initial TF survey of these macrophage and Pneumocystis interactions. Expression levels of a panel of mouse TFs were compared between unstimulated and Pneumocystis murina-stimulated AMs. Interestingly, a number of TFs previously implicated in pathogen–host cell interactions were highly up- or downregulated, including hif1a and Pparg. qPCR experiments were further conducted to verify the results of these surveyed transcripts. Furthermore, with immunoblotting, we show that HIF-1A and PPAR-γ are indeed significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Lastly, and importantly, we report that in the mouse model of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), which mimics human Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP), qPCR analysis of Pneumocystis murina lungs also mimic the initial TF profile analysis, suggesting an importance for these TFs in immunocompromised hosts with Pneumocystis pneumonia. These data demonstrate the use of TF profiling in host AMs and Pneumocystis organism interactions that may lead to a better understanding of the specific inflammatory responses of the host to Pneumocystis pneumonia and may inform novel strategies for potential therapeutics.
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Li P, Zhang H, Ji L, Wang Z. A Review of Clinical and Preclinical Studies on Therapeutic Strategies Using Interleukin-12 in Cancer Therapy and the Protective Role of Interleukin-12 in Hematological Recovery in Chemoradiotherapy. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e923855. [PMID: 32811803 PMCID: PMC7453748 DOI: 10.12659/msm.923855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12), a heterodimeric glycoprotein with α and β subunits covalently bonded with a disulfide bond, is a potent anticancer agent. Its action is accomplished through a linkage of the adaptive and innate immune responses. IL-12 can promote the recovery of the hematopoietic system after cancer chemoradiotherapy by stimulating the physiological processes of stem cells, including cell proliferation and differentiation, reconstitution of hematopoietic function, and peripheral blood count recovery. We review therapeutic strategies using IL-12 in clinical studies, including single-agent and combination strategies in hematological tumors and solid tumors, and studies on the protective effects of IL-12 in chemoradiotherapy. This review highlights promising therapeutic strategies based on the anticancer role of IL-12 and the potential protective effects of IL-12 for cancer patients receiving chemoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Lina Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
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Kumar V. Pulmonary Innate Immune Response Determines the Outcome of Inflammation During Pneumonia and Sepsis-Associated Acute Lung Injury. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1722. [PMID: 32849610 PMCID: PMC7417316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung is a primary organ for gas exchange in mammals that represents the largest epithelial surface in direct contact with the external environment. It also serves as a crucial immune organ, which harbors both innate and adaptive immune cells to induce a potent immune response. Due to its direct contact with the outer environment, the lung serves as a primary target organ for many airborne pathogens, toxicants (aerosols), and allergens causing pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and acute lung injury or inflammation (ALI). The current review describes the immunological mechanisms responsible for bacterial pneumonia and sepsis-induced ALI. It highlights the immunological differences for the severity of bacterial sepsis-induced ALI as compared to the pneumonia-associated ALI. The immune-based differences between the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria-induced pneumonia show different mechanisms to induce ALI. The role of pulmonary epithelial cells (PECs), alveolar macrophages (AMs), innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), and different pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammasome proteins) in neutrophil infiltration and ALI induction have been described during pneumonia and sepsis-induced ALI. Also, the resolution of inflammation is frequently observed during ALI associated with pneumonia, whereas sepsis-associated ALI lacks it. Hence, the review mainly describes the different immune mechanisms responsible for pneumonia and sepsis-induced ALI. The differences in immune response depending on the causal pathogen (Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria) associated pneumonia or sepsis-induced ALI should be taken in mind specific immune-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Zhang C, Rong HM, Li T, Zhai K, Tong ZH. PD-1 Deficiency Promotes Macrophage Activation and T-Helper Cell Type 1/T-Helper Cell Type 17 Response in Pneumocystis Pneumonia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:767-782. [PMID: 32048861 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0234oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Heng-Mo Rong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kan Zhai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Posch W, Wilflingseder D, Lass-Flörl C. Immunotherapy as an Antifungal Strategy in Immune Compromised Hosts. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-020-00141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
IFIs cause high morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised host worldwide. Although highly effective, conventional antifungal chemotherapy faces new challenges due to late diagnosis and increasing numbers of drug-resistant fungal strains. Thus, antifungal immunotherapy represents a viable treatment option, and recent advances in the field are summarized in this review.
Recent Findings
Antifungal immunotherapies include application of immune cells as well as the administration of cytokines, growth factors, and antibodies. Novel strategies to treat IFIs in the immunocompromised host target intracellular signaling pathways using SMTs such as checkpoint inhibitors.
Summary
Studies using cytokines or chemokines exerted a potential adjuvant role to conventional antifungal therapy, but issues on toxicity for some agents have to be resolved. Cell-based immunotherapies are very labor-intense and costly, but NK cell transfer and CAR T cell therapy provide exciting strategies to combat IFIs. Antibody-mediated protection and checkpoint inhibition are additional novel immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Samuelson DR, Shellito JE, Maffei VJ, Tague ED, Campagna SR, Blanchard EE, Luo M, Taylor CM, Ronis MJJ, Molina PE, Welsh DA. Alcohol-associated intestinal dysbiosis impairs pulmonary host defense against Klebsiella pneumoniae. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006426. [PMID: 28604843 PMCID: PMC5481032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption perturbs the normal intestinal microbial communities (dysbiosis). To investigate the relationship between alcohol-mediated dysbiosis and pulmonary host defense we developed a fecal adoptive transfer model, which allows us to investigate the impact of alcohol-induced gut dysbiosis on host immune response to an infectious challenge at a distal organ, independent of prevailing alcohol use. Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with a cocktail of antibiotics (ampicillin, gentamicin, neomycin, vancomycin, and metronidazole) via daily gavage for two weeks. A separate group of animals was fed a chronic alcohol (or isocaloric dextrose pair-fed controls) liquid diet for 10 days. Microbiota-depleted mice were recolonized with intestinal microbiota from alcohol-fed or pair-fed (control) animals. Following recolonization groups of mice were sacrificed prior to and 48 hrs. post respiratory infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae. Klebsiella lung burden, lung immunology and inflammation, as well as intestinal immunology, inflammation, and barrier damage were examined. Results showed that alcohol-associated susceptibility to K. pneumoniae is, in part, mediated by gut dysbiosis, as alcohol-naïve animals recolonized with a microbiota isolated from alcohol-fed mice had an increased respiratory burden of K. pneumoniae compared to mice recolonized with a control microbiota. The increased susceptibility in alcohol-dysbiosis recolonized animals was associated with an increase in pulmonary inflammatory cytokines, and a decrease in the number of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in the lung following Klebsiella infection but an increase in T-cell counts in the intestinal tract following Klebsiella infection, suggesting intestinal T-cell sequestration as a factor in impaired lung host defense. Mice recolonized with an alcohol-dysbiotic microbiota also had increased intestinal damage as measured by increased levels of serum intestinal fatty acid binding protein. Collectively, these results suggest that alterations in the intestinal immune response as a consequence of alcohol-induced dysbiosis contribute to increased host susceptibility to Klebsiella pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick R. Samuelson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care & Allergy/Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Judd E. Shellito
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care & Allergy/Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Vincent J. Maffei
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Eric D. Tague
- The Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Shawn R. Campagna
- The Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Eugene E. Blanchard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Meng Luo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Martin J. J. Ronis
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Patricia E. Molina
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - David A. Welsh
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care & Allergy/Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
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Ruan S, Cai Y, Ramsay AJ, Welsh DA, Norris K, Shellito JE. B cell and antibody responses in mice induced by a putative cell surface peptidase of Pneumocystis murina protect against experimental infection. Vaccine 2017; 35:672-679. [PMID: 28012778 PMCID: PMC5241231 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pneumocystis pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected subjects, cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and solid organ transplant recipients. No vaccine is currently available. By chemical labeling coupled with proteomic approach, we have identified a putative surface protein (SPD1, Broad Institute gene accession number PNEG_01848) derived from single suspended P. murina cysts. SPD1 was expressed in an insect cell line and tested for vaccine development. METHODS Mice were immunized with SPD1 plus adjuvant MF-59 by subcutaneous injection. Three weeks after the last immunization, CD4+ cells were depleted with anti-CD4 antibody GK1.5. The mice were then challenged with 2×105Pneumocystis organisms. Mice were sacrificed at 4 and 6weeks after PC challenge. Spleen/lung cells and serum were harvested. B cells and memory B cells were assessed via flow cytometry. Specific Pneumocystis IgG antibody was measured by ELISA before and after challenge. Infection burden was measured as real-time PCR for P. murina rRNA. RESULTS Normal mice infected with Pneumocystis mounted a serum IgG antibody response to SPD1. Serum from rhesus macaques exposed to Pneumocystis showed a similar serum IgG response to purified SPD1. SPD1 immunization increased B cell and memory B cell absolute cell counts in CD4-depleted Balb/c mice post Pneumocystis challenge in spleen and lung. Immunization with SPD1 significantly increased specific Pneumocystis IgG antibody production before and after challenge. Mice immunized with SPD1 showed significantly decreased P. murina copy number compared with mice that did not receive SPD1 at 6weeks after challenge. CONCLUSION Immunization with SPD1 provides protective efficacy against P. murina infection. SPD1 protection against Pneumocystis challenge is associated with enhanced memory B cell production and higher anti-Pneumocystis IgG antibody production. SPD1 is a potential vaccine candidate to prevent or treat pulmonary infection with Pneumocystis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Fungal/blood
- Antibody Formation
- Antigens, Fungal/genetics
- Antigens, Fungal/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Colony Count, Microbial
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Fungal Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Fungal Vaccines/genetics
- Fungal Vaccines/immunology
- Lung/microbiology
- Macaca mulatta
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Peptide Hydrolases/genetics
- Peptide Hydrolases/immunology
- Pneumocystis/enzymology
- Pneumocystis/immunology
- Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/prevention & control
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanbao Ruan
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy/Immunology, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, United States
| | - Yang Cai
- The Research Institute for Children, Children's Hospital, New Orleans and Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, United States
| | - Alistair J Ramsay
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, United States
| | - David A Welsh
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy/Immunology, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, United States
| | - Karen Norris
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Judd E Shellito
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy/Immunology, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, United States.
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Samuelson DR, Charles TP, de la Rua NM, Taylor CM, Blanchard EE, Luo M, Shellito JE, Welsh DA. Analysis of the intestinal microbial community and inferred functional capacities during the host response to Pneumocystis pneumonia. Exp Lung Res 2016; 42:425-439. [PMID: 27925857 PMCID: PMC5304582 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2016.1258442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumocystis pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients infected with HIV/AIDS. In this study, we evaluated the intestinal microbial communities associated with the development of experimental Pneumocystis pneumonia, as there is growing evidence that the intestinal microbiota is critical for host defense against fungal pathogens. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were infected with live Pneumocystis murina (P. murina) via intratracheal inoculation and sacrificed 7 and 14 days postinfection for microbiota analysis. In addition, we evaluated the intestinal microbiota from CD4+ T cell depleted mice infected with P. murina. RESULTS We found that the diversity of the intestinal microbial community was significantly altered by respiratory infection with P. murina. Specifically, mice infected with P. murina had altered microbial populations, as judged by changes in diversity metrics and relative taxa abundances. We also found that CD4+ T cell depleted mice infected with P. murina exhibited significantly altered intestinal microbiota that was distinct from immunocompetent mice infected with P. murina, suggesting that loss of CD4+ T cells may also affects the intestinal microbiota in the setting of Pneumocystis pneumonia. Finally, we employed a predictive metagenomics approach to evaluate various microbial features. We found that Pneumocystis pneumonia significantly alters the intestinal microbiota's inferred functional potential for carbohydrate, energy, and xenobiotic metabolism, as well as signal transduction pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides insight into specific-microbial clades and inferred microbial functional pathways associated with Pneumocystis pneumonia. Our data also suggest a role for the gut-lung axis in host defense in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick R. Samuelson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care & Allergy/Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 70112
| | - Tysheena P. Charles
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care & Allergy/Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 70112
| | - Nicholas M. de la Rua
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care & Allergy/Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 70112
| | - Christopher M. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 70112
| | - Eugene E. Blanchard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 70112
| | - Meng Luo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 70112
| | - Judd E. Shellito
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care & Allergy/Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 70112
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 70112
| | - David A. Welsh
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care & Allergy/Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 70112
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 70112
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14
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Abstract
Fungal organisms are ubiquitous in the environment. Pathogenic fungi, although relatively few in the whole gamut of microbial pathogens, are able to cause disease with varying degrees of severity in individuals with normal or impaired immunity. The disease state is an outcome of the fungal pathogen's interactions with the host immunity, and therefore, it stands to reason that deep/invasive fungal diseases be amenable to immunotherapy. Therefore, antifungal immunotherapy continues to be attractive as an adjunct to the currently available antifungal chemotherapy options for a number of reasons, including the fact that existing antifungal drugs, albeit largely effective, are not without limitations, and that morbidity and mortality associated with invasive mycoses are still unacceptably high. For several decades, intense basic research efforts have been directed at development of fungal immunotherapies. Nevertheless, this approach suffers from a severe bench-bedside disconnect owing to several reasons: the chemical and biological peculiarities of the fungal antigens, the complexities of host-pathogen interactions, an under-appreciation of the fungal disease landscape, the requirement of considerable financial investment to bring these therapies to clinical use, as well as practical problems associated with immunizations. In this general, non-exhaustive review, we summarize the features of ongoing research efforts directed towards devising safe and effective immunotherapeutic options for mycotic diseases, encompassing work on antifungal vaccines, adoptive cell transfers, cytokines, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kausik Datta
- a Division of Infectious Diseases , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA , and
| | - Mawieh Hamad
- b Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and the Sharjah Institute for Medical Research , University of Sharjah , Sharjah , UAE
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15
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Samuelson DR, de la Rua NM, Charles TP, Ruan S, Taylor CM, Blanchard EE, Luo M, Ramsay AJ, Shellito JE, Welsh DA. Oral Immunization of Mice with Live Pneumocystis murina Protects against Pneumocystis Pneumonia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2655-65. [PMID: 26864029 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pneumocystis pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients, particularly those infected with HIV. In this study, we evaluated the potential of oral immunization with live Pneumocystis to elicit protection against respiratory infection with Pneumocystis murina. C57BL/6 mice vaccinated with live P. murina using a prime-boost vaccination strategy were protected from a subsequent lung challenge with P. murina at 2, 7, 14, and 28 d postinfection even after CD4(+) T cell depletion. Specifically, vaccinated immunocompetent mice had significantly faster clearance than unvaccinated immunocompetent mice and unvaccinated CD4-depleted mice remained persistently infected with P. murina. Vaccination also increased numbers of CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, CD19(+) B cells, and CD11b(+) macrophages in the lungs following respiratory infection. In addition, levels of lung, serum, and fecal P. murina-specific IgG and IgA were increased in vaccinated animals. Furthermore, administration of serum from vaccinated mice significantly reduced Pneumocystis lung burden in infected animals compared with control serum. We also found that the diversity of the intestinal microbial community was altered by oral immunization with P. murina. To our knowledge, our data demonstrate for the first time that an oral vaccination strategy prevents Pneumocystis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick R Samuelson
- Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care and Allergy/Immunology, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Nicholas M de la Rua
- Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care and Allergy/Immunology, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Tysheena P Charles
- Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care and Allergy/Immunology, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Sanbao Ruan
- Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care and Allergy/Immunology, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Christopher M Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112; and
| | - Eugene E Blanchard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112; and
| | - Meng Luo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112; and
| | - Alistair J Ramsay
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112; and Louisiana Vaccine Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Judd E Shellito
- Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care and Allergy/Immunology, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112; Louisiana Vaccine Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - David A Welsh
- Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care and Allergy/Immunology, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112;
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16
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Im D, Shi W, Driscoll B. Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Fibrosis versus Repair. Front Pediatr 2016; 4:28. [PMID: 27066462 PMCID: PMC4811965 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2016.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical and basic experimental approaches to pediatric acute lung injury (ALI), including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), have historically focused on acute care and management of the patient. Additional efforts have focused on the etiology of pediatric ALI and ARDS, clinically defined as diffuse, bilateral diseases of the lung that compromise function leading to severe hypoxemia within 7 days of defined insult. Insults can include ancillary events related to prematurity, can follow trauma and/or transfusion, or can present as sequelae of pulmonary infections and cardiovascular disease and/or injury. Pediatric ALI/ARDS remains one of the leading causes of infant and childhood morbidity and mortality, particularly in the developing world. Though incidence is relatively low, ranging from 2.9 to 9.5 cases/100,000 patients/year, mortality remains high, approaching 35% in some studies. However, this is a significant decrease from the historical mortality rate of over 50%. Several decades of advances in acute management and treatment, as well as better understanding of approaches to ventilation, oxygenation, and surfactant regulation have contributed to improvements in patient recovery. As such, there is a burgeoning interest in the long-term impact of pediatric ALI/ARDS. Chronic pulmonary deficiencies in survivors appear to be caused by inappropriate injury repair, with fibrosis and predisposition to emphysema arising as irreversible secondary events that can severely compromise pulmonary development and function, as well as the overall health of the patient. In this chapter, the long-term effectiveness of current treatments will be examined, as will the potential efficacy of novel, acute, and long-term therapies that support repair and delay or even impede the onset of secondary events, including fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Im
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Barbara Driscoll
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
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Treatment with Interleukin-7 Restores Host Defense against Pneumocystis in CD4+ T-Lymphocyte-Depleted Mice. Infect Immun 2015; 84:108-19. [PMID: 26483405 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01189-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV infection. CD4(+) T lymphocytes are critical for host defense against this infection, but in the absence of CD4(+) T lymphocytes, CD8(+) T lymphocytes may provide limited host defense. The cytokine interleukin-7 (IL-7) functions to enhance lymphocyte proliferation, survival, and recruitment of immune cells to sites of infection. However, there is little known about the role of IL-7 in PCP or its potential use as an immunotherapeutic agent. We hypothesized that treatment with recombinant human IL-7 (rhIL-7) would augment host defense against Pneumocystis and accelerate pathogen clearance in CD4-depleted mice. Control and CD4-depleted mice were infected with Pneumocystis, and rhIL-7 was administered via intraperitoneal injection. Our studies indicate that endogenous murine IL-7 is part of the normal host response to Pneumocystis murina and that administration of rhIL-7 markedly enhanced clearance of Pneumocystis in CD4-depleted mice. Additionally, we observed increased recruitment of CD8(+) T lymphocytes to the lungs and decreased apoptosis of pulmonary CD8(+) T lymphocytes in rhIL-7-treated animals compared to those in untreated mice. The antiapoptotic effect of rhIL-7 was associated with increased levels of Bcl-2 protein in T lymphocytes. rhIL-7 immunotherapy in CD4-depleted mice also increased the number of gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-positive CD8(+) central memory T lymphocytes in the lungs. We conclude that rhIL-7 has a potent therapeutic effect in the treatment of murine Pneumocystis pneumonia in CD4-depleted mice. This therapeutic effect is mediated through enhanced recruitment of CD8(+) T cells and decreased apoptosis of lung T lymphocytes, with a preferential action on central memory CD8(+) T lymphocytes.
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18
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Flores-García A, Velarde-Félix JS, Garibaldi-Becerra V, Rangel-Villalobos H, Torres-Bugarín O, Zepeda-Carrillo EA, Ruíz-Bernés S, Ochoa-Ramírez LA. Recombinant murine IL-12 promotes a protective Th1/cellular response in Mongolian gerbils infected with Sporothrix schenckii. J Chemother 2014; 27:87-93. [PMID: 24548095 DOI: 10.1179/1973947814y.0000000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a cutaneous fungal infection caused by Sporothrix schenckii. It is known to be mainly contained by Th1 responses. As IL-12 is crucial for Th1 response, we investigated if treatment with recombinant murine IL-12 (rmIL-12) promoted Th1 immunity and/or clinical improvement in an experimental sporotrichosis gerbil model. Gerbils were inoculated with S. schenckii in the footpad and treated with rmIL-12. Seven days post infection there was a significant increase in macrophage phagocytosis and oxidative burst, and in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in rmIL-12 treated gerbils, as well as a ∼10-fold increase of serum IFN-gamma and a decrease of IL-4 and IL-10. Moreover, rmIL-12 substantially decreased (∼70%) S. schenckii burden in liver and spleen and improved the clinical outcome preventing footpad ulcer and tail nodules observed in untreated gerbils. Our study demonstrates that rmIL-12 promotes Th1 immune response against S. schenckii favouring its clearance and preventing clinical symptoms.
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19
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Fanelli V, Vlachou A, Ghannadian S, Simonetti U, Slutsky AS, Zhang H. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: new definition, current and future therapeutic options. J Thorac Dis 2013; 5:326-34. [PMID: 23825769 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.04.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Since acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was first described in 1967 there has been large number of studies addressing its pathogenesis and therapies. Despite this intense research activity, there are very few effective therapies for ARDS other than the use of lung protection strategies. This lack of therapeutic modalities is not only related to the complex pathogenesis of this syndrome but also the insensitive and nonspecific diagnostic criteria to diagnose ARDS. This review article will summarize the key features of the new definition of ARDS, and provide a brief overview of innovative therapeutic options that are being assessed in the management of ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Fanelli
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, University of Turin, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy
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20
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Alegranci P, de Abreu Ribeiro LC, Ferreira LS, Negrini TDC, Maia DCG, Tansini A, Gonçalves AC, Placeres MCP, Carlos IZ. The predominance of alternatively activated macrophages following challenge with cell wall peptide-polysaccharide after prior infection with Sporothrix schenckii. Mycopathologia 2013; 176:57-65. [PMID: 23686275 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-013-9663-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis that is caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii. This disease generally occurs within the skin and subcutaneous tissues, causing lesions that can spread through adjacent lymphatic vessels and sometimes leading to systemic diseases in immunocompromised patients. Macrophages are crucial for proper immune responses against a variety of pathogens. Furthermore, macrophages can play different roles in response to different microorganisms and forms of activation, and they can be divided into "classic" or "alternatively" activated populations, as also known as M1 and M2 macrophages. M1 cells can lead to tissue injury and contribute to pathogenesis, whereas M2 cells promote angiogenesis, tissue remodeling, and repair. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of M1 and M2 macrophages in a sporotrichosis model. Toward this end, we performed phenotyping of peritoneal exudate cells and evaluated the concomitant production of several immunomediators, including IL-12, IL-10, TGF-β, nitric oxide, and arginase-I activity, which were stimulated ex vivo with cell wall peptide-polysaccharide. Our results showed the predominance of the M2 macrophage population, indicated by peaks of arginase-I activity as well as IL-10 and TGF-β production during the 6th and 8th weeks after infection. These results were consistent with cellular phenotyping that revealed increases in CD206-positive cells over this period. This is the first report of the participation of M2 macrophages in sporotrichosis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Alegranci
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Expedicionários do Brasil no 1621, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14801-902, Brazil
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21
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Myers RC, Dunaway CW, Nelson MP, Trevor JL, Morris A, Steele C. STAT4-dependent and -independent Th2 responses correlate with protective immunity against lung infection with Pneumocystis murina. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:6287-94. [PMID: 23650614 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although it is clear that the loss of CD4(+) T cells is a predisposing factor for the development of Pneumocystis pneumonia, specific Th mechanisms mediating protection are not well understood. Th1, Th2, and Th17 responses have each been implicated in protective responses during infection. As STAT4 may promote Th1 and Th17 development, yet antagonize Th2 development, we investigated its role in Pneumocystis murina host defense. STAT4 was required for Th1 and, unexpectedly, Th2 responses in the lungs of C57BL/6 (BL/6) and BALB/c mice 14 d postchallenge, but only BALB/c Stat4(-/-) mice demonstrated susceptibility to P. murina lung infection. BL/6 Stat4(-/-), but not BALB/c Stat4(-/-), mice maintained an enhanced alternatively activated (M2) macrophage signature in the lungs, which we have previously reported to be associated with enhanced P. murina clearance. In addition, anti-P. murina class-switched Abs were increased in BL/6 Stat4(-/-) mice, but not BALB/c Stat4(-/-) mice. Supporting our experimental observations, plasma from HIV-infected individuals colonized with Pneumocystis jirovecii contained significantly lower levels of the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 compared with HIV-infected individuals who were not colonized. Collectively, our data suggest that robust local and systemic Th2-mediated responses are critical for immunity to Pneumocystis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley C Myers
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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22
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Galmès J, Li Y, Rajoharison A, Ren L, Dollet S, Richard N, Vernet G, Javouhey E, Wang J, Telles JN, Paranhos-Baccalà G. Potential implication of new torque teno mini viruses in parapneumonic empyema in children. Eur Respir J 2012; 42:470-9. [PMID: 23060626 PMCID: PMC3729974 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00107212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An unexplained increase in the incidence of parapneumonic empyema (PPE) in pneumonia cases has been reported in recent years. The present study investigated the genetic and biological specifications of new isolates of torque teno mini virus (TTMV) detected in pleural effusion samples from children hospitalised for severe pneumonia with PPE. A pathogen discovery protocol was applied in undiagnosed pleural effusion samples and led to the identification of three new isolates of TTMV (TTMV-LY). Isolated TTMV-LY genomes were transfected into A549 and human embryonic kidney 293T cells and viral replication was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR and full-length genome amplification. A549 cells were further infected with released TTMV-LY virions and the induced-innate immune response was measured by multiplex immunoassays. Genetic analyses of the three TTMV-LY genomes revealed a classic genomic organisation but a weak identity (<64%) with known sequences. We demonstrated the in vitro replication of TTMV-LY in alveolar epithelial cells and the effective release of infectious viral particles. We also showed a selective production of inflammatory mediators in response to TTMV infection. This study reports the description of replicative TTMV-LY isolated from parapneumonic effusions of children hospitalised with PPE, suggesting a potential role of the virus in the pathogenesis of pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Galmès
- Laboratoire des Pathoge`nes Emergents, Fondation Me´rieux, Lyon, France
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Zhang CR, Lin JC, Xu WM, Li M, Ye HS, Cui WL, Lin Q. Interleukin-12 and interleukin-2 alone or in combination against the infection in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis mouse model. Mycoses 2012; 56:117-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2012.02220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are characterized by acute respiratory failure and are associated with diverse disorders. Gene therapy is a potentially powerful approach to treat diseases related to ALI/ARDS, and numerous viral and nonviral methods for gene delivery to the lung have been developed. Discussed are recent advances in the development of more efficient viral and nonviral gene transfer systems, and the current status of gene therapy applied to ALI/ARDS-associated pulmonary diseases is reviewed. With the development of more efficient gene therapy vectors, gene therapy is a promising strategy for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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25
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Yu Z, Huang Z, Sao C, Huang Y, Zhang F, Yang J, Lian J, Zeng Z, Luo W, Zeng W, Deng Q. Bifidobacterium as an oral delivery carrier of interleukin-12 for the treatment of Coxsackie virus B3-induced myocarditis in the Balb/c mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 12:125-30. [PMID: 22088614 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 plays an important role in the treatment of many infectious diseases by being administered intravenously or intramuscularly. However, intravenous or intramuscular administration is difficult and inconvenient and may cause side effects. The aim of this study is to develop a novel oral delivery system for IL-12 using genetically engineered Bifidobacterium longum as the carrier and further investigate the efficacy of IL-12-expressed B. longum on the coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis in mice. A mIL-12 gene expression vector pBBADs-IL-12 for B. longum was constructed and transformed into Bifidobacterium. Subsequently, the expression of mIL-12 in the engineered B. longum was identified in vitro by western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after l-arabinose induction. Moreover, our data indicated that oral administration of IL-12-expressed B. longum for two weeks after CVB3 infection in the Balb/c mice could downregulate the severity of virus-induced myocarditis, markedly reduce the virus titers in the heart and induce a Th1 pattern in the spleen and heart compared with the controls. In conclusion, a novel oral delivery system of Bifidobacterium for murine IL-12 has been successfully established. Oral administration of mIL-12-transformed B. longum may play a therapeutic role in the treatment of CVB3-induced myocarditis in the mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China
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Kottom TJ, Limper AH. Substrate analysis of the Pneumocystis carinii protein kinases PcCbk1 and PcSte20 using yeast proteome microarrays provides a novel method for Pneumocystis signalling biology. Yeast 2011; 28:707-19. [PMID: 21905091 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis carinii (Pc) undergoes morphological transitions between cysts and trophic forms. We have previously described two Pc serine/threonine kinases, termed PcCbk1 and PcSte20, with PcSte20 belonging to a family of kinases involved in yeast mating, while PcCbk1 is a member of a group of protein kinases involved in regulation of cell cycle, shape, and proliferation. As Pc remains genetically intractable, knowledge on specific substrates phosphorylated by these kinases remains limited. Utilizing the phylogenetic relatedness of Pc to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we interrogated a yeast proteome microarray containing >4000 purified protein based peptides, leading to the identification of 18 potential PcCbk1 and 15 PcSte20 substrates (Z-score > 3.0). A number of these potential protein substrates are involved in bud site selection, polarized growth, and response to mating α factor and pseudohyphal and invasive growth. Full-length open reading frames suggested by the PcCbk1 and PcSte20 protoarrays were amplified and expressed. These five proteins were used as substrates for PcCbk1 or PcSte20, with each being highly phosphorylated by the respective kinase. Finally, to demonstrate the utility of this method to identify novel PcCbk1 and PcSte20 substrates, we analysed DNA sequence data from the partially complete Pc genome database and detected partial sequence information of potential PcCbk1 kinase substrates PcPxl1 and PcInt1. We additionally identified the potential PcSte20 kinase substrate PcBdf2. Full-length Pc substrates were cloned and expressed in yeast, and shown to be phosphorylated by the respective Pc kinases. In conclusion, the yeast protein microarray represents a novel crossover technique for identifying unique potential Pc kinase substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J Kottom
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Department of Medicine and Biochemistry, 8-24 Stabile, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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27
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Abstract
The generation of an innate immune response is essential for rapid clearance of microbes from the respiratory tract, whereas acquired immunity is required for the generation of cellular immunity necessary for the killing of certain intracellular pathogens and the development of immunological memory. Cytokines play an integral role in host defense by serving as leukocyte chemoattractants, leukocyte-activating factors or afferent signals in the induction or regulation of other effector molecules. This review assesses the contribution of cytokine networks to the generation of antimicrobial host defenses in the lung, with an emphasis on cytokines/cytokine networks that are instrumental in innate antibacterial responses, including mucosal immunity, and also introduces networks that instruct the development of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvashi Bhan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0360, USA
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28
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Abstract
Pneumocystis jirovecii is the opportunistic fungal organism that causes Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in humans. Similar to other opportunistic pathogens, Pneumocystis causes disease in individuals who are immunocompromised, particularly those infected with HIV. PCP remains the most common opportunistic infection in patients with AIDS. Incidence has decreased greatly with the advent of HAART. However, an increase in the non-HIV immunocompromised population, noncompliance with current treatments, emergence of drug-resistant strains and rise in HIV(+) cases in developing countries makes Pneumocystis a pathogen of continued interest and a public health threat. A great deal of research interest has addressed therapeutic interventions to boost waning immunity in the host to prevent or treat PCP. This article focuses on research conducted during the previous 5 years regarding the host immune response to Pneumocystis, including innate, cell-mediated and humoral immunity, and associated immunotherapies tested against PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N Kelly
- Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center, Medical Education Building 3205, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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