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Mohammad A, Laboulaye MA, Shenhar C, Dobberfuhl AD. Mechanisms of oxidative stress in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. Nat Rev Urol 2024; 21:433-449. [PMID: 38326514 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00850-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is characterized by bladder and/or pelvic pain, increased urinary urgency and frequency and nocturia. The pathophysiology of IC/BPS is poorly understood, and theories include chronic inflammation, autoimmune dysregulation, bacterial cystitis, urothelial dysfunction, deficiency of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) barrier and urine cytotoxicity. Multiple treatment options exist, including behavioural interventions, oral medications, intravesical instillations and procedures such as hydrodistension; however, many clinical trials fail, and patients experience an unsatisfactory treatment response, likely owing to IC/BPS phenotype heterogeneity and the use of non-targeted interventions. Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of IC/BPS as reactive oxygen species impair bladder function via their involvement in multiple molecular mechanisms. Kinase signalling pathways, nociceptive receptors, mast-cell activation, urothelial dysregulation and circadian rhythm disturbance have all been linked to reactive oxygen species and IC/BPS. However, further research is necessary to fully uncover the role of oxidative stress in the pathways driving IC/BPS pathogenesis. The development of new models in which these pathways can be manipulated will aid this research and enable further investigation of promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashu Mohammad
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Mallory A Laboulaye
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chen Shenhar
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Amy D Dobberfuhl
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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2
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Engel DR, Wagenlehner FME, Shevchuk O. Scientific Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection in the Past 10 Years. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2024; 38:229-240. [PMID: 38575493 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a very common disease that is accompanied by various complications in the affected person. UTI triggers diverse inflammatory reactions locally in the infected urinary bladder and kidney, causing tissue destruction and organ failure. Moreover, systemic responses in the entire body carry the risk of urosepsis with far-reaching consequences. Understanding the cell-, organ-, and systemic mechanisms in UTI are crucial for prevention, early intervention, and current therapeutic approaches. This review summarizes the scientific advances over the last 10 years concerning pathogenesis, prevention, rapid diagnosis, and new treatment approaches. We also highlight the impact of the immune system and potential new therapies to reduce progressive and recurrent UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Engel
- Department of Immunodynamics, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Florian M E Wagenlehner
- Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Clinic for Urology, Paediatric Urology and Andrology, Rudolf-Buchheim Straße 7, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Olga Shevchuk
- Department of Immunodynamics, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany.
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3
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Xing Y, Clark JR, Chang JD, Zulk JJ, Chirman DM, Piedra FA, Vaughan EE, Hernandez Santos HJ, Patras KA, Maresso AW. Progress toward a vaccine for extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) II: efficacy of a toxin-autotransporter dual antigen approach. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0044023. [PMID: 38591882 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00440-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is a leading cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality, the top cause of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) infections, and the most frequent cause of life-threatening sepsis and urinary tract infections (UTI) in adults. The development of an effective and universal vaccine is complicated by this pathogen's pan-genome, its ability to mix and match virulence factors and AMR genes via horizontal gene transfer, an inability to decipher commensal from pathogens, and its intimate association and co-evolution with mammals. Using a pan virulome analysis of >20,000 sequenced E. coli strains, we identified the secreted cytolysin α-hemolysin (HlyA) as a high priority target for vaccine exploration studies. We demonstrate that a catalytically inactive pure form of HlyA, expressed in an autologous host using its own secretion system, is highly immunogenic in a murine host, protects against several forms of ExPEC infection (including lethal bacteremia), and significantly lowers bacterial burdens in multiple organ systems. Interestingly, the combination of a previously reported autotransporter (SinH) with HlyA was notably effective, inducing near complete protection against lethal challenge, including commonly used infection strains ST73 (CFT073) and ST95 (UTI89), as well as a mixture of 10 of the most highly virulent sequence types and strains from our clinical collection. Both HlyA and HlyA-SinH combinations also afforded some protection against UTI89 colonization in a murine UTI model. These findings suggest recombinant, inactive hemolysin and/or its combination with SinH warrant investigation in the development of an E. coli vaccine against invasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikun Xing
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- TAILOR Labs, Vaccine Development Group, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Justin R Clark
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- TAILOR Labs, Vaccine Development Group, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James D Chang
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- TAILOR Labs, Vaccine Development Group, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jacob J Zulk
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- TAILOR Labs, Vaccine Development Group, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dylan M Chirman
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- TAILOR Labs, Vaccine Development Group, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Felipe-Andres Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ellen E Vaughan
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Haroldo J Hernandez Santos
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- TAILOR Labs, Vaccine Development Group, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kathryn A Patras
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anthony W Maresso
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- TAILOR Labs, Vaccine Development Group, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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4
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Rimbi PT, O'Boyle N, Douce GR, Pizza M, Rosini R, Roe AJ. Enhancing a multi-purpose artificial urine for culture and gene expression studies of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae067. [PMID: 38486355 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
AIMS The main objective of this study was to modify a recently reported multi-purpose artificial urine (MP-AU) for culture and gene expression studies of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains. METHODS AND RESULTS We used liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to identify and adjust the metabolic profile of MP-AU closer to that of pooled human urine (PHU). Modification in this way facilitated growth of UPEC strains with growth rates similar to those obtained in PHU. Transcriptomic analysis of UPEC strains cultured in enhanced artificial urine (enhanced AU) and PHU showed that the gene expression profiles are similar, with <7% of genes differentially expressed between the two conditions. CONCLUSIONS Enhancing an MP-AU with metabolites identified in PHU allows the enhanced AU to be used as a substitute for the culture and in vitro gene expression studies of UPEC strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia T Rimbi
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Nicky O'Boyle
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Gillian R Douce
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Mariagrazia Pizza
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew J Roe
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
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Westcott MM, Morse AE, Troy G, Blevins M, Wierzba T, Sanders JW. Photochemical inactivation as an alternative method to produce a whole-cell vaccine for uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0366123. [PMID: 38315025 PMCID: PMC10913755 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03661-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the primary causative agent of lower urinary tract infection (UTI). UTI presents a serious health risk and has considerable secondary implications including economic burden, recurring episodes, and overuse of antibiotics. A safe and effective vaccine would address this widespread health problem and emerging antibiotic resistance. Killed, whole-cell vaccines have shown limited efficacy to prevent recurrent UTI in human trials. We explored photochemical inactivation with psoralen drugs and UVA light (PUVA), which crosslinks nucleic acid, as an alternative to protein-damaging methods of inactivation to improve whole-cell UTI vaccines. Exposure of UPEC to the psoralen drug AMT and UVA light resulted in a killed but metabolically active (KBMA) state, as reported previously for other PUVA-inactivated bacteria. The immunogenicity of PUVA-UPEC as compared to formalin-inactivated UPEC was compared in mice. Both generated high UPEC-specific serum IgG titers after intramuscular delivery. However, using functional adherence as a measure of surface protein integrity, we found differences in the properties of PUVA- and formalin-inactivated UPEC. Adhesion mediated by Type-1 and P-fimbriae was severely compromised by formalin but was unaffected by PUVA, indicating that PUVA preserved the functional conformation of fimbrial proteins, which are targets of protective immune responses. In vitro assays indicated that although they retained metabolic activity, PUVA-UPEC lost virulence properties that could negatively impact vaccine safety. Our results imply the potential for PUVA to improve killed, whole-cell UTI vaccines by generating bacteria that more closely resemble their live, infectious counterparts relative to vaccines generated with protein-damaging methods. IMPORTANCE Lower urinary tract infection (UTI), caused primarily by uropathogenic Escherichia coli, represents a significant health burden, accounting for 7 million primary care and 1 million emergency room visits annually in the United States. Women and the elderly are especially susceptible and recurrent infection (rUTI) is common in those populations. Lower UTI can lead to life-threatening systemic infection. UTI burden is manifested by healthcare dollars spent (1.5 billion annually), quality of life impact, and resistant strains emerging from antibiotic overuse. A safe and effective vaccine to prevent rUTI would address a substantial healthcare issue. Vaccines comprised of inactivated uropathogenic bacteria have yielded encouraging results in clinical trials but improvements that enhance vaccine performance are needed. To that end, we focused on inactivation methodology and provided data to support photochemical inactivation, which targets nucleic acid, as a promising alternative to conventional protein-damaging inactivation methods to improve whole-cell UTI vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena M. Westcott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexis E. Morse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gavin Troy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maria Blevins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Section, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas Wierzba
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Section, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - John W. Sanders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Section, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Joshi CS, Salazar AM, Wang C, Ligon MM, Chappidi RR, Fashemi BE, Felder PA, Mora A, Grimm SL, Coarfa C, Mysorekar IU. D-Mannose reduces cellular senescence and NLRP3/GasderminD/IL-1β-driven pyroptotic uroepithelial cell shedding in the murine bladder. Dev Cell 2024; 59:33-47.e5. [PMID: 38101412 PMCID: PMC10872954 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a risk factor for disease via increased susceptibility to infection, decreased ability to maintain homeostasis, inefficiency in combating stress, and decreased regenerative capacity. Multiple diseases, including urinary tract infection (UTI), are more prevalent with age; however, the mechanisms underlying the impact of aging on the urinary tract mucosa and the correlation between aging and disease remain poorly understood. Here, we show that, relative to young (8-12 weeks) mice, the urothelium of aged (18-24 months) female mice accumulates large lysosomes with reduced acid phosphatase activity and decreased overall autophagic flux in the aged urothelium, indicative of compromised cellular homeostasis. Aged bladders also exhibit basal accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a dampened redox response, implying heightened oxidative stress. Furthermore, we identify a canonical senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in the aged urothelium, along with continuous NLRP3-inflammasome- and Gasdermin-D-dependent pyroptotic cell death. Consequently, aged mice chronically exfoliate urothelial cells, further exacerbating age-related urothelial dysfunction. Upon infection with uropathogenic E. coli, aged mice harbor increased bacterial reservoirs and are more prone to spontaneous recurrent UTI. Finally, we discover that treatment with D-mannose, a natural bioactive monosaccharide, rescues autophagy flux, reverses the SASP, and mitigates ROS and NLRP3/Gasdermin/interleukin (IL)-1β-driven pyroptotic epithelial cell shedding in aged mice. Collectively, our results demonstrate that normal aging affects bladder physiology, with aging alone increasing baseline cellular stress and susceptibility to infection, and suggest that mannose supplementation could serve as a senotherapeutic to counter age-associated urothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetanchandra S Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Arnold M Salazar
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Caihong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marianne M Ligon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rayvanth R Chappidi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bisiayo E Fashemi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul A Felder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amy Mora
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sandra L Grimm
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Indira U Mysorekar
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Huffington Center of Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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7
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Naskar M, Parekh VP, Abraham MA, Alibasic Z, Kim MJ, Suk G, Noh JH, Ko KY, Lee J, Kim C, Yoon H, Abraham SN, Choi HW. α-Hemolysin promotes uropathogenic E. coli persistence in Bladder epithelial cells Via abrogating bacteria-harboring lysosome acidification. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011388. [PMID: 37167325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing consensus that a significant proportion of recurrent urinary tract infections are linked to the persistence of uropathogens within the urinary tract and their re-emergence upon the conclusion of antibiotic treatment. Studies in mice and human have revealed that uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) can persist in bladder epithelial cells (BECs) even after the apparent resolution of the infection. Here, we found that, following the entry of UPEC into RAB27b+ fusiform vesicles in BECs, some bacteria escaped into the cytoplasmic compartment via a mechanism involving hemolysin A (HlyA). However, these UPEC were immediately recaptured within LC3A/B+ autophagosomes that matured into LAMP1+ autolysosomes. Thereafter, HlyA+ UPEC-containing lysosomes failed to acidify, which is an essential step for bacterial elimination. This lack of acidification was related to the inability of bacteria-harboring compartments to recruit V-ATPase proton pumps, which was attributed to the defragmentation of cytosolic microtubules by HlyA. The persistence of UPEC within LAMP1+ compartments in BECs appears to be directly linked to HlyA. Thus, through intravesicular instillation of microtubule stabilizer, this host defense response can be co-opted to reduce intracellular bacterial burden following UTIs in the bladder potentially preventing recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Naskar
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Viraj P Parekh
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mathew A Abraham
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Zehra Alibasic
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gyeongseo Suk
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo Hwan Noh
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwan Young Ko
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joonha Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chungho Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hana Yoon
- Department of Urology, Ewha Womans University, College of medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soman N Abraham
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hae Woong Choi
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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Čeprnja M, Hadžić E, Oros D, Melvan E, Starcevic A, Zucko J. Current Viewpoint on Female Urogenital Microbiome-The Cause or the Consequence? Microorganisms 2023; 11:1207. [PMID: 37317181 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing amount of evidence implies that native microbiota is a constituent part of a healthy urinary tract (UT), making it an ecosystem on its own. What is still not clear is whether the origin of the urinary microbial community is the indirect consequence of the more abundant gut microbiota or a more distinct separation exists between these two systems. Another area of uncertainty is the existence of a link between the shifts in UT microbial composition and both the onset and persistence of cystitis symptoms. Cystitis is one of the most common reasons for antimicrobial drugs prescriptions in primary and secondary care and an important contributor to the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Despite this fact, we still have trouble distinguishing whether the primary cause of the majority of cystitis cases is a single pathogen overgrowth or a systemic disorder affecting the entire urinary microbiota. There is an increasing trend in studies monitoring changes and dynamics of UT microbiota, but this field of research is still in its infancy. Using NGS and bioinformatics, it is possible to obtain microbiota taxonomic profiles directly from urine samples, which can provide a window into microbial diversity (or the lack of) underlying each patient's cystitis symptoms. However, while microbiota refers to the living collection of microorganisms, an interchangeably used term microbiome referring to the genetic material of the microbiota is more often used in conjunction with sequencing data. It is this vast amount of sequences, which are truly "Big Data", that allow us to create models that describe interactions between different species contributing to an UT ecosystem, when coupled with machine-learning techniques. Although in a simplified predator-prey form these multi-species interaction models have the potential to further validate or disprove current beliefs; whether it is the presence or the absence of particular key players in a UT microbial ecosystem, the exact cause or consequence of the otherwise unknown etiology in the majority of cystitis cases. These insights might prove to be vital in our ongoing struggle against pathogen resistance and offer us new and promising clinical markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Čeprnja
- Biochemical Laboratory, Special Hospital Agram, Polyclinic Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Edin Hadžić
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Zagreb University, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Damir Oros
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Zagreb University, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ena Melvan
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Antonio Starcevic
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Zagreb University, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jurica Zucko
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Zagreb University, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in Mexico, an Overview of Virulence and Resistance Determinants: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Arch Med Res 2023; 54:247-260. [PMID: 36725379 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most common pathologies in Mexico and the majority are caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). UPEC possesses virulence and resistance determinants that promote UTI development and affect diagnosis and treatment. This study aims to systematically review published reports of virulence genes, antibiotic resistance, and phylogenetic groups prevalent in clinical isolates of UPEC in the Mexican population. METHODS Systematic review with meta-analysis was performed following PRISMA guidelines. Articles in both English and Spanish were included. Total prevalence with a 95% confidence interval of each characteristic was calculated. Heterogeneity between studies and geographical areas was assessed by the Cochran Q test (Q), I-square (I2), and H-square (H2). Egger's test was used for risk of bias in publications and asymmetry evaluations. RESULTS Forty-two articles were analyzed. The most prevalent virulence genes were ecp (97.25%; n = 364) and fimH (82.34%; n = 1,422), which are associated with lower UTI, followed by papGII (40.98%; n = 810), fliC (38.87%; n = 319), hlyA (23.55%; n = 1,521), responsible for with upper UTI. More than 78.13% (n = 1,893) of the isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant, with a higher prevalence of resistance to those antibiotics that are implemented in the basic regimen in Mexico. The most frequently reported Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) was CTX-M-1 (55.61%; n = 392), and the predominant phylogroup was B2 (35.94%; n = 1,725). CONCLUSION UPEC strains are responsible for a large portion of both lower and upper UTI in Mexico, and their multi-drug resistance drastically reduces the number of therapeutic options available.
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10
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In Vivo Role of Two-Component Regulatory Systems in Models of Urinary Tract Infections. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010119. [PMID: 36678467 PMCID: PMC9861413 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-component signaling systems (TCSs) are finely regulated mechanisms by which bacteria adapt to environmental conditions by modifying the expression of target genes. In bacterial pathogenesis, TCSs play important roles in modulating adhesion to mucosal surfaces, resistance to antibiotics, and metabolic adaptation. In the context of urinary tract infections (UTI), one of the most common types infections causing significant health problems worldwide, uropathogens use TCSs for adaptation, survival, and establishment of pathogenicity. For example, uropathogens can exploit TCSs to survive inside bladder epithelial cells, sense osmolar variations in urine, promote their ascension along the urinary tract or even produce lytic enzymes resulting in exfoliation of the urothelium. Despite the usefulness of studying the function of TCSs in in vitro experimental models, it is of primary necessity to study bacterial gene regulation also in the context of host niches, each displaying its own biological, chemical, and physical features. In light of this, the aim of this review is to provide a concise description of several bacterial TCSs, whose activity has been described in mouse models of UTI.
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11
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Hyun M, Lee JY, Kim HA. Comparison of the Clinical and Genotypic Characteristics of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Strains According to Sex in Korea. Microb Drug Resist 2022; 28:988-996. [PMID: 36256861 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we compared the microbiological, genotypic, and antibiotic resistance characteristics of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains in patients with pyelonephritis in Korea according to sex based on data corresponding to the February 2015 to June 2018 period. Based on Escherichia coli phylogenetic group analysis, gene virulence detection, and subgroup analyses by sex, we observed that the antibiotic resistance percentages and proportions corresponding to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing UPEC were higher in males than in females. In addition, phylogenetic group B2 showed predominance in both the male and female groups, which further showed similar adhesion molecule distributions. Toxin-associated factors, hlyA and cnf1, were more common in males. In clinical presentations, urinary predisposing factors, complicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), concomitant bacteremia, and persistent fever were also more common with males. Although females and males showed UPEC genotypic differences, there were no differences between them with respect to poor outcomes. Persistent fever was associated with community-acquired infection and bacteremic UTI and relapsed UTI within 3 months was associated with urinary tract stone. In future, it will be necessary to conduct multicenter studies, involving more cases on UPEC to validate our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miri Hyun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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12
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Mansfield KJ, Chen Z, Moore KH, Grundy L. Urinary Tract Infection in Overactive Bladder: An Update on Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Front Physiol 2022; 13:886782. [PMID: 35860658 PMCID: PMC9289139 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.886782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Overactive bladder (OAB) is a clinical syndrome defined by urinary urgency, increased daytime urinary frequency and/or nocturia, with or without urinary incontinence, that affects approximately 11% of the western population. OAB is accepted as an idiopathic disorder, and is charactersied clinically in the absence of other organic diseases, including urinary tract infection. Despite this, a growing body of research provides evidence that a significant proportion of OAB patients have active bladder infection. This review discusses the key findings of recent laboratory and clinical studies, providing insight into the relationship between urinary tract infection, bladder inflammation, and the pathophysiology of OAB. We summarise an array of clinical studies that find OAB patients are significantly more likely than control patients to have pathogenic bacteria in their urine and increased bladder inflammation. This review reveals the complex nature of OAB, and highlights key laboratory studies that have begun to unravel how urinary tract infection and bladder inflammation can induce urinary urgency and urinary frequency. The evidence presented in this review supports the concept that urinary tract infection may be an underappreciated contributor to the pathophysiology of some OAB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie J. Mansfield
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Zhuoran Chen
- Department of Urogynaecology, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
| | - Kate H. Moore
- Department of Urogynaecology, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
| | - Luke Grundy
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Luke Grundy,
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13
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Butler D, Ambite I, Wan MLY, Tran TH, Wullt B, Svanborg C. Immunomodulation therapy offers new molecular strategies to treat UTI. Nat Rev Urol 2022; 19:419-437. [PMID: 35732832 PMCID: PMC9214477 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-022-00602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Innovative solutions are needed for the treatment of bacterial infections, and a range of antibacterial molecules have been explored as alternatives to antibiotics. A different approach is to investigate the immune system of the host for new ways of making the antibacterial defence more efficient. However, the immune system has a dual role as protector and cause of disease: in addition to being protective, increasing evidence shows that innate immune responses can become excessive and cause acute symptoms and tissue pathology during infection. This role of innate immunity in disease suggests that the immune system should be targeted therapeutically, to inhibit over-reactivity. The ultimate goal is to develop therapies that selectively attenuate destructive immune response cascades, while augmenting the protective antimicrobial defence but such treatment options have remained underexplored, owing to the molecular proximity of the protective and destructive effects of the immune response. The concept of innate immunomodulation therapy has been developed successfully in urinary tract infections, based on detailed studies of innate immune activation and disease pathogenesis. Effective, disease-specific, immunomodulatory strategies have been developed by targeting specific immune response regulators including key transcription factors. In acute pyelonephritis, targeting interferon regulatory factor 7 using small interfering RNA or treatment with antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin was protective and, in acute cystitis, targeting overactive effector molecules such as IL-1β, MMP7, COX2, cAMP and the pain-sensing receptor NK1R has been successful in vivo. Furthermore, other UTI treatment strategies, such as inhibiting bacterial adhesion and vaccination, have also shown promise. Hyperactivation of innate immunity is a disease determinant in urinary tract infections (UTIs). Modulation of innate immunity has promise as a therapy for UTIs. In this Review, the authors discuss potential mechanisms and immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies in UTIs. Excessive innate immune responses to infection cause symptoms and pathology in acute pyelonephritis and acute cystitis. Innate immunomodulation therapy is, therefore, a realistic option for treating these conditions. Targeting excessive innate immune responses at the level of transcription has been successful in animal models. Innate immunomodulation therapy reduces excessive inflammation and tissue pathology and accelerates bacterial clearance from infected kidneys and bladders in mice. Innate immunomodulation therapy also accelerates the clearance of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Butler
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ines Ambite
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Murphy Lam Yim Wan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thi Hien Tran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Wullt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Catharina Svanborg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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14
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Bidet P, Birgy A, Ouldali N, Béchet S, Levy C, Madhi F, Sobral E, Cohen R, Bonacorsi S. Comparative genomic analysis of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli from faecal carriage and febrile urinary tract infection in children: a prospective multicentre study. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2022; 4:dlac056. [PMID: 35611261 PMCID: PMC9123598 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The reliability of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) faecal carriage monitoring to guide probabilistic treatment of febrile urinary tract infection (FUTI) in children remains unclear. Objectives To compare the genomic characteristics of ESBL-Ec isolates from faecal carriage and FUTI to assess their correlation and identify a FUTI-associated virulence profile. Methods We conducted a prospective multicentre hospital and ambulatory-based study. We analysed the genotypes and virulence factors of both faecal and FUTI ESBL-Ec by whole genome sequencing. Correlations were assessed by non-parametric Spearman coefficient and virulence factors were assessed by chi-squared tests with Bonferroni correction. Results We included 218 ESBL-Ec causing FUTI and 154 ESBL-Ec faecal carriage isolates. The most frequent ST was ST131 (44%) in both collections. We found high correlation between carriage and ESBL-Ec FUTI regarding genes/alleles (rho = 0.88, P < 0.0001) and combinations of virulence genes, MLST and serotypes (rho = 0.90, P < 0.0001, rho = 0.99, P = 0.0003, rho = 0.97, P = 0.005 respectively). Beside this strong correlation, we found five genes that were significantly associated with FUTI (papC, papGII, hlyC, hek and traJ). The strongest association with FUTI was found with adhesin gene allele papGII (54% in FUTI versus 16% in carriage) and for papGII and gene traJ alone or in combination (63% versus 24%). Conclusions The genomic profile of ESBL-Ec causing FUTI in children strongly correlates with faecal carriage isolates except for a few genes. The presence of papGII and/or traJ in a previously identified carriage strain could be used as a marker of uropathogenicity and may guide the empirical antimicrobial choice in subsequent FUTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bidet
- Université Paris Cité, IAME, INSERM, F-75018 Paris, France
- Service de Microbiologie, Centre National de Référence associé pour Escherichia coli, Hôpital Robert-Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - André Birgy
- Université Paris Cité, IAME, INSERM, F-75018 Paris, France
- Service de Microbiologie, Centre National de Référence associé pour Escherichia coli, Hôpital Robert-Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Naim Ouldali
- Association Clinique Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne (ACTIV), Créteil, France
- Service de Pédiatrie Générale, Hôpital Robert-Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Béchet
- Association Clinique Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne (ACTIV), Créteil, France
| | - Corinne Levy
- Association Clinique Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne (ACTIV), Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est, IMRB-GRC GEMINI, Créteil, France
- GPIP (Groupe de Pathologie Infectieuse Pédiatrique) de la SFP (Société Française de Pédiatrie), Paris, France
| | - Fouad Madhi
- Association Clinique Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne (ACTIV), Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est, IMRB-GRC GEMINI, Créteil, France
- GPIP (Groupe de Pathologie Infectieuse Pédiatrique) de la SFP (Société Française de Pédiatrie), Paris, France
- Service de Pédiatrie Générale, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Elsa Sobral
- Association Clinique Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne (ACTIV), Créteil, France
| | - Robert Cohen
- Association Clinique Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne (ACTIV), Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est, IMRB-GRC GEMINI, Créteil, France
- GPIP (Groupe de Pathologie Infectieuse Pédiatrique) de la SFP (Société Française de Pédiatrie), Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Bonacorsi
- Université Paris Cité, IAME, INSERM, F-75018 Paris, France
- Service de Microbiologie, Centre National de Référence associé pour Escherichia coli, Hôpital Robert-Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
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15
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Bladder epithelial cell phosphate transporter inhibition protects mice against uropathogenic Escherichia coli infection. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110698. [PMID: 35443182 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections are predominantly caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). UPEC infects bladder epithelial cells (BECs) via fusiform vesicles, escapes into the cytosol to evade exocytosis, and establishes intracellular bacterial communities (IBCs) for the next round of infection. The UPEC vesicle escape mechanism remains unclear. Here we show that UPEC senses host immune responses and initiates escape by upregulating a key phospholipase. The UPEC phospholipase PldA disrupts the vesicle membrane, and pldA expression is activated by phosphate reduction in vesicles. The host phosphate transporter PIT1 is located on the fusiform vesicle membrane, transporting phosphate into the cytosol. UPEC infection upregulates PIT1 via nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), resulting in phosphate reduction. Silencing PIT1 blocks UPEC vesicle escape in BECs, inhibits IBC formation in mouse bladders, and protects mice from UPEC infection. Our results shed light on pathogenic bacteria responding to intracellular phosphate shortage and tackling host defense and provide insights for development of new therapeutic agents to treat UPEC infection.
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16
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Derakhshan S, Ahmadi S, Ahmadi E, Nasseri S, Aghaei A. Characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infection and association between virulence expression and antimicrobial susceptibility. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:89. [PMID: 35387587 PMCID: PMC8985246 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The capacity of antibiotics to modulate bacterial virulence has raised concerns over the appropriateness of antibiotic therapies, including when dosing strategies fall below sub-therapeutic levels. In this work, we investigated the ability of antibiotics to influence virulence in Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infection (UTI). RESULTS Out of 120 isolates, 32.5% carried pap, 21.7% carried hlyA, and 17.5% carried cnf. The predominant B2 phylogroup was significantly associated with the quinolone-resistant isolates. A significant association was seen between the presence of hlyA hemolysin and susceptibility to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin (P < 0.05). Sub-inhibitory concentrations of both antibiotics reduced the levels of hlyA expression and hemolysis in isolates treated with antibiotics compared to untreated isolates (P < 0.05). Growth rate assay showed that the decrease in hlyA expression was not an effect of decreased growth rate. CONCLUSION Our study indicated the inhibitory effect of ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone on the level of hemolysis, suggesting that the sub-inhibitory concentrations of these antibiotics may affect the outcome of infections. Further studies, including animal models may elucidate the outcome of virulence modulation by these antibiotics in UTI pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safoura Derakhshan
- Lung Diseases and Allergy Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. .,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Sanaz Ahmadi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Erfan Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Sherko Nasseri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Abbas Aghaei
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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17
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Joshi CS, Mora A, Felder PA, Mysorekar IU. NRF2 promotes urothelial cell response to bacterial infection by regulating reactive oxygen species and RAB27B expression. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109856. [PMID: 34686330 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) cause urinary tract infections (UTIs) by invading urothelial cells. In response, the host mounts an inflammatory response to expel bacteria. Here, we show that the NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) pathway is activated in response to UPEC-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We demonstrate the molecular sequence of events wherein NRF2 activation in urothelial cells reduces ROS production, inflammation, and cell death, promotes UPEC expulsion, and reduces the bacterial load. In contrast, loss of NRF2 leads to increased ROS production, bacterial burden, and inflammation, both in vitro and in vivo. NRF2 promotes UPEC expulsion by regulating transcription of the RAB-GTPase RAB27B. Finally, dimethyl fumarate, a US Food and Administration-approved NRF2 inducer, reduces the inflammatory response, increases RAB27B expression, and lowers bacterial burden in urothelial cells and in a mouse UTI model. Our findings elucidate mechanisms underlying the host response to UPEC and provide a potential strategy to combat UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetanchandra S Joshi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amy Mora
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul A Felder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Indira U Mysorekar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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18
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Gu H, Cai X, Zhang X, Luo J, Zhang X, Hu X, Cai W, Li G. A previously uncharacterized two-component signaling system in uropathogenic Escherichia coli coordinates protection against host-derived oxidative stress with activation of hemolysin-mediated host cell pyroptosis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010005. [PMID: 34653218 PMCID: PMC8550376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) deploy an array of virulence factors to successfully establish urinary tract infections. Hemolysin is a pore-forming toxin, and its expression correlates with the severity of UPEC infection. Two-component signaling systems (TCSs) are a major mechanism by which bacteria sense environmental cues and respond by initiating adaptive responses. Here, we began this study by characterizing a novel TCS (C3564/C3565, herein renamed orhK/orhR for oxidative resistance and hemolysis kinase/regulator) that is encoded on a UPEC pathogenicity island, using bioinformatic and biochemical approaches. A prevalence analysis indicates that orhK/orhR is highly associated with the UPEC pathotype, and it rarely occurs in other E. coli pathotypes tested. We then demonstrated that OrhK/OrhR directly activates the expression of a putative methionine sulfoxide reductase system (C3566/C3567) and hemolysin (HlyA) in response to host-derived hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exposure. OrhK/OrhR increases UPEC resistance to H2O2in vitro and survival in macrophages in cell culture via C3566/C3567. Additionally, OrhK/OrhR mediates hemolysin-induced renal epithelial cell and macrophage death via a pyroptosis pathway. Reducing intracellular H2O2 production by a chemical inhibitor impaired OrhK/OrhR-mediated activation of c3566-c3567 and hlyA. We also uncovered that UPEC links the two key virulence traits by cotranscribing the c3566-c3567 and hlyCABD operons. Taken together, our data suggest a paradigm in which a signal transduction system coordinates both bacterial pathogen defensive and offensive traits in the presence of host-derived signals; and this exquisite mechanism likely contributes to hemolysin-induced severe pathological outcomes. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the primary cause of urinary tract infections, and approximately half of UPEC isolates produce a pore-forming toxin, hemolysin. Clinically, hemolysin carriage is associated with severe pathology and symptoms during UPEC infections. However, overexpression of hemolysin can be detrimental to UPEC colonization. Therefore, fine-tuning of hemolysin expression in response to in vivo-relevant signals is critical for optimal UPEC fitness in the urinary tract. In this study, we describe a virulence strategy employed by UPEC, i.e., the bacteria use a two-component signaling (TCS) system to coordinate oxidative stress resistance and hemolysin-mediated pyroptosis of host cells in response to host-derived oxidative signals. The TCS achieves this coordination by cotranscribing genes encoding the oxidative stress resistance and the hemolysin. As a result, UPEC is able to link defense to offense, and this exquisite virulence mechanism likely contributes to UPEC fitness in vivo and hemolysin-induced severe pathological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Gu
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuwang Cai
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyang Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Wentong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (WC); (GL)
| | - Ganwu Li
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (WC); (GL)
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19
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Schulz E, Schumann M, Schneemann M, Dony V, Fromm A, Nagel O, Schulzke JD, Bücker R. Escherichia coli Alpha-Hemolysin HlyA Induces Host Cell Polarity Changes, Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction and Cell Detachment in Human Colon Carcinoma Caco-2 Cell Model via PTEN-Dependent Dysregulation of Cell Junctions. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080520. [PMID: 34437391 PMCID: PMC8402498 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) of the B2 phylotype reside in human and animal intestines. The bacteria possess pathogenicity factors such as α-hemolysin (HlyA) that can induce intestinal epithelial leaks. We addressed the questions which host cell processes were dysregulated by E. coli HlyA that can potentiate intestinal diseases. The colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2 was infected by HlyA+ E. coli. Cell polarity regulation was analyzed by live cell imaging for the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) abundance. In Caco-2 monolayers, transepithelial electrical resistance was measured for characterization of barrier function. Cell proliferation and separation were assessed microscopically. Epithelial regulation and cell signaling were analyzed by RNA-Seq and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Our main findings from E. coli HlyA toxinogenicity in the colon carcinoma cell line are that (i) PIP2 at the membrane decrease, (ii) PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) inhibition leads to cell polarity changes, (iii) epithelial leakiness follows these polarity changes by disruption of cell junctions and (iv) epithelial cell detachment increases. HlyA affected pathways, e.g., the PTEN and metastasis signaling, were identified by RNA-Seq bioinformatics calculations in IPA. In conclusion, HlyA affects cell polarity, thereby inducing epithelial barrier dysfunction due to defective tight junctions and focal leak induction as an exemplary mechanism for leaky gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Schulz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (E.S.); (M.S.); (V.D.)
- Junior Clinician Scientist Program, Biomedical Innovation Academy, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schumann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (E.S.); (M.S.); (V.D.)
| | - Martina Schneemann
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.); (A.F.); (O.N.); (J.-D.S.)
| | - Violaine Dony
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (E.S.); (M.S.); (V.D.)
| | - Anja Fromm
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.); (A.F.); (O.N.); (J.-D.S.)
| | - Oliver Nagel
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.); (A.F.); (O.N.); (J.-D.S.)
| | - Jörg-Dieter Schulzke
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.); (A.F.); (O.N.); (J.-D.S.)
| | - Roland Bücker
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.); (A.F.); (O.N.); (J.-D.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-450-514548
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20
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Phylogenomic analysis of a highly virulent Escherichia coli ST83 lineage with potential animal-human transmission. Microb Pathog 2021; 155:104920. [PMID: 33930418 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The presence of specific virulence features conditions severe forms of urinary tract disease, but the frequency and distribution of these highly virulent extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli strains in animals and humans is unclear. We used whole genome sequencing, comparative genomics, histological and clinical data to characterize the genetic basis for pathogenesis and origin of E. coli Ec_151217, a strain (B2, ST83, O83:H5:K5) that caused an extremely aggressive upper urinary tract infection (UTI) in a cat. We show that Ec_151217 and 52% of other highly related ST83 genomes (O6 and O83) identified from different animal species and human infections carry two copies of the hemolysin A operon, though this duplication is infrequent (~1%) among closed ExPEC genomes from multiple sources. Our data enlarges the list of E. coli genetic backgrounds carrying hlyA operon duplication which is potentially involved in severity of UTI, and demonstrates that it seems to occur infrequently amongst ExPEC. Its identification in E. coli lineages (diverse ST83 serotypes) of potential animal-human transmission is of concern and anticipates the need to screen larger collections.
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21
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Li S, Pang Y, Zhang S, Li Q, Wang Q, Wang L, Feng L. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that the small protein MgtS contributes to the virulence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Microb Pathog 2021; 152:104765. [PMID: 33524567 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the most common pathogen causing urinary tract infections (UTIs). The pathogenesis of UPEC relies on the formation of intracellular bacterial communities (IBCs) after invading bladder epithelial cells (BECs). In this study, the gene expression profiles of UPEC after invading BECs were comprehensively analyzed using RNA sequencing to reveal potential virulence-related genes. The small protein MgtS, which is transcriptionally upregulated in BECs, was further investigated. It was found that MgtS contributed positively to UPEC invasion of BECs and colonization in murine bladders. A two-component regulatory system, PhoPQ was confirmed as a direct activator of mgtS expression in BECs, and magnesium limitation is proposed as a host cue for the activation. This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of the transcriptome profile of UPEC during its intra-BECs life, revealing a new virulence-associated gene and its regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yu Pang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Si Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Qing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Lu Feng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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22
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Cytotoxic Escherichia coli strains encoding colibactin, cytotoxic necrotizing factor, and cytolethal distending toxin colonize laboratory common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Sci Rep 2021; 11:2309. [PMID: 33504843 PMCID: PMC7841143 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80000-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclomodulins are virulence factors that modulate cellular differentiation, apoptosis, and proliferation. These include colibactin (pks), cytotoxic necrotizing factor (cnf), and cytolethal distending toxin (cdt). Pathogenic pks+, cnf+, and cdt+ E. coli strains are associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer in humans and animals. Captive marmosets are frequently afflicted with IBD-like disease, and its association with cyclomodulins is unknown. Cyclomodulin-encoding E. coli rectal isolates were characterized using PCR-based assays in healthy and clinically affected marmosets originating from three different captive sources. 139 E. coli isolates were cultured from 122 of 143 marmosets. The pks gene was detected in 56 isolates (40%), cnf in 47 isolates (34%), and cdt in 1 isolate (0.7%). The prevalences of pks+ and cnf+ E. coli isolates were significantly different between the three marmoset colonies. 98% of cyclomodulin-positive E. coli belonged to phylogenetic group B2. Representative isolates demonstrated cyclomodulin cytotoxicity, and serotyping and whole genome sequencing were consistent with pathogenic E. coli strains. However, the presence of pks+, cnf+, or cdt+ E. coli did not correlate with clinical gastrointestinal disease in marmosets. Cyclomodulin-encoding E. coli colonize laboratory common marmosets in a manner dependent on the source, potentially impacting reproducibility in marmoset models.
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23
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Ambite I, Butler D, Wan MLY, Rosenblad T, Tran TH, Chao SM, Svanborg C. Molecular determinants of disease severity in urinary tract infection. Nat Rev Urol 2021; 18:468-486. [PMID: 34131331 PMCID: PMC8204302 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-021-00477-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The most common and lethal bacterial pathogens have co-evolved with the host. Pathogens are the aggressors, and the host immune system is responsible for the defence. However, immune responses can also become destructive, and excessive innate immune activation is a major cause of infection-associated morbidity, exemplified by symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTIs), which are caused, in part, by excessive innate immune activation. Severe kidney infections (acute pyelonephritis) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and painful infections of the urinary bladder (acute cystitis) can become debilitating in susceptible patients. Disease severity is controlled at specific innate immune checkpoints, and a detailed understanding of their functions is crucial for strategies to counter microbial aggression with novel treatment and prevention measures. One approach is the use of bacterial molecules that reprogramme the innate immune system, accelerating or inhibiting disease processes. A very different outcome is asymptomatic bacteriuria, defined by low host immune responsiveness to bacteria with attenuated virulence. This observation provides the rationale for immunomodulation as a new therapeutic tool to deliberately modify host susceptibility, control the host response and avoid severe disease. The power of innate immunity as an arbitrator of health and disease is also highly relevant for emerging pathogens, including the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Ambite
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Butler
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Murphy Lam Yim Wan
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Therese Rosenblad
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thi Hien Tran
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sing Ming Chao
- Nephrology Service, Department of Paediatrics, KK Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Catharina Svanborg
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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24
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Liang J, Hu X, Lü A, Sun J. First report on the characterization of pathogenic Rahnella aquatilis KCL-5 from crucian carp: Revealed by genomic and proteomic analyses. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:889-914. [PMID: 32608057 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rahnella aquatilis is an important pathogen of several aquatic organisms and is found widely distributed in the freshwater, soil, fish and human clinical samples. Our previously published study reported a novel pathogenic R. aquatilis strain KCL-5 to crucian carp (Carassius auratus). To further investigate the characteristics and pathogenesis caused by R. aquatilis, we here report on the pathological changes, bacterial genomic and proteomic analyses of strain KCL-5. Significantly pathological changes in liver, intestine, spleen and gills were observed in infected fish. The genome consists of one circular chromosome 5,062,299 bp with 52.02% GC content and two plasmids (506,827 bp, 52.16%; 173,433 bp, 50.00%) and predicted 5,653 genes, 77 tRNAs and 22 rRNAs. Some virulence factors were characterized, including outer membrane protein, haemolysin, RTX toxin, chemotaxis and T3SS secretion system. Antimicrobial resistance genes such as EmrAB-TolC, MexABC-OpmB and RosAB efflux pump were found in strain KCL-5. KEGG analysis showed that mainly functional modules were ABC transporters, biosynthesis of amino acids, two-component system, quorum sensing, flagellum assembly and chemotaxis, in which most of them were identified by using 2-DE/MS analyses. To our knowledge, this was first report on the molecular characteristics of R. aquatilis by multi-omics approaches, which will provide insights into the pathogenic mechanism of R. aquatilis infection in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiucai Hu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Aijun Lü
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingfeng Sun
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
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25
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The Serine Protease Autotransporters TagB, TagC, and Sha from Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli Are Internalized by Human Bladder Epithelial Cells and Cause Actin Cytoskeletal Disruption. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093047. [PMID: 32357479 PMCID: PMC7246781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TagB, TagC (tandem autotransporter genes B and C), and Sha (Serine-protease hemagglutinin autotransporter) are recently described members of the SPATE (serine protease autotransporters of Enterobacteriaceae) family. These SPATEs can cause cytopathic effects on bladder cells and contribute to urinary tract infection in a mouse model. Bladder epithelial cells form an important barrier in the urinary tract. Some SPATEs produced by pathogenic E. coli are known to breach the bladder epithelium. The capacity of these newly described SPATEs to alter bladder epithelial cells and the role of the serine protease active site were investigated. All three SPATE proteins were internalized by bladder epithelial cells and altered the distribution of actin cytoskeleton. Sha and TagC were also shown to degrade mucin and gelatin respectively. Inactivation of the serine catalytic site in each of these SPATEs did not affect secretion of the SPATEs from bacterial cells, but abrogated entry into epithelial cells, cytotoxicity, and proteolytic activity. Thus, our results show that the serine catalytic triad of these proteins is required for internalization in host cells, actin disruption, and degradation of host substrates such as mucin and gelatin.
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26
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Rubini D, Varthan PV, Jayasankari S, Vedahari BN, Nithyanand P. Suppressing the phenotypic virulence factors of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli using marine polysaccharide. Microb Pathog 2020; 141:103973. [PMID: 31927002 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.103973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is one of the keystone pathogen that cause 80-90% of community acquired urinary tract infections (UTIs) and Catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). Pathogenicity and ability of UPEC to colonize the bladder majorly relies on the expression of phenotypic virulence factors like flagella, pili, curli, and non pilus adhesion. Pathogens that colonize on the indwelling medical devices are able to communicate using quorum sensing (QS) signals. QS Plays a vital role in coordinating biofilm formation which results in the bacterial cells encased inside an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Chitosan is a marine polysaccharide which is known for its antibacterial activity. In the present study we investigated the ability of chitosan extracted from marine biowaste to mitigate the QS mediated biofilm formation in UPEC. Extracted chitosan (EC) and Commercial chitosan (CC) showed percentage inhibition of 80-85% and 60-75% respectively on young biofilm inhibition and preformed biofilm disruption. EC and CC were assessed for its ability to suppress QS mediated virulence in UPEC. Hemolysis assay showed a percentage inhibition of 79% against EC. Both chitosan showed profound activity to suppress the phenotypic virulence factors like swarming motility which is mediated by type I pili and colony morphology assay showed repression in cellulose production in UPEC. Furthermore, Real-Time PCR confirmed the ability of EC to down regulate the virulent genes which are responsible for invasion in UPEC. Accordingly, the current study foresees the quorum sensing inhibiting (QSI) potential of chitosan extracted from marine biowaste which offers an antibiotic free approach to combat UTI caused by UPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durairajan Rubini
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prakash Vishnu Varthan
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Senthilganesh Jayasankari
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Narayanan Vedahari
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Paramasivam Nithyanand
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.
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27
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Abstract
Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) is the major cause of urinary tract infections and a frequent cause of sepsis. Nearly half of all UPEC strains produce the potent cytotoxin hemolysin, and its expression is associated with enhanced virulence. In this study, we explored hemolysin variation within the globally dominant UPEC ST131 clone, finding that strains from the ST131 sublineage with the greatest multidrug resistance also possess the strongest hemolytic activity. We also employed an innovative forward genetic screen to define the set of genes required for hemolysin production. Using this approach, and subsequent targeted mutagenesis and complementation, we identified new hemolysin-controlling elements involved in LPS inner core biosynthesis and cytoplasmic chaperone activity, and we show that mechanistically they are required for hemolysin secretion. These original discoveries substantially enhance our understanding of hemolysin regulation, secretion and function. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the major cause of urinary tract infections. Nearly half of all UPEC strains secrete hemolysin, a cytotoxic pore-forming toxin. Here, we show that the prevalence of the hemolysin toxin gene (hlyA) is highly variable among the most common 83 E. coli sequence types (STs) represented on the EnteroBase genome database. To explore this diversity in the context of a defined monophyletic lineage, we contextualized sequence variation of the hlyCABD operon within the genealogy of the globally disseminated multidrug-resistant ST131 clone. We show that sequence changes in hlyCABD and its newly defined 1.616-kb-long leader sequence correspond to phylogenetic designation, and that ST131 strains with the strongest hemolytic activity belong to the most extensive multidrug-resistant sublineage (clade C2). To define the set of genes involved in hemolysin production, the clade C2 strain S65EC was completely sequenced and subjected to a genome-wide screen by combining saturated transposon mutagenesis and transposon-directed insertion site sequencing with the capacity to lyse red blood cells. Using this approach, and subsequent targeted mutagenesis and complementation, 13 genes were confirmed to be specifically required for production of active hemolysin. New hemolysin-controlling elements included discrete sets of genes involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inner core biosynthesis (waaC, waaF, waaG, and rfaE) and cytoplasmic chaperone activity (dnaK and dnaJ), and we show these are required for hemolysin secretion. Overall, this work provides a unique description of hemolysin sequence diversity in a single clonal lineage and describes a complex multilevel system of regulatory control for this important toxin.
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28
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Verma V, Gupta S, Kumar P, Yadav S, Dhanda RS, Gaind R, Arora R, Frimodt-Møller N, Yadav M. Involvement of NLRP3 and NLRC4 Inflammasome in Uropathogenic E. coli Mediated Urinary Tract Infections. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2020. [PMID: 31551961 PMCID: PMC6734172 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory response during urinary tract infection (UTI) is mediated by innate immune defense. Nod like receptors (NLRs) have been proposed to work simultaneously beside TLR pathways to mediate pro-inflammatory response and maintain tissue homeostasis. Some in vitro reports have showed the involvement of NLRP3 inflammasome during uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) mediated UTI. So we have sought to determine the status of various inflammasomes and their components in UPEC mediated UTI. Methods A total of 186 females experiencing the first episode of UTI were recruited for the study and forty were found to be positive for UPEC (≥105 CFU/ml) in their urine (N = 40). Further, we analyzed the expression of NLRP3, NLRC4, NAIP, AIM2, ASC, CASPASE-4, and CASPASE-1 gene at mRNA and protein level in the blood of UPEC confirmed study subjects through real time qPCR and immunoblotting. Healthy females (N = 40) visiting the OPD for health checkups, family planning advice and subjects undergoing routine medical examinations, were recruited as healthy control subjects. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, TNF-α and MCP-1) were measured in the plasma of patients and controls through ELISA. For investigation of the involvement of NLRC4 and NLRP3 inflammasome, in vitro studies were performed using co-immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy. Results Most of the inflammatory regulators studied (i.e., NLRP3, NAIP, NLRC4, ASC, and CASPASE-1) were found to be up-regulated at both mRNA and protein levels in the UPEC infected UTI patients. Also, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and MCP-1) were found to be up-regulated in the patients group. However, no significant difference was observed in the expression of AIM2 and CASPASE-4 genes at both mRNA and protein levels. Further, in vitro studies have shown the involvement of NLRC4 inflammasome in UPEC infected THP1 derived macrophages. Conclusion Involvement of NLRP3 and NLRC4 inflammasomes in UPEC infected UTI is evident from our findings. This is the first report showing levels of inflammasome and its components in UTI patients suggesting a possible role during UPEC mediated UTI. We have also reported the involvement of NLRC4 inflammasome for the first time during UTI infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Verma
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Surbhi Gupta
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Parveen Kumar
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Sonal Yadav
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rajni Gaind
- Department of Microbiology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Renu Arora
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Manisha Yadav
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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The Extracellular Domain of the β 2 Integrin β Subunit (CD18) Is Sufficient for Escherichia coli Hemolysin and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Leukotoxin Cytotoxic Activity. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.01459-19. [PMID: 31289186 PMCID: PMC6747720 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01459-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections are one of the most common bacterial infections worldwide. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains are responsible for more than 80% of community-acquired urinary tract infections. Although we have known for nearly a century that severe infections stemming from urinary tract infections, including kidney or bloodstream infections are associated with expression of a toxin, hemolysin, from uropathogenic Escherichia coli, how hemolysin functions to enhance virulence is unknown. Our research defines the interaction of hemolysin with the β2 integrin, a human white cell adhesion molecule, as a potential therapeutic target during urinary tract infections. The E. coli hemolysin is the prototype for a toxin family (RTX family) produced by a wide array of human and animal pathogens. Our work extends to the identification and characterization of the receptor for an additional member of the RTX family, suggesting that this interaction may be broadly conserved throughout the RTX toxin family. The Escherichia coli hemolysin (HlyA) is a pore-forming exotoxin associated with severe complications of human urinary tract infections. HlyA is the prototype of the repeats-in-toxin (RTX) family, which includes LtxA from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a periodontal pathogen. The existence and requirement for a host cell receptor for these toxins are controversial. We performed an unbiased forward genetic selection in a mutant library of human monocytic cells, U-937, for host factors involved in HlyA cytotoxicity. The top candidate was the β2 integrin β subunit. Δβ2 cell lines are approximately 100-fold more resistant than wild-type U-937 cells to HlyA, but remain sensitive to HlyA at high concentrations. Similarly, Δβ2 cells are more resistant than wild-type U-937 cells to LtxA, as Δβ2 cells remain LtxA resistant even at >1,000-fold-higher concentrations of the toxin. Loss of any single β2 integrin α subunit, or even all four α subunits together, does not confer resistance to HlyA. HlyA and LtxA bind to the β2 subunit, but not to αL, αM, or αX in far-Western blots. Genetic complementation of Δβ2 cells with either β2 or β2 with a cytoplasmic tail deletion restores HlyA and LtxA sensitivity, suggesting that β2 integrin signaling is not required for cytotoxicity. Finally, β2 mutations do not alter sensitivity to unrelated pore-forming toxins, as wild-type or Δβ2 cells are equally sensitive to Staphylococcus aureus α-toxin and Proteus mirabilis HpmA. Our studies show two RTX toxins use the β2 integrin β subunit alone to facilitate cytotoxicity, but downstream integrin signaling is dispensable.
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30
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Murthy AMV, Sullivan MJ, Nhu NTK, Lo AW, Phan MD, Peters KM, Boucher D, Schroder K, Beatson SA, Ulett GC, Schembri MA, Sweet MJ. Variation in hemolysin A expression between uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates determines NLRP3-dependent vs. -independent macrophage cell death and host colonization. FASEB J 2019; 33:7437-7450. [PMID: 30869997 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802100r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the major cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs). The multidrug-resistant E. coli sequence type 131 (ST131) clone is a serious threat to human health, yet its effects on immune responses are not well understood. Here we screened a panel of ST131 isolates, finding that only strains expressing the toxin hemolysin A (HlyA) killed primary human macrophages and triggered maturation of the inflammasome-dependent cytokine IL-1β. Using a representative strain, the requirement for the hlyA gene in these responses was confirmed. We also observed considerable heterogeneity in levels of cell death initiated by different HlyA+ve ST131 isolates, and this correlated with secreted HlyA levels. Investigation into the biological significance of this variation revealed that an ST131 strain producing low levels of HlyA initiated cell death that was partly dependent on the nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, with this response being associated with a host-protective role in a mouse UTI model. When the same ST131 strain was engineered to overexpress high HlyA levels, macrophage cell death occurred even when NLRP3 function was abrogated, and bladder colonization was significantly increased. Thus, variation in HlyA expression in UPEC affects mechanisms by which macrophages die, as well as host susceptibility vs. resistance to colonization.-Murthy, A. M. V., Sullivan, M. J., Nhu, N. T. K., Lo, A. W., Phan, M.-D., Peters, K. M., Boucher, D., Schroder, K., Beatson, S. A., Ulett, G. C., Schembri, M. A., Sweet, M. J. Variation in hemolysin A expression between uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates determines NLRP3-dependent vs. -independent macrophage cell death and host colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika M V Murthy
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sullivan
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Nguyen Thi Khanh Nhu
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alvin W Lo
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Minh-Duy Phan
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kate M Peters
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dave Boucher
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kate Schroder
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Scott A Beatson
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Mark A Schembri
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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31
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Reassessment of Routine Midstream Culture in Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.01452-18. [PMID: 30541935 PMCID: PMC6425166 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01452-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Midstream urine (MSU) culture remains the gold standard diagnostic test for confirming urinary tract infection (UTI). We previously showed that patients with chronic lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) below the diagnostic cutoff on MSU culture may still harbor bacterial infection and that their antibiotic treatment was associated with symptom resolution. Here, we evaluated the results of the United Kingdom's MSU culture in symptomatic patients and controls. Next, we compared the bacterial enrichment capabilities of the MSU culture with those of a 50-µl uncentrifuged culture, a 30-ml centrifuged sediment culture, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. This study was conducted on urine specimens from 33 LUTS patients attending their first clinical appointment (mean age, 48.7 years; standard deviation [SD], 16.5 years), 30 LUTS patients on treatment (mean age, 47.8 years; SD, 16.5 years) whose symptoms had relapsed, and 29 asymptomatic controls (mean age, 40.7 years, SD, 15.7 years). We showed that the routine MSU culture, adopting the UK interpretation criteria tailored to acute UTI, failed to detect a variety of bacterial species, including recognized uropathogens. Moreover, the diagnostic MSU culture was unable to discriminate between patients and controls. In contrast, genomic analysis of urine enriched by centrifugation discriminated between the groups, generating a more accurate understanding of species richness. In conclusion, the United Kingdom's MSU protocol misses a significant proportion of bacteria, which include recognized uropathogens, and may be unsuitable for excluding UTI in patients with LUTS.
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32
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Asadi Karam MR, Habibi M, Bouzari S. Urinary tract infection: Pathogenicity, antibiotic resistance and development of effective vaccines against Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Mol Immunol 2019; 108:56-67. [PMID: 30784763 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are recognized as one of the most common infectious diseases in the world that can be divided to different types. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains are the most prevalent causative agent of UTIs that applied different virulence factors such as fimbriae, capsule, iron scavenger receptors, flagella, toxins, and lipopolysaccharide for their pathogenicity in the urinary tract. Despite the high pathogenicity of UPEC strains, host utilizes different immune systems such as innate and adaptive immunity for eradication of them from the urinary tract. The routine therapy of UTIs is based on the use of antibiotics such as β-lactams, trimethoprim, nitrofurantoin and quinolones in many countries. Unfortunately, the widespread and misuse of these antibiotics resulted in the increasing rate of resistance to them in the societies. Increasing antibiotic resistance and their side effects on human body show the need to develop alternative strategies such as vaccine against UTIs. Developing a vaccine against UTI pathogens will have an important role in reduction the mortality rate as well as reducing economic costs. Different vaccines based on the whole cells (killed or live-attenuated vaccines) and antigens (subunits, toxins and conjugatedvaccines) have been evaluated against UTIs pathogens. Furthermore, other therapeutic strategies such as the use of probiotics and antimicrobial peptides are considered against UTIs. Despite the extensive efforts, limited success has been achieved and more studies are needed to reach an alternative of antibiotics for treatment of UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehri Habibi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Ave., Tehran, 13164, Iran.
| | - Saeid Bouzari
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Ave., Tehran, 13164, Iran.
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Zhang Z, Aung KM, Uhlin BE, Wai SN. Reversible senescence of human colon cancer cells after blockage of mitosis/cytokinesis caused by the CNF1 cyclomodulin from Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17780. [PMID: 30542142 PMCID: PMC6290797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1), a protein toxin produced by extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli, activates the Rho-family small GTPases in eukaryotic cell, thereby perturbing multiple cellular functions. Increasing epidemiological evidence suggests a link between CNF1 and human inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. At the cellular level, CNF1 has been hypothesized to reprogram cell fate towards survival due to the role in perturbing cell cycle and apoptosis. However, it remains undetermined how cells survive from CNF1 intoxication. In this work, we show that CNF1 treatment blocks mitosis/cytokinesis, elicits endoreplication and polyploidisation in cultured human colon cancer cells, and drives them into reversible senescence, which provides a survival route for cells via depolyploidisation. Senescence in CNF1-treated cells is demonstrated with upregulation of several senescence markers including senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, p53, p21 and p16, and concomitant inhibition of the retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. Importantly, progeny derived from CNF1 treatment exhibit genomic instability exemplified by increased aneuploidy and become more resistant to CNF1, but not to 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin, the two agents commonly used in chemotherapeutic treatment for colorectal cancer. These observations display survival features of the cell after CNF1 treatment that may have implications for the potential role of CNF1 in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden. .,Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kyaw Min Aung
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bernt Eric Uhlin
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sun Nyunt Wai
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden.
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M V Murthy A, Phan MD, Peters KM, Nhu NTK, Welch RA, Ulett GC, Schembri MA, Sweet MJ. Regulation of hemolysin in uropathogenic Escherichia coli fine-tunes killing of human macrophages. Virulence 2018; 9:967-980. [PMID: 29683762 PMCID: PMC5989160 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1465786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) causes the majority of urinary tract infections (UTIs), which are a major global public health concern. UPEC uses numerous mechanisms to subvert the innate immune system, including targeting macrophage functions. We recently showed that some UPEC strains rapidly kill human macrophages via an NLRP3-independent pathway, and also trigger NLRP3-dependent IL-1β processing. In this study, we used random transposon mutagenesis in the reference strain CFT073 to identify UPEC genes that mediate human macrophage cell death. Our approach revealed that the hemolysin A (HlyA) toxin is essential for triggering both cell death and NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β release in human macrophages. Random transposon mutagenesis also identified the cof gene, which encodes a poorly characterized phosphatase, as a novel hemolysin regulator; a CFT073 mutant deleted for the cof gene secreted significantly reduced levels of HlyA, had diminished hemolytic activity, and was impaired in its capacity to trigger human macrophage cell death and IL-1β release. Together, our findings reveal that Cof fine-tunes production of hemolysin, an important determinant of both UPEC-mediated inflammasome activation and human macrophage cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika M V Murthy
- a Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland , QLD , Australia
| | - Minh-Duy Phan
- b School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland , QLD , Australia
| | - Kate M Peters
- b School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland , QLD , Australia
| | - Nguyen Thi Khanh Nhu
- b School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland , QLD , Australia
| | - Rodney A Welch
- c Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Glen C Ulett
- d School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University , QLD , Australia
| | - Mark A Schembri
- b School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland , QLD , Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- a Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland , QLD , Australia
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Yang H, Li Q, Wang C, Wang J, Lv J, Wang L, Zhang ZS, Yao Z, Wang Q. Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor 1 Downregulates CD36 Transcription in Macrophages to Induce Inflammation During Acute Urinary Tract Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1987. [PMID: 30233583 PMCID: PMC6128224 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) induce cystitis, pyelonephritis, and can cause kidney scarring and failure if inflammation is not under control. The detailed effects of cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1), the key UPEC toxin, on the pathogenicity of UPEC remain unclear. CD36 is an important scavenger receptor, responsible for pathogen and apoptotic cell clearance, and plays an essential role in host immune defense and homeostasis. Regulation of CD36 by bacterial toxins has not been reported. In this study, using a pyelonephritis mouse model, CNF1 was observed to contribute to increasing neutrophils and bacterial titers in infected bladder and kidney tissues, resulting in severe inflammation and tissue damage. CD36 expression in macrophages was found to be decreased by CNF1 in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated that CNF1 attenuated CD36 transcription by decreasing expressions of its upstream transcription factors LXRβ and C/EBPα and their recruitment to the CD36 promotor. In addition, Cdc42 was found to be involved in CNF1-mediated downregulation of LXRβ. Our study investigated the pathogenesis of cnf1-carrying UPEC, which affected host innate immune defenses and homeostasis through regulation of CD36 in macrophages during acute UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Changying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Junqiang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi-Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi Yao
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Peherstorfer S, Brewitz HH, Paul George AA, Wißbrock A, Adam JM, Schmitt L, Imhof D. Insights into mechanism and functional consequences of heme binding to hemolysin-activating lysine acyltransferase HlyC from Escherichia coli. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1964-1972. [PMID: 29908817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tight regulation of heme homeostasis is a critical mechanism in pathogenic bacteria since heme functions as iron source and prosthetic group, but is also toxic at elevated concentrations. Hemolysin-activating lysine-acyltransferase (HlyC) from Escherichia coli is crucial for maturation of hemolysin A, which lyses several mammalian cells including erythrocytes liberating large amounts of heme for bacterial uptake. A possible impact and functional consequences of the released heme on events employing bacterial HlyC have remained unexplored. METHODS Heme binding to HlyC was investigated using UV/vis and SPR spectroscopy. Functional impact of heme association was examined using an in vitro hemolysis assay. The interaction was further studied by homology modeling, molecular docking and dynamics simulations. RESULTS We identified HlyC as potential heme-binding protein possessing heme-regulatory motifs. Using wild-type protein and a double alanine mutant we demonstrated that heme binds to HlyC via histidine 151 (H151). We could show further that heme inhibits the enzymatic activity of wild-type HlyC. Computational studies illustrated potential interaction sites in addition to H151 confirming the results from spectroscopy indicating more than one heme-binding site. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results reveal novel insights into heme-protein interactions and regulation of a component of the heme uptake system in one of the major causative agents of urinary tract infections in humans. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study points to a possible novel mechanism of regulation as present in many uropathogenic E. coli strains at an early stage of heme iron acquisition from erythrocytes for subsequent internalization by the bacterial heme-uptake machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Peherstorfer
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Düsseldorf, 40255 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Henning Brewitz
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ajay Abisheck Paul George
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Amelie Wißbrock
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jana Maria Adam
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Düsseldorf, 40255 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Diana Imhof
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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Gall-Mas L, Fabbri A, Namini MRJ, Givskov M, Fiorentini C, Krejsgaard T. The Bacterial Toxin CNF1 Induces Activation and Maturation of Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051408. [PMID: 29738516 PMCID: PMC5983691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) is a bacterial protein toxin primarily expressed by pathogenic Escherichia coli strains, causing extraintestinal infections. The toxin is believed to enhance the invasiveness of E. coli by modulating the activity of Rho GTPases in host cells, but it has interestingly also been shown to promote inflammation, stimulate host immunity and function as a potent immunoadjuvant. The mechanisms underlying the immunostimulatory properties of CNF1 are, however, poorly characterized, and little is known about the direct effects of the toxin on immune cells. Here, we show that CNF1 induces expression of maturation markers on human immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) without compromising cell viability. Consistent with the phenotypic maturation, CNF1 further triggered secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and increased the capacity of moDCs to stimulate proliferation of allogenic naïve CD4+ T cells. A catalytically inactive form of the toxin did not induce moDC maturation, indicating that the enzymatic activity of CNF1 triggers immature moDCs to undergo phenotypic and functional maturation. As the maturation of dendritic cells plays a central role in initiating inflammation and activating the adaptive immune response, the present findings shed new light on the immunostimulatory properties of CNF1 and may explain why the toxin functions as an immunoadjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gall-Mas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Alle 14, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Alessia Fabbri
- Italian Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá; Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Martin R J Namini
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Alle 14, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Michael Givskov
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Alle 14, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Carla Fiorentini
- Italian Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá; Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Thorbjørn Krejsgaard
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Alle 14, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Context-Dependent Requirements for FimH and Other Canonical Virulence Factors in Gut Colonization by Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00746-17. [PMID: 29311232 PMCID: PMC5820936 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00746-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) acts as a commensal within the mammalian gut but can induce pathology upon dissemination to other host environments such as the urinary tract and bloodstream. ExPEC genomes are likely shaped by evolutionary forces encountered within the gut, where the bacteria spend much of their time, provoking the question of how their extraintestinal virulence traits arose. The principle of coincidental evolution, in which a gene that evolved in one niche happens to be advantageous in another, has been used to argue that ExPEC virulence factors originated in response to selective pressures within the gut ecosystem. As a test of this hypothesis, the fitness of ExPEC mutants lacking canonical virulence factors was assessed within the intact murine gut in the absence of antibiotic treatment. We found that most of the tested factors, including cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 (CNF1), Usp, colibactin, flagella, and plasmid pUTI89, were dispensable for gut colonization. The deletion of genes encoding the adhesin PapG or the toxin HlyA had transient effects but did not interfere with longer-term persistence. In contrast, a mutant missing the type 1 pilus-associated adhesin FimH displayed somewhat reduced persistence within the gut. However, this phenotype varied dependent on the presence of specific competing strains and was partially attributable to aberrant flagellin expression in the absence of fimH These data indicate that FimH and other key ExPEC-associated factors are not strictly required for gut colonization, suggesting that the development of extraintestinal virulence traits is not driven solely by selective pressures within the gut.
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A urine-dependent human urothelial organoid offers a potential alternative to rodent models of infection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1238. [PMID: 29352171 PMCID: PMC5775255 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19690-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine models describe a defined host/pathogen interaction for urinary tract infection, but human cell studies are scant. Although recent human urothelial organoid models are promising, none demonstrate long-term tolerance to urine, the natural substrate of the tissue and of the uropathogens that live there. We developed a novel human organoid from progenitor cells which demonstrates key structural hallmarks and biomarkers of the urothelium. After three weeks of transwell culture with 100% urine at the apical interface, the organoid stratified into multiple layers. The apical surface differentiated into enlarged and flattened umbrella-like cells bearing characteristic tight junctions, structures resembling asymmetric unit membrane plaques, and a glycosaminoglycan layer. The apical cells also expressed cytokeratin-20, a spatial feature of the mammalian urothelium. Urine itself was necessary for full development, and undifferentiated cells were urine-tolerant despite the lack of membrane plaques and a glycosaminoglycan layer. Infection with Enterococcus faecalis revealed the expected invasive outcome, including urothelial sloughing and the formation of intracellular colonies similar to those previously observed in patient cells. This new biomimetic model could help illuminate invasive behaviours of uropathogens, and serve as a reproducible test bed for disease formation, treatment and resolution in patients.
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Abstract
Within the mammalian urinary tract uropathogenic bacteria face many challenges, including the shearing flow of urine, numerous antibacterial molecules, the bactericidal effects of phagocytes, and a scarcity of nutrients. These problems may be circumvented in part by the ability of uropathogenic Escherichia coli and several other uropathogens to invade the epithelial cells that line the urinary tract. By entering host cells, uropathogens can gain access to additional nutrients and protection from both host defenses and antibiotic treatments. Translocation through host cells can facilitate bacterial dissemination within the urinary tract, while the establishment of stable intracellular bacterial populations may create reservoirs for relapsing and chronic urinary tract infections. Here we review the mechanisms and consequences of host cell invasion by uropathogenic bacteria, with consideration of the defenses that are brought to bear against facultative intracellular pathogens within the urinary tract. The relevance of host cell invasion to the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections in human patients is also assessed, along with some of the emerging treatment options that build upon our growing understanding of the infectious life cycle of uropathogenic E. coli and other uropathogens.
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Abstract
Escherichia coli are a common cause of infectious disease outside of the gastrointestinal tract. Several independently evolved E. coli clades are common causes of urinary tract and bloodstream infections. There is ample epidemiological and in vitro evidence that several different protein toxins common to many, but not all, of these strains are likely to aid the colonization and immune-evasion ability of these bacteria. This review discusses our current knowledge and areas of ignorance concerning the contribution of the hemolysin; cytotoxic-necrotizing factor-1; and the autotransporters, Sat, Pic, and Vat, to extraintestinal human disease.
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Delcaru C, Podgoreanu P, Alexandru I, Popescu N, Măruţescu L, Bleotu C, Mogoşanu GD, Chifiriuc MC, Gluck M, Lazăr V. Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Phenotypes of Recent Bacterial Strains Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections in Elderly Patients with Prostatic Disease. Pathogens 2017; 6:E22. [PMID: 28561794 PMCID: PMC5488656 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute bacterial prostatitis is one of the frequent complications of urinary tract infection (UTI). From the approximately 10% of men having prostatitis, 7% experience a bacterial prostatitis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of uropathogens associated with UTIs in older patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and to assess their susceptibility to commonly prescribed antibiotics as well as the relationships between microbial virulence and resistance features. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli was found to be the most frequent bacterial strain isolated from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, followed by Enterococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens. Increased resistance rates to tetracyclines, quinolones, and sulfonamides were registered. Besides their resistance profiles, the uropathogenic isolates produced various virulence factors with possible implications in the pathogenesis process. The great majority of the uropathogenic isolates revealed a high capacity to adhere to HEp-2 cell monolayer in vitro, mostly exhibiting a localized adherence pattern. Differences in the repertoire of soluble virulence factors that can affect bacterial growth and persistence within the urinary tract were detected. The Gram-negative strains produced pore-forming toxins-such as hemolysins, lecithinases, and lipases-proteases, siderophore-like molecules resulted from the esculin hydrolysis and amylases, while Enterococcus sp. strains were positive only for caseinase and esculin hydrolase. Our study demonstrates that necessity of investigating the etiology and local resistance patterns of uropathogenic organisms, which is crucial for determining appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment in elderly patients with UTI, while establishing correlations between resistance and virulence profiles could provide valuable input about the clinical evolution and recurrence rates of UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Delcaru
- Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences Section, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 91-95 Independenţei Avenue, 0500088 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Paulina Podgoreanu
- Iancului Private Laboratory, 060101 Bucharest, Romania.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1-3 Portocalelor Lane, Sector 6, 060101 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Ionela Alexandru
- Iancului Private Laboratory, 060101 Bucharest, Romania.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1-3 Portocalelor Lane, Sector 6, 060101 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Nela Popescu
- Iancului Private Laboratory, 060101 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Luminiţa Măruţescu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1-3 Portocalelor Lane, Sector 6, 060101 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Coralia Bleotu
- Ştefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, 285 Mihai Bravu Avenue, 030304 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - George Dan Mogoşanu
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc
- Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences Section, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 91-95 Independenţei Avenue, 0500088 Bucharest, Romania.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1-3 Portocalelor Lane, Sector 6, 060101 Bucharest, Romania.
| | | | - Veronica Lazăr
- Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences Section, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 91-95 Independenţei Avenue, 0500088 Bucharest, Romania.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1-3 Portocalelor Lane, Sector 6, 060101 Bucharest, Romania.
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Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor-1 (CNF1) does not promote E. coli infection in a murine model of ascending pyelonephritis. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:127. [PMID: 28545489 PMCID: PMC5445293 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urinary tract infections (UTI) are among the most common and costly infections in both hospitalized and ambulatory patients. Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) represent the majority of UTI isolates and are a diverse group of bacteria that utilize a variety of virulence factors to establish infection of the genitourinary tract. The virulence factor cytotoxic necrotizing factor-1 (CNF1) is frequently expressed in clinical UPEC isolates. To date, there have been conflicting reports on the role of CNF1 in the pathogenesis of E. coli urinary tract infections. Results We examined the importance of CNF1 in a murine ascending kidney infection/ pyelonephritis model by performing comparative studies between a clinical UPEC isolate strain and a CNF1-deletion mutant. We found no alterations in bacterial burden with the loss of CNF1, whereas loss of the virulence factor fimH decreased bacterial burdens. In addition, we found no evidence that CNF1 contributed to the recruitment of inflammatory infiltrates in the kidney or bladder in vivo. Conclusions While further examination of CNF-1 may reveal a role in UTI pathogenesis, our data casts doubt on the role of CNF-1 in the pathogenesis of UPEC UTI. As with other infections, different models and approaches are needed to elucidate the contribution of CNF1 to E. coli UTI. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-017-1036-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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'Omic' Approaches to Study Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Virulence. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:729-740. [PMID: 28550944 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a pathogen of major significance to global human health and is strongly associated with rapidly increasing antibiotic resistance. UPEC is the primary cause of urinary tract infection (UTI), a disease that involves a complicated pathogenic pathway of extracellular and intracellular lifestyles during interaction with the host. The application of multiple 'omic' technologies, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, has provided enormous knowledge to our understanding of UPEC biology. Here we outline this progress and present a view for future developments using these exciting forefront technologies to fully comprehend UPEC pathogenesis in the context of infection.
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Madelung M, Kronborg T, Doktor TK, Struve C, Krogfelt KA, Møller-Jensen J. DFI-seq identification of environment-specific gene expression in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:99. [PMID: 28438119 PMCID: PMC5404293 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During infection of the urinary tract, uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are exposed to different environments, such as human urine and the intracellular environments of bladder epithelial cells. Each environment elicits a distinct bacterial environment-specific transcriptional response. We combined differential fluorescence induction (DFI) with next-generation sequencing, collectively termed DFI-seq, to identify differentially expressed genes in UPEC strain UTI89 during growth in human urine and bladder cells. Results DFI-seq eliminates the need for iterative cell sorting of the bacterial library and yields a genome-wide view of gene expression. By analysing the gene expression of UPEC in human urine we found that genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis were upregulated. Deletion mutants lacking genes involved in arginine biosynthesis were outcompeted by the wild type during growth in human urine and inhibited in their ability to invade or proliferate in the J82 bladder epithelial cell line. Furthermore, DFI-seq was used to identify genes involved in invasion of J82 bladder epithelial cells. 56 genes were identified to be differentially expressed of which almost 60% encoded hypothetical proteins. One such gene UTI89_C5139, displayed increased adhesion and invasion of J82 cells when deleted from UPEC strain UTI89. Conclusions We demonstrate the usefulness of DFI-seq for identification of genes required for optimal growth of UPEC in human urine, as well as potential virulence genes upregulated during infection of bladder cell culture. DFI-seq holds potential for the study of bacterial gene expression in live-animal infection systems. By linking fitness genes, such as those genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis, to virulence, this study contributes to our understanding of UPEC pathophysiology. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-017-1008-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Madelung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Tina Kronborg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Thomas Koed Doktor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Carsten Struve
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Karen Angeliki Krogfelt
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Jakob Møller-Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.
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Zinc treatment is efficient against Escherichia coli α-haemolysin-induced intestinal leakage in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45649. [PMID: 28361997 PMCID: PMC5374507 DOI: 10.1038/srep45649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc homoeostasis exerts protective effects in inflammatory intestinal diseases and zinc supplementation has been successfully used for treating infectious diarrhoea. This study aimed at a characterisation of zinc effects on focal leak induction by α-haemolysin (HlyA)-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) as protective mechanism for colitis. We conducted in vivo experiments by oral challenge of gnotobiotic mice colonised with HlyA-expressing E. coli-536. Mice were either fed a defined normal or high zinc diet to analyse effects of zinc as a therapeutic regimen. HlyA-deficient E. coli-536 mutants were used as controls. Mice infected with HlyA-producing E. coli showed impaired barrier integrity when receiving normal zinc. High zinc supplementation in HlyA-producing E. coli-infected mice reduced epithelial dysfunction as indicated by ameliorated macromolecule permeability. Reduced size of focal leaks with diminished bacterial translocation was observed as inherent mechanisms of this zinc action. In human colon cell monolayers application of zinc rescued the HlyA-dependent decline in transepithelial electrical resistance via reduction of the calcium entry into HlyA-exposed cells. Calcium-dependent cell exfoliation was identified as mechanism for focal leak induction. In conclusion, zinc supplementation protects from HlyA-induced barrier dysfunction in vivo and in vitro, providing an explanation for the protective efficacy of zinc in intestinal disorders.
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Seed Mycoflora Associated with Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.], their Significance and the Management. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.11.1.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) cause a huge burden of morbidity worldwide with recurrent UTIs becoming increasingly frequent owing to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Interactions between the innate and adaptive immune responses to pathogens colonizing the urinary tract have been the focus of much research. Inflammasomes are part of the innate immune defence and can respond rapidly to infectious insult. Assembly of the multiprotein inflammasome complex activates caspase-1, processes proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, and induces pyroptosis. These effector pathways, in turn, act at different levels to either prevent or resolve infection, or eliminate the infectious agent itself. In certain instances, inflammasome activation promotes tissue pathology; however, the precise functions of inflammasomes in UTIs remain unexplored. An improved understanding of inflammasomes could provide novel approaches for the design of diagnostics and therapeutics for complicated UTIs, enabling us to overcome the challenge of drug resistance.
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Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTI) are among the most common bacterial infections in humans, affecting millions of people every year. UTI cause significant morbidity in women throughout their lifespan, in infant boys, in older men, in individuals with underlying urinary tract abnormalities, and in those that require long-term urethral catheterization, such as patients with spinal cord injuries or incapacitated individuals living in nursing homes. Serious sequelae include frequent recurrences, pyelonephritis with sepsis, renal damage in young children, pre-term birth, and complications of frequent antimicrobial use including high-level antibiotic resistance and Clostridium difficile colitis. Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) cause the vast majority of UTI, but less common pathogens such as Enterococcus faecalis and other enterococci frequently take advantage of an abnormal or catheterized urinary tract to cause opportunistic infections. While antibiotic therapy has historically been very successful in controlling UTI, the high rate of recurrence remains a major problem, and many individuals suffer from chronically recurring UTI, requiring long-term prophylactic antibiotic regimens to prevent recurrent UTI. Furthermore, the global emergence of multi-drug resistant UPEC in the past ten years spotlights the need for alternative therapeutic and preventative strategies to combat UTI, including anti-infective drug therapies and vaccines. In this chapter, we review recent advances in the field of UTI pathogenesis, with an emphasis on the identification of promising drug and vaccine targets. We then discuss the development of new UTI drugs and vaccines, highlighting the challenges these approaches face and the need for a greater understanding of urinary tract mucosal immunity.
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Immunomodulation in the canine endometrium by uteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Vet Res 2016; 47:114. [PMID: 27829462 PMCID: PMC5103487 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0396-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the role of E. coli α-hemolysin (HlyA) in the pathogenesis of canine pyometra, and on the immune response of canine endometrial epithelial and stromal cells. In Experiment 1, the clinical, hematological, biochemical and uterine histological characteristics of β-hemolytic and non-hemolytic E. coli pyometra bitches were compared. More (p < 0.05) metritis cases were observed in β-hemolytic E. coli pyometra uteri than in non-hemolytic E. coli pyometra uteri. β-hemolytic E. coli pyometra endometria had higher gene transcription of IL-1β and IL-8 and lower gene transcription of IL-6 than non-hemolytic E. coli pyometra endometria (p < 0.01). In Experiment 2, the immune response of endometrial epithelial and stromal cells, to hemolytic (Pyo18) and non-hemolytic E. coli strains (Pyo18 with deleted hlya-Pyo18ΔhlyA- and Pyo14) were compared. Following 4 h of incubation, Pyo18 decreased epithelial cell numbers to 54% (p < 0.001), and induced death of all stromal cells (p < 0.0001), whereas Pyo18ΔhlyA and Pyo14 had no effect on cell numbers. Compared to Pyo18ΔhlyA and Pyo14, respectively, Pyo18 induced a lower transcription level of IL-1β (0.99 vs 152.0 vs 50.9 fold increase, p < 0.001), TNFα (3.2 vs 49.9 vs 12.9 fold increase, p < 0.05) and IL-10 (0.4 vs 3.6 vs 2.6 fold increase, p < 0.001) in stromal cells, after 1 h of incubation. This may be seen as an attempt of hemolytic E. coli to delay the activation of the immune response. In conclusion, endometrial epithelial and stromal cell damage induced by HlyA is a potential relevant step of E. coli virulence in the pathogenesis of pyometra.
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