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Collins CC, Hahn P, Jiang Z, Fitzgerald KA, Xiao TS, Budd RC. Regulation of Synovial γδ T Cell Ligand Expression by Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species and Gasdermin-D. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:61-71. [PMID: 36445376 PMCID: PMC9772401 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells reside at mucosal and epithelial barriers, and they often accumulate at sites of inflammation, both infectious and autoimmune, as well as in certain tumors. However, progress in understanding their function is considerably hampered by a lack of full understanding of the ligands recognized by TCR-γδ and how expression of these ligands is regulated. We recently developed a soluble human TCR-γδ (Vγ9Vδ1) tetramer from a synovial γδ T cell clone of a Lyme arthritis patient and observed that it stains monocytes activated by Borrelia burgdorferi. Those findings are extended in the current study to further examine the physiological regulation of ligand expression on monocytes. The TCR-γδ ligand is induced by a variety of TLR agonists and requires NF-κB activation. Of particular interest is that ligand expression also requires caspase activation of the inflammasome and is dependent on active metabolism, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, and activation of gasdermin-D. Consistent with these observations, the TCR-γδ ligand is expressed by a subset of metabolically active CD14+CD16+ monocytes and colocalizes intracellularly with mitochondria. The findings suggest a model in which synovial γδ T cell ligand is a self-antigen whose surface expression is increased by inflammatory conditions and mitochondrial stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl C. Collins
- Department of Medicine, Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Peter Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Zhaozhao Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and
| | | | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Ralph C. Budd
- Department of Medicine, Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
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2
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Maladaptive consequences of inflammatory events shape individual immune identity. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1675-1686. [PMID: 36411382 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate immune system develops in layers, as modes of immunity have evolved on top of each other through time with the expansion of organismal complexity. The maturation timing of immune cell subsets, such as innate immune cells, innate-like cells and adaptive cells, corresponds to their physiological roles in protective immunity. While various cell subsets have specialized roles, they also complement each other to clear pathogens, resolve inflammation and maintain homeostasis, especially at barrier sites with high microbial density. Immune cells adapt to inflammatory insults through mechanisms including epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming, clonal expansion and enhanced communication with the surrounding tissue environment. Over time, these adaptations shape an individual immune identity, reflective of the overlay between the genetic predisposition and the antigenic and environmental exposures of each individual. While some aspects of this immune shaping are natural consequences of immune maturation over time, others are maladaptive and predispose to irreversible pathology. In this Perspective, we provide a framework for categorizing the shaping events of the immune response, in terms of mechanisms, contexts and functional outcomes. We aim to clarify how these terms can be appropriately applied to future findings that impact immune function.
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3
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Chen C, Chen A, Yang Y. A diversified role for γδT cells in vector-borne diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:965503. [PMID: 36052077 PMCID: PMC9424759 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.965503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases have high morbidity and mortality and are major health threats worldwide. γδT cells represent a small but essential subpopulation of T cells. They reside in most human tissues and exert important functions in both natural and adaptive immune responses. Emerging evidence have shown that the activation and expansion of γδT cells invoked by pathogens play a diversified role in the regulation of host-pathogen interactions and disease progression. A better understanding of such a role for γδT cells may contribute significantly to developing novel preventative and therapeutic strategies. Herein, we summarize recent exciting findings in the field, with a focus on the role of γδT cells in the infection of vector-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Chen, ; Yanan Yang,
| | - Aibao Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanan Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Chen, ; Yanan Yang,
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4
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Wu M, Jiang Q, Nazmi A, Yin J, Yang G. Swine unconventional T cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:104330. [PMID: 34863955 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pigs are important domestic livestock and a comprehensive understanding of their immune system is critical to improve swine vaccine efficacy. Pig models represent an excellent animal model for immunological studies because of their anatomical and physiological similarities to humans. A significant portion of pig immunological studies focused on characterizing the conventional T cell (Tconv) immune responses. These cells recognize peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins. In contrast, unconventional T cells are non-MHC-restricted and profoundly regulate conventional T cells. Key subsets of unconventional T cells reviewed here include natural killer T (NKT) cells, γδ T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), and two potential unconventional T cell subsets expressing NKp46 or CD11b. Unlike Tconvs, most of these cells recognize lipids, small molecule metabolites, or modified peptides, and they generally show simplified patterns of T cell receptor (TCR) expression and rapid effector responses. Here, we review that unconventional T cells are an abundant and critical component of the porcine immune system, summarize the current understanding of these cells, and highlight some of the key differences among mouse, human, and porcine unconventional T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Wu
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Qianling Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Ali Nazmi
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Jie Yin
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
| | - Guan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.
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5
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Tick extracellular vesicles enable arthropod feeding and promote distinct outcomes of bacterial infection. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3696. [PMID: 34140472 PMCID: PMC8211691 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are thought to facilitate pathogen transmission from arthropods to humans and other animals. Here, we reveal that pathogen spreading from arthropods to the mammalian host is multifaceted. Extracellular vesicles from Ixodes scapularis enable tick feeding and promote infection of the mildly virulent rickettsial agent Anaplasma phagocytophilum through the SNARE proteins Vamp33 and Synaptobrevin 2 and dendritic epidermal T cells. However, extracellular vesicles from the tick Dermacentor andersoni mitigate microbial spreading caused by the lethal pathogen Francisella tularensis. Collectively, we establish that tick extracellular vesicles foster distinct outcomes of bacterial infection and assist in vector feeding by acting on skin immunity. Thus, the biology of arthropods should be taken into consideration when developing strategies to control vector-borne diseases.
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6
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Lagler J, Schmidt S, Mitra T, Stadler M, Grafl B, Hatfaludi T, Hess M, Gerner W, Liebhart D. Comparative investigation of IFN-γ-producing T cells in chickens and turkeys following vaccination and infection with the extracellular parasite Histomonas meleagridis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:103949. [PMID: 33253751 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The re-emerging disease histomonosis is caused by the protozoan parasite Histomonas meleagridis that affects chickens and turkeys. Previously, protection by vaccination with in vitro attenuated H. meleagridis has been demonstrated and an involvement of T cells, potentially by IFN-γ production, was hypothesized. However, comparative studies between chickens and turkeys on H. meleagridis-specific T cells were not conducted yet. This work investigated IFN-γ production within CD4+, CD8α+ and TCRγδ+ (chicken) or CD3ε+CD4-CD8α- (turkey) T cells of spleen and liver from vaccinated and/or infected birds using clonal cultures of a monoxenic H. meleagridis strain. In infected chickens, re-stimulated splenocytes showed a significant increase of IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells. Contrariwise, significant increments of IFN-γ-producing cells within all major T-cell subsets of the spleen and liver were found for vaccinated/infected turkeys. This indicates that the vaccine in turkeys causes more intense systemic immune responses whereas in chickens protection might be mainly driven by local immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lagler
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Immunology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Selma Schmidt
- Institute of Immunology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Taniya Mitra
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Maria Stadler
- Institute of Immunology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Beatrice Grafl
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Tamas Hatfaludi
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Dieter Liebhart
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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7
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Yirsaw A, Baldwin CL. Goat γδ T cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103809. [PMID: 32795585 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Goats are important food animals and are disseminated globally because of their high adaptability to varying environmental conditions and feeding regimes that provide them with a comparative advantage. Productivity is impacted by infectious diseases; this then contributes to societal poverty, food insecurity, and international trade restrictions. Since γδ T cells have been shown to have vital roles in immune responses in other mammals we reviewed the literature regarding what is known about their functions, distribution in tissues and organs and their responses to a variety of infections in goats. It has been shown that caprine γδ T cells produce interferon-γ and IL-17, are found in a variety of lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues and constitute a significant population of blood mononuclear cells. Their representation in tissues and their functional responses may be altered concomitant with infection. This review summarizes caprine γδ T cell responses to Brucella melitensis, Fasciola hepatica, Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), and Schistosoma bovis in infected or vaccinated goats. Caprine γδ T cells have also been evaluated in goats infected with M. caprae, Ehrilichia ruminantium, Haemonchus contortus and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus but found to have an unknown or limited response or role in either protective immunity or immunopathogenesis in those cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alehegne Yirsaw
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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8
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Hayday AC. γδ T Cell Update: Adaptate Orchestrators of Immune Surveillance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 203:311-320. [PMID: 31285310 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As interest in γδ T cells grows rapidly, what key points are emerging, and where is caution warranted? γδ T cells fulfill critical functions, as reflected in associations with vaccine responsiveness and cancer survival in humans and ever more phenotypes of γδ T cell-deficient mice, including basic physiological deficiencies. Such phenotypes reflect activities of distinct γδ T cell subsets, whose origins offer interesting insights into lymphocyte development but whose variable evolutionary conservation can obfuscate translation of knowledge from mice to humans. By contrast, an emerging and conserved feature of γδ T cells is their "adaptate" biology: an integration of adaptive clonally-restricted specificities, innate tissue-sensing, and unconventional recall responses that collectively strengthen host resistance to myriad challenges. Central to adaptate biology are butyrophilins and other γδ cell regulators, the study of which should greatly enhance our understanding of tissue immunogenicity and immunosurveillance and guide intensifying clinical interest in γδ cells and other unconventional lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; and Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
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9
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Collins C, Lui Y, Santos AM, Ballif BA, Gogerly-Moragoda AM, Brouwer H, Ross R, Balagurunathan K, Sharma S, Wright GJ, Davis S, Budd RC. Detection of Cell Surface Ligands for Human Synovial γδ T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:2369-2376. [PMID: 31548331 PMCID: PMC6804759 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lack of understanding of the nature and physiological regulation of γδ T cell ligands has considerably hampered full understanding of the function of these cells. We developed an unbiased approach to identify human γδ T cells ligands by the production of a soluble TCR-γδ (sTCR-γδ) tetramer from a synovial Vδ1 γδ T cell clone from a Lyme arthritis patient. The sTCR-γδ was used in flow cytometry to initially define the spectrum of ligand expression by both human tumor cell lines and certain human primary cells. Analysis of diverse tumor cell lines revealed high ligand expression on several of epithelial or fibroblast origin, whereas those of hematopoietic origin were largely devoid of ligand. This allowed a bioinformatics-based identification of candidate ligands using RNAseq data from each tumor line. We further observed that whereas fresh monocytes and T cells expressed low to negligible levels of TCR-γδ ligands, activation of these cells resulted in upregulation of surface ligand expression. Ligand upregulation on monocytes was partly dependent upon IL-1β. The sTCR-γδ tetramer was then used to bind candidate ligands from lysates of activated monocytes and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Surface TCR-γδ ligand was eliminated by treatment with trypsin or removal of glycosaminoglycans, and also suppressed by inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi transport. Of particular interest was that inhibition of glycolysis also blocked TCR-γδ ligand expression. These findings demonstrate the spectrum of ligand(s) expression for human synovial Vδ1 γδ T cells as well as the physiology that regulates their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Collins
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Yuan Lui
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan A Ballif
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Anisha Mahalya Gogerly-Moragoda
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Heather Brouwer
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Ross
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Sumana Sharma
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Davis
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Ralph C Budd
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405;
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10
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Baldwin CL, Yirsaw A, Gillespie A, Le Page L, Zhang F, Damani-Yokota P, Telfer JC. γδ T cells in livestock: Responses to pathogens and vaccine potential. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67 Suppl 2:119-128. [PMID: 31515956 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The immediate objective of our research is to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying activation and potentiation of the protective functional response of WC1+ γδ T cells to pathogens afflicting livestock species. The long-term goal is to incorporate stimulation of these cells into the next generation of vaccine constructs. γδ T cells have roles in the immune response to many infectious diseases including viral, bacterial, protozoan and worm infections, and their functional responses overlap with those of canonical αβ T cells, for example they produce cytokines including interferon-γ and IL-17. Stimulation of non-conventional lymphocytes including γδ T cells and αβ natural killer T (NKT) cells has been shown to contribute to protective immunity in mammals, bridging the gap between the innate and adaptive immune responses. Because of their innate-like early response, understanding how to engage γδ T-cell responses has the potential to optimize strategies of those that aim to induce pro-inflammatory responses as discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Alehegne Yirsaw
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Alexandria Gillespie
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Lauren Le Page
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Fengqiu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Payal Damani-Yokota
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Janice C Telfer
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
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11
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Moniuszko-Malinowska A, Penza P, Czupryna P, Zajkowska O, Pancewicz S, Król M, Świerzbińska R, Dunaj J, Zajkowska J. Assessment of TLR-2 concentration in tick-borne encephalitis and neuroborreliosis. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2019; 79:502-506. [PMID: 31495224 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2019.1661510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to check whether measurement of TLR-2 in serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can help differentiate between neuroborreliosis (NB) and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). Eighty patients with meningitis and meningoencephalitis were divided into two groups: Group I - patients with NB (n = 40) and Group II - patients with TBE (n = 40). Diagnosis was based on the clinical picture, CSF examination and presence of specific antibodies in serum and CSF. The control group (CG) consisted of healthy blood donors (n = 25) and patients in whom inflammatory process in central nervous system was excluded (n = 25). Concentration of TLR-2 was measured using a commercial kit [TLR-2 Elisa Kit (EIAab, China)]. The serum and CSF TLR-2 concentration of NB patients was significantly higher than in CG. The serum and CSF TLR-2 concentration in TBE patients was significantly higher than in the CG. Receiver operating characteristic analysis of the serum TLR-2 concentration showed significant differences between the group of patients with NB and a group of patients with TBE. TLR-2 is involved in the development of inflammatory process in the CNS caused by both tick-borne pathogens: viral and bacterial as TLR-2 concentration in both CSF and serum differentiates these groups from healthy patients. Although TLR-2 cannot be used as a sole and reliable biomarker differentiating NB from TBE, results of our study are a step forward toward discovering such biomarker in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok , Białystok , Poland
| | | | - Piotr Czupryna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok , Białystok , Poland
| | - Olga Zajkowska
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Applied Informatics and Mathematics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Sławomir Pancewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok , Białystok , Poland
| | - Monika Król
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok , Białystok , Poland
| | - Renata Świerzbińska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok , Białystok , Poland
| | - Justyna Dunaj
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok , Białystok , Poland
| | - Joanna Zajkowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok , Białystok , Poland
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12
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A Reactive Peripheral Gamma-Delta T-cell Lymphoid Proliferation After a Tick Bite. Am J Dermatopathol 2019; 41:e73-e75. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Inoue SI, Niikura M, Asahi H, Kawakami Y, Kobayashi F. γδ T cells modulate humoral immunity against Plasmodium berghei infection. Immunology 2018; 155:519-532. [PMID: 30144035 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether γδ T cells are involved in humoral immunity against Plasmodium infection. Here, we show that B-cell-immunodeficient mice and γδ T-cell-deficient mice were incapable of protecting against Plasmodium berghei XAT parasites. γδ T-cell-deficient mice developed reduced levels of antigen-specific antibodies during the late phase of infection. The numbers of follicular helper T cells and germinal centre B cells in γδ T-cell-deficient mice were lower than in wild-type mice during the late phase of infection. Expression profiling of humoral immunity-related cytokines in γδ T cells showed that interleukin-21 (IL-21) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) are increased during the early stage of infection. Furthermore, blockade of IL-21 and IFN-γ signalling during the early stage of infection led to reduction in follicular helper T cells and germinal centre B cells. γδ T-cell production of IL-21 and IFN-γ is crucial for the development and maintenance of follicular helper T cells and germinal centre B cells during the late phase of infection. Our data suggest that γδ T cells modulate humoral immunity against Plasmodium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Niikura
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Asahi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawakami
- Laboratory of Parasitology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Fumie Kobayashi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Parasitology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
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14
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Collins CC, Bashant K, Erikson C, Thwe PM, Fortner KA, Wang H, Morita CT, Budd RC. Necroptosis of Dendritic Cells Promotes Activation of γδ T Cells. J Innate Immun 2016; 8:479-92. [PMID: 27431410 PMCID: PMC5002261 DOI: 10.1159/000446498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells function at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity and have well-demonstrated roles in response to infection, autoimmunity and tumors. A common characteristic of these seemingly disparate conditions may be cellular stress or death. However, the conditions under which ligands for γδ T cells are induced or exposed remain largely undefined. We observed that induction of necroptosis of murine or human dendritic cells (DC) by inhibition of caspase activity paradoxically augments their ability to activate γδ T cells. Furthermore, upregulation of the stabilizer of caspase-8 activity, c-FLIP, by IL-4, not only greatly reduced the susceptibility of DC to necroptosis, but also considerably decreased their ability to activate γδ T cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that the induction of necroptosis in DC upregulates or exposes the expression of γδ T cell ligands, and they support the view that γδ T cells function in the immune surveillance of cell stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl C. Collins
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vt
| | - Kathleen Bashant
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vt
| | - Cuixia Erikson
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vt
| | - Phyu Myat Thwe
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vt
| | - Karen A. Fortner
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vt
| | - Hong Wang
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Craig T. Morita
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Ralph C. Budd
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vt
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15
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Divan A, Budd RC, Tobin RP, Newell-Rogers MK. γδ T Cells and dendritic cells in refractory Lyme arthritis. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:653-63. [PMID: 25605869 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2ru0714-343rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease is a multisystem infection transmitted by tick vectors with an incidence of up to 300,000 individuals/yr in the United States. The primary treatments are oral or i.v. antibiotics. Despite treatment, some individuals do not recover and have prolonged symptoms affecting multiple organs, including the nervous system and connective tissues. Inflammatory arthritis is a common symptom associated with Lyme pathology. In the past decades, γδ T cells have emerged as candidates that contribute to the transition from innate to adaptive responses. These cells are also differentially regulated within the synovia of patients affected by RLA. Here, we review and discuss potential cellular mechanisms involving γδ T cells and DCs in RLA. TLR signaling and antigen processing and presentation will be the key concepts that we review in aid of understanding the impact of γδ T cells in RLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Divan
- *Texas A&M Health Science, Temple, Texas, USA; and University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Ralph C Budd
- *Texas A&M Health Science, Temple, Texas, USA; and University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Richard P Tobin
- *Texas A&M Health Science, Temple, Texas, USA; and University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - M Karen Newell-Rogers
- *Texas A&M Health Science, Temple, Texas, USA; and University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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16
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Zhang J, Wang J, Pang L, Xie G, Welte T, Saxena V, Wicker J, Mann B, Soong L, Barrett A, Born W, O'Brien R, Wang T. The co-stimulatory effects of MyD88-dependent Toll-like receptor signaling on activation of murine γδ T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108156. [PMID: 25232836 PMCID: PMC4169491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells express several different toll-like receptor (TLR)s. The role of MyD88- dependent TLR signaling in TCR activation of murine γδ T cells is incompletely defined. Here, we report that Pam3CSK4 (PAM, TLR2 agonist) and CL097 (TLR7 agonist), but not lipopolysaccharide (TLR4 agonist), increased CD69 expression and Th1-type cytokine production upon anti-CD3 stimulation of γδ T cells from young adult mice (6-to 10-week-old). However, these agonists alone did not induce γδ T cell activation. Additionally, we noted that neither PAM nor CL097 synergized with anti-CD3 in inducing CD69 expression on γδ T cells of aged mice (21-to 22-month-old). Compared to young γδ T cells, PAM and CL097 increased Th-1 type cytokine production with a lower magnitude from anti-CD3- stimulated, aged γδ T cells. Vγ1+ and Vγ4+ cells are two subpopulations of splenic γδ T cells. PAM had similar effects in anti-CD3-activated control and Vγ4+ subset- depleted γδ T cells; whereas CL097 induced more IFN-γ production from Vγ4+ subset-depleted γδ T cells than from the control group. Finally, we studied the role of MyD88-dependent TLRs in γδ T cell activation during West Nile virus (WNV) infection. γδ T cell, in particular, Vγ1+ subset expansion was significantly reduced in both MyD88- and TLR7- deficient mice. Treatment with TLR7 agonist induced more Vγ1+ cell expansion in wild-type mice during WNV infection. In summary, these results suggest that MyD88-dependent TLRs provide co-stimulatory signals during TCR activation of γδ T cells and these have differential effects on distinct subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lan Pang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Guorui Xie
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas Welte
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vandana Saxena
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jason Wicker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brian Mann
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lynn Soong
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alan Barrett
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Willi Born
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rebecca O'Brien
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Abstract
Neonates have little immunological memory and a developing immune system, which increases their vulnerability to infectious agents. Recent advances in the understanding of neonatal immunity indicate that both innate and adaptive responses are dependent on precursor frequency of lymphocytes, antigenic dose and mode of exposure. Studies in neonatal mouse models and human umbilical cord blood cells demonstrate the capability of neonatal immune cells to produce immune responses similar to adults in some aspects but not others. This review focuses mainly on the developmental and functional mechanisms of the human neonatal immune system. In particular, the mechanism of innate and adaptive immunity and the role of neutrophils, antigen presenting cells, differences in subclasses of T lymphocytes (Th1, Th2, Tregs) and B cells are discussed. In addition, we have included the recent developments in the neonatal mouse immune system. Understanding neonatal immunity is essential to development of therapeutic vaccines to combat newly emerging infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Basha
- Center for Infectious Disease and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, 1425 Portland Avenue, Rochester, NY 14621, USA
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18
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Baldwin CL, Hsu H, Chen C, Palmer M, McGill J, Waters WR, Telfer JC. The role of bovine γδ T cells and their WC1 co-receptor in response to bacterial pathogens and promoting vaccine efficacy: A model for cattle and humans. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 159:144-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Holderness J, Hedges JF, Ramstead A, Jutila MA. Comparative biology of γδ T cell function in humans, mice, and domestic animals. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2013; 1:99-124. [PMID: 25387013 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-031412-103639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a functionally heterogeneous population and contribute to many early immune responses. The majority of their activity is described in humans and mice, but the immune systems of all jawed vertebrates include the γδ T cell lineage. Although some aspects of γδ T cells vary between species, critical roles in early immune responses are often conserved. Common features of γδ T cells include innate receptor expression, antigen presentation, cytotoxicity, and cytokine production. Herein we compare studies describing these conserved γδ T cell functions and other, potentially unique, functions. γδ T cells are well documented for their potential immunotherapeutic properties; however, these proposed therapies are often focused on human diseases and the mouse models thereof. This review consolidates some of these studies with those in other animals to provide a consensus for the current understanding of γδ T cell function across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Holderness
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717; , , ,
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20
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Kean IR, Irvine KL. Lyme disease: aetiopathogenesis, factors for disease development and control. Inflammopharmacology 2012; 21:101-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-012-0156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Braza MS, Klein B. Anti-tumour immunotherapy with Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes: from the bench to the bedside. Br J Haematol 2012; 160:123-32. [PMID: 23061882 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Gamma delta (γδ) Τ cells are non-conventional T lymphocyte effectors that can interact with and eradicate tumour cells. Several data demonstrate that these T cells, which are implicated in the first line of defence against pathogens, have anti-tumour activity against many cancers and suggest that γδ Τ cell-mediated immunotherapy is feasible and might induce objective tumour responses. Due to the importance of γδ Τ lymphocytes in the induction and control of immunity, a complete understanding of their biology is crucial for the development of a potent cancer immunotherapy. This review discusses recent advances in γδ Τ basic research and data from clinical trials on the use of γδ Τ cells in the treatment of different cancers. It analyses how this knowledge might be applied to develop new strategies for the clinical manipulation and the potentiation of γδ Τ lymphocyte activity in cancer immunotherapy.
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Enhancement of dendritic cell activation via CD40 ligand-expressing γδ T cells is responsible for protective immunity to Plasmodium parasites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:12129-34. [PMID: 22778420 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1204480109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have shown that γδ T cells are important for the elimination of malaria parasites in humans and mice. However, how γδ T cells are involved in protective immunity against blood-stage malaria remains unknown. We infected γδ T-cell-deficient (TCRδ-KO) mice and control wild-type mice with Plasmodium berghei XAT, which is a nonlethal strain. Although infected red blood cells were eliminated within 30 d after infection, TCRδ-KO mice could not clear the infected red blood cells, showed high parasitemia, and eventually died. Therefore, γδ T cells are essential for clearance of the parasites. Here, we found that γδ T cells play a key role in dendritic cell activation after Plasmodium infection. On day 5 postinfection, γδ T cells produced IFN-γ and expressed CD40 ligand during dendritic cell activation. These results suggest that γδ T cells enhance dendritic cell activation via IFN-γ and CD40 ligand-CD40 signaling. This hypothesis is supported strongly by the fact that in vivo induction of CD40 signaling prevented the death of TCRδ-KO mice after infection with P. berghei XAT. This study improves our understanding of protective immunity against malaria and provides insights into γδ T-cell-mediated protective immunity against various infectious diseases.
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