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Deng Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Yang X, Zhang H, Xue X, Wan Y. Akkermansia muciniphila isolated from forest musk deer ameliorates diarrhea in mice via modification of gut microbiota. Animal Model Exp Med 2024. [PMID: 38828754 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The forest musk deer, a rare fauna species found in China, is famous for its musk secretion which is used in selected Traditional Chinese medicines. However, over-hunting has led to musk deer becoming an endangered species, and their survival is also greatly challenged by various high incidence and high mortality respiratory and intestinal diseases such as septic pneumonia and enteritis. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that Akkermannia muciniphila (AKK) is a promising probiotic, and we wondered whether AKK could be used as a food additive in animal breeding programmes to help prevent intestinal diseases. METHODS We isolated one AKK strain from musk deer feces (AKK-D) using an improved enrichment medium combined with real-time PCR. After confirmation by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, a series of in vitro tests was conducted to evaluate the probiotic effects of AKK-D by assessing its reproductive capability, simulated gastrointestinal fluid tolerance, acid and bile salt resistance, self-aggregation ability, hydrophobicity, antibiotic sensitivity, hemolysis, harmful metabolite production, biofilm formation ability, and bacterial adhesion to gastrointestinal mucosa. RESULTS The AKK-D strain has a probiotic function similar to that of the standard strain in humans (AKK-H). An in vivo study found that AKK-D significantly ameliorated symptoms in the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-induced murine diarrhea model. AKK-D improved organ damage, inhibited inflammatory responses, and improved intestinal barrier permeability. Additionally, AKK-D promoted the reconstitution and maintenance of the homeostasis of gut microflora, as indicated by the fact that AKK-D-treated mice showed a decrease in Bacteroidetes and an increase in the proportion of other beneficial bacteria like Muribaculaceae, Muribaculum, and unclassified f_Lachnospiaceae compared with the diarrhea model mice. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data show that this novel AKK-D strain might be a potential probiotic for use in musk deer breeding, although further extensive systematic research is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Deng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Shaanxi Institute of Microbiology, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Shaanxi Institute of Microbiology, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Testing Technology of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Xi'an, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaochang Xue
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Wan
- Shaanxi Institute of Microbiology, Xi'an, China
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2
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Zindl CL, Wilson CG, Chadha AS, Duck LW, Cai B, Harbour SN, Nagaoka-Kamata Y, Hatton RD, Gao M, Figge DA, Weaver CT. Distal colonocytes targeted by C. rodentium recruit T-cell help for barrier defence. Nature 2024; 629:669-678. [PMID: 38600382 PMCID: PMC11096101 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Interleukin 22 (IL-22) has a non-redundant role in immune defence of the intestinal barrier1-3. T cells, but not innate lymphoid cells, have an indispensable role in sustaining the IL-22 signalling that is required for the protection of colonic crypts against invasion during infection by the enteropathogen Citrobacter rodentium4 (Cr). However, the intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) subsets targeted by T cell-derived IL-22, and how T cell-derived IL-22 sustains activation in IECs, remain undefined. Here we identify a subset of absorptive IECs in the mid-distal colon that are specifically targeted by Cr and are differentially responsive to IL-22 signalling. Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) expression by these colonocytes was required to elicit sustained IL-22 signalling from Cr-specific T cells, which was required to restrain Cr invasion. Our findings explain the basis for the regionalization of the host response to Cr and demonstrate that epithelial cells must elicit MHCII-dependent help from IL-22-producing T cells to orchestrate immune protection in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlene L Zindl
- Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - C Garrett Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Awalpreet S Chadha
- Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lennard W Duck
- Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Baiyi Cai
- Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stacey N Harbour
- Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yoshiko Nagaoka-Kamata
- Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robin D Hatton
- Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David A Figge
- Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Casey T Weaver
- Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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3
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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Martín-Rodríguez A, Redondo-Flórez L, Villanueva-Tobaldo CV, Yáñez-Sepúlveda R, Tornero-Aguilera JF. Epithelial Transport in Disease: An Overview of Pathophysiology and Treatment. Cells 2023; 12:2455. [PMID: 37887299 PMCID: PMC10605148 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial transport is a multifaceted process crucial for maintaining normal physiological functions in the human body. This comprehensive review delves into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying epithelial transport and its significance in disease pathogenesis. Beginning with an introduction to epithelial transport, it covers various forms, including ion, water, and nutrient transfer, followed by an exploration of the processes governing ion transport and hormonal regulation. The review then addresses genetic disorders, like cystic fibrosis and Bartter syndrome, that affect epithelial transport. Furthermore, it investigates the involvement of epithelial transport in the pathophysiology of conditions such as diarrhea, hypertension, and edema. Finally, the review analyzes the impact of renal disease on epithelial transport and highlights the potential for future research to uncover novel therapeutic interventions for conditions like cystic fibrosis, hypertension, and renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Group de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | | | - Laura Redondo-Flórez
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (L.R.-F.); (C.V.V.-T.)
| | - Carlota Valeria Villanueva-Tobaldo
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (L.R.-F.); (C.V.V.-T.)
| | - Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile;
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4
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Epithelial dysfunction is prevented by IL-22 treatment in a Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis model that shares similarities with inflammatory bowel disease. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1338-1349. [PMID: 36372810 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00577-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by a dysregulated intestinal epithelial barrier leading to breach of barrier immunity. Here we identified similar protein expression changes between IBD and Citrobacter rodentium-infected FVB mice with respect to dysregulation of solute transporters as well as components critical for intestinal barrier integrity. We attribute the disease associated changes in the model to the emergence of undifferentiated intermediate intestinal epithelial cells. Prophylactic treatment with IL-22.Fc in C. rodentium-infected FVB mice reduced disease severity and rescued the mice from lethality. Multi-omics and solute analyses revealed that IL-22.Fc treatment prevented disease-associated changes including disruption of the solute transporter machinery and restored proper physiological functions of the intestine, respectively. Taken together, we established the disease relevance of the C. rodentium-induced colitis model to IBD, demonstrated the protective role of IL-22 in amelioration of epithelial dysfunction and elucidated the molecular mechanisms with IL-22's effect on intestinal epithelial cells.
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5
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Transcriptional Profiling of the Small Intestine and the Colon Reveals Modulation of Gut Infection with Citrobacter rodentium According to the Vitamin A Status. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081563. [PMID: 35458125 PMCID: PMC9026425 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A (VA) deficiency and diarrheal diseases are both serious public health issues worldwide. VA deficiency is associated with impaired intestinal barrier function and increased risk of mucosal infection-related mortality. The bioactive form of VA, retinoic acid, is a well-known regulator of mucosal integrity. Using Citrobacter rodentium-infected mice as a model for diarrheal diseases in humans, previous studies showed that VA-deficient (VAD) mice failed to clear C. rodentium as compared to their VA-sufficient (VAS) counterparts. However, the distinct intestinal gene responses that are dependent on the host’s VA status still need to be discovered. The mRNAs extracted from the small intestine (SI) and the colon were sequenced and analyzed on three levels: differential gene expression, enrichment, and co-expression. C. rodentium infection interacted differentially with VA status to alter colon gene expression. Novel functional categories downregulated by this pathogen were identified, highlighted by genes related to the metabolism of VA, vitamin D, and ion transport, including improper upregulation of Cl− secretion and disrupted HCO3− metabolism. Our results suggest that derangement of micronutrient metabolism and ion transport, together with the compromised immune responses in VAD hosts, may be responsible for the higher mortality to C. rodentium under conditions of inadequate VA.
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6
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Zindl CL, Witte SJ, Laufer VA, Gao M, Yue Z, Janowski KM, Cai B, Frey BF, Silberger DJ, Harbour SN, Singer JR, Turner H, Lund FE, Vallance BA, Rosenberg AF, Schoeb TR, Chen JY, Hatton RD, Weaver CT. A nonredundant role for T cell-derived interleukin 22 in antibacterial defense of colonic crypts. Immunity 2022; 55:494-511.e11. [PMID: 35263568 PMCID: PMC9126440 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22 is central to immune defense at barrier sites. We examined the contributions of innate lymphoid cell (ILC) and T cell-derived IL-22 during Citrobacter rodentium (C.r) infection using mice that both report Il22 expression and allow lineage-specific deletion. ILC-derived IL-22 activated STAT3 in C.r-colonized surface intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) but only temporally restrained bacterial growth. T cell-derived IL-22 induced a more robust and extensive activation of STAT3 in IECs, including IECs lining colonic crypts, and T cell-specific deficiency of IL-22 led to pathogen invasion of the crypts and increased mortality. This reflected a requirement for T cell-derived IL-22 for the expression of a host-protective transcriptomic program that included AMPs, neutrophil-recruiting chemokines, and mucin-related molecules, and it restricted IFNγ-induced proinflammatory genes. Our findings demonstrate spatiotemporal differences in the production and action of IL-22 by ILCs and T cells during infection and reveal an indispensable role for IL-22-producing T cells in the protection of the intestinal crypts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlene L Zindl
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Steven J Witte
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Vincent A Laufer
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Zongliang Yue
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Karen M Janowski
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Baiyi Cai
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Blake F Frey
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Daniel J Silberger
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Stacey N Harbour
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Singer
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Henrietta Turner
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Frances E Lund
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Alexander F Rosenberg
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Trenton R Schoeb
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jake Y Chen
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Robin D Hatton
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Casey T Weaver
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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7
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Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in susceptibility to enteric pathogens, including Citrobacter rodentium, a model extracellular mouse pathogen that colonizes the colonic mucosa. C. rodentium infection outcomes vary between mouse strains, with C57BL/6 and C3H/HeN mice clearing and succumbing to the infection, respectively. Kanamycin (Kan) treatment at the peak of C57BL/6 mouse infection with Kan-resistant C. rodentium resulted in relocalization of the pathogen from the colonic mucosa and cecum to solely the cecal luminal contents; cessation of the Kan treatment resulted in rapid clearance of the pathogen. We now show that in C3H/HeN mice, following Kan-induced displacement of C. rodentium to the cecum, the pathogen stably colonizes the cecal lumens of 65% of the mice in the absence of continued antibiotic treatment, a phenomenon that we term antibiotic-induced bacterial commensalization (AIBC). AIBC C. rodentium was well tolerated by the host, which showed few signs of inflammation; passaged AIBC C. rodentium robustly infected naive C3H/HeN mice, suggesting that the AIBC state is transient and did not select for genetically avirulent C. rodentium mutants. Following withdrawal of antibiotic treatment, 35% of C3H/HeN mice were able to prevent C. rodentium commensalization in the gut lumen. These mice presented a bloom of a commensal species, Citrobacter amalonaticus, which inhibited the growth of C. rodentiumin vitro in a contact-dependent manner and the luminal growth of AIBC C. rodentiumin vivo. Overall, our data suggest that commensal species can confer colonization resistance to closely related pathogenic species.
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8
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Norsa L, Berni Canani R, Duclaux-Loras R, Bequet E, Köglmeier J, Russell RK, Uhlig HH, Travis S, Hollis J, Koletzko S, Grimaldi G, Castaldo G, Rodrigues A, Deflandre J, Dembinski L, Shah N, Heinz-Erian P, Janecke A, Leskinen S, Wedenoja S, Koskela R, Lachaux A, Kolho KL, Ruemmele FM. Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Patients with Congenital Chloride Diarrhoea. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15:1679-1685. [PMID: 33770165 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital chloride diarrhoea [CLD] is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the solute family carrier 26 member 3 [SLC26A3] gene. Patients suffer from life-long watery diarrhoea and chloride loss. Inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] has been reported in individual patients with CLD and in scl26a3-deficient mice. METHODS We performed an international multicentre analysis to build a CLD cohort and to identify cases with IBD. We assessed clinical and genetic characteristics of subjects and studied the cumulative incidence of CLD-associated IBD. RESULTS In a cohort of 72 patients with CLD caused by 17 different SLC26A3 mutations, we identified 12 patients [17%] diagnosed with IBD. Nine patients had Crohn's disease, two ulcerative colitis and one IBD-unclassified [IBD-U]. The prevalence of IBD in our cohort of CLD was higher than the highest prevalence of IBD in Europe [p < 0.0001]. The age of onset was variable [13.5 years, interquartile range: 8.5-23.5 years]. Patients with CLD and IBD had lower z-score for height than those without IBD. Four of 12 patients had required surgery [ileostomy formation n = 2, ileocaecal resection due to ileocaecal valve stenosis n = 1 and colectomy due to stage II transverse colon cancer n = 1]. At last follow-up, 5/12 were on biologics [adalimumab, infliximab or vedolizumab], 5/12 on immunosuppressants [azathioprine or mercaptopurine], one on 5-ASA and one off-treatment. CONCLUSIONS A substantial proportion of patients with CLD develop IBD. This suggests the potential involvement of SL26A3-mediated anion transport in IBD pathogenesis. Patients with CLD-associated IBD may require surgery for treatment failure or colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Norsa
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Paris, France.,Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Transplantation, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy.,Université de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Roberto Berni Canani
- Department of Translational Medical Science - Pediatric Section, University 'Federico II', Naples, Italy.,CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.,European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases, University 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Remi Duclaux-Loras
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Bron, France.,CIRI unité Inserm U1111, ENS Lyon, France
| | - Emeline Bequet
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Liège, Belgium
| | - Jutta Köglmeier
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, London, UK
| | - Richard K Russell
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
| | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit and Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Travis
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit and Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer Hollis
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit and Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sibylle Koletzko
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine Collegium Medicum University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Giusi Grimaldi
- Department of Translational Medical Science - Pediatric Section, University 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castaldo
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Astor Rodrigues
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit and Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Lukasz Dembinski
- Department of Paediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Neil Shah
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, London, UK
| | - Peter Heinz-Erian
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Janecke
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Saara Leskinen
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Satu Wedenoja
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ritva Koskela
- Department of Internal Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Alain Lachaux
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Bron, France
| | - Kaija-Leena Kolho
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Frank M Ruemmele
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Paris, France
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Cao L, Huang T, Chen X, Li W, Yang X, Zhang W, Li M, Gao R. Uncovering the interplay between pH receptors and immune cells: Potential drug targets (Review). Oncol Rep 2021; 46:228. [PMID: 34476504 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular acidosis is associated with various immunopathological states. The microenvironment of numerous solid tumours and inflammatory responses during acute or chronic infection are all related to a pH range of 5.5‑7.0. The relationship between inflammation and immune escape, cancer metabolism, and immunologic suppression drives researchers to focus on the effects of low pH on diverse components of disease immune monitoring. The potential effect of low extracellular pH on the immune function reveals the importance of pH in inflammatory and immunoreactive processes. In this review, the mechanism of how pH receptors, including monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), Na+/H+ exchanger 1, carbonic anhydrases (CAs), vacuolar‑ATPase, and proton‑sensing G‑protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), modulate the immune system in disease, especially in cancer, were studied. Their role in immunocyte growth and signal transduction as part of the immune response, as well as cytokine production, have been documented in great detail. Currently, immunotherapy strategies have positive therapeutic effects for patients. However, the acidic microenvironment may block the effect of immunotherapy through compensatory feedback mechanisms, leading to drug resistance. Therefore, we highlight promising therapeutic developments regarding pH manipulation and provide a framework for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cao
- Department of The Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Tianqiao Huang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing 100010, P.R. China
| | - Weisha Li
- Department of The Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Xingjiu Yang
- Department of The Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Department of The Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Department of The Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Ran Gao
- Department of The Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing 100020, P.R. China
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10
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Cho CS, Xi J, Si Y, Park SR, Hsu JE, Kim M, Jun G, Kang HM, Lee JH. Microscopic examination of spatial transcriptome using Seq-Scope. Cell 2021; 184:3559-3572.e22. [PMID: 34115981 PMCID: PMC8238917 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Spatial barcoding technologies have the potential to reveal histological details of transcriptomic profiles; however, they are currently limited by their low resolution. Here, we report Seq-Scope, a spatial barcoding technology with a resolution comparable to an optical microscope. Seq-Scope is based on a solid-phase amplification of randomly barcoded single-molecule oligonucleotides using an Illumina sequencing platform. The resulting clusters annotated with spatial coordinates are processed to expose RNA-capture moiety. These RNA-capturing barcoded clusters define the pixels of Seq-Scope that are ∼0.5-0.8 μm apart from each other. From tissue sections, Seq-Scope visualizes spatial transcriptome heterogeneity at multiple histological scales, including tissue zonation according to the portal-central (liver), crypt-surface (colon) and inflammation-fibrosis (injured liver) axes, cellular components including single-cell types and subtypes, and subcellular architectures of nucleus and cytoplasm. Seq-Scope is quick, straightforward, precise, and easy-to-implement and makes spatial single-cell analysis accessible to a wide group of biomedical researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Seok Cho
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jingyue Xi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yichen Si
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sung-Rye Park
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jer-En Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Myungjin Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Goo Jun
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hyun Min Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Yu Q. Slc26a3 (DRA) in the Gut: Expression, Function, Regulation, Role in Infectious Diarrhea and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:575-584. [PMID: 32989468 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transport of transepithelial Cl- and HCO3- is crucial for the function of the intestinal epithelium and maintains the acid-based homeostasis. Slc26a3 (DRA), as a key chloride-bicarbonate exchanger protein in the intestinal epithelial luminal membrane, participates in the electroneutral NaCl absorption of intestine, together with Na+/H+ exchangers. Increasing recent evidence supports the essential role of decreased DRA function or expression in infectious diarrhea and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHOD In this review, we give an overview of the current knowledge of Slc26a3, including its cloning and expression, function, roles in infectious diarrhea and IBD, and mechanisms of actions. A better understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological relevance of Slc26a3 in infectious diarrhea and IBD may reveal novel targets for future therapy. CONCLUSION Understanding the physiological function, regulatory interactions, and the potential mechanisms of Slc26a3 in the pathophysiology of infectious diarrhea and IBD will define novel therapeutic approaches in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan City, China
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12
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Bayesian Model Infers Drug Repurposing Candidates for Treatment of COVID-19. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11062466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of COVID-19 progressed into a global pandemic that has functionally put the world at a standstill and catapulted major healthcare systems into an overburdened state. The dire need for therapeutic strategies to mitigate and successfully treat COVID-19 is now a public health crisis with national security implications for many countries. The current study employed Bayesian networks to a longitudinal proteomic dataset generated from Caco-2 cells transfected with SARS-CoV-2 (isolated from patients returning from Wuhan to Frankfurt). Two different approaches were employed to assess the Bayesian models, a titer-center topology analysis and a drug signature enrichment analysis. Topology analysis identified a set of proteins directly linked to the SAR-CoV2 titer, including ACE2, a SARS-CoV-2 binding receptor, MAOB and CHECK1. Aligning with the topology analysis, MAOB and CHECK1 were also identified within the enriched drug-signatures. Taken together, the data output from this network has identified nodal host proteins that may be connected to 18 chemical compounds, some already marketed, which provides an immediate opportunity to rapidly triage these assets for safety and efficacy against COVID-19.
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13
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Kumar A, Priyamvada S, Ge Y, Jayawardena D, Singhal M, Anbazhagan AN, Chatterjee I, Dayal A, Patel M, Zadeh K, Saksena S, Alrefai WA, Gill RK, Zadeh M, Zhao N, Mohamadzadeh M, Dudeja PK. A Novel Role of SLC26A3 in the Maintenance of Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Integrity. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:1240-1255.e3. [PMID: 33189700 PMCID: PMC7956241 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The down-regulated in adenoma (DRA) protein, encoded by SLC26A3, a key intestinal chloride anion exchanger, has recently been identified as a novel susceptibility gene for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the mechanisms underlying the increased susceptibility to inflammation induced by the loss of DRA remain elusive. Compromised barrier is a key event in IBD pathogenesis. The current studies were undertaken to elucidate the impact of DRA deficiency on epithelial barrier integrity and to define underlying mechanisms. METHODS Wild-type and DRA-knockout (KO) mice and crypt-derived colonoids were used as models for intestinal epithelial response. Paracellular permeability was measured by using fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran flux. Immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation assays were performed. Gut microbiome analysis was conducted to investigate the impact of DRA deficiency on gut microbial communities. RESULTS DRA-KO mice exhibited an increased colonic paracellular permeability with significantly decreased levels of tight junction/adherens junction proteins, including ZO-1, occludin, and E-cadherin. A similar expression pattern of occludin and E-cadherin was observed in colonoids derived from DRA-KO mice and short hairpin RNA-mediated DRA knockdown in Caco-2 cells. Microbial analysis showed gut dysbiosis in DRA-KO mice. However, cohousing studies showed that dysbiosis played only a partial role in maintaining tight junction protein expression. Furthermore, our results showed increased binding of RNA-binding protein CUGBP1 with occludin and E-cadherin genes in DRA-KO mouse colon, suggesting that posttranscriptional mechanisms play a key role in gut barrier dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, our studies demonstrate a novel role of DRA in maintaining the intestinal epithelial barrier function and potential implications of its dysregulation in IBD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shubha Priyamvada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yong Ge
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Dulari Jayawardena
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Megha Singhal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Arivarasu N Anbazhagan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ishita Chatterjee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Aneal Dayal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mitul Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kimia Zadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Seema Saksena
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Waddah A Alrefai
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ravinder K Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mojgan Zadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ni Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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14
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Hayashi H, Nagai H, Ohba KI, Soleimani M, Suzuki Y. Segmental differences in Slc26a3-dependent Cl - absorption and HCO 3- secretion in the mouse large intestine in vitro in Ussing chambers. J Physiol Sci 2021; 71:5. [PMID: 33514305 PMCID: PMC10717946 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-020-00784-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The anion exchanger slc26a3 (DRA), which is mutated in congenital chloride-losing diarrhea, is expressed in the apical membrane of the cecum and middle-distal colon but not in the proximal colon of rodent large intestines. To elucidate the functional roles of DRA, we measured unidirectional 36Cl- and 22Na+ fluxes and HCO3- secretion in vitro in each of these segments using DRA-KO mice. Robust Cl- absorption, which was largely abolished after DRA deficiency, was present in the cecum and middle-distal colon but absent in the proximal colon. Na+ absorption was present in all three segments in both the control and DRA-KO mice. The luminal-Cl--dependent HCO3- secretions in the cecum and middle-distal colon were abolished in the DRA-KO mice. In conclusion, DRA mediates Cl- absorption and HCO3- secretion in the mouse cecum and middle-distal colon, and may have roles in H2O absorption and luminal acid/base regulation in these segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayoshi Hayashi
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagai
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kou-Ichiro Ohba
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Manoocher Soleimani
- Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Yuichi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
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15
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Barrett KE. Epithelial transport in digestive diseases: mice, monolayers, and mechanisms. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C1136-C1143. [PMID: 32293934 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00015.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The transport of electrolytes and fluid by the intestinal epithelium is critical in health to maintain appropriate levels of fluidity of the intestinal contents. The transport mechanisms that underlie this physiological process are also subject to derangement in various digestive disease states, such as diarrheal illnesses. This article summarizes the 2019 Hans Ussing Lecture of the Epithelial Transport Group of the American Physiological Society and discusses some pathways by which intestinal transport is dysregulated, particularly in the setting of infection with the diarrheal pathogen, Salmonella, and in patients treated with small-molecule inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr-TKI). The burdensome diarrhea in patients infected with Salmonella may be attributable to decreased expression of the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger downregulated in adenoma (DRA) that participates in electroneutral NaCl absorption. This outcome is possibly secondary to increased epithelial proliferation and/or decreased epithelial differentiation that occurs following infection. Conversely, the diarrheal side effects of cancer treatment with EGFr-TKI may be related to the known ability of EGFr-associated signaling to reduce calcium-dependent chloride secretion. Overall, the findings described may suggest targets for therapeutic intervention in a variety of diarrheal disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim E Barrett
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
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16
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Xu B, Yan Y, Huang J, Yin B, Pan Y, Ma L. Cortex Phellodendri extract's anti-diarrhea effect in mice related to its modification of gut microbiota. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 123:109720. [PMID: 31884345 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortex Phellodendri extract (CPE) has been used in China to treat diarrhea whereas the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Given that dysbiosis of gut microbiota is a potential reason for diarrhea, and that oral CPE has a low absorption rate in intestine, we hypothesized that modification of gut microbiota is an important factor in CPE's anti-diarrhea effect. To test this hypothesis, we established a diarrhea model by challenging post-weaning mice with oral Enterotoxigenic-Escherichia coli (ETEC), and then the mice were treated with two doses of CPE (80 mg/kg bodyweight and 160 mg/kg bodyweight) or the vehicle control (phosphate buffered saline). Diarrhea indices, inflammatory factors, morphology of jejunum, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and serum endocrine were determined. Modification of gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing. The changes in functional profiles of gut microbiota were predicted using software PICRUSt. We then explored the association between CPE-responding bacteria and the symptoms indices with the spearman's rank correlation coefficient and significance test. Compared with diarrheal mice, CPE decreased Gut/Carcass ratio and water content of stool, increased goblet cell density and villus height/crypt depth of jejunum, as well as decreased inflammatory indices (Tumour Necrosis Factor-α, Myeloperoxidase and Interleukin-1α). CPE shifted the gut microbiota significantly by increasing alpha diversity (observed species, ace, Shannon, and Simpson) and restoring the gut microbiota. CPE increased Firmicutes and decreased Bacteroidetes. The reduced genus Prevotella, Acinetobacter, and Morganella were positively associated with the diarrhea indices, whereas increased genus Odoribacter, Rikenella, and Roseburia were negatively associated with the diarrhea indices. The abundance of carbohydrate metabolism-related gene and SCFAs-producing bacteria were increased, which was evidenced by increased butyric acid and total SCFAs concentration in the caecum. Consequently, endocrine peptides glucagon-like peptide-1, epidermal growth factor, and peptide tyrosine tyrosine in serum were elevated. CONCLUSIONS: CPE shows a shift function on the gut microbiota in alleviating the diarrhea of mice in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the microbial metabolites SCFAs may mediate CPE's anti-diarrhea effect by enhancing endocrine secretion in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyang Xu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yiqin Yan
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Juncheng Huang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Boqi Yin
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yunxin Pan
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Libao Ma
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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17
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Khan I, Khan K. Uncoupling of Carbonic Anhydrase from Na-H exchanger-1 in Experimental Colitis: A Possible Mechanistic Link with Na-H Exchanger. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110700. [PMID: 31694264 PMCID: PMC6921068 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated a mechanistic link between Na–H exchanger-1 (NHE-1) and carbonic anhydrase (CA) in experimental colitis induced in the rats by intrarectal administration of trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS). Western blot analysis showed CA-I and CA-II as the major isoforms and CA-IV as a minor one in the colon, and they all are expressed as minor isoforms in the ileum. Co-immunoprecipitation and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy showed colocalization of NHE-1 with CA-I and CA-II, but not with CA-IV. TNBS significantly reduced the levels of NHE-1 and CA protein isoforms in the colon, but not in the uninflamed ileum. A similar reduction profile of the expression of CA isozymes was also obtained in ex vivo treatment of normal colon strips with TNF-α. The level of uncoupling as detected by co-immunoprecipitation was significantly more pronounced. A peptide (83 aa) from the NHE-1 C-terminus demonstrated binding of CA-II only, but not of the CA-I or CA-IV isoform. Furthermore, the profile of inflammatory test markers confirmed inflammation in the tissue used. These findings taken together suggest an inflammation-induced uncoupling of CA and NHE-1, which might be a putative mechanism for reducing the activity of NHE-1 in experimental colitis. This uncoupling might lead to an intracellular accumulation of H+, resulting in acidosis and necrosis in the inflamed colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya 24923, Kuwait
- Correspondence:
| | - Khalid Khan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya 24923, Kuwait;
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18
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Citrobacter rodentium-host-microbiota interactions: immunity, bioenergetics and metabolism. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 17:701-715. [PMID: 31541196 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0252-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is an extracellular enteric mouse-specific pathogen used to model infections with human pathogenic Escherichia coli and inflammatory bowel disease. C. rodentium injects type III secretion system effectors into intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) to target inflammatory, metabolic and cell survival pathways and establish infection. While the host responds to infection by activating innate and adaptive immune signalling, required for clearance, the IECs respond by rapidly shifting bioenergetics to aerobic glycolysis, which leads to oxygenation of the epithelium, an instant expansion of mucosal-associated commensal Enterobacteriaceae and a decline of obligate anaerobes. Moreover, infected IECs reprogramme intracellular metabolic pathways, characterized by simultaneous activation of cholesterol biogenesis, import and efflux, leading to increased serum and faecal cholesterol levels. In this Review we summarize recent advances highlighting the intimate relationship between C. rodentium pathogenesis, metabolism and the gut microbiota.
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19
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Kumar A, Jayawardena D, Anbazhagan AN, Chatterjee I, Priyamvada S, Alrefai WA, Borthakur A, Dudeja PK. Decreased SLC26A3 expression and function in intestinal epithelial cells in response to Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C1205-C1212. [PMID: 31483700 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00278.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum (CP) causes cryptosporidiosis, a diarrheal disease worldwide. Infection in immunocompetent hosts typically results in acute, self-limiting, or recurrent diarrhea. However, in immunocompromised individuals infection can cause fulminant diarrhea, extraintestinal manifestations, and death. To date, the mechanisms underlying CP-induced diarrheal pathogenesis are poorly understood. Diarrheal diseases most commonly involve increased secretion and/or decreased absorption of fluid and electrolytes. We and others have previously shown impaired chloride absorption in infectious diarrhea due to dysregulation of SLC26A3 [downregulated in adenoma (DRA)], the human intestinal apical membrane Cl-/HCO3- exchanger protein. However, there are no studies on the effects of CP infection on DRA activity. Therefore, we examined the expression and function of DRA in intestinal epithelial cells in response to CP infection in vitro and in vivo. CP infection (0.5 × 106 oocysts/well in 24-well plates, 24 h) of Caco-2 cell monolayers significantly decreased Cl-/HCO3- exchange activity (measured as DIDS-sensitive 125I uptake) as well as DRA mRNA and protein levels. Substantial downregulation of DRA mRNA and protein was also observed following CP infection ex vivo in mouse enteroid-derived monolayers and in vivo in the ileal and jejunal mucosa of C57BL/6 mice for 24 h. However, at 48 h after infection in vivo, the effects on DRA mRNA and protein were attenuated and at 5 days after infection DRA returned to normal levels. Our results suggest that impaired chloride absorption due to downregulation of DRA could be one of the contributing factors to CP-induced acute, self-limiting diarrhea in immunocompetent hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dulari Jayawardena
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Arivarasu N Anbazhagan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ishita Chatterjee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shubha Priyamvada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Waddah A Alrefai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alip Borthakur
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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20
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Rao MC. Physiology of Electrolyte Transport in the Gut: Implications for Disease. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:947-1023. [PMID: 31187895 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We now have an increased understanding of the genetics, cell biology, and physiology of electrolyte transport processes in the mammalian intestine, due to the availability of sophisticated methodologies ranging from genome wide association studies to CRISPR-CAS technology, stem cell-derived organoids, 3D microscopy, electron cryomicroscopy, single cell RNA sequencing, transgenic methodologies, and tools to manipulate cellular processes at a molecular level. This knowledge has simultaneously underscored the complexity of biological systems and the interdependence of multiple regulatory systems. In addition to the plethora of mammalian neurohumoral factors and their cross talk, advances in pyrosequencing and metagenomic analyses have highlighted the relevance of the microbiome to intestinal regulation. This article provides an overview of our current understanding of electrolyte transport processes in the small and large intestine, their regulation in health and how dysregulation at multiple levels can result in disease. Intestinal electrolyte transport is a balance of ion secretory and ion absorptive processes, all exquisitely dependent on the basolateral Na+ /K+ ATPase; when this balance goes awry, it can result in diarrhea or in constipation. The key transporters involved in secretion are the apical membrane Cl- channels and the basolateral Na+ -K+ -2Cl- cotransporter, NKCC1 and K+ channels. Absorption chiefly involves apical membrane Na+ /H+ exchangers and Cl- /HCO3 - exchangers in the small intestine and proximal colon and Na+ channels in the distal colon. Key examples of our current understanding of infectious, inflammatory, and genetic diarrheal diseases and of constipation are provided. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:947-1023, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinalini C Rao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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21
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Association of ulcerative colitis with solute-linked carrier family 26 member A3 gene polymorphisms and its expression in colonic tissues in Chinese patients. Int J Colorectal Dis 2018; 33:1169-1172. [PMID: 29855681 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-018-3097-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Abnormalities of the solute-linked carrier family 26 member A3 (SLC26A3) are implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases including ulcerative colitis (UC). The short communication aimed at investigating the associations of UC with SLC26A3 (rs17154444, rs7810937, rs7785539, rs2108225 and rs6951457) polymorphisms and its expression in colonic tissues. METHODS The techniques of SNaPshot method, quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemical analysis were conducted. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION We found that the rs2108225 variation in SLC26A3 might increase the risk of UC and affect its expression at both the mRNA and protein levels in colonic tissues of patients with UC. Moreover, the rs17154444 variation might influence the severity of UC.
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22
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Alisson-Silva F, Liu JZ, Diaz SL, Deng L, Gareau MG, Marchelletta R, Chen X, Nizet V, Varki N, Barrett KE, Varki A. Human evolutionary loss of epithelial Neu5Gc expression and species-specific susceptibility to cholera. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007133. [PMID: 29912959 PMCID: PMC6023241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
While infectious agents have typical host preferences, the noninvasive enteric bacterium Vibrio cholerae is remarkable for its ability to survive in many environments, yet cause diarrheal disease (cholera) only in humans. One key V. cholerae virulence factor is its neuraminidase (VcN), which releases host intestinal epithelial sialic acids as a nutrition source and simultaneously remodels intestinal polysialylated gangliosides into monosialoganglioside GM1. GM1 is the optimal binding target for the B subunit of a second virulence factor, the AB5 cholera toxin (Ctx). This coordinated process delivers the CtxA subunit into host epithelia, triggering fluid loss via cAMP-mediated activation of anion secretion and inhibition of electroneutral NaCl absorption. We hypothesized that human-specific and human-universal evolutionary loss of the sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and the consequent excess of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) contributes to specificity at one or more steps in pathogenesis. Indeed, VcN was less efficient in releasing Neu5Gc than Neu5Ac. We show enhanced binding of Ctx to sections of small intestine and isolated polysialogangliosides from human-like Neu5Gc-deficient Cmah-/- mice compared to wild-type, suggesting that Neu5Gc impeded generation of the GM1 target. Human epithelial cells artificially expressing Neu5Gc were also less susceptible to Ctx binding and CtxA intoxication following VcN treatment. Finally, we found increased fluid secretion into loops of Cmah-/- mouse small intestine injected with Ctx, indicating an additional direct effect on ion transport. Thus, V. cholerae evolved into a human-specific pathogen partly by adapting to the human evolutionary loss of Neu5Gc, optimizing multiple steps in cholera pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Alisson-Silva
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center (GRTC), Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Janet Z. Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Sandra L. Diaz
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center (GRTC), Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Lingquan Deng
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center (GRTC), Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Mélanie G. Gareau
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Ronald Marchelletta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis CA, United States of America
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Nissi Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center (GRTC), Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Kim E. Barrett
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AV); (KEB)
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center (GRTC), Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AV); (KEB)
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23
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases broadly categorized into Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract with increasing prevalence worldwide. The etiology of the disease is complex and involves a combination of genetic, environmental, immunological and gut microbial factors. Recurring and bloody diarrhea is the most prevalent and debilitating symptom in IBD. The pathogenesis of IBD-associated diarrhea is multifactorial and is essentially an outcome of mucosal damage caused by persistent inflammation resulting in dysregulated intestinal ion transport, impaired epithelial barrier function and increased accessibility of the pathogens to the intestinal mucosa. Altered expression and/or function of epithelial ion transporters and channels is the principle cause of electrolyte retention and water accumulation in the intestinal lumen leading to diarrhea in IBD. Aberrant barrier function further contributes to diarrhea via leak-flux mechanism. Mucosal penetration of enteric pathogens promotes dysbiosis and exacerbates the underlying immune system further perpetuating IBD associated-tissue damage and diarrhea. Here, we review the mechanisms of impaired ion transport and loss of epithelial barrier function contributing to diarrhea associated with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arivarasu N Anbazhagan
- a Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Shubha Priyamvada
- a Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Waddah A Alrefai
- a Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA.,b Jesse Brown VA Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- a Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA.,b Jesse Brown VA Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
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24
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Zhang YG, Singhal M, Lin Z, Manzella C, Kumar A, Alrefai WA, Dudeja PK, Saksena S, Sun J, Gill RK. Infection with enteric pathogens Salmonella typhimurium and Citrobacter rodentium modulate TGF-beta/Smad signaling pathways in the intestine. Gut Microbes 2018; 9:326-337. [PMID: 29381406 PMCID: PMC6219646 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1429878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella and Citrobacter are gram negative, members of Enterobacteriaceae family that are important causative agents of diarrhea and intestinal inflammation. TGF-β1 is a pleiotropic multifunctional cytokine that has been implicated in modulating the severity of microbial infections. How these pathogens alter the TGF-β1 signaling pathways in the intestine is largely unknown. Streptomycin-pretreated C57BL/6J mouse model colonized with S. typhimurium for 8 hours (acute) and 4 days (chronic) infection and FVB/N mice infected with C. rodentium for 6 days were utilized. Results demonstrated an increase in TGF-β1 receptor I expression (p<0.05) in S. typhimurium infected mouse ileum at both acute and chronic post-infection vs control. This was associated with activation of Smad pathways as evidenced by increased phosphorylated (p)-Smad2 and p-Smad3 levels in the nucleus. The inhibitory Smad7 mRNA levels showed a significant up regulation during acute phase of Salmonella infection but no change at 4d post-infection. In contrast to Salmonella, infection with Citrobacter caused drastic downregulation of TGF receptor I and II concomitant with a decrease in levels of Smad 2, 3, 4 and 7 expression in the mouse colon. We speculate that increased TGF-β1 signaling in response to Salmonella may be a host compensatory response to promote mucosal healing; while C. rodentium decreases TGF-β1 signaling pathways to promote inflammation and contribute to disease pathogenesis. These findings increase our understanding of how enteric pathogens subvert specific aspects of the host-cellular pathways to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Guo Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Megha Singhal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhijie Lin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher Manzella
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Waddah A. Alrefai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Research, Jesse brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pradeep K. Dudeja
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Research, Jesse brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Seema Saksena
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Research, Jesse brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Jun Sun, Ph.D., AGAF, Associate Professor Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Room 704 CSB Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Ravinder K. Gill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,CONTACT Ravinder K. Gill, Ph.D., Associate Professor Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 820 South Damen Avenue Chicago, IL 60612
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25
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Kumar V, Mansfield J, Fan R, MacLean A, Li J, Mohan M. miR-130a and miR-212 Disrupt the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier through Modulation of PPARγ and Occludin Expression in Chronic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29514950 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction is a well-known sequela of HIV/SIV infection that persists despite antiretroviral therapy. Although inflammation is a triggering factor, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Emerging evidence suggests that epithelial barrier function is epigenetically regulated by inflammation-induced microRNAs (miRNAs). Accordingly, we profiled and characterized miRNA/mRNA expression exclusively in colonic epithelium and identified 46 differentially expressed miRNAs (20 upregulated and 26 downregulated) in chronically SIV-infected rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). We bioinformatically crossed the predicted miRNA targets to transcriptomic data and characterized miR-130a and miR-212 as both were predicted to interact with critical epithelial barrier-associated genes. Next, we characterized peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and occludin (OCLN), predicted targets of miR-130a and miR-212, respectively, as their downregulation has been strongly linked to epithelial barrier disruption and dysbiosis. Immunofluorescence, luciferase reporter, and overexpression studies confirmed the ability of miR-130a and miR-212 to decrease protein expression of PPARγ and OCLN, respectively, and reduce transepithelial electrical resistance. Because Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol exerted protective effects in the intestine in our previous studies, we successfully used it to reverse miR-130a- and miR-212-mediated reduction in transepithelial electrical resistance. Finally, ex vivo Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol treatment of colon tissue from chronically SIV-infected rhesus macaques significantly increased PPARγ expression. Our findings suggest that dysregulated miR-130a and miR-212 expression in colonic epithelium during chronic HIV/SIV infection can facilitate epithelial barrier disruption by downregulating OCLN and PPARγ expression. Most importantly, our results highlight the beneficial effects of cannabinoids on epithelial barrier function in not just HIV/SIV but potentially other chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar
- Eurofins Bioanalytics USA, Saint Charles, MO 63304
| | - Joshua Mansfield
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; and
| | - Rong Fan
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; and
| | - Andrew MacLean
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; and
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; and
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26
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Jao TM, Li YL, Lin SW, Tzeng ST, Yu IS, Yen SJ, Tsai MH, Yang YC. Alteration of colonic epithelial cell differentiation in mice deficient for glucosaminyl N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 4. Oncotarget 2018; 7:84938-84950. [PMID: 27793051 PMCID: PMC5356710 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosaminyl N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferases (NDSTs) are the first enzymes that mediate the initiation of heparan sulfate sulfation. We previously identified NDST4 as a putative tumor suppressor in human colorectal cancer. In the study, we generated an Ndst4 knockout (Ndst4-/-) mouse strain and explored its phenotypic characteristics, particularly in the development of colonic epithelial homeostasis. The Ndst4-deficient mice were viable and fertile, and their life spans were similar to those of wild-type littermates. No gross behavioral or morphological differences were observed between the Ndst4-/- and wild-type mice, and no significant changes were determined in the hematological or serum biochemical parameters of the Ndst4-/- mice. Ndst4 RNA transcripts were expressed in the brain, lung, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and ovary. However, Ndst4-null mice exhibited no gross or histological abnormalities in the studied organs, except for the colon. Although no alterations were observed in the crypt length or number of proliferating cells, the Ndst4-/- mice exhibited an increased number of goblet cells and a decreased number of colonocytes in the proximal colon compared with the wild-type mice. Moreover, Ndst4 deficiency increased the basal level of apoptosis in the colonic epithelium. Taken together, we established, for the first time, an Ndst4-/- mouse strain and revealed the involvement of Ndst4 in the development and homeostasis of colonic epithelium. Accordingly, NDST4 in human colon might direct the biosynthesis of specific heparan sulfate proteoglycans that are essential for the maintenance of colonic epithelial homeostasis. Thus, the loss of its function may result in the tumorigenesis and progression of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ming Jao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Lin Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wha Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Tai Tzeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Shing Yu
- Laboratory Animal Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sou-Jhy Yen
- Department of Surgery, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Tsai
- Department of Surgery, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chien Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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27
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Kang E, Zhou G, Yousefi M, Cayrol R, Xia J, Gruenheid S. Loss of disease tolerance during Citrobacter rodentium infection is associated with impaired epithelial differentiation and hyperactivation of T cell responses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:847. [PMID: 29339782 PMCID: PMC5770458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17386-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is an intestinal mouse pathogen widely used as a model to study the mucosal response to infection. Inbred mouse strains suffer one of two fates following infection: self-limiting colitis or fatal diarrheal disease. We previously reported that Rspo2 is a major genetic determinant of the outcome of C. rodentium infection; Rspo2 induction during infection of susceptible mice leads to loss of intestinal function and mortality. Rspo2 induction does not impact bacterial colonization, but rather, impedes the ability of the host to tolerate C. rodentium infection. Here, we performed deep RNA sequencing and systematically analyzed the global gene expression profiles of C. rodentium-infected colon tissues from susceptible and resistant congenic mice strains to determine the common responses to infection and the Rspo2-mediated dysfunction pathway signatures associated with loss of disease tolerance. Our results highlight changes in metabolism, tissue remodeling, and host defence as common responses to infection. Conversely, increased Wnt and stem cell signatures, loss of epithelial differentiation, and exaggerated CD4+ T cell activation through increased antigen processing and presentation were specifically associated with the response to infection in susceptible mice. These data provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying intestinal dysfunction and disease tolerance during C. rodentium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guangyan Zhou
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mitra Yousefi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Romain Cayrol
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jianguo Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Samantha Gruenheid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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28
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Kumar A, Chatterjee I, Gujral T, Alakkam A, Coffing H, Anbazhagan AN, Borthakur A, Saksena S, Gill RK, Alrefai WA, Dudeja PK. Activation of Nuclear Factor-κB by Tumor Necrosis Factor in Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Mouse Intestinal Epithelia Reduces Expression of the Chloride Transporter SLC26A3. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:1338-1350.e3. [PMID: 28823863 PMCID: PMC5669803 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Diarrhea associated with inflammatory bowel diseases has been associated with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The intestinal mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases has reduced expression of solute carrier family 26 member 3 (SLC26A3, also called DRA). We investigated whether TNF directly affects expression of DRA in human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and in the intestines of mice, and studied the mechanisms of these effects. METHODS We performed quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence, and immunoblot analyses in Caco-2, HT-29, and T-84 cells human IECs cultured in 2 or 3 dimensions with or without TNF (50 ng/mL for 6-24 hours). We purified nuclear extracts and quantified nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and DNA binding. We isolated intestinal crypts from C57BL/6 mice, cultured enteroids, incubated these with TNF (50 ng/mL, 24 hours), and quantified messenger RNAs. DRA-mediated exchange of Cl- for HCO3- was measured by uptake of 125I. Expression of the NF-κB inhibitor α (IkBa) was knocked down in Caco-2 cells with small interfering RNAs. Activation of NF-κB in response to TNF was measured by luciferase reporter assays; binding of the NF-κB subunit p65 in cells was analyzed in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. DRA promoter activity was measured in a luciferase reporter assay. C57BL/6 mice were injected with TNF (5 μg/mouse for 3-6 hours) or vehicle (control); intestines were collected and analyzed by immunofluorescence, or RNA and protein were collected from the mucosa. RESULTS Incubation of IECs with TNF reduced expression of DRA. Knockdown of NF-κB inhibitor α in IECs led to nuclear translocation of the NF-κB subunit p65 and reduced levels of DRA messenger RNA and protein. Expression of a transgene encoding p65 or p50 in IECs led to significant reductions in the promoter activity of DRA and its expression. In chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, p65 bound directly to the promoter of DRA, at the regions of -935 to -629 and -375 to -84. Injection of mice with TNF or incubation of crypt-derived enteroids with TNF reduced their expression of DRA messenger RNA and protein. CONCLUSIONS In human IECs and intestinal tissues from mice, we found TNF to activate NF-κB, which reduced expression of the Cl- / HCO3- exchanger DRA (SLC26A3), via direct binding to the promoter of DRA. This pathway is an important therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel disease-associated diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ishita Chatterjee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tarunmeet Gujral
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anas Alakkam
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hayley Coffing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Arivarasu N Anbazhagan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alip Borthakur
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Seema Saksena
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ravinder K Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Waddah A Alrefai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.
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29
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Chatterjee I, Kumar A, Castilla-Madrigal RM, Pellon-Cardenas O, Gill RK, Alrefai WA, Borthakur A, Verzi M, Dudeja PK. CDX2 upregulates SLC26A3 gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G256-G264. [PMID: 28572085 PMCID: PMC5625132 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00108.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
SLC26A3 [downregulated in adenoma (DRA)] plays a key role in mammalian intestinal NaCl absorption, in that it mediates apical membrane Cl-/[Formula: see text] exchange. DRA function and expression are significantly decreased in diarrhea associated with inflammatory bowel disease. DRA is also considered to be a marker of cellular differentiation and is predominantly expressed in differentiated epithelial cells. Caudal-type homeobox protein-2 (CDX2) is known to regulate genes involved in intestinal epithelial differentiation and proliferation. Reduced expression of both DRA and CDX2 in intestinal inflammation prompted us to study whether the DRA gene is directly regulated by CDX2. Our initial studies utilizing CDX2 knockout (CDX2fV/fV;Cre+) mice showed a marked reduction in DRA mRNA and protein levels in proximal and distal colon. In silico analysis of the DRA promoter showed two consensus sites for CDX2 binding. Therefore, we utilized Caco-2 cells as an in vitro model to examine if DRA is a direct target of CDX2 regulation. siRNA-mediated silencing of CDX2 in Caco-2 cells resulted in a marked (~50%) decrease in DRA mRNA and protein levels, whereas ectopic overexpression of CDX2 upregulated DRA expression and also stimulated DRA promoter activity, suggesting transcriptional regulation. Electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated direct binding of CDX2 to one of the two putative CDX2 binding sites in the DRA promoter (+645/+663). In summary, our studies, for the first time, demonstrate transcriptional regulation of DRA expression by CDX2, implying that reduced expression of DRA in inflammatory bowel disease-associated diarrhea may, in part, be due to downregulation of CDX2 in the inflamed mucosa.NEW & NOTEWORTHY SLC26A3 [downregulated in adenoma (DRA)] mediates intestinal luminal NaCl absorption and is downregulated in inflammatory bowel disease-associated diarrhea. Since both DRA and caudal-type homeobox protein-2 (CDX2) are reduced in intestinal inflammation and the DRA promoter harbors CDX2 binding sites, we examined whether the DRA gene is regulated by CDX2. Our studies, for the first time, demonstrate transcriptional regulation of DRA expression by CDX2 via direct binding to the DRA promoter, suggesting that reduced expression of DRA in inflammatory bowel disease-associated diarrhea could, in part, be attributed to downregulation of CDX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Chatterjee
- 2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Anoop Kumar
- 2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
| | | | | | - Ravinder K. Gill
- 2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Waddah A. Alrefai
- 1Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; ,2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Alip Borthakur
- 2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Michael Verzi
- 4Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Pradeep K. Dudeja
- 1Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; ,2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
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30
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Langford R, Hurrion E, Dawson PA. Genetics and pathophysiology of mammalian sulfate biology. J Genet Genomics 2017; 44:7-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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31
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Kumar A, Anbazhagan AN, Coffing H, Chatterjee I, Priyamvada S, Gujral T, Saksena S, Gill RK, Alrefai WA, Borthakur A, Dudeja PK. Lactobacillus acidophilus counteracts inhibition of NHE3 and DRA expression and alleviates diarrheal phenotype in mice infected with Citrobacter rodentium. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G817-G826. [PMID: 27634011 PMCID: PMC5130543 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00173.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Impaired absorption of electrolytes is a hallmark of diarrhea associated with inflammation or enteric infections. Intestinal epithelial luminal membrane NHE3 (Na+/H+ exchanger 3) and DRA (Down-Regulated in Adenoma; Cl-/HCO3- exchanger) play key roles in mediating electroneutral NaCl absorption. We have previously shown decreased NHE3 and DRA function in response to short-term infection with enteropathogenic E coli (EPEC), a diarrheal pathogen. Recent studies have also shown substantial downregulation of DRA expression in a diarrheal model of infection with Citrobacter rodentium, the mouse counterpart of EPEC. Since our previous studies showed that the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) increased DRA and NHE3 function and expression and conferred protective effects in experimental colitis, we sought to evaluate the efficacy of LA in counteracting NHE3 and DRA inhibition and ameliorating diarrhea in a model of C rodentium infection. FVB/N mice challenged with C rodentium [1 × 109 colony-forming units (CFU)] with or without administration of live LA (3 × 109 CFU) were assessed for NHE3 and DRA mRNA and protein expression, mRNA levels of carbonic anhydrase, diarrheal phenotype (assessed by colonic weight-to-length ratio), myeloperoxidase activity, and proinflammatory cytokines. LA counteracted C rodentium-induced inhibition of colonic DRA, NHE3, and carbonic anhydrase I and IV expression and attenuated diarrheal phenotype and MPO activity. Furthermore, LA completely blocked C rodentium induction of IL-1β, IFN-γ, and CXCL1 mRNA and C rodentium-induced STAT3 phosphorylation. In conclusion, our data provide mechanistic insights into antidiarrheal effects of LA in a model of infectious diarrhea and colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alip Borthakur
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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32
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Kern RJ, Lindholm-Perry AK, Freetly HC, Snelling WM, Kern JW, Keele JW, Miles JR, Foote AP, Oliver WT, Kuehn LA, Ludden PA. Transcriptome differences in the rumen of beef steers with variation in feed intake and gain. Gene 2016; 586:12-26. [PMID: 27033587 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feed intake and gain are economically important traits in beef production. The rumen wall interacts with feed, microbial populations, and fermentation products important to cattle nutrition. As such, it is likely to be a critical component in the beef steer's ability to utilize feedstuffs efficiently. To identify genes associated with steer feed intake and body weight gain traits, and to gain an understanding of molecules and pathways involved in feed intake and utilization, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed on rumen papillae from 16 steers with variation in gain and feed intake. Four steers were chosen from each of the four Cartesian quadrants for gain×feed intake and used to generate individual RNA-Seq libraries. RESULTS Normalized read counts from all of the mapped reads from each of the four groups of animals were individually compared to the other three groups. In addition, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between animals with high and low gain, as well as high and low intake were also evaluated. A total of 931 genes were differentially expressed in the analyses of the individual groups. Eighty-nine genes were differentially expressed between high and low gain animals; and sixty-nine were differentially expressed in high versus low intake animals. Several of the genes identified in this study have been previously associated with feed efficiency. Among those are KLK10, IRX3, COL1A1, CRELD2, HDAC10, IFITM3, and VIM. CONCLUSIONS Many of the genes identified in this study are involved with immune function, inflammation, apoptosis, cell growth/proliferation, nutrient transport, and metabolic pathways and may be important predictors of feed intake and gain in beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Kern
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA.
| | | | - Harvey C Freetly
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA.
| | - Warren M Snelling
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA.
| | - John W Kern
- Kern Statistical Services, Sauk Rapids, MN 56379, USA.
| | - John W Keele
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, USA.
| | - Jeremy R Miles
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA.
| | - Andrew P Foote
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA.
| | - William T Oliver
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA.
| | - Larry A Kuehn
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA.
| | - Paul A Ludden
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, USA.
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Social stress-enhanced severity of Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis is CCL2-dependent and attenuated by probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:515-26. [PMID: 26422754 PMCID: PMC4794400 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Psychological stressors are known to affect colonic diseases but the mechanisms by which this occurs, and whether probiotics can prevent stressor effects, are not understood. Because inflammatory monocytes that traffic into the colon can exacerbate colitis, we tested whether CCL2, a chemokine involved in monocyte recruitment, was necessary for stressor-induced exacerbation of infectious colitis. Mice were exposed to a social disruption stressor that entails repeated social defeat. During stressor exposure, mice were orally challenged with Citrobacter rodentium to induce a colonic inflammatory response. Exposure to the stressor during challenge resulted in significantly higher colonic pathogen levels, translocation to the spleen, increases in colonic macrophages, and increases in inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The stressor-enhanced severity of C. rodentium-induced colitis was not evident in CCL2(-/-) mice, indicating the effects of the stressor are CCL2-dependent. In addition, we tested whether probiotic intervention could attenuate stressor-enhanced infectious colitis by reducing monocyte/macrophage accumulation. Treating mice with probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri reduced CCL2 mRNA levels in the colon and attenuated stressor-enhanced infectious colitis. These data demonstrate that probiotic L. reuteri can prevent the exacerbating effects of stressor exposure on pathogen-induced colitis, and suggest that one mechanism by which this occurs is through downregulation of the chemokine CCL2.
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Intestinal Epithelial Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling Affects Epithelial Function and Colonic Microbiota and Promotes a Risk for Transmissible Colitis. Infect Immun 2016; 84:798-810. [PMID: 26755160 PMCID: PMC4771346 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01374-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence obtained from gene knockout studies supports the role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in intestinal inflammation and microbiota recognition. Increased epithelial TLR4 expression is observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. However, little is known of the effect of increased TLR4 signaling on intestinal homeostasis. Here, we examined the effect of increased TLR4 signaling on epithelial function and microbiota by using transgenic villin-TLR4 mice that overexpress TLR4 in the intestinal epithelium. Our results revealed that villin-TLR4 mice are characterized by increases in the density of mucosa-associated bacteria and bacterial translocation. Furthermore, increased epithelial TLR4 signaling was associated with an impaired epithelial barrier, altered expression of antimicrobial peptide genes, and altered epithelial cell differentiation. The composition of the colonic luminal and mucosa-associated microbiota differed between villin-TLR4 and wild-type (WT) littermates. Interestingly, WT mice cohoused with villin-TLR4 mice displayed greater susceptibility to acute colitis than singly housed WT mice did. The results of this study suggest that epithelial TLR4 expression shapes the microbiota and affects the functional properties of the epithelium. The changes in the microbiota induced by increased epithelial TLR4 signaling are transmissible and exacerbate dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. Together, our findings imply that host innate immune signaling can modulate intestinal bacteria and ultimately the host's susceptibility to colitis.
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Priyamvada S, Gomes R, Gill RK, Saksena S, Alrefai WA, Dudeja PK. Mechanisms Underlying Dysregulation of Electrolyte Absorption in Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Associated Diarrhea. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:2926-35. [PMID: 26595422 PMCID: PMC4662046 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic relapsing inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Chronic inflammation of the intestine affects the normal fluid and electrolyte absorption leading to diarrhea, the hallmark symptom of IBD. The management of IBD-associated diarrhea still remains to be a challenge, and extensive studies over the last 2 decades have focused on investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying IBD-associated diarrhea. These studies have shown that the predominant mechanism of diarrhea in IBD involves impairment of electroneutral NaCl absorption, with very little role if any played by anion secretion. The electroneutral NaCl absorption involves coupled operation of Na/H exchanger 3 (NHE3 or SLC9A3) and Cl/HCO3 exchanger DRA (Down Regulated in Adenoma, or SLC26A3). Increasing evidence now supports the critical role of a marked decrease in NHE3 and DRA function and/or expression in IBD-associated diarrhea. This review provides a detailed analysis of the current knowledge related to alterations in NHE3 and DRA function and expression in IBD including the mechanisms underlying these observations and highlights the potential of these transporters as important and novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubha Priyamvada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Rochelle Gomes
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Ravinder K. Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Seema Saksena
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Waddah A. Alrefai
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Pradeep K. Dudeja
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Priyamvada S, Anbazhagan AN, Gujral T, Borthakur A, Saksena S, Gill RK, Alrefai WA, Dudeja PK. All-trans-retinoic Acid Increases SLC26A3 DRA (Down-regulated in Adenoma) Expression in Intestinal Epithelial Cells via HNF-1β. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15066-77. [PMID: 25887398 PMCID: PMC4463450 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.566356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) is an active vitamin A derivative known to modulate a number of physiological processes, including growth and development, differentiation, and gene transcription. The protective effect of ATRA in gut inflammation and diarrheal diseases has been documented. In this regard, down-regulated in adenoma (DRA, a key luminal membrane Cl(-) transporter involved in NaCl absorption) has been shown to be suppressed in intestinal inflammation. This suppression of DRA is associated with diarrheal phenotype. Therefore, current studies were undertaken to examine the effects of ATRA on DRA expression. DRA mRNA levels were significantly elevated (∼4-fold) in response to ATRA with induction starting as early as 8 h of incubation. Similarly, ATRA increased DRA protein expression by ∼50%. Furthermore, DRA promoter activity was significantly increased in response to ATRA indicating transcriptional activation. ATRA effects on DRA expression appeared to be mediated via the RAR-β receptor subtype, as ATRA remarkably induced RAR-β mRNA levels, whereas RAR-β knockdown substantially attenuated the ability of ATRA to increase DRA expression. Results obtained from agonist (CH-55) and antagonist (LE-135) studies further confirmed that ATRA exerts its effects through RAR-β. Furthermore, ATRA treatment resulted in a significant increase in HNF-1β mRNA levels. The ability of ATRA to induce DRA expression was inhibited in the presence of HNF-1β siRNA indicative of its involvement in ATRA-induced effects on DRA expression. In conclusion, ATRA may act as an antidiarrheal agent by increasing DRA expression via the RAR-β/HNF-1β-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubha Priyamvada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Arivarasu N Anbazhagan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Tarunmeet Gujral
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Alip Borthakur
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Seema Saksena
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Ravinder K Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Waddah A Alrefai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612 From the Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612 From the Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
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Magnolol and honokiol regulate the calcium-activated potassium channels signaling pathway in Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced diarrhea mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 755:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ray D, Alpini G, Glaser S. Probiotic Bifidobacterium species: potential beneficial effects in diarrheal disorders. Focus on "Probiotic Bifidobacterium species stimulate human SLC26A3 gene function and expression in intestinal epithelial cells". Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C1081-3. [PMID: 25209264 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00300.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Debolina Ray
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Texas A & M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, Texas; and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Texas A & M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, Texas; and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Texas A & M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
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Kumar A, Hecht C, Priyamvada S, Anbazhagan AN, Alakkam A, Borthakur A, Alrefai WA, Gill RK, Dudeja PK. Probiotic Bifidobacterium species stimulate human SLC26A3 gene function and expression in intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C1084-92. [PMID: 25143346 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00194.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
SLC26A3, or downregulated in adenoma (DRA), plays a major role in mediating Cl(-) absorption in the mammalian intestine. Disturbances in DRA function and expression have been implicated in intestinal disorders such as congenital Cl(-) diarrhea and gut inflammation. We previously showed that an increase in DRA function and expression by Lactobacillus acidophilus and its culture supernatant (CS) might underlie antidiarrheal effects of this probiotic strain. However, the effects of Bifidobacterium species, important inhabitants of the human colon, on intestinal Cl(-)/HCO3 (-) exchange activity are not known. Our current results demonstrate that CS derived from Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium infantis, and Bifidobacterium bifidum increased anion exchange activity in Caco-2 cells (∼1.8- to 2.4-fold). Consistent with the increase in DRA function, CS also increased the protein, as well as the mRNA, level of DRA (but not putative anion transporter 1). CS of all three Bifidobacterium sp. increased DRA promoter activity (-1,183/+114 bp) in Caco-2 cells (1.5- to 1.8-fold). Furthermore, the increase in DRA mRNA expression by CS of B. breve and B. infantis was blocked in the presence of the transcription inhibitor actinomycin D (5 μM) and the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway inhibitor U0126 (10 μM). Administration of live B. breve, B. infantis, and B. bifidum by oral gavage to mice for 24 h increased DRA mRNA and protein levels in the colon. These data demonstrate an upregulation of DRA via activation of the ERK1/2 pathway that may underlie potential antidiarrheal effects of Bifidobacterium sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Singhania University Pacheri Bari, Rajasthan, India
| | - Cameron Hecht
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shubha Priyamvada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Arivarasu N Anbazhagan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anas Alakkam
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alip Borthakur
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Waddah A Alrefai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Ravinder K Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; and
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Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is a mucosal pathogen of mice that shares several pathogenic mechanisms with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), which are two clinically important human gastrointestinal pathogens. Thus, C. rodentium has long been used as a model to understand the molecular basis of EPEC and EHEC infection in vivo. In this Review, we discuss recent studies in which C. rodentium has been used to study mucosal immunology, including the deregulation of intestinal inflammatory responses during bacteria-induced colitis and the role of the intestinal microbiota in mediating resistance to colonization by enteric pathogens. These insights should help to elucidate the roles of mucosal inflammatory responses and the microbiota in the virulence of enteric pathogens.
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Wen T, Mingler MK, Wahl B, Khorki ME, Pabst O, Zimmermann N, Rothenberg ME. Carbonic anhydrase IV is expressed on IL-5-activated murine eosinophils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5481-9. [PMID: 24808371 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilia and its cellular activation are hallmark features of asthma, as well as other allergic/Th2 disorders, yet there are few, if any, reliable surface markers of eosinophil activation. We have used a FACS-based genome-wide screening system to identify transcriptional alterations in murine lung eosinophils recruited and activated by pulmonary allergen exposure. Using a relatively stringent screen with false-positive correction, we identified 82 candidate genes that could serve as eosinophil activation markers and/or pathogenic effector markers in asthma. Carbonic anhydrase IV (Car4) was a top dysregulated gene with 36-fold induction in allergen-elicited pulmonary eosinophils, which was validated by quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. Eosinophil CAR4 expression was kinetically regulated by IL-5, but not IL-13. IL-5 was both necessary and sufficient for induction of eosinophil CAR4. Although CAR4-deficient mice did not have a defect in eosinophil recruitment to the lung, nor a change in eosinophil pH-buffering capacity, allergen-challenged chimeric mice that contained Car4(-/-) hematopoietic cells aberrantly expressed a series of genes enriched in biological processes involved in epithelial differentiation, keratinization, and anion exchange. In conclusion, we have determined that eosinophils express CAR4 following IL-5 or allergen exposure, and that CAR4 is involved in regulating the lung transcriptome associated with allergic airway inflammation; therefore, CAR4 has potential value for diagnosing and monitoring eosinophilic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Melissa K Mingler
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Benjamin Wahl
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Eyad Khorki
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nives Zimmermann
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
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Awad WA, Hess C, Khayal B, Aschenbach JR, Hess M. In vitro exposure to Escherichia coli decreases ion conductance in the jejunal epithelium of broiler chickens. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92156. [PMID: 24637645 PMCID: PMC3956886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) infections are very widespread in poultry. However, little is known about the interaction between the intestinal epithelium and E. coli in chickens. Therefore, the effects of avian non-pathogenic and avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) on the intestinal function of broiler chickens were investigated by measuring the electrogenic ion transport across the isolated jejunal mucosa. In addition, the intestinal epithelial responses to cholera toxin, histamine and carbamoylcholine (carbachol) were evaluated following an E. coli exposure. Jejunal tissues from 5-week-old broilers were exposed to 6×10(8) CFU/mL of either avian non-pathogenic E. coli IMT11322 (Ont:H16) or avian pathogenic E. coli IMT4529 (O24:H4) in Ussing chambers and electrophysiological variables were monitored for 1 h. After incubation with E. coli for 1 h, either cholera toxin (1 mg/L), histamine (100 μM) or carbachol (100 μM) were added to the incubation medium. Both strains of avian E. coli (non-pathogenic and pathogenic) reduced epithelial ion conductance (Gt) and short-circuit current (Isc). The decrease in ion conductance after exposure to avian pathogenic E. coli was, at least, partly reversed by the histamine or carbachol treatment. Serosal histamine application produced no significant changes in the Isc in any tissues. Only the uninfected control tissues responded significantly to carbachol with an increase of Isc, while the response to carbachol was blunted to non-significant values in infected tissues. Together, these data may explain why chickens rarely respond to intestinal infections with overt secretory diarrhea. Instead, the immediate response to intestinal E. coli infections appears to be a tightening of the epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wageha A. Awad
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Hess
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Basel Khayal
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg R. Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Hess
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Anbazhagan AN, Priyamvada S, Kumar A, Maher DB, Borthakur A, Alrefai WA, Malakooti J, Kwon JH, Dudeja PK. Translational repression of SLC26A3 by miR-494 in intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G123-31. [PMID: 24177028 PMCID: PMC3920076 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00222.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
SLC26A3 [downregulated in adenoma (DRA)] is a Cl(-)/HCO3(-) exchanger involved in electroneutral NaCl absorption in the mammalian intestine. Altered DRA expression levels are associated with infectious and inflammatory diarrheal diseases. Therefore, it is critical to understand the regulation of DRA expression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, small RNAs that regulate protein expression via blocking the translation and/or promoting mRNA degradation. To investigate potential modulation of DRA expression by miRNA, five different in silico algorithms were used to predict the miRNAs that target DRA. Of these miRNAs, miR-494 was shown to have a highly conserved putative binding site in the DRA 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) compared with other DRA-targeting miRNAs in vertebrates. Transfection with pmirGLO dual luciferase vector containing DRA 3'-UTR (pmirGLO-3'-UTR DRA) resulted in a significant decrease in relative luciferase activity compared with empty vector. Cotransfection of the DRA 3'-UTR luciferase vector with a miR-494 mimic further decreased luciferase activity compared with cells transfected with negative control. The transfection of a miR-494 mimic into Caco-2 and T-84 cells significantly increased the expression of miR-494 and concomitantly decreased the DRA protein expression. Mutation of the seed sequences for miR-494 in 3'-UTR of DRA abrogated the effect of miR-494 on 3'-UTR. These data demonstrate a novel regulatory mechanism of DRA expression via miR-494 and indicate that targeting this microRNA may serve to be a potential therapeutic strategy for diarrheal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arivarasu N. Anbazhagan
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Shubha Priyamvada
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Anoop Kumar
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Daniel B. Maher
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Alip Borthakur
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Waddah A. Alrefai
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; ,2Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Jaleh Malakooti
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - John H. Kwon
- 3Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Pradeep K. Dudeja
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; ,2Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; and
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Papapietro O, Teatero S, Thanabalasuriar A, Yuki KE, Diez E, Zhu L, Kang E, Dhillon S, Muise AM, Durocher Y, Marcinkiewicz MM, Malo D, Gruenheid S. R-spondin 2 signalling mediates susceptibility to fatal infectious diarrhoea. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1898. [PMID: 23695692 PMCID: PMC4844535 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is a natural mouse pathogen widely used as a model for enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infections in humans. While C. rodentium causes self-limiting colitis in most inbred mouse strains, it induces fatal diarrhea in susceptible strains. The physiological pathways as well as the genetic determinants leading to susceptibility have remained largely uncharacterized. Here we use a forward genetic approach to identify the R-spondin2 gene (Rspo2) as a major determinant of susceptibility to C. rodentium infection. Robust induction of Rspo2 expression during infection in susceptible mouse strains causes a potent Wnt-mediated proliferative response of colonic crypt cells, leading to the generation of an immature and poorly differentiated colonic epithelium with deficiencies in ion-transport components. Our data demonstrate a previously unknown role of R spondins and Wnt signaling in susceptibility to infectious diarrhea and identify Rspo2 as a key molecular link between infection and intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Papapietro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
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Engevik MA, Aihara E, Montrose MH, Shull GE, Hassett DJ, Worrell RT. Loss of NHE3 alters gut microbiota composition and influences Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron growth. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 305:G697-711. [PMID: 24072680 PMCID: PMC3840232 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00184.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the intestinal microbiota have been linked to diabetes, obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, and Clostridium difficile (C. difficile)-associated disease. Despite this, it remains unclear how the intestinal environment, set by ion transport, affects luminal and mucosa-associated bacterial composition. Na(+)/H(+)-exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3), a target of C. difficile toxin B, plays an integral role in intestinal Na(+) absorption. Thus the NHE3-deficient mouse model was chosen to examine the effect of pH and ion composition on bacterial growth. We hypothesized that ion transport-induced change in the intestinal environment would lead to alteration of the microbiota. Region-specific changes in ion composition and pH correlated with region-specific alteration of luminal and mucosal-associated bacteria with general decreases in Firmicutes and increases in Bacteroidetes members. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (B. thetaiotaomicron) increased in NHE3(-/-) terminal ileum and was examined in vitro to determine whether altered Na(+) was sufficient to affect growth. Increased in vitro growth of B. thetaiotaomicron occurred in 43 mM Na(+) correlating with the NHE3(-/-) mouse terminal ileum [Na(+)]. NHE3(-/-) terminal ileum displayed increased fut2 mRNA and fucosylation correlating with B. thetaiotaomicron growth. Inoculation of B. thetaiotaomicron in wild-type and NHE3(-/-) terminal ileum organoids displayed increased fut2 and fucosylation, indicating that B. thetaiotaomicron alone is sufficient for the increased fucosylation seen in vivo. These data demonstrate that loss of NHE3 alters the intestinal environment, leading to region-specific changes in bacteria, and shed light on the growth requirements of some gut microbiota members, which is vital for creating better treatments of complex diseases with an altered gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda A. Engevik
- Departments of 1Molecular and Cellular Physiology and ,3Digestive Health Center of Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Eitaro Aihara
- Departments of 1Molecular and Cellular Physiology and ,3Digestive Health Center of Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Marshall H. Montrose
- Departments of 1Molecular and Cellular Physiology and ,3Digestive Health Center of Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Gary E. Shull
- 2Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati; ,3Digestive Health Center of Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Daniel J. Hassett
- 2Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati;
| | - Roger T. Worrell
- Departments of 1Molecular and Cellular Physiology and ,3Digestive Health Center of Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Gareau MG, Barrett KE. Fluid and electrolyte secretion in the inflamed gut: novel targets for treatment of inflammation-induced diarrhea. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:895-9. [PMID: 24054811 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Diarrheal disease can occur in the context of both inflammatory and infectious challenges. Inflammation can result in changes in ion transporter expression or simply mislocalization of the protein. In addition to development of diarrhea, an altered secretory state can lead to changes in mucus secretion and luminal pH. Bacterial infection can lead to subversion of host cell signaling, leading to transporter mislocalization and hyposecretion, promoting bacterial colonization. Novel therapeutic strategies are currently being developed to ameliorate transporter defects in the setting of inflammation or bacterial infection including, for example, administration of probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation. This review will highlight recent findings in the literature detailing these aspects of ion transport in the inflamed gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie G Gareau
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Alper SL, Sharma AK. The SLC26 gene family of anion transporters and channels. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:494-515. [PMID: 23506885 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The phylogenetically ancient SLC26 gene family encodes multifunctional anion exchangers and anion channels transporting a broad range of substrates, including Cl(-), HCO3(-), sulfate, oxalate, I(-), and formate. SLC26 polypeptides are characterized by N-terminal cytoplasmic domains, 10-14 hydrophobic transmembrane spans, and C-terminal cytoplasmic STAS domains, and appear to be homo-oligomeric. SLC26-related SulP proteins of marine bacteria likely transport HCO3(-) as part of oceanic carbon fixation. SulP genes present in antibiotic operons may provide sulfate for antibiotic biosynthetic pathways. SLC26-related Sultr proteins transport sulfate in unicellular eukaryotes and in plants. Mutations in three human SLC26 genes are associated with congenital or early onset Mendelian diseases: chondrodysplasias for SLC26A2, chloride diarrhea for SLC26A3, and deafness with enlargement of the vestibular aqueduct for SLC26A4. Additional disease phenotypes evident only in mouse knockout models include oxalate urolithiasis for Slc26a6 and Slc26a1, non-syndromic deafness for Slc26a5, gastric hypochlorhydria for Slc26a7 and Slc26a9, distal renal tubular acidosis for Slc26a7, and male infertility for Slc26a8. STAS domains are required for cell surface expression of SLC26 proteins, and contribute to regulation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator in complex, cell- and tissue-specific ways. The protein interactomes of SLC26 polypeptides are under active investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth L Alper
- Renal Division and Division of Molecular and Vascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Mann EA, Harmel-Laws E, Cohen MB, Steinbrecher KA. Guanylate cyclase C limits systemic dissemination of a murine enteric pathogen. BMC Gastroenterol 2013; 13:135. [PMID: 24004613 PMCID: PMC3766218 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-13-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Guanylate Cyclase C (GC-C) is an apically-oriented transmembrane receptor that is expressed on epithelial cells of the intestine. Activation of GC-C by the endogenous ligands guanylin or uroguanylin elevates intracellular cGMP and is implicated in intestinal ion secretion, cell proliferation, apoptosis, intestinal barrier function, as well as the susceptibility of the intestine to inflammation. Our aim was to determine if GC-C is required for host defense during infection by the murine enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium of the family Enterobacteriacea. Methods GC-C+/+ control mice or those having GC-C genetically ablated (GC-C−/−) were administered C. rodentium by orogastric gavage and analyzed at multiple time points up to post-infection day 20. Commensal bacteria were characterized in uninfected GC-C+/+ and GC-C−/− mice using 16S rRNA PCR analysis. Results GC-C−/− mice had an increase in C. rodentium bacterial load in stool relative to GC-C+/+. C. rodentium infection strongly decreased guanylin expression in GC-C+/+ mice and, to an even greater degree, in GC-C−/− animals. Fluorescent tracer studies indicated that mice lacking GC-C, unlike GC-C+/+ animals, had a substantial loss of intestinal barrier function early in the course of infection. Epithelial cell apoptosis was significantly increased in GC-C−/− mice following 10 days of infection and this was associated with increased frequency and numbers of C. rodentium translocation out of the intestine. Infection led to significant liver histopathology in GC-C−/− mice as well as lymphocyte infiltration and elevated cytokine and chemokine expression. Relative to naïve GC-C+/+ mice, the commensal microflora load in uninfected GC-C−/− mice was decreased and bacterial composition was imbalanced and included outgrowth of the Enterobacteriacea family. Conclusions This work demonstrates the novel finding that GC-C signaling is an essential component of host defense during murine enteric infection by reducing bacterial load and preventing systemic dissemination of attaching/effacing-lesion forming bacterial pathogens such as C. rodentium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Mann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Thanabalasuriar A, Kim J, Gruenheid S. The inhibition of COPII trafficking is important for intestinal epithelial tight junction disruption during enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Citrobacter rodentium infection. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:738-44. [PMID: 23747681 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) are bacterial pathogens that cause severe illnesses in humans. Citrobacter rodentium is a related mouse pathogen that serves as a small animal model for EPEC and EHEC infections. EPEC, EHEC and C. rodentium translocate bacterial virulence proteins directly into host intestinal cells via a type III secretion system (T3SS). Non-LEE-encoded effector A (NleA) is a T3SS effector that is common to EPEC, EHEC and C. rodentium. NleA interacts with and inhibits the mammalian COPII complex, impairing cellular secretion; this interaction is required for bacterial virulence. Although diarrhea is a hallmark of EPEC, EHEC and C. rodentium infections, the underlying mechanisms are not well characterized. One of the essential functions of the intestine is to maintain a barrier between the lumen and submucosa. Tight junctions seal the space between adjacent epithelial cells creating this barrier. Consequently, it is thought that the disruption of intestinal epithelial tight junctions by EPEC, EHEC, and C. rodentium could result in a loss of barrier function. In this study, we demonstrate that NleA mediated COPII inhibition is required for EPEC- and C. rodentium-mediated disruption of tight junction proteins and increases in fecal water content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajitha Thanabalasuriar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
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Mallick EM, McBee ME, Vanguri VK, Melton-Celsa AR, Schlieper K, Karalius BJ, O'Brien AD, Butterton JR, Leong JM, Schauer DB. A novel murine infection model for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:4012-24. [PMID: 23041631 DOI: 10.1172/jci62746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) is an important subset of Shiga toxin-producing (Stx-producing) E. coli (STEC), pathogens that have been implicated in outbreaks of food-borne illness and can cause intestinal and systemic disease, including severe renal damage. Upon attachment to intestinal epithelium, EHEC generates "attaching and effacing" (AE) lesions characterized by intimate attachment and actin rearrangement upon host cell binding. Stx produced in the gut transverses the intestinal epithelium, causing vascular damage that leads to systemic disease. Models of EHEC infection in conventional mice do not manifest key features of disease, such as AE lesions, intestinal damage, and systemic illness. In order to develop an infection model that better reflects the pathogenesis of this subset of STEC, we constructed an Stx-producing strain of Citrobacter rodentium, a murine AE pathogen that otherwise lacks Stx. Mice infected with Stx-producing C. rodentium developed AE lesions on the intestinal epithelium and Stx-dependent intestinal inflammatory damage. Further, the mice experienced lethal infection characterized by histopathological and functional kidney damage. The development of a murine model that encompasses AE lesion formation and Stx-mediated tissue damage will provide a new platform upon which to identify EHEC alterations of host epithelium that contribute to systemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Mallick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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