1
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Jia LJ, González K, Orasch T, Schmidt F, Brakhage AA. Manipulation of host phagocytosis by fungal pathogens and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:2216-2231. [PMID: 39187614 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01780-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
An important host defence mechanism against pathogens is intracellular killing, which is achieved through phagocytosis, a cellular process for engulfing and neutralizing extracellular particles. Phagocytosis results in the formation of matured phagolysosomes, which are specialized compartments that provide a hostile environment and are considered the end point of the degradative pathway. However, all fungal pathogens studied to date have developed strategies to manipulate phagosomal function directly and also indirectly by redirecting phagosomes from the degradative pathway to a non-degradative pathway with the expulsion and even transfer of pathogens between cells. Here, using the major human fungal pathogens Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Histoplasma capsulatum as examples, we discuss the processes involved in host phagosome-fungal pathogen interactions, with a focus on fungal evasion strategies. We also discuss recent approaches to targeting intraphagosomal pathogens, including the redirection of phagosomes towards degradative pathways for fungal pathogen eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Jie Jia
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany.
- Junior Research Group Phagosome Biology and Engineering, Leibniz-HKI, Jena, Germany.
| | - Katherine González
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Orasch
- Transfer Group Anti-infectives, Leibniz-HKI, Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Schmidt
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany.
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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2
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Smith-Peavler E, Sircy LM, Nelson DE, McClelland EE. Two Methods of Measuring Cryptococcus neoformans Fungal Burden in Macrophages. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2775:211-221. [PMID: 38758320 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3722-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The ability of C. neoformans to survive and replicate within host phagocytes enables it to evade the immune system and allows for persistence of the infection. As such, measuring fungal burden of C. neoformans strains-and indeed how drug treatments can influence fungal burden-provides important information about C. neoformans pathogenesis. In this chapter, we describe two methods that may be used to appraise fungal burden: a standard end-point colony-formation assay for calculating the average number of yeast per host cell and a fluorescence microscopy-based method that may be used to measure changes in fungal burden in individual living macrophages in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Smith-Peavler
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
- KIPP Collegiate High School, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Linda M Sircy
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - David E Nelson
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
| | - Erin E McClelland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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3
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Pacifici N, Rojalin T, Carney RP, Lewis JS. A Multi-Fluorophore Staining Scheme for Identification and Quantification of Vomocytosis. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 1:725-737. [PMID: 38037611 PMCID: PMC10685718 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.3c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Vomocytosis is a process by which fungal pathogens, for instance, Cryptococcus neoformans (CN), escape from the digestive phagolysosome of phagocytic cells after ingestion. Interestingly, this expulsion leaves both the pathogen and phagocyte unharmed, and is believed to be an important mechanism by which CNs disseminate throughout infected hosts. This phenomenon was discovered in 2006, and research to date has relied almost entirely on quantification via manual counting of vomocytosis events in time-lapse microscopy videos. This archaic method has the significant disadvantages of requiring excessive labor in manual analysis, limited throughput capabilities, and low accuracy due to subjectivity. Here, we present an alternative method to measure vomocytosis rates using a multi-fluorophore reporter system comprised of two in situ staining steps during infection and a flow cytometry readout. This approach overcomes the limitations of conventional time lapse microscopy methods, with key advantages of high throughput capability, simple procedural steps, and accurate objective readouts. This study rigorously characterizes this vomocytosis reporter system in CN-infected MΦ and DC cultures via fluorescence microscopy, confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry. Here, this fluorescent tool is used to observe differences in expulsion rates after phagosome-modifying drug treatments and additionally utilized to distinguish differences in biochemical compositions among fluorescence-activated cell sorted fungal populations via Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, this reporter scheme is demonstrated to be adaptable for use in measuring potential biomaterial particle expulsion events. Ultimately, the fluorescent reporter system presented here provides a universal tool for vomocytosis rate measurement of phagocytosed material. This facile approach opens the door to previously unfeasible types of vomocytosis-related studies such as high throughput treatment mechanistic screening and downstream characterization of expelled material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Pacifici
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Tatu Rojalin
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Randy P. Carney
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jamal S. Lewis
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- J.
Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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4
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Klassert TE, Hölzer M, Zubiria-Barrera C, Bethge J, Klaile E, Müller MM, Marz M, Slevogt H. Differential Transcriptional Responses of Human Granulocytes to Fungal Infection with Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1014. [PMID: 37888270 PMCID: PMC10607568 DOI: 10.3390/jof9101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are critical phagocytic cells in innate immunity, playing a significant role in defending against invasive fungal pathogens. This study aimed to explore the transcriptional activation of human neutrophils in response to different fungal pathogens, including Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, compared to the bacterial pathogen Escherichia coli. We identified distinct transcriptional profiles and stress-related pathways in neutrophils during fungal infections, highlighting their functional diversity and adaptability. The transcriptional response was largely redundant across all pathogens in immune-relevant categories and cytokine pathway activation. However, differences in the magnitude of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed, with A. fumigatus inducing a lower transcriptional effect compared to C. albicans and E. coli. Notably, specific gene signatures associated with cell death were differentially regulated by fungal pathogens, potentially increasing neutrophil susceptibility to autophagy, pyroptosis, and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. These findings provide valuable insights into the complex immunological responses of neutrophils during fungal infections, offering new avenues for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, particularly in the management of invasive fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman E. Klassert
- Respiratory Infection Dynamics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research—HZI Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (C.Z.-B.); (H.S.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Hannover Medical School, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), BREATH, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Hölzer
- Methodology and Research Infrastructure, Genome Competence Center (MF1), Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Cristina Zubiria-Barrera
- Respiratory Infection Dynamics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research—HZI Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (C.Z.-B.); (H.S.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Hannover Medical School, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), BREATH, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Bethge
- ZIK Septomics, Host Septomics, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany (E.K.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Esther Klaile
- ZIK Septomics, Host Septomics, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany (E.K.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Mario M. Müller
- ZIK Septomics, Host Septomics, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany (E.K.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Manja Marz
- RNA Bioinformatics and High Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Respiratory Infection Dynamics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research—HZI Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (C.Z.-B.); (H.S.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Hannover Medical School, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), BREATH, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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5
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Özcan Türkmen M, Demirezen S, Beksaç MS. Determination of Autophagy in Human Cervicovaginal Smears by Cytological and İmmunocytochemical Methods. J Cytol 2023; 40:177-183. [PMID: 38058675 PMCID: PMC10697317 DOI: 10.4103/joc.joc_130_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy is a catabolic process whereby organelles and long-lived proteins are recycled through lysosomes to maintain cellular homeostasis. This process is being widely studied using culture techniques and animal models; however, cervicovaginal smears have not been used to detect autophagy. Aims Our study aims to detect and evaluate autophagy in normal, malignant, infectious, and atypical cells in cervicovaginal smears by using cytological and immunocytochemical methods. Materials and Methods Papanicolaou-stained 200 cervicovaginal smears were examined and 55 of 200 (27.5%) smears containing negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM) with identifiable infections and/or reactive/reparative changes (INF); briefly, NILM-INF (n = 31, 56.4%), atypical (n = 4, 7.3%), and malignant cells (n = 20, 36.3%) were evaluated as a study group. One hundred forty-five of 200 (72.5%) normal smears were accepted as the NILM without any identifiable infections (control group). The autophagy marker protein Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 A (MAP1LC3A) was used for immunocytochemical examination. Results The staining intensity of the MAP1LC3A protein and autophagy positivity were lower in the malignant cells; however, they were higher in the NILM-INF and atypical cells. A statistically significant correlation between the malignant and normal cells was obtained for the autophagy positivity (P = 0.012). In view of the staining intensity of MAP1LC3A protein by the H-score method, a significant correlation was found between the NILM-INF and the normal cells (P = 0.015). Conclusions Autophagy was detected in various cervicovaginal smears for the first time in this study. Our findings indicate that an autophagy process is essential in infectious cells as well as in the transformation of atypical cells into malignant cells in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Özcan Türkmen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sayeste Demirezen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sinan Beksaç
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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6
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Stuckey PV, Santiago-Tirado FH. Fungal mechanisms of intracellular survival: what can we learn from bacterial pathogens? Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0043422. [PMID: 37506189 PMCID: PMC10501222 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00434-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections represent a major, albeit neglected, public health threat with serious medical and economic burdens globally. With unacceptably high mortality rates, invasive fungal pathogens are responsible for millions of deaths each year, with a steadily increasing incidence primarily in immunocompromised individuals. The poor therapeutic options and rise of antifungal drug resistance pose further challenges in controlling these infections. These fungal pathogens have adapted to survive within mammalian hosts and can establish intracellular niches to promote survival within host immune cells. To do that, they have developed diverse methods to circumvent the innate immune system attack. This includes strategies such as altering their morphology, counteracting macrophage antimicrobial action, and metabolic adaptation. This is reminiscent of how bacterial pathogens have adapted to survive within host cells and cause disease. However, relative to the great deal of information available concerning intracellular bacterial pathogenesis, less is known about the mechanisms fungal pathogens employ. Therefore, here we review our current knowledge and recent advances in our understanding of how fungi can evade and persist within host immune cells. This review will focus on the major fungal pathogens, including Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus fumigatus, among others. As we discover and understand the strategies used by these fungi, similarities with their bacterial counterparts are becoming apparent, hence we can use the abundant information from bacteria to guide our studies in fungi. By understanding these strategies, new lines of research will open that can improve the treatments of these devastating fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V. Stuckey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Felipe H. Santiago-Tirado
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Warren Center for Drug Discovery, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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7
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Huang XW, Lu S, Pan W, Zhong MZ, Chai JW, Liu YH, Zeng K, Xi LY. Autophagy benefits the in vitro and in vivo clearance of Talaromyces marneffei. Microb Pathog 2023; 180:106146. [PMID: 37150309 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Talaromycosis, namely Talaromyces marneffei infection, is increasing gradually and has a high mortality rate even under antifungal therapy. Although autophagy acts differently on different pathogens, it is a promising therapeutic strategy. However, information on autophagy in macrophages and animals upon infection by T. marneffei is still limited. Therefore, several models were employed here to investigate the role of autophagy in host defense against T. marneffei, including RAW264.7 macrophages as in vitro models, different types of Caenorhabditis elegans and BALB/c mice as in vivo models. We applied the clinical T. marneffei isolate SUMS0152 in this study. T. marneffei-infected macrophages exhibit increased formation of autophagosomes. Further, macrophage autophagy promoted by rapamycin or Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS) inhibited the viability of intracellular T. marneffei. In vivo, compared with uninfected Caenorhabditis elegans, the wild-type nematodes upregulated the expression of the autophagy-related gene lgg-1 and atg-18, and nematodes carrying GFP reporter were induced to form autophagosomes (GFP::LGG-1) after T. marneffei infection. Furthermore, the knockdown of lgg-1 significantly reduced the survival rate of T. marneffei-infected nematodes. Likewise, the autophagy activator rapamycin reduced the fungal burden and suppressed lung inflammation in a mouse model of infection. In conclusion, autophagy is essential for host defense against T. marneffei in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, autophagy may be an attractive target for developing new therapeutics to treat talaromycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Sha Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 West Yanjiang Rd., Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Wen Pan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Mei-Zhen Zhong
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jin-Wei Chai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ying-Hui Liu
- Dermatology Department, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Kang Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Li-Yan Xi
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 West Yanjiang Rd., Guangzhou, 510120, China; Dermatology Department, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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8
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Guan M, Yao L, Zhen Y, Song Y, Liu X, Liu Y, Chen R, Cui Y, Li S. Sporothrix globosa melanin regulates autophagy via the TLR2 signaling pathway in THP-1 macrophages. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011281. [PMID: 37141335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin, an important virulence factor of pathogenic fungi, has been shown to suppress host immune responses in multiple ways. Autophagy is a vital cellular mechanism underlying the host's innate immunity against microbial infections. However, the potential influence of melanin on autophagy has not been explored. We investigated the effect of melanin on autophagy in macrophages, which play a key role in controlling Sporothrix spp. infection, as well as the mechanism of melanin interaction with Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced pathways. Sporothrix globosa conidia (wild-type and melanin-deficient mutant strains) or yeast cells were co-cultured with THP-1 macrophages to demonstrate that, although S. globosa infection led to the activation of autophagy-related proteins and increased autophagic flux, S. globosa melanin suppressed macrophage autophagy. Incubation with S. globosa conidia also increased the expression levels of reactive oxygen species and multiple proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and interferon-γ) in macrophages. These effects were attenuated as melanin presented. Furthermore, while S. globosa conidia significantly increased the expression of both TLR2 and TLR4 in macrophages, the knockdown of TLR2, but not TLR4, with small interfering RNA suppressed autophagy. Overall, this study revealed the novel immune defense ability of S. globosa melanin to inhibit macrophage functionality by resisting macrophage autophagy through the regulation of TLR2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Guan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Zhen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- Laboratory of Cancer Precision Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruili Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Parackova Z, Zentsova I, Vrabcova P, Sediva A, Bloomfield M. Aberrant tolerogenic functions and proinflammatory skew of dendritic cells in STAT1 gain-of-function patients may contribute to autoimmunity and fungal susceptibility. Clin Immunol 2023; 246:109174. [PMID: 36372319 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STAT1 gain-of-function (GOF) mutations underlie an inborn error of immunity hallmarked by chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC). Beyond the fungal susceptibility, attributed to Th17 failure, over half of the reported patients suffer from autoimmune manifestations, mechanism of which has not been explained yet. We hypothesized that the STAT1 mutations would affect dendritic cells' (DCs) properties and alter their inflammatory and tolerogenic functions. To test the hypothesis, we generated monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) and tolerogenic DCs (tDCs). Functional and signaling studies, co-culture experiments and RNA sequencing demonstrated that STAT1 GOF DCs were profoundly altered in their phenotype and functions, characterized by loss of tolerogenic functions, proinflammatory skew and decreased capacity to induce Th17. Cytokine signaling, autophagy and metabolic processes were identified as the most prominently altered cellular processes. The results suggest that DCs are directly involved in STAT1 GOF-associated immune pathology, possibly contributing to both autoimmune manifestations and the failure of antifungal defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Parackova
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine Charles University, University Hospital in Motol, V Uvalu 84, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Irena Zentsova
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine Charles University, University Hospital in Motol, V Uvalu 84, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Vrabcova
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine Charles University, University Hospital in Motol, V Uvalu 84, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Sediva
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine Charles University, University Hospital in Motol, V Uvalu 84, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Bloomfield
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine Charles University, University Hospital in Motol, V Uvalu 84, Prague, Czech Republic
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10
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Xu Z, Qiao S, Qian W, Zhu Y, Yan W, Shen S, Wang T. Card9 protects fungal peritonitis through regulating Malt1-mediated activation of autophagy in macrophage. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:108941. [PMID: 35850054 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fungal peritonitis is an inflammatory condition of the peritoneum which occurs secondary to peritoneal dialysis. Most cases of peritonitis are caused by microbial invasion into the peritoneal cavity, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Unlike bacterial peritonitis, little is known on fungal peritonitis. Card9, an adapter protein, plays a critical role in anti-fungal immunity. In this study, by using zymosan-induced peritonitis and C. albicans-induced peritonitis mouse model, we demonstrated that fungal peritonitis was exacerbated in Card9-/- mice, compared with WT mice. Next, we found the autophagy activation of peritonealmacrophages was impaired in Card9-/- peritonitis mice. The autophagy agonist, MG132, ameliorated peritonitis in Card9-/- mice. The result of microarray analysis indicates Malt1 was significantly decreased in Card9-/- peritonitis mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Malt1 interacts with P62 and mediates the function of P62 to clear ubiquitinated proteins. After overexpression of Malt1, impaired autophagy activation caused by Card9 deficient was significantly rescued. Together, our results indicate that Card9 protects fungal peritonitis by regulating Malt1-mediated autophagy in macrophages. Our research provides a new idea for the pathogenesis of fungal peritonitis, which is of great significance for the clinical treatment of fungal peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- Department of Oncology, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, China; The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shuping Qiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wei Qian
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yanan Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wenyue Yan
- Department of Oncology, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, China.
| | - Sunan Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Oncology, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, China; The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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11
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Abstract
Cryptococcosis is a disease caused by the pathogenic fungi Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, both environmental fungi that cause severe pneumonia and may even lead to cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. Although C. neoformans affects more fragile individuals, such as immunocompromised hosts through opportunistic infections, C. gattii causes a serious indiscriminate primary infection in immunocompetent individuals. Typically seen in tropical and subtropical environments, C. gattii has increased its endemic area over recent years, largely due to climatic factors that favor contagion in warmer climates. It is important to point out that not only C. gattii, but the Cryptococcus species complex produces a polysaccharidic capsule with immunomodulatory properties, enabling the pathogenic species of Cryptococccus to subvert the host immune response during the establishment of cryptococcosis, facilitating its dissemination in the infected organism. C. gattii causes a more severe and difficult-to-treat infection, with few antifungals eliciting an effective response during chronic treatment. Much of the immunopathology of this cryptococcosis is still poorly understood, with most studies focusing on cryptococcosis caused by the species C. neoformans. C. gattii became more important in the epidemiological scenario with the outbreaks in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, which resulted in phylogenetic studies of the virulent variant responsible for the severe infection in the region. Since then, the study of cryptococcosis caused by C. gattii has helped researchers understand the immunopathological aspects of different variants of this pathogen.
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12
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Deretic V, Lazarou M. A guide to membrane atg8ylation and autophagy with reflections on immunity. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202203083. [PMID: 35699692 PMCID: PMC9202678 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202203083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of membrane atg8ylation, defined herein as the conjugation of the ATG8 family of ubiquitin-like proteins to membrane lipids, is beginning to be appreciated in its broader manifestations, mechanisms, and functions. Classically, membrane atg8ylation with LC3B, one of six mammalian ATG8 family proteins, has been viewed as the hallmark of canonical autophagy, entailing the formation of characteristic double membranes in the cytoplasm. However, ATG8s are now well described as being conjugated to single membranes and, most recently, proteins. Here we propose that the atg8ylation is coopted by multiple downstream processes, one of which is canonical autophagy. We elaborate on these biological outputs, which impact metabolism, quality control, and immunity, emphasizing the context of inflammation and immunological effects. In conclusion, we propose that atg8ylation is a modification akin to ubiquitylation, and that it is utilized by different systems participating in membrane stress responses and membrane remodeling activities encompassing autophagy and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Michael Lazarou
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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13
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de Sousa HR, de Oliveira GP, Frazão SDO, Gorgonha KCDM, Rosa CP, Garcez EM, Lucas J, Correia AF, de Freitas WF, Borges HM, de Brito Alves LG, Paes HC, Trilles L, Lazera MDS, Teixeira MDM, Pinto VL, Felipe MSS, Casadevall A, Silva-Pereira I, Albuquerque P, Nicola AM. Faster Cryptococcus Melanization Increases Virulence in Experimental and Human Cryptococcosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:393. [PMID: 35448624 PMCID: PMC9029458 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus spp. are human pathogens that cause 181,000 deaths per year. In this work, we systematically investigated the virulence attributes of Cryptococcus spp. clinical isolates and correlated them with patient data to better understand cryptococcosis. We collected 66 C. neoformans and 19 C. gattii clinical isolates and analyzed multiple virulence phenotypes and host-pathogen interaction outcomes. C. neoformans isolates tended to melanize faster and more intensely and produce thinner capsules in comparison with C. gattii. We also observed correlations that match previous studies, such as that between secreted laccase and disease outcome in patients. We measured Cryptococcus colony melanization kinetics, which followed a sigmoidal curve for most isolates, and showed that faster melanization correlated positively with LC3-associated phagocytosis evasion, virulence in Galleria mellonella and worse prognosis in humans. These results suggest that the speed of melanization, more than the total amount of melanin Cryptococcus spp. produces, is crucial for virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herdson Renney de Sousa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (H.R.d.S.); (K.C.d.M.G.); (C.P.R.); (E.M.G.); (W.F.d.F.); (H.M.B.); (L.G.d.B.A.); (H.C.P.); (M.d.M.T.)
| | - Getúlio Pereira de Oliveira
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Stefânia de Oliveira Frazão
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Pathogenic Fungi, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (S.d.O.F.); (I.S.-P.); (P.A.)
| | - Kaio César de Melo Gorgonha
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (H.R.d.S.); (K.C.d.M.G.); (C.P.R.); (E.M.G.); (W.F.d.F.); (H.M.B.); (L.G.d.B.A.); (H.C.P.); (M.d.M.T.)
| | - Camila Pereira Rosa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (H.R.d.S.); (K.C.d.M.G.); (C.P.R.); (E.M.G.); (W.F.d.F.); (H.M.B.); (L.G.d.B.A.); (H.C.P.); (M.d.M.T.)
| | - Emãnuella Melgaço Garcez
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (H.R.d.S.); (K.C.d.M.G.); (C.P.R.); (E.M.G.); (W.F.d.F.); (H.M.B.); (L.G.d.B.A.); (H.C.P.); (M.d.M.T.)
| | - Joaquim Lucas
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz–Brasília), Brasília 70904-130, DF, Brazil; (J.L.J.); (V.L.P.J.)
| | | | - Waleriano Ferreira de Freitas
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (H.R.d.S.); (K.C.d.M.G.); (C.P.R.); (E.M.G.); (W.F.d.F.); (H.M.B.); (L.G.d.B.A.); (H.C.P.); (M.d.M.T.)
| | - Higor Matos Borges
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (H.R.d.S.); (K.C.d.M.G.); (C.P.R.); (E.M.G.); (W.F.d.F.); (H.M.B.); (L.G.d.B.A.); (H.C.P.); (M.d.M.T.)
| | - Lucas Gomes de Brito Alves
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (H.R.d.S.); (K.C.d.M.G.); (C.P.R.); (E.M.G.); (W.F.d.F.); (H.M.B.); (L.G.d.B.A.); (H.C.P.); (M.d.M.T.)
| | - Hugo Costa Paes
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (H.R.d.S.); (K.C.d.M.G.); (C.P.R.); (E.M.G.); (W.F.d.F.); (H.M.B.); (L.G.d.B.A.); (H.C.P.); (M.d.M.T.)
| | - Luciana Trilles
- Mycology Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz–Rio de Janeiro), Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, RJ, Brazil; (L.T.); (M.d.S.L.)
| | - Márcia dos Santos Lazera
- Mycology Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz–Rio de Janeiro), Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, RJ, Brazil; (L.T.); (M.d.S.L.)
| | - Marcus de Melo Teixeira
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (H.R.d.S.); (K.C.d.M.G.); (C.P.R.); (E.M.G.); (W.F.d.F.); (H.M.B.); (L.G.d.B.A.); (H.C.P.); (M.d.M.T.)
| | - Vitor Laerte Pinto
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz–Brasília), Brasília 70904-130, DF, Brazil; (J.L.J.); (V.L.P.J.)
| | - Maria Sueli Soares Felipe
- Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília 70790-160, DF, Brazil;
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Ildinete Silva-Pereira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Pathogenic Fungi, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (S.d.O.F.); (I.S.-P.); (P.A.)
| | - Patrícia Albuquerque
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Pathogenic Fungi, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (S.d.O.F.); (I.S.-P.); (P.A.)
- Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasília, Brasília 72220-275, DF, Brazil
| | - André Moraes Nicola
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (H.R.d.S.); (K.C.d.M.G.); (C.P.R.); (E.M.G.); (W.F.d.F.); (H.M.B.); (L.G.d.B.A.); (H.C.P.); (M.d.M.T.)
- Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília 70790-160, DF, Brazil;
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14
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Klapan K, Simon D, Karaulov A, Gomzikova M, Rizvanov A, Yousefi S, Simon HU. Autophagy and Skin Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:844756. [PMID: 35370701 PMCID: PMC8971629 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.844756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved lysosomal degradation system that involves the creation of autophagosomes, which eventually fuse with lysosomes and breakdown misfolded proteins and damaged organelles with their enzymes. Autophagy is widely known for its function in cellular homeostasis under physiological and pathological settings. Defects in autophagy have been implicated in the pathophysiology of a variety of human diseases. The new line of evidence suggests that autophagy is inextricably linked to skin disorders. This review summarizes the principles behind autophagy and highlights current findings of autophagy's role in skin disorders and strategies for therapeutic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Klapan
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dagmar Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Gomzikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Institute of Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany
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15
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Wang Y, Pawar S, Dutta O, Wang K, Rivera A, Xue C. Macrophage Mediated Immunomodulation During Cryptococcus Pulmonary Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:859049. [PMID: 35402316 PMCID: PMC8987709 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.859049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key cellular components of innate immunity, acting as the first line of defense against pathogens to modulate homeostatic and inflammatory responses. They help clear pathogens and shape the T-cell response through the production of cytokines and chemokines. The facultative intracellular fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans has developed a unique ability to interact with and manipulate host macrophages. These interactions dictate how Cryptococcus infection can remain latent or how dissemination within the host is achieved. In addition, differences in the activities of macrophages have been correlated with differential susceptibilities of hosts to Cryptococcus infection, highlighting the importance of macrophages in determining disease outcomes. There is now abundant information on the interaction between Cryptococcus and macrophages. In this review we discuss recent advances regarding macrophage origin, polarization, activation, and effector functions during Cryptococcus infection. The importance of these strategies in pathogenesis and the potential of immunotherapy for cryptococcosis treatment is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Siddhi Pawar
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Orchi Dutta
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Keyi Wang
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Amariliz Rivera
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
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16
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Lapaquette P, Ducreux A, Basmaciyan L, Paradis T, Bon F, Bataille A, Winckler P, Hube B, d’Enfert C, Esclatine A, Dubus E, Bringer MA, Morel E, Dalle F. Membrane protective role of autophagic machinery during infection of epithelial cells by Candida albicans. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2004798. [PMID: 35086419 PMCID: PMC8803057 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.2004798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is an opportunistic pathogen causing infections ranging from superficial to life-threatening disseminated infections. In a susceptible host, C. albicans is able to translocate through the gut barrier, promoting its dissemination into deeper organs. C. albicans hyphae can invade human epithelial cells by two well-documented mechanisms: epithelial-driven endocytosis and C. albicans-driven active penetration. One mechanism by which host cells protect themselves against intracellular C. albicans is termed autophagy. The protective role of autophagy during C. albicans infection has been investigated in myeloid cells; however, far less is known regarding the role of this process during the infection of epithelial cells. In the present study, we investigated the role of autophagy-related proteins during the infection of epithelial cells, including intestinal epithelial cells and gut explants, by C. albicans. Using cell imaging, we show that key molecular players of the autophagy machinery (LC3-II, PI3P, ATG16L1, and WIPI2) were recruited at Candida invasion sites. We deepened these observations by electron microscopy analyses that reveal the presence of autophagosomes in the vicinity of invading hyphae. Importantly, these events occur during active penetration of C. albicans into host cells and are associated with plasma membrane damage. In this context, we show that the autophagy-related key proteins ATG5 and ATG16L1 contribute to plasma membrane repair mediated by lysosomal exocytosis and participate in protecting epithelial cells against C. albicans-induced cell death. Our findings provide a novel mechanism by which epithelial cells, forming the first line of defense against C. albicans in the gut, can react to limit C. albicans invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lapaquette
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agrosup Dijon, UMR PAM A 02.102, Dijon, France,CONTACT Pierre Lapaquette Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agrosup Dijon, UMR PAM A 02.102, Dijon, France
| | - Amandine Ducreux
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agrosup Dijon, UMR PAM A 02.102, Dijon, France
| | - Louise Basmaciyan
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agrosup Dijon, UMR PAM A 02.102, Dijon, France,Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Plateforme de Biologie Hospitalo-Universitaire Gérard Mack, Dijon, France
| | - Tracy Paradis
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agrosup Dijon, UMR PAM A 02.102, Dijon, France
| | - Fabienne Bon
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agrosup Dijon, UMR PAM A 02.102, Dijon, France
| | | | - Pascale Winckler
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agrosup Dijon, UMR PAM A 02.102, Dijon, France,Dimacell Imaging Facility, Agrosup Dijon, INRA, INSERM, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany,Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Christophe d’Enfert
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Institut Pasteur, USC2019 INRA, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Esclatine
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Elisabeth Dubus
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Bringer
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Etienne Morel
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Dalle
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agrosup Dijon, UMR PAM A 02.102, Dijon, France,Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Plateforme de Biologie Hospitalo-Universitaire Gérard Mack, Dijon, France,Frédéric Dalle Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie
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17
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Zheng Q, Duan L, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhang S, Wang H. A dynamically evolving war between autophagy and pathogenic microorganisms. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2022; 23:19-41. [PMID: 35029086 PMCID: PMC8758936 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process that maintains cellular homeostasis. It is essential for protecting organisms from environmental stress. Autophagy can help the host to eliminate invading pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. However, pathogens have evolved multiple strategies to interfere with autophagic signaling pathways or inhibit the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes to form autolysosomes. Moreover, host cell matrix degradation by different types of autophagy can be used for the proliferation and reproduction of pathogens. Thus, determining the roles and mechanisms of autophagy during pathogen infections will promote understanding of the mechanisms of pathogen‒host interactions and provide new strategies for the treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Liangwei Duan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Jiaoyang Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China. .,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
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18
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Wen X, Yang Y, Klionsky DJ. Moments in autophagy and disease: Past and present. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 82:100966. [PMID: 33931245 PMCID: PMC8548407 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, research on autophagy, a highly conserved lysosomal degradation pathway, has been advanced by studies in different model organisms, especially in the field of its molecular mechanism and regulation. The malfunction of autophagy is linked to various diseases, among which cancer and neurodegenerative diseases are the major focus. In this review, we cover some other important diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, infectious and inflammatory diseases, and metabolic disorders, as well as rare diseases, with a hope of providing a more complete understanding of the spectrum of autophagy's role in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ying Yang
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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19
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Liu C, Gu L, Ding J, Meng Q, Li N, Dai G, Li Q, Wu X. Autophagy in skin barrier and immune-related skin diseases. J Dermatol 2021; 48:1827-1837. [PMID: 34655245 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a process which is highly conserved in eukaryotes to degrade or recycle cytoplasmic components through lysosomes to maintain cellular homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that autophagy also plays critical roles in cell apoptosis, inflammation, pathogen clearance, and so on under stressed conditions and thereby has been linked to a variety of human disorders. The skin is the largest organ of the body and serves as the first line of defense against environmental insult. Skin as a nutrient-poor environment requires recycling of limited resources via the autophagy machinery to maintain homeostasis. Therefore, dysregulation of autophagy has been linked to skin diseases. In this review, we describe the molecular machinery and regulation of autophagy, discuss its role in keratinocytes and skin barrier, skin immune cells, and immune-related skin diseases including autoimmune skin disorders, allergic skin diseases, infectious skin disorders, and antitumor immunity against skin tumor. Finally, we highlight the potential of autophagy as a therapeutic target for immune-related skin diseases, and delivery of autophagy-related molecules (such as inducers, inhibitors, or nucleic acid molecules) by virtue of physical materials (such as nanoparticles) or biological materials (such as peptides) to skin topically may obtain clinical benefits in immune-related skin diseases. Moreover, developing autophagy-related gene product-based biomarkers may be promising to diagnose immune-related skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Liu
- Department of Geriatrics Center & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Gu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shanghai Shende Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Gerontology, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianchao Meng
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Geriatrics Center & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guifeng Dai
- Department of Geriatrics Center & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinying Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jing'an District Center Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyong Wu
- Department of Geriatrics Center & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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20
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Choi MS, Chae YJ, Choi JW, Chang JE. Potential Therapeutic Approaches through Modulating the Autophagy Process for Skin Barrier Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7869. [PMID: 34360634 PMCID: PMC8345957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an attractive process to researchers who are seeking novel potential treatments for various diseases. Autophagy plays a critical role in degrading damaged cellular organelles, supporting normal cell development, and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Because of the various effects of autophagy, recent human genome research has focused on evaluating the relationship between autophagy and a wide variety of diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, cancers, and inflammatory diseases. The skin is the largest organ in the body and provides the first line of defense against environmental hazards, including UV damage, chemical toxins, injuries, oxidative stress, and microorganisms. Autophagy takes part in endogenous defense mechanisms by controlling skin homeostasis. In this manner, regulating autophagy might contribute to the treatment of skin barrier dysfunctions. Various studies are ongoing to elucidate the association between autophagy and skin-related diseases in order to find potential therapeutic approaches. However, little evidence has been gathered about the relationship between autophagy and the skin. In this review, we highlight the previous findings of autophagy and skin barrier disorders and suggest potential therapeutic strategies. The recent research regarding autophagy in acne and skin aging is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sik Choi
- Lab of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Korea;
| | - Yoon-Jee Chae
- College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju-gun 55338, Korea;
| | - Ji Woong Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea;
| | - Ji-Eun Chang
- Lab of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Korea
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21
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El Jammal T, Jamilloux Y, Gerfaud-Valentin M, Richard-Colmant G, Weber E, Bert A, Androdias G, Sève P. Challenging Mimickers in the Diagnosis of Sarcoidosis: A Case Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1240. [PMID: 34359324 PMCID: PMC8304686 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11071240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown cause characterized by a wide variety of presentations. Its diagnosis is based on three major criteria: a clinical presentation compatible with sarcoidosis, the presence of non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammation in one or more tissue samples, and the exclusion of alternative causes of granulomatous disease. Many conditions may mimic a sarcoid-like granulomatous reaction. These conditions include infections, neoplasms, immunodeficiencies, and drug-induced diseases. Moreover, patients with sarcoidosis are at risk of developing opportunistic infections or lymphoma. Reliably confirming the diagnosis of sarcoidosis and better identifying new events are major clinical problems in daily practice. To address such issues, we present seven emblematic cases, seen in our department, over a ten-year period along with a literature review about case reports of conditions misdiagnosed as sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas El Jammal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lyon University Hospital, 69004 Lyon, France; (T.E.J.); (Y.J.); (M.G.-V.); (G.R.-C.); (E.W.); (A.B.)
| | - Yvan Jamilloux
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lyon University Hospital, 69004 Lyon, France; (T.E.J.); (Y.J.); (M.G.-V.); (G.R.-C.); (E.W.); (A.B.)
| | - Mathieu Gerfaud-Valentin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lyon University Hospital, 69004 Lyon, France; (T.E.J.); (Y.J.); (M.G.-V.); (G.R.-C.); (E.W.); (A.B.)
| | - Gaëlle Richard-Colmant
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lyon University Hospital, 69004 Lyon, France; (T.E.J.); (Y.J.); (M.G.-V.); (G.R.-C.); (E.W.); (A.B.)
| | - Emmanuelle Weber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lyon University Hospital, 69004 Lyon, France; (T.E.J.); (Y.J.); (M.G.-V.); (G.R.-C.); (E.W.); (A.B.)
| | - Arthur Bert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lyon University Hospital, 69004 Lyon, France; (T.E.J.); (Y.J.); (M.G.-V.); (G.R.-C.); (E.W.); (A.B.)
| | - Géraldine Androdias
- Department of Neurology, Service Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-Inflammation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Lyon University Hospital, F-69677 Bron, France;
| | - Pascal Sève
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lyon University Hospital, 69004 Lyon, France; (T.E.J.); (Y.J.); (M.G.-V.); (G.R.-C.); (E.W.); (A.B.)
- Research on Healthcare Performance (RESHAPE), INSERM U1290, 69373 Lyon, France
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22
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Scariot FJ, Pansera MS, Longaray Delamare AP, Echeverrigaray S. Antifungal activity of monoterpenes against the model yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Joel Scariot
- Laboratory of Enology and Applied Microbiology University of Caxias do Sul Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas, 1130 Caxias do Sul95070‐560Brazil
| | - Mariliza Salete Pansera
- Laboratory of Enology and Applied Microbiology University of Caxias do Sul Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas, 1130 Caxias do Sul95070‐560Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Longaray Delamare
- Laboratory of Enology and Applied Microbiology University of Caxias do Sul Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas, 1130 Caxias do Sul95070‐560Brazil
| | - Sergio Echeverrigaray
- Laboratory of Enology and Applied Microbiology University of Caxias do Sul Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas, 1130 Caxias do Sul95070‐560Brazil
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23
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Ding S, Yang J, Feng X, Pandey A, Barhoumi R, Zhang D, Bell SL, Liu Y, da Costa LF, Rice-Ficht A, Watson RO, Patrick KL, Qin QM, Ficht TA, de Figueiredo P. Interactions between fungal hyaluronic acid and host CD44 promote internalization by recruiting host autophagy proteins to forming phagosomes. iScience 2021; 24:102192. [PMID: 33718841 PMCID: PMC7920835 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis and autophagy play critical roles in immune defense. The human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) subverts host autophagy-initiation complex (AIC)-related proteins, to promote its phagocytosis and intracellular parasitism of host cells. The mechanisms by which the pathogen engages host AIC-related proteins remain obscure. Here, we show that the recruitment of host AIC proteins to forming phagosomes is dependent upon the activity of CD44, a host cell surface receptor that engages fungal hyaluronic acid (HA). This interaction elevates intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and activates CaMKKβ and its downstream target AMPKα, which results in activation of ULK1 and the recruitment of AIC components. Moreover, we demonstrate that HA-coated beads efficiently recruit AIC components to phagosomes and CD44 interacts with AIC components. Taken together, these findings show that fungal HA plays a critical role in directing the internalization and productive intracellular membrane trafficking of a fungal pathogen of global importance. Fungal HA drives non-canonical and ligand-induced autophagy in phagocytic cells Cn recruits host CD44 to forming phagocytic cups to initiate fungal internalization Fungal HA-CD44 interactions elevate intracellular Ca2+ levels and activate CaMKKβ A Ca2+-CaMKKβ-AMPK-ULK1 signaling axis is involved in HA-CD44 induced autophagy
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Ding
- College of Plant Sciences & Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Xuehuan Feng
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Aseem Pandey
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Rola Barhoumi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Samantha L Bell
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Plant Sciences & Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Luciana Fachini da Costa
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Allison Rice-Ficht
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Robert O Watson
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Kristin L Patrick
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Qing-Ming Qin
- College of Plant Sciences & Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Thomas A Ficht
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Paul de Figueiredo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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24
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Focusing on the Cell Type Specific Regulatory Actions of NLRX1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031316. [PMID: 33525671 PMCID: PMC7865811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells utilize a diverse repertoire of cell surface and intracellular receptors to detect exogenous or endogenous danger signals and even the changes of their microenvironment. However, some cytosolic NOD-like receptors (NLR), including NLRX1, serve more functions than just being general pattern recognition receptors. The dynamic translocation between the cytosol and the mitochondria allows NLRX1 to interact with many molecules and thereby to control multiple cellular functions. As a regulatory NLR, NLRX1 fine-tunes inflammatory signaling cascades, regulates mitochondria-associated functions, and controls metabolism, autophagy and cell death. Nevertheless, literature data are inconsistent and often contradictory regarding its effects on individual cellular functions. One plausible explanation might be that the regulatory effects of NLRX1 are highly cell type specific and the features of NLRX1 mediated regulation might be determined by the unique functional activity or metabolic profile of the given cell type. Here we review the cell type specific actions of NLRX1 with a special focus on cells of the immune system. NLRX1 has already emerged as a potential therapeutic target in numerous immune-related diseases, thus we aim to highlight which regulatory properties of NLRX1 are manifested in disease-associated dominant immune cells that presumably offer promising therapeutic solutions to treat these disorders.
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25
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Cao W, Li J, Yang K, Cao D. An overview of autophagy: Mechanism, regulation and research progress. Bull Cancer 2021; 108:304-322. [PMID: 33423775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy refers to the formation of autophagosomes by membrane wrapping part of the cytoplasm and the organelles and proteins that need to be degraded in the cells. Autophagosomes are fused with lysosomes to form autophagolysosome, which degrade the contents of the inclusions, to achieve cell homeostasis and organelle renewal. The regulatory mechanism of autophagy is complex, and its upstream signaling pathway mainly involves mTOR dependent pathway and mTOR independent pathway (AMPK, PI3K, Ras-MAPK, p53, PTEN, endoplasmic reticulum stress). Autophagy is a phenomenon of "self-eating" in cells. Apoptosis is a phenomenon of "self-killing". Both of them share the same stimulating factors and regulatory proteins, but the threshold of induction is different. How to transform and coordinate is not clear at present. This paper summarizes the history of autophagy discovery, the structure and function of related molecules, the biological function of autophagy, the regulatory mechanism and the research results of the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiya Cao
- Anhui University of Science & Technology, Medical school, Huainan 232001, China.
| | - Jinhong Li
- Juancheng Hospital of Shandong Provincial Hospital Group, Heze 274100, China
| | - Kepeng Yang
- Anhui University of Science & Technology, Medical school, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Dongli Cao
- Anhui University of Science & Technology, Medical school, Huainan 232001, China
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26
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de-Souza-Silva CM, Hurtado FA, Tavares AH, de Oliveira GP, Raiol T, Nishibe C, Agustinho DP, Almeida NF, Walter MEMT, Nicola AM, Bocca AL, Albuquerque P, Silva-Pereira I. Transcriptional Remodeling Patterns in Murine Dendritic Cells Infected with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: More Is Not Necessarily Better. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040311. [PMID: 33255176 PMCID: PMC7712260 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most people infected with the fungus Paracoccidioides spp. do not get sick, but approximately 5% develop paracoccidioidomycosis. Understanding how host immunity determinants influence disease development could lead to novel preventative or therapeutic strategies; hence, we used two mouse strains that are resistant (A/J) or susceptible (B10.A) to P. brasiliensis to study how dendritic cells (DCs) respond to the infection. RNA sequencing analysis showed that the susceptible strain DCs remodeled their transcriptomes much more intensely than those from the resistant strain, agreeing with a previous model of more intense innate immunity response in the susceptible strain. Contrastingly, these cells also repress genes/processes involved in antigen processing and presentation, such as lysosomal activity and autophagy. After the interaction with P. brasiliensis, both DCs and macrophages from the susceptible mouse reduced the autophagy marker LC3-II recruitment to the fungal phagosome compared to the resistant strain cells, confirming this pathway’s repression. These results suggest that impairment in antigen processing and presentation processes might be partially responsible for the inefficient activation of the adaptive immune response in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calliandra M. de-Souza-Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Pathogenic Fungi, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil; (C.M.d.-S.-S.); (F.A.H.); (I.S.-P.)
| | - Fabián Andrés Hurtado
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Pathogenic Fungi, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil; (C.M.d.-S.-S.); (F.A.H.); (I.S.-P.)
- Molecular Pathology Post-Graduation Program, University of Brasília Medical School, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | - Getúlio P. de Oliveira
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Taina Raiol
- Fiocruz Brasília, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brasília, DF 70904-130, Brazil;
| | - Christiane Nishibe
- Faculty of Computing, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil; (C.N.); (N.F.A.)
| | - Daniel Paiva Agustinho
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA;
| | - Nalvo Franco Almeida
- Faculty of Computing, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil; (C.N.); (N.F.A.)
| | | | - André Moraes Nicola
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil;
| | - Anamélia Lorenzetti Bocca
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil;
| | - Patrícia Albuquerque
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Pathogenic Fungi, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil; (C.M.d.-S.-S.); (F.A.H.); (I.S.-P.)
- Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 72220-275, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-61-985830129
| | - Ildinete Silva-Pereira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Pathogenic Fungi, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil; (C.M.d.-S.-S.); (F.A.H.); (I.S.-P.)
- Molecular Pathology Post-Graduation Program, University of Brasília Medical School, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
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27
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König A, Müller R, Mogavero S, Hube B. Fungal factors involved in host immune evasion, modulation and exploitation during infection. Cell Microbiol 2020; 23:e13272. [PMID: 32978997 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human and plant pathogenic fungi have a major impact on public health and agriculture. Although these fungi infect very diverse hosts and are often highly adapted to specific host niches, they share surprisingly similar mechanisms that mediate immune evasion, modulation of distinct host targets and exploitation of host nutrients, highlighting that successful strategies have evolved independently among diverse fungal pathogens. These attributes are facilitated by an arsenal of fungal factors. However, not a single molecule, but rather the combined effects of several factors enable these pathogens to establish infection. In this review, we discuss the principles of human and plant fungal pathogenicity mechanisms and discuss recent discoveries made in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika König
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Rita Müller
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Selene Mogavero
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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28
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Quäschling T, Friedrich D, Deepe GS, Rupp J. Crosstalk Between Autophagy and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α in Antifungal Immunity. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102150. [PMID: 32977563 PMCID: PMC7598272 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern medicine is challenged by several potentially severe fungal pathogens such as Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, or Histoplasma capsulatum. Though not all fungal pathogens have evolved as primary pathogens, opportunistic pathogens can still cause fatal infections in immuno-compromised patients. After infection with these fungi, the ingestion and clearance by innate immune cells is an important part of the host immune response. Innate immune cells utilize two different autophagic pathways, the canonical pathway and the non-canonical pathway, also called microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) -associated pathway (LAP), to clear fungal pathogens from the intracellular environment. The outcome of autophagy-related host immune responses depends on the pathogen and cell type. Therefore, the understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms of autophagy is crucial for the development and improvement of antifungal therapies. One of those molecular mechanisms is the interaction of the transcription-factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) with the autophagic immune response. During this review, we will focus on a comprehensive overview of the role of autophagy and HIF-1α on the outcome of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Quäschling
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (T.Q.); (D.F.)
| | - Dirk Friedrich
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (T.Q.); (D.F.)
| | - George S. Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (T.Q.); (D.F.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-451-500-45300
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29
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LC3-associated phagocytosis - The highway to hell for phagocytosed microbes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 101:68-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Liang X, Liu L, Wang Y, Guo H, Fan H, Zhang C, Hou L, Liu Z. Autophagy-driven NETosis is a double-edged sword - Review. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 126:110065. [PMID: 32200255 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular mechanism responsible for delivering protein aggregates or damaged organelles to lysosomes for degradation. It is also simultaneously a precise regulatory process, which is crucial for dealing with hunger, oxidative stress, and pathogen defense. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs), which form a part of a newly described bactericidal process, are reticular structures composed of a DNA backbone and multiple functional proteins, formed via a process known as NETosis. NETs exert their anti-infection activity by capturing pathogenic microorganisms, inhibiting their spread and inactivating virulence factors. However, NETs may also activate an immune response in non-infectious diseases, leading to tissue damage. Although the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is unclear, a large number of studies have suggested that autophagy may be involved. Autophagy-mediated NETs not only induce inflammation and tissue damage, but can also lead to cell senescence, malignant transformation, and cell death. Autophagy-dependent NETs also play a beneficial role in the hostwith respect to pathogen clearance and immune defense. Through careful review of the literature, we have found that the distinct roles of autophagy in NETosis may be dependent on the extent of autophagy and the specific manner in which it was induced. This article summarizes numerous recent studies, and reviews the role of autophagy-driven NETosis in various diseases, in the hope that this will lead to the development of more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, 161005, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Qiqihar Hospital, Southern Medical University, Qiqihar, 161005, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, 161005, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Qiqihar Hospital, Southern Medical University, Qiqihar, 161005, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, 161005, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Qiqihar Hospital, Southern Medical University, Qiqihar, 161005, China
| | - Haipeng Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, 161005, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Qiqihar Hospital, Southern Medical University, Qiqihar, 161005, China
| | - Hua Fan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, 161005, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Qiqihar Hospital, Southern Medical University, Qiqihar, 161005, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, 161005, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Qiqihar Hospital, Southern Medical University, Qiqihar, 161005, China
| | - Lili Hou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, 161005, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Qiqihar Hospital, Southern Medical University, Qiqihar, 161005, China
| | - Zhibo Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, 161005, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Qiqihar Hospital, Southern Medical University, Qiqihar, 161005, China
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31
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Jin Y, Yao G, Wang Y, Teng L, Wang Y, Chen H, Gao R, Lin W, Wang Z, Chen J. MiR-30c-5p mediates inflammatory responses and promotes microglia survival by targeting eIF2α during Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Microb Pathog 2020; 141:103959. [PMID: 31958475 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is a disease predominantly caused by Cryptococcus neoformans in China and C. neoformans is the main form that causes cryptococcal meningitis. In this study, we examined the influence of MiR-30c-5p during Cryptococcus neoformans infection. microRNAs were extracted from Cerebrospinal fluid and sera of patients. To identify pathogenic microRNAs, RNASeq were performed. The results were confirmed with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), transient transfection of siRNAs or microRNA mimics into cultured BV2 cell, flow cytometry, immunoblotting, luciferase assay and immunohistochemistry. In this study we found that miR-30c expression was downregulated and that inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy were activated. The overexpression of miR-30c-5p significantly inhibited inflammation and autophagic activity and decreased apoptosis, and treatment with sieIF2α resulted in a significant decrease in inflammation, apoptosis. In addition, clinical samples of cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients with cryptococcal meningitis who have undergone standard antifungal treatment showed that the expression of miR-30c-5p was increased while that of eIF2α was decreased, which was in accordance with the in vitro experiments. These studies demonstrated that miRNA-30c-5p can inhibit inflammatory, apoptotic, and autophagic activity through the eIF2α/ATF4 pathway, and it is thus a potential target for the diagnosis, treatment, and detection of cryptococcal meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Guotai Yao
- Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Liang Teng
- Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Wenting Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Zhongzhi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China.
| | - Jianghan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China.
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Keller MD, Torres VJ, Cadwell K. Autophagy and microbial pathogenesis. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:872-886. [PMID: 31896796 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cell biological process that promotes resilience in the face of environmental perturbations. Given that infectious agents represent a major type of environmental threat, it follows that the autophagy pathway is central to the outcome of host-microbe interactions. Detailed molecular studies have revealed intricate ways in which autophagy suppresses or enhances the fitness of infectious agents, particularly intracellular pathogens such as viruses that require the host cell machinery for replication. Findings in animal models have reinforced the importance of these events that occur within individual cells and have extended the role of autophagy to extracellular microbes and immunity at the whole organism level. These functions impact adaptation to bacteria that are part of the gut microbiota, which has implications for the etiology of chronic disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease. Despite major advances in how autophagy regulates inflammatory reactions toward microbes, many challenges remain, including distinguishing autophagy from closely related pathways such as LC3-associated phagocytosis. Here, we review the role of autophagy in microbial pathogenesis at the level of organismal biology. In addition to providing an overview of the prominent function of autophagy proteins in host-microbe interactions, we highlight how observations at the cellular level are informing pathogenesis studies and offer our perspective on the future directions of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Keller
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Chen R, Ji G, Ren H, Liu Z, Feng S, Zhang T, Xi L, Li X. Activation of autophagy and IL-10 production are regulated by Jun N-terminal kinase 1 and 2 and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathways during Talaromyces marneffei infection within dendritic cells. Microb Pathog 2019; 139:103891. [PMID: 31783123 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous study have shown that Talaromyces marneffei (T. marneffei) induced activation of autophagy. Therefore, we explore signaling pathway that regulates activation of autophagy by intracellular signaling mechanisms during T. marneffei infection. Further, we examine c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 and 2 (JNK1/2) and p38 signaling pathways that regulate IL-1β and IL-10 production and activation of autophagy during T. marneffei infection in human dendritic cells (DCs). We found that T. marneffei induced activation of JNK1/2 and p38 in human DCs. Furthermore, the inhibition of JNK1/2 and p38 increased activation of autophagy and decreased the replication of T. marneffei in T. marneffei-infected human DCs. Moreover, IL-1β secretion in T. marneffei-infected human DCs was dependent on JNK1/2 and autophagy pathways, whereas IL-10 secretion was dependent on JNK1/2, p38 and autophagy pathways. These data suggest that JNK1/2 and p38 pathways play critical roles in activation of autophagy, the multiplication of T. marneffei and subsequent cytokine production during T. marneffei infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renqiong Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, 222002, China; Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, 222002, China.
| | - Guangquan Ji
- Department of Technology, Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, 222002, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, 222002, China; Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, 222002, China.
| | - Zhonglun Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, 222002, China; Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, 222002, China
| | - Shan Feng
- Department of Technology, Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, 222002, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Infection, Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, 222002, China
| | - Liyan Xi
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, 222002, China.
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Seoane PI, May RC. Vomocytosis: What we know so far. Cell Microbiol 2019; 22:e13145. [PMID: 31730731 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Vomocytosis, or nonlytic exocytosis, has been reported for Cryptococcus neoformans since 2006. Since then, the repertoire of vomocytosing pathogens and host cells has increased and so have the molecular components linked to vomocytosis occurrence. Nonetheless, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon, whether it is triggered by the host or the pathogen, and how it affects disease progression are still unresolved. This review contains a summary of the main findings regarding vomocytosis and the outstanding questions puzzling scientists to this day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula I Seoane
- Laboratory of Host and Pathogen Interactions, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Robin C May
- Laboratory of Host and Pathogen Interactions, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Galais M, Pradel B, Vergne I, Robert-Hebmann V, Espert L, Biard-Piechaczyk M. [LAP (LC3-associated phagocytosis): phagocytosis or autophagy?]. Med Sci (Paris) 2019; 35:635-642. [PMID: 31532375 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis and macroautophagy, named here autophagy, are two essential mechanisms of lysosomal degradation of diverse cargos into membrane structures. Both mechanisms are involved in immune regulation and cell survival. However, phagocytosis triggers degradation of extracellular material whereas autophagy engulfs only cytoplasmic elements. Furthermore, activation and maturation of these two processes are different. LAP (LC3-associated phagocytosis) is a form of phagocytosis that uses components of the autophagy pathway. It can eliminate (i) pathogens, (ii) immune complexes, (iii) threatening neighbouring cells, dead or alive, and (iv) cell debris, such as POS (photoreceptor outer segment) and the midbody released at the end of mitosis. Cells have thus optimized their means of elimination of dangerous components by sharing some fundamental elements coming from the two main lysosomal degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Galais
- Institut de recherche en infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 1919, route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Baptiste Pradel
- Institut de recherche en infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 1919, route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Vergne
- Institut de pharmacologie et de biologie structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205, route de Narbonne, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Véronique Robert-Hebmann
- Institut de recherche en infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 1919, route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Lucile Espert
- Institut de recherche en infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 1919, route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Biard-Piechaczyk
- Institut de recherche en infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 1919, route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
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Eades CP, Armstrong-James DPH. Invasive fungal infections in the immunocompromised host: Mechanistic insights in an era of changing immunotherapeutics. Med Mycol 2019; 57:S307-S317. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe use of cytotoxic chemotherapy in the treatment of malignant and inflammatory disorders is beset by considerable adverse effects related to nonspecific cytotoxicity. Accordingly, a mechanistic approach to therapeutics has evolved in recent times with small molecular inhibitors of intracellular signaling pathways involved in disease pathogenesis being developed for clinical use, some with unparalleled efficacy and tolerability. Nevertheless, there are emerging concerns regarding an association with certain small molecular inhibitors and opportunistic infections, including invasive fungal diseases. This is perhaps unsurprising, given that the molecular targets of such agents play fundamental and multifaceted roles in orchestrating innate and adaptive immune responses. Nevertheless, some small molecular inhibitors appear to possess intrinsic antifungal activity and may therefore represent novel therapeutic options in future. This is particularly important given that antifungal resistance is a significant, emerging concern. This paper is a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in the molecular immunology to fungal pathogens as applied to existing and emerging small molecular inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Eades
- Department of Clinical Infection, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Darius P H Armstrong-James
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Abstract
Respiratory fungal infection is a severe clinical problem, especially in patients with compromised immune functions. Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Pneumocystis, and endemic fungi are major pulmonary fungal pathogens that are able to result in life-threatening invasive diseases. Growing data being reported have indicated that multiple cells and molecules orchestrate the host's response to a fungal infection in the lung. Upon fungal challenge, innate myeloid cells including macrophages, dendritic cells (DC), and recruited neutrophils establish the first line of defense through the phagocytosis and secretion of cytokines. Natural killer cells control the fungal expansion in the lung via the direct and indirect killing of invading organisms. Adaptive immune cells including Th1 and Th17 cells confer anti-fungal activity by producing their signature cytokines, interferon-γ, and IL-17. In addition, lung epithelial cells (LEC) also participate in the resistance against fungal infection by internalization, inflammatory cytokine production, or antimicrobial peptide secretion. In the host cells mentioned above, various molecules with distinct functions modulate the immune defense signaling: Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as dectin-1 expressed on the cell surface are involved in fungal recognition; adaptor proteins such as MyD88 and TRAF6 are required for transduction of signals to the nucleus for transcriptional regulation; inflammasomes also play crucial roles in the host's defense against a fungal infection in the lung. Furthermore, transcriptional factors modulate the transcriptions of a series of genes, especially those encoding cytokines and chemokines, which are predominant regulators in the infectious microenvironment, mediating the cellular and molecular immune responses against a fungal infection in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou, China
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Gen Lu
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangxun Meng
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
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The HIF-1α/LC3-II Axis Impacts Fungal Immunity in Human Macrophages. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00125-19. [PMID: 31036602 PMCID: PMC6589057 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00125-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum causes a spectrum of disease, ranging from local pulmonary infection to disseminated disease. The organism seeks residence in macrophages, which are permissive for its survival. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), a principal regulator of innate immunity to pathogens, is necessary for macrophage-mediated immunity to H. capsulatum in mice. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of HIF-1α in human macrophages infected with this fungus. HIF-1α stabilization was detected in peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages at 2 to 24 h after infection with viable yeast cells. Further, host mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis were enhanced. In contrast, heat-killed yeasts induced early, but not later, stabilization of HIF-1α. Since the absence of HIF-1α is detrimental to host control of infection, we asked if large amounts of HIF-1α protein, exceeding those induced by H. capsulatum, altered macrophage responses to this pathogen. Exposure of infected macrophages to an HIF-1α stabilizer significantly reduced recovery of H. capsulatum from macrophages and produced a decrement in mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis compared to those of controls. We observed recruitment of the autophagy-related protein LC3-II to the phagosome, whereas enhancing HIF-1α reduced phagosomal decoration. This finding suggested that H. capsulatum exploited an autophagic process to survive. In support of this assertion, inhibition of autophagy activated macrophages to limit intracellular growth of H. capsulatum Thus, enhancement of HIF-1α creates a hostile environment for yeast cells in human macrophages by interrupting the ability of the pathogen to provoke host cell autophagy.
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Westman J, Hube B, Fairn GD. Integrity under stress: Host membrane remodelling and damage by fungal pathogens. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13016. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Westman
- Program in Cell Biology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms Hans Knoell Institute Jena Germany
- Institute of Microbiology Microbial Pathogenicity Friedrich Schiller University Jena Germany
| | - Gregory D. Fairn
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Sciences St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Surgery University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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Visser JG, Van Staden ADP, Smith C. Harnessing Macrophages for Controlled-Release Drug Delivery: Lessons From Microbes. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:22. [PMID: 30740053 PMCID: PMC6355695 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
With the effectiveness of therapeutic agents ever decreasing and the increased incidence of multi-drug resistant pathogens, there is a clear need for administration of more potent, potentially more toxic, drugs. Alternatively, biopharmaceuticals may hold potential but require specialized protection from premature in vivo degradation. Thus, a paralleled need for specialized drug delivery systems has arisen. Although cell-mediated drug delivery is not a completely novel concept, the few applications described to date are not yet ready for in vivo application, for various reasons such as drug-induced carrier cell death, limited control over the site and timing of drug release and/or drug degradation by the host immune system. Here, we present our hypothesis for a new drug delivery system, which aims to negate these limitations. We propose transport of nanoparticle-encapsulated drugs inside autologous macrophages polarized to M1 phenotype for high mobility and treated to induce transient phagosome maturation arrest. In addition, we propose a significant shift of existing paradigms in the study of host-microbe interactions, in order to study microbial host immune evasion and dissemination patterns for their therapeutic utilization in the context of drug delivery. We describe a system in which microbial strategies may be adopted to facilitate absolute control over drug delivery, and without sacrificing the host carrier cells. We provide a comprehensive summary of the lessons we can learn from microbes in the context of drug delivery and discuss their feasibility for in vivo therapeutic application. We then describe our proposed "synthetic microbe drug delivery system" in detail. In our opinion, this multidisciplinary approach may hold the solution to effective, controlled drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Georg Visser
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | | | - Carine Smith
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
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Huang JH, Liu CY, Wu SY, Chen WY, Chang TH, Kan HW, Hsieh ST, Ting JPY, Wu-Hsieh BA. NLRX1 Facilitates Histoplasma capsulatum-Induced LC3-Associated Phagocytosis for Cytokine Production in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2761. [PMID: 30559741 PMCID: PMC6286976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) is an emerging non-canonical autophagy process that bridges signaling from pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) to autophagic machinery. LAP formation results in incorporation of lipidated LC3 into phagosomal membrane (termed LAPosome). Increasing evidence reveals that LAP functions as an innate defense mechanism against fungal pathogens. However, the molecular mechanism involved and the consequence of LAP in regulating anti-fungal immune response remain largely unexplored. Here we show that Histoplasma capsulatum is taken into LAPosome upon phagocytosis by macrophages. Interaction of H. capsulatum with Dectin-1 activates Syk and triggers subsequent NADPH oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) response that is involved in LAP induction. Inhibiting LAP induction by silencing LC3α/β or treatment with ROS inhibitor impairs the activation of MAPKs-AP-1 pathway, thereby reduces macrophage proinflammatory cytokine response to H. capsulatum. Additionally, we unravel the importance of NLRX1 in fungus-induced LAP. NLRX1 facilitates LAP by interacting with TUFM which associates with autophagic proteins ATG5-ATG12 for LAPosome formation. Macrophages from Nlrx1 -/- mice or TUFM-silenced cells exhibit reduced LAP induction and LAP-mediated MAPKs-AP-1 activation for cytokine response to H. capsulatum. Furthermore, inhibiting ROS production in Nlrx1 -/- macrophages almost completely abolishes H. capsulatum-induced LC3 conversion, indicating that both Dectin-1/Syk/ROS-dependent pathway and NLRX1-TUFM complex-dependent pathway collaboratively contribute to LAP induction. Our findings reveal new pathways underlying LAP induction by H. capsulatum for macrophage cytokine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juin-Hua Huang
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Yu Liu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Chang
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wei Kan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Tsang Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Departments of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Center for Translational Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Betty A Wu-Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Shroff A, Reddy KVR. Autophagy gene ATG5 knockdown upregulates apoptotic cell death during Candida albicans infection in human vaginal epithelial cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 80:e13056. [PMID: 30303264 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Candida albicans infection induces damage in host cells that results in the activation of cell death pathways such as apoptosis and necrosis. Autophagy acts as a pro-survival mechanism during various infections and has cross talks with apoptosis. The objective of our study was to delineate the effect of autophagy knockdown in human vaginal epithelial cells (VECs) during Candida infection-induced apoptosis. METHOD OF STUDY We overexpressed wild-type or mutant form of autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5) in human VECs and determined the levels of autophagy and lysosome marker genes upon C. albicans infection. We analyzed the expression of apoptosis and necrosis markers using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. RESULTS Mutant ATG5 overexpressing VECs were unable to form Atg5-Atg12 complex, which is required for functional autophagy pathway. Upon Candida albicans infection, wild-type ATG5 overexpressing cells showed upregulation of autophagy marker genes, ATG5, LC3-I, LC3-II, and LAMP-1. Mutant ATG5 overexpressing cells could not upregulate LC3-II and LAMP-1 expression, indicating a defective autophagy pathway. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry results revealed that wild-type ATG5 overexpressing VECs showed significantly lower number of apoptotic and necrotic cells as compared to mutant ATG5 overexpressing cells. CONCLUSION Vaginal epithelial cells with active autophagy were able to survive the damage caused by C. albicans infection, whereas those with defective autophagy succumbed to the infection. This suggests that autophagy plays a critical role in human VECs survival during C. albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Shroff
- Division of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology (MIM), National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Mumbai, India
| | - Kudumula Venkata Rami Reddy
- Division of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology (MIM), National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Mumbai, India
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Evans RJ, Sundaramurthy V, Frickel EM. The Interplay of Host Autophagy and Eukaryotic Pathogens. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:118. [PMID: 30271774 PMCID: PMC6146372 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For intracellular pathogens, host cells provide a replicative niche, but are also armed with innate defense mechanisms to combat the intruder. Co-evolution of host and pathogens has produced a complex interplay of host-pathogen interactions during infection, with autophagy emerging as a key player in the recent years. Host autophagy as a degradative process is a significant hindrance to intracellular growth of the pathogens, but also can be subverted by the pathogens to provide support such as nutrients. While the role of host cell autophagy in the pathogenesis mechanisms of several bacterial and viral pathogens have been extensively studied, less is known for eukaryotic pathogens. In this review, we focus on the interplay of host autophagy with the eukaryotic pathogens Plasmodium spp, Toxoplasma, Leishmania spp and the fungal pathogens Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Cryptococcus neoformans. The differences between these eukaryotic pathogens in terms of the host cell types they infect, infective strategies and the host responses required to defend against them provide an interesting insight into how they respond to and interact with host cell autophagy. Due to the ability to infect multiple host species and cell types during the course of their usually complex lifestyles, autophagy plays divergent roles even for the same pathogen. The scenario is further compounded since many of the eukaryotic pathogens have their own sets of either complete or partial autophagy machinery. Eukaryotic pathogen-autophagy interplay is thus a complex relationship with many novel insights for the basic understanding of autophagy, and potential for clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Evans
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eva-Maria Frickel
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Jenzer C, Simionato E, Largeau C, Scarcelli V, Lefebvre C, Legouis R. Autophagy mediates phosphatidylserine exposure and phagosome degradation during apoptosis through specific functions of GABARAP/LGG-1 and LC3/LGG-2. Autophagy 2018; 15:228-241. [PMID: 30160610 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1512452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis and macroautophagy/autophagy are 2 processes involved in lysosome-mediated clearance of extracellular and intracellular components, respectively. Recent studies have identified the recruitment of the autophagic protein LC3 during phagocytosis of apoptotic corpses in what is now called LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP). LAP is a distinct process from autophagy but it relies on some members of the autophagy pathway to allow efficient degradation of the phagocytosed cargo. We investigated whether both LC3/LGG-2 and GABARAP/LGG-1 are involved in phagocytosis of apoptotic corpses during embryonic development of Caenorhabditis elegans. We discovered that both LGG-1 and LGG-2 are involved in the correct elimination of apoptotic corpses, but that they have different functions. lgg-1 and lgg-2 mutants present a delay in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells but genetic analyses indicate that LGG-1 and LGG-2 act upstream and downstream of the engulfment pathways, respectively. Moreover, LGG-1 and LGG-2 display different cellular localizations with enrichment in apoptotic corpses and phagocytic cells, respectively. For both LGG-1 and LGG-2, subcellular localization is vesicular and dependent on UNC-51/ULK1, BEC-1/BECN1 and the lipidation machinery, indicating that their functions during phagocytosis of apoptotic corpses mainly rely on autophagy. Finally, we show that LGG-1 is involved in the exposure of the 'eat-me signal' phosphatidylserine at the surface of the apoptotic cell to allow its recognition by the phagocytic cell, whereas LGG-2 is involved in later steps of phagocytosis to allow efficient cell corpse clearance by mediating the maturation/degradation of the phagosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Jenzer
- a Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS , Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Gif-sur-Yvette cedex , France
| | - Elena Simionato
- a Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS , Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Gif-sur-Yvette cedex , France
| | - Céline Largeau
- a Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS , Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Gif-sur-Yvette cedex , France
| | - Vincent Scarcelli
- a Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS , Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Gif-sur-Yvette cedex , France
| | - Christophe Lefebvre
- a Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS , Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Gif-sur-Yvette cedex , France
| | - Renaud Legouis
- a Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS , Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Gif-sur-Yvette cedex , France
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45
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ATG Genes Influence the Virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans through Contributions beyond Core Autophagy Functions. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00069-18. [PMID: 29986893 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00069-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of autophagy is conserved among all eukaryotes from yeast to humans and is mainly responsible for bulk degradation of cellular contents and nutrient recycling during starvation. Autophagy has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of the opportunistic human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, potentially through a contribution to the export of virulence factors. In this study, we showed that deletion of each of the ATG1, ATG7, ATG8, and ATG9 genes in C. neoformans leads to autophagy-related phenotypes, including impaired amino acid homeostasis under nitrogen starvation. In addition, the atgΔ mutants were hypersensitive to inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, a finding consistent with a role in amino acid homeostasis. Although each atgΔ mutant was not markedly impaired in virulence factor production in vitro, we found that all four ATG genes contribute to C. neoformans virulence in a murine inhalation model of cryptococcosis. Interestingly, these mutants displayed significant differences in their ability to promote disease development. A more detailed investigation of virulence for the atg1Δ and atg8Δ mutants revealed that both strains stimulated an exaggerated host immune response, which, in turn, contributed to disease severity. Overall, our results suggest that different ATG genes are involved in nonautophagic functions and contribute to C. neoformans virulence beyond their core functions in autophagy.
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Sil P, Wong SW, Martinez J. More Than Skin Deep: Autophagy Is Vital for Skin Barrier Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1376. [PMID: 29988591 PMCID: PMC6026682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is a highly organized first line of defense that stretches up to 1.8 m2 and is home to more than a million commensal bacteria. The microenvironment of skin is driven by factors such as pH, temperature, moisture, sebum level, oxidative stress, diet, resident immune cells, and infectious exposure. The skin has a high turnover of cells as it continually bares itself to environmental stresses. Notwithstanding these limitations, it has devised strategies to adapt as a nutrient-scarce site. To perform its protective function efficiently, it relies on mechanisms to continuously remove dead cells without alarming the immune system, actively purging the dying/senescent cells by immunotolerant efferocytosis. Both canonical (starvation-induced, reactive oxygen species, stress, and environmental insults) and non-canonical (selective) autophagy in the skin have evolved to perform astute due-diligence and housekeeping in a quiescent fashion for survival, cellular functioning, homeostasis, and immune tolerance. The autophagic “homeostatic rheostat” works tirelessly to uphold the delicate balance in immunoregulation and tolerance. If this equilibrium is upset, the immune system can wreak havoc and initiate pathogenesis. Out of all the organs, the skin remains under-studied in the context of autophagy. Here, we touch upon some of the salient features of autophagy active in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Sil
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sing-Wai Wong
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, United States.,Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Curriculum, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, United States
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Duan Z, Chen Q, Du L, Tong J, Xu S, Zeng R, Ma Y, Chen X, Li M. Phagocytosis of Candida albicans Inhibits Autophagic Flux in Macrophages. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:4938649. [PMID: 29887941 PMCID: PMC5985103 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4938649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy machinery has roles in the defense against microorganisms such as Candida albicans. Lipidated LC3, the marker protein of autophagy, participates in the elimination of C. albicans by forming a single-membrane phagosome; this process is called LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP). However, the influence of C. albicans on autophagic flux is not clear. In this study, we found that C. albicans inhibited LC3 turnover in macrophages. After the phagocytosis of C. albicans in macrophages, we observed fewer acridine orange-positive vacuoles and RFP-GFP-LC3 puncta without colocalization with phagocytized C. albicans. However, phagocytosis of C. albicans led to LC3 recruitment, but p62 and ATG9A did not colocalize with LC3 or C. albicans. These effects are due to an MTOR-independent pathway. Nevertheless, we found that the C. albicans pattern-associated molecular pattern β-glucan increased LC3 turnover. In addition, phagocytosis of C. albicans caused a decrease in BrdU incorporation. Blocking autophagic flux aggravated this effect. Our findings suggest that phagocytosis of C. albicans decreases autophagic flux but induces LAP in an MTOR-independent manner in macrophages. Occupation of LC3 by recruiting engulfed C. albicans might contribute to the inhibition of autophagic flux. Our study highlights the coordinated machinery between canonical autophagy and LAP that defends against C. albicans challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Duan
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Jiangsu Province Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, China
| | - Leilei Du
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Jianbo Tong
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Song Xu
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Yuting Ma
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
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Autophagy and LAP in the Fight against Fungal Infections: Regulation and Therapeutics. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:6195958. [PMID: 29692681 PMCID: PMC5859860 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6195958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytes fight fungi using canonical and noncanonical, also called LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), autophagy pathways. However, the outcomes of autophagy/LAP in shaping host immune responses appear to greatly vary depending on fungal species and cell types. By allowing efficient pathogen clearance and/or degradation of inflammatory mediators, autophagy proteins play a broad role in cellular and immune homeostasis during fungal infections. Indeed, defects in autophagic machinery have been linked with aberrant host defense and inflammatory states. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between the different forms of autophagy may offer a way to identify drugable molecular signatures discriminating between selective recognition of cargo and host protection. In this regard, IFN-γ and anakinra are teaching examples of successful antifungal agents that target the autophagy machinery. This article provides an overview of the role of autophagy/LAP in response to fungi and in their infections, regulation, and therapeutic exploitation.
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Wang C, Yu Z, Shi X, Tang X, Wang Y, Wang X, An Y, Li S, Li Y, Wang X, Luan W, Chen Z, Liu M, Yu L. Triclosan Enhances the Clearing of Pathogenic Intracellular Salmonella or Candida albicans but Disturbs the Intestinal Microbiota through mTOR-Independent Autophagy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29515975 PMCID: PMC5826388 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, whose well-known antibacterial mechanism is inhibiting lipid synthesis. Autophagy, an innate immune response, is an intracellular process that delivers the cargo including pathogens to lysosomes for degradation. In this study, we first demonstrated that TCS induced autophagy in a dose-dependent manner in non-phagocytic cells (HeLa) and in macrophages (Raw264.7) and in vivo. The western blot results also revealed that TCS induced autophagy via the AMPK/ULK1 and JNK/ERK/p38 pathways independent of mTOR. The immunofluorescence results indicated that TCS up-regulated the expression of the ubiquitin receptors NDP52 and p62 and strengthened the co-localization of these receptors with Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) or Candida albicans (C. albicans) in infected MΦ cells. In addition, sub-lethal concentrations of TCS enhanced the clearing of the pathogens S. typhimurium or C. albicans in infected MΦ and in corresponding mouse infection models in vivo. Specifically, we found that a sub-inhibitory concentration of TCS induced autophagy, leading to an imbalance of the intestinal microflora in mice through the analysis of 16s rRNA Sequencing. Together, these results demonstrated that TCS induced autophagy, which enhanced the killing against pathogenic S. typhimurium or C. albicans within mammal cells but broke the balance of the intestinal microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhongyang Yu
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaochen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xudong Tang
- Key Lab for New Drugs Research of TCM in Shenzhen, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueyan Wang
- Key Lab for New Drugs Research of TCM in Shenzhen, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanan An
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shulin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenjing Luan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaobin Chen
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Host response to pulmonary fungal infections: A highlight on cell-driven immunity to Cryptococcus species and Aspergillus fumigatus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 3:335-345. [PMID: 29430385 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-017-0111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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