1
|
Dong PT, Shi W, He X, Borisy GG. Adhesive interactions within microbial consortia can be differentiated at the single-cell level through expansion microscopy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.25.600639. [PMID: 38979233 PMCID: PMC11230439 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.25.600639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Investigating microbe-microbe interactions at the single-cell level is critical to unraveling the ecology and dynamics of microbial communities. In many situations, microbes assemble themselves into densely packed multi-species biofilms. The density and complexity pose acute difficulties for visualizing individual cells and analyzing their interactions. Here, we address this problem through an unconventional application of expansion microscopy, which allows for the 'decrowding' of individual bacterial cells within a multispecies community. Expansion microscopy generally has been carried out under isotropic expansion conditions and used as a resolution-enhancing method. In our variation of expansion microscopy, we carry out expansion under heterotropic conditions; that is, we expand the space between bacterial cells but not the space within individual cells. The separation of individual bacterial cells from each other reflects the competition between the expansion force pulling them apart and the adhesion force holding them together. We employed heterotropic expansion microscopy to study the relative strength of adhesion in model biofilm communities. These included mono and dual-species Streptococcus biofilms, and a three-species synthetic community (Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus sanguinis) under conditions that facilitated interspecies coaggregation. Using adhesion mutants, we investigated the interplay between F. nucleatum outer membrane protein RadD and different Streptococcus species. We also examined the Schaalia-TM7 epibiont association. Quantitative proximity analysis was used to evaluate the separation of individual microbial members. Our study demonstrates that heterotropic expansion microscopy can 'decrowd' dense biofilm communities, improve visualization of individual bacterial members, and enable analysis of microbe-microbe adhesive interactions at the single-cell level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Ting Dong
- Department of Microbiology, The American Dental Association Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Wenyuan Shi
- Department of Microbiology, The American Dental Association Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Xuesong He
- Department of Microbiology, The American Dental Association Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gary G. Borisy
- Department of Microbiology, The American Dental Association Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chamlagain M, Hu J, Sionov RV, Steinberg D. Anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activities of arachidonic acid against the cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1333274. [PMID: 38596377 PMCID: PMC11002910 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1333274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is a Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic bacterium, which causes dental caries after forming biofilms on the tooth surface while producing organic acids that demineralize enamel and dentin. We observed that the polyunsaturated arachidonic acid (AA) (ω-6; 20:4) had an anti-bacterial activity against S. mutans, which prompted us to investigate its mechanism of action. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AA on S. mutans was 25 μg/ml in the presence of 5% CO2, while it was reduced to 6.25-12.5 μg/ml in the absence of CO2 supplementation. The anti-bacterial action was due to a combination of bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects. The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) was the same as the MIC, suggesting that part of the anti-biofilm effect was due to the anti-bacterial activity. Gene expression studies showed decreased expression of biofilm-related genes, suggesting that AA also has a specific anti-biofilm effect. Flow cytometric analyses using potentiometric DiOC2(3) dye, fluorescent efflux pump substrates, and live/dead SYTO 9/propidium iodide staining showed that AA leads to immediate membrane hyperpolarization, altered membrane transport and efflux pump activities, and increased membrane permeability with subsequent membrane perforation. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) showed remnants of burst bacteria. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis using the redox probe 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFHDA) showed that AA acts as an antioxidant in a dose-dependent manner. α-Tocopherol, an antioxidant that terminates the radical chain, counteracted the anti-bacterial activity of AA, suggesting that oxidation of AA in bacteria leads to the production of cytotoxic radicals that contribute to bacterial growth arrest and death. Importantly, AA was not toxic to normal Vero epithelial cells even at 100 μg/ml, and it did not cause hemolysis of erythrocytes. In conclusion, our study shows that AA is a potentially safe drug that can be used to reduce the bacterial burden of cariogenic S. mutans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Chamlagain
- Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research (IBOR), The Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jieni Hu
- Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research (IBOR), The Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ronit Vogt Sionov
- Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research (IBOR), The Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Doron Steinberg
- Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research (IBOR), The Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ngokwe ZB, Wolfoviz-Zilberman A, Sharon E, Zabrovsky A, Beyth N, Houri-Haddad Y, Kesler-Shvero D. Trans-Cinnamaldehyde-Fighting Streptococcus mutans Using Nature. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:113. [PMID: 38258123 PMCID: PMC10818508 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is the main cariogenic bacterium with acidophilic properties, in part due to its acid-producing and -resistant properties. As a result of this activity, hard tooth structures may demineralize and form caries. Trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) is a phytochemical from the cinnamon plant that has established antibacterial properties for Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. This research sought to assess the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of trans-cinnamaldehyde on S. mutans. TC was diluted to a concentration range of 156.25-5000 μg/mL in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 0.03-1%, an organic solvent. Antibacterial activity was monitored by testing the range of TC concentrations on 24 h planktonic growth compared with untreated S. mutans. The subminimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were used to evaluate the bacterial distribution and morphology in the biofilms. Our in vitro data established a TC MBC of 2500 μg/mL against planktonic S. mutans using a microplate spectrophotometer. Furthermore, the DMSO-only controls showed no antibacterial effect against planktonic S. mutans. Next, the sub-MBC doses exhibited antibiofilm action at TC doses of ≥625 μg/mL on hydroxyapatite discs, as demonstrated through biofilm analysis using spinning-disk confocal microscopy (SDCM) and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM). Our findings show that TC possesses potent antibacterial and antibiofilm properties against S. mutans. Our data insinuate that the most effective sub-MBC of TC to bestow these activities is 625 μg/mL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zilefac Brian Ngokwe
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (Z.B.N.); (A.W.-Z.); (E.S.); (A.Z.); (N.B.); (Y.H.-H.)
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Amit Wolfoviz-Zilberman
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (Z.B.N.); (A.W.-Z.); (E.S.); (A.Z.); (N.B.); (Y.H.-H.)
| | - Esi Sharon
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (Z.B.N.); (A.W.-Z.); (E.S.); (A.Z.); (N.B.); (Y.H.-H.)
| | - Asher Zabrovsky
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (Z.B.N.); (A.W.-Z.); (E.S.); (A.Z.); (N.B.); (Y.H.-H.)
| | - Nurit Beyth
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (Z.B.N.); (A.W.-Z.); (E.S.); (A.Z.); (N.B.); (Y.H.-H.)
| | - Yael Houri-Haddad
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (Z.B.N.); (A.W.-Z.); (E.S.); (A.Z.); (N.B.); (Y.H.-H.)
| | - Dana Kesler-Shvero
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (Z.B.N.); (A.W.-Z.); (E.S.); (A.Z.); (N.B.); (Y.H.-H.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
An JS, Lim BS, Ahn SJ. Managing oral biofilms to avoid enamel demineralization during fixed orthodontic treatment. Korean J Orthod 2023; 53:345-357. [PMID: 37989574 PMCID: PMC10663579 DOI: 10.4041/kjod23.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enamel demineralization represents the most prevalent complication arising from fixed orthodontic treatment. Its main etiology is the development of cariogenic biofilms formed around orthodontic appliances. Ordinarily, oral biofilms exist in a dynamic equilibrium with the host's defense mechanisms. However, the equilibrium can be disrupted by environmental changes, such as the introduction of a fixed orthodontic appliance, resulting in a shift in the biofilm's microbial composition from non-pathogenic to pathogenic. This alteration leads to an increased prevalence of cariogenic bacteria, notably mutans streptococci, within the biofilm. This article examines the relationships between oral biofilms and orthodontic appliances, with a particular focus on strategies for effectively managing oral biofilms to mitigate enamel demineralization around orthodontic appliances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Sub An
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bum-Soon Lim
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sug-Joon Ahn
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li W, Liang H, Lin X, Hu T, Wu Z, He W, Wang M, Zhang J, Jie Z, Jin X, Xu X, Wang J, Yang H, Zhang W, Kristiansen K, Xiao L, Zou Y. A catalog of bacterial reference genomes from cultivated human oral bacteria. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:45. [PMID: 37400465 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00414-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity harbors highly diverse communities of microorganisms. However, the number of isolated species and high-quality genomes is limited. Here we present a Cultivated Oral Bacteria Genome Reference (COGR), comprising 1089 high-quality genomes based on large-scale aerobic and anaerobic cultivation of human oral bacteria isolated from dental plaques, tongue, and saliva. COGR covers five phyla and contains 195 species-level clusters of which 95 include 315 genomes representing species with no taxonomic annotation. The oral microbiota differs markedly between individuals, with 111 clusters being person-specific. Genes encoding CAZymes are abundant in the genomes of COGR. Members of the Streptococcus genus make up the largest proportion of COGR and many of these harbor entire pathways for quorum sensing important for biofilm formation. Several clusters containing unknown bacteria are enriched in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis, emphasizing the importance of culture-based isolation for characterizing and exploiting oral bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxi Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, 518083, Shenzhen, China
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Xiaoqian Lin
- BGI-Shenzhen, 518083, Shenzhen, China
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Zhinan Wu
- BGI-Shenzhen, 518083, Shenzhen, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxin He
- BGI-Shenzhen, 518083, Shenzhen, China
| | | | | | - Zhuye Jie
- BGI-Shenzhen, 518083, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Jin
- BGI-Shenzhen, 518083, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, 518083, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, 518083, Shenzhen, China
- James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, 518083, Shenzhen, China
- James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Shenzhen, 266555, Qingdao, China.
- PREDICT, Center for Molecular Prediction of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, 2450, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Liang Xiao
- BGI-Shenzhen, 518083, Shenzhen, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
- Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Shenzhen, 266555, Qingdao, China.
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Detection and Intervention of Human Intestinal Microbiome, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yuanqiang Zou
- BGI-Shenzhen, 518083, Shenzhen, China.
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Shenzhen, 266555, Qingdao, China.
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Detection and Intervention of Human Intestinal Microbiome, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zaidi S, Ali K, Chawla YM, Khan AU. mltG gene deletion mitigated virulence potential of Streptococcus mutans: An in-vitro, ex-situ and in-vivo study. AMB Express 2023; 13:19. [PMID: 36806997 PMCID: PMC9941400 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01526-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cells are surrounded by a peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall, which is essential for cell integrity and intrinsic biogenesis pathways; hence, the cell wall is a potential target for several antibiotics. Among several lytic transglycosylases (LTs), the mltG gene plays a crucial role in the synthesis of peripheral PG. It localises the re-modelled PGs for septum formation and cleavage across the bacterial cell wall during daughter cells separation. However, the role of mltG gene in bacterial virulence, particularly in Gram-positive bacteria during dentine biofilm and caries development, has remained unexplored. Hence, we exploited Gram-positive Streptococcus mutans cells for the very first time to construct a mltG knock-out bacterial strain, e.g., ΔmltG S. mutans. Systematic comparative investigations revealed that doubling time (Td), survival, enzymatic efficiencies, pH tolerance, bio-synthesise of lipid, proteins and DNA, biofilm formation and dentine lesions were significantly (p < 0.001) compromised in case of ΔmltG S. mutans than wild type strain. The qRT-PCR based gene expression profiling revealed that transcriptional expression of critically important genes involved in biofilm, metabolism, and stress response were dysregulated in the mutant. Besides, an incredible reduction in dentine caries development was found in the molar teeth of Wistar rats and also in human extracted teeth. Concisely, these trends obtained evidently advocated the fact that the deletion of mltG gene can be a potential target to impair the S. mutans virulence through severe growth retardation, thereby reducing the virulence potential of S. mutans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Zaidi
- grid.411340.30000 0004 1937 0765Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary, Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 UP India
| | - Khursheed Ali
- grid.411340.30000 0004 1937 0765Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary, Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 UP India
| | - Yadya M. Chawla
- grid.425195.e0000 0004 0498 7682ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Asad U. Khan
- grid.411340.30000 0004 1937 0765Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary, Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 UP India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Inhibitory effect of the combination of xylitol and funoran on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation on the uncoated surface. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:723. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
8
|
George JA, Srinivasan B, Kailasam V. The effect of active oxygen-containing toothpaste on Streptococcus mutans and white spot lesions: An in-vivo randomized controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2022; 162:594-600. [PMID: 37830534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2022.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fixed appliances limit patients' ability to clean their teeth, thus making orthodontic patients highly susceptible to developing white spot lesions (WSLs). Using patient compliance would be one of the simplest methods to prevent WSLs. METHODS A parallel trial design with 34 patients that met the eligibility criteria were randomized to experimental (received Blue M oxygen for health toothpaste) and control (received Colgate Total fluoridated toothpaste) groups. The eligibility criteria were that the patients should be aged 13-30 years, on fixed mechanotherapy, had undergone therapeutic extraction of all first premolars, had completed leveling and aligning, and had satisfactory oral hygiene (assessed using pretreatment and current Simplified Oral Hygiene Index scores). The objectives were to assess the effects of active oxygen-containing toothpaste on Streptococcus mutans (SM) and WSLs in patients undergoing fixed mechanotherapy. The random allocation sequence was generated using the RAND function in Microsoft Excel. The sequence generated was sealed in opaque white envelopes. The investigators and the participants were blinded until allocation. Blinding of the first author (J.A.G.) who dispensed the toothpaste or the participants was not possible. The outcome assessment was blinded by coding the plaque specimens sent for real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to ensure that the final data assessment was blinded. The study setting was the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (SRIHER) University. The primary outcome was SM counts, which were analyzed using RT-PCR. The secondary outcome was WSL assessment, performed using DIAGNOdent and International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) II criteria at baseline and after 4 weeks. The data were subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS Thirty-four patients were randomized to 17 per group and analyzed. RT-PCR showed lower SM in the experimental group (Ct = 32.25 ± 10.6) than in the control group (Ct = 30.9 ± 10.49). However, this was not statistically significant (P = 0.70). ICDAS scores remained the same from baseline and after 4 weeks for both groups. The DIAGNOdent values were in tandem with the ICDAS scores and showed minimal change for the 2 groups (P >0.05). A strong positive correlation was observed for DIAGNOdent and ICDAS scores (τb >0.30). No harms or adverse effects were observed or reported by the patients during the experimental period. CONCLUSIONS The active oxygen-containing toothpaste showed a greater inhibitory effect on SM than the fluoridated toothpaste. However, this effect was minimal. Both kinds of toothpaste showed negligible effects on WSLs. Thus, active oxygen-containing toothpaste is as effective as fluoridated toothpaste. REGISTRATION The Trial was registered in the Controlled Trials Registry India (CTRI/2021/10/037458). PROTOCOL The full protocol can be obtained from any of the authors via e-mail. FUNDING The project was self-funded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaymi Anna George
- Department of Orthodontics, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Bhadrinath Srinivasan
- Department of Orthodontics, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Vignesh Kailasam
- Department of Orthodontics, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sundberg LR, Rantanen N, de Freitas Almeida GM. Mucosal Environment Induces Phage Susceptibility in Streptococcus mutans. PHAGE (NEW ROCHELLE, N.Y.) 2022; 3:128-135. [PMID: 36793554 PMCID: PMC9917281 DOI: 10.1089/phage.2022.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria are attracted toward mucosa, as it is their way of entry into the body. However, we know surprisingly little about the phage-bacterium interactions in the mucosal environment. Here, we explored the effect of the mucosal environment on growth characteristics and phage-bacterium interactions in Streptococcus mutans, a causative agent of dental caries. We found that although mucin supplementation increased bacterial growth and survival, it decreased S. mutans biofilm formation. More importantly, the presence of mucin had a significant effect on S. mutans phage susceptibility. In two experiments done in Brain Heart Infusion Broth, phage M102 replication was detected only with 0.2% mucin supplementation. In 0.1 × Tryptic Soy Broth, 0.5% mucin supplementation led to a 4-log increase in phage titers compared with the control. These results suggest that the mucosal environment can have a major role in the growth, phage sensitivity, and phage resistance of S. mutans, and underline the importance of understanding the effect of mucosal environment on phage-bacterium interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lotta-Riina Sundberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Noora Rantanen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Gabriel Magno de Freitas Almeida
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang Z, Yang Y, Sun Q, Zeng W, Li Y. Inhibition of Biofilm Formation and Virulence Factors of Cariogenic Oral Pathogen Streptococcus mutans by Shikimic Acid. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0119922. [PMID: 35880891 PMCID: PMC9431622 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01199-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is known as an important oral pathogen causing dental caries, a widespread oral infectious disease. S. mutans synthesize exopolysaccharide (EPS) using glucosyltransferases (Gtfs), resulting in biofilm formation on the tooth surface. Bacterial cells in the biofilms become strongly resistant to a harsh environment, such as antibiotics and host defense mechanisms, making biofilm-based infections difficult to eliminate. Discovering novel antibiofilm agents, especially from natural products, helps to develop effective strategies against this kind of diseases. The present study investigated the inhibitory effect of shikimic acid (SA), one abundant compound derived from Illicium verum extract, on the biofilm formation of S. mutans. We found SA can reduce the EPS synthesized by this oral pathogen and modulate the transcription of biofilm formation related genes, leading to fewer bacterial cells in its biofilm. SA also interacted with cell membrane and membrane proteins, causing damage to bacterial cells. Ex vivo testing of biofilm formation on bovine teeth showed SA strongly decreased the number of S. mutans cells and the number of EPS accumulated on dental enamel surfaces. Moreover, SA exhibits almost no toxicity to human oral cells evaluated by in vitro biocompatibility assay. In conclusion, shikimic acid exhibits remarkable antibiofilm activity against S. mutans and has the potential to be further developed as a novel anticaries agent. IMPORTANCE Natural products are an important and cost-effective source for screening antimicrobial agents. Here, we identified one compound, shikimic acid, from Illicium verum extract, exhibiting antimicrobial activity against S. mutans proliferation. It also inhibits biofilm formation of this bacteria through decreasing Gtf expression and EPS synthesis. Furthermore, this compound exhibits no significant cytotoxicity at its MIC against S. mutans, providing evidence for its clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weicai Zeng
- Department of Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ray RR. Dental biofilm: Risks, diagnostics and management. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
12
|
The Role of Glycoside Hydrolases in S. gordonii and C. albicans Interactions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0011622. [PMID: 35506689 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00116-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans can coaggregate with Streptococcus gordonii and cocolonize in the oral cavity. Saliva provides a vital microenvironment for close interactions of oral microorganisms. However, the level of fermentable carbohydrates in saliva is not sufficient to support the growth of multiple species. Glycoside hydrolases (GHs) that hydrolyze glycoproteins are critical for S. gordonii growth in low-fermentable-carbohydrate environments such as saliva. However, whether GHs are involved in the cross-kingdom interactions between C. albicans and S. gordonii under such conditions remains unknown. In this study, C. albicans and S. gordonii were cocultured in heart infusion broth with a low level of fermentable carbohydrate. Planktonic growth, biofilm formation, cell aggregation, and GH activities of monocultures and cocultures were examined. The results revealed that the planktonic growth of cocultured S. gordonii in a low-carbohydrate environment was elevated, while that of cocultured C. albicans was reduced. The biomass of S. gordonii in dual-species biofilms was higher than that of monocultures, while that of cocultured C. albicans was decreased. GH activity was observed in S. gordonii, and elevated activity of GHs was detected in S. gordonii-C. albicans cocultures, with elevated expression of GH-related genes of S. gordonii. By screening a mutant library of C. albicans, we identified a tec1Δ/Δ mutant strain that showed reduced ability to promote the growth and GH activities of S. gordonii compared with the wild-type strain. Altogether, the findings of this study demonstrate the involvement of GHs in the cross-kingdom metabolic interactions between C. albicans and S. gordonii in an environment with low level of fermentable carbohydrates. IMPORTANCE Cross-kingdom interactions between Candida albicans and oral streptococci such as Streptococcus gordonii have been reported. However, their interactions in a low-fermentable-carbohydrate environment like saliva is not clear. The current study revealed glycoside hydrolase-related cross-kingdom communications between S. gordonii and C. albicans under the low-fermentable-carbohydrate condition. We demonstrate that C. albicans can promote the growth and metabolic activities of S. gordonii by elevating the activities of cell-wall-anchored glycoside hydrolases of S. gordonii. C. albicans gene TEC1 is critical for this cross-kingdom metabolic communication.
Collapse
|
13
|
Alves LA, Salvatierra GC, Freitas VA, Höfling JF, Bastos DC, Araujo TLS, Mattos-Graner RO. Diversity in Phenotypes Associated With Host Persistence and Systemic Virulence in Streptococcus sanguinis Strains. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:875581. [PMID: 35509310 PMCID: PMC9058168 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.875581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus sanguinis is a pioneer commensal species of dental biofilms, abundant in different oral sites and commonly associated with opportunist cardiovascular infections. In this study, we addressed intra-species functional diversity to better understand the S. sanguinis commensal and pathogenic lifestyles. Multiple phenotypes were screened in nine strains isolated from dental biofilms or from the bloodstream to identify conserved and strain-specific functions involved in biofilm formation and/or persistence in oral and cardiovascular tissues. Strain phenotypes of biofilm maturation were independent of biofilm initiation phenotypes, and significantly influenced by human saliva and by aggregation mediated by sucrose-derived exopolysaccharides (EPS). The production of H2O2 was conserved in most strains, and consistent with variations in extracellular DNA (eDNA) production observed in few strains. The diversity in complement C3b deposition correlated with the rates of opsonophagocytosis by human PMN and was influenced by culture medium and sucrose-derived EPS in a strain-specific fashion. Differences in C3b deposition correlated with strain binding to recognition proteins of the classical pathway, C1q and serum amyloid protein (SAP). Importantly, differences in strain invasiveness into primary human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) were significantly associated with C3b binding, and in a lesser extent, with binding to host glycoproteins (such as fibrinogen, plasminogen, fibronectin, and collagen). Thus, by identifying conserved and strain-specific phenotypes involved in host persistence and systemic virulence, this study indicates potential new functions involved in systemic virulence and highlights the need of including a wider panel of strains in molecular studies to understand S. sanguinis biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livia A. Alves
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Geovanny C. Salvatierra
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Victor A. Freitas
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - José F. Höfling
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Débora C. Bastos
- Department of Biosciences, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
- São Leopoldo Mandic Medical School, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thaís L. S. Araujo
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata O. Mattos-Graner
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Renata O. Mattos-Graner,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huffines JT, Stoner SN, Baty JJ, Scoffield JA. Nitrite Triggers Reprogramming of the Oral Polymicrobial Metabolome by a Commensal Streptococcus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:833339. [PMID: 35300375 PMCID: PMC8923425 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.833339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Commensal streptococci regulate health and homeostasis within oral polymicrobial communities. Remarkably, high salivary nitrite concentrations have also been associated with improved health in the oral cavity. We previously demonstrated that nitrite assists hydrogen peroxide-producing oral commensal streptococci in regulating homeostasis via the generation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which have antimicrobial activity on oral pathogens. However, it is unknown how nitrite and commensal streptococci work in concert to influence the metabolome of oral polymicrobial communities. In this study, we report that nitrite aids commensal streptococci in the inhibition of multi-kingdom pathogens that reside in distinct oral niches, which supports commensal dominance. More importantly, we show that commensal streptococci utilize nitrite to drive the metabolic signature of multispecies biofilms in a manner that supports commensal metabolism and resistance to RNS, and restricts metabolic processes that are required for pathogen virulence. Taken together, our study provides insight into how commensal streptococci use nitrite to trigger shifts in the oral polymicrobial metabolome to support health and homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jessica A. Scoffield
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rahayu DP, Draheim R, Lalatsa A, Roldo M. Harnessing the Antibacterial Properties of Fluoridated Chitosan Polymers against Oral Biofilms. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:488. [PMID: 35335865 PMCID: PMC8951426 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries are a worldwide endemic chronic disease affecting people of all ages. Due to the limitations of daily used oral hygiene products, there is an unmet need for new, effective, safe, and economic oral products. We have recently demonstrated that N-(2(2,6-diaminohexanamide)-chitosan (CS3H Lys) has enhanced antibacterial properties against Streptococcus mutans, the main cariogenic bacterium, and here we investigated the effect of fluoridation of this polymer (CS3H Lys F) on its antibacterial properties and the ability to protect teeth from acid demineralization. We further formulated this polymer into mouthwash preparations and studied their cytocompatibility and physicochemical stability over 6 months. CS3H Lys F was 1.6-fold more effective than the highest tested oral NaF dose in preventing acid demineralization. CS3H Lys F has a 3- to 5-fold lower minimum inhibitory concentration value against S. mutants than the values reported for chitosan polymers and showed negligible cell toxicity. The mouthwashes were stable at both 25 and 40 °C. Further work is under way towards other CS3H Lys F oral hygiene products such as a toothpaste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dien Puji Rahayu
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael’s Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK; (D.P.R.); (R.D.)
- National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN), Lebak Bulus Raya No. 49, Jakarta 12440, Indonesia
| | - Roger Draheim
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael’s Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK; (D.P.R.); (R.D.)
| | - Aikaterini Lalatsa
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael’s Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK; (D.P.R.); (R.D.)
| | - Marta Roldo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael’s Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK; (D.P.R.); (R.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Priya A, Selvaraj A, Divya D, Karthik Raja R, Pandian SK. In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-infective Potential of Thymol Against Early Childhood Caries Causing Dual Species Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:760768. [PMID: 34867378 PMCID: PMC8640172 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.760768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early childhood caries (ECC), a severe form of caries due to cross-kingdom interaction of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans, is a serious childhood dental disease that affects majority of the children with poor background. The present study investigated the anti-infective potential of thymol against C. albicans and S. mutans dual species for the management of ECC. Thymol, a plant derivative of the monoterpene group, has been well known for its numerous biological activities. Thymol at 300 μg/ml concentration completely arrested growth and proliferation of dual species of C. albicans and S. mutans. Rapid killing efficacy of pathogens, within a span of 2 min, was observed in the time kill assay. In addition, at sub-inhibitory concentrations, thymol effectively diminished the biofilm formation and virulence of both C. albicans and S. mutans such as yeast-to-hyphal transition, hyphal-to-yeast transition, filamentation, and acidogenicity and acidurity, respectively, in single and dual species state. qPCR analysis was consistent with virulence assays. Also, through the invertebrate model system Galleria mellonella, in vivo toxicity and efficacy of the phytocompound was assessed, and it was found that no significant toxic effect was observed. Moreover, thymol was found to be proficient in diminishing the infection under single and dual state in in vivo condition. Overall, the results from the present study illustrate the anti-infective potential of thymol against the ECC-causing dual species, C. albicans and S. mutans, and the applicability of thymol in medicated dentifrice formulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Priya
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, India
| | | | - Dass Divya
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Medapati MR, Bhagirath AY, Singh N, Schroth RJ, Bhullar RP, Duan K, Chelikani P. Bitter Taste Receptor T2R14 Modulates Gram-Positive Bacterial Internalization and Survival in Gingival Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189920. [PMID: 34576085 PMCID: PMC8469602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bitter-taste receptors (T2Rs) have emerged as key players in host–pathogen interactions and important modulators of oral innate immunity. Previously, we reported that T2R14 is expressed in gingival epithelial cells (GECs) and interacts with competence stimulating peptides (CSPs) secreted by the cariogenic Streptococcus mutans. The underlying mechanisms of the innate immune responses and physiological effects of T2R14 on Gram-positive bacteria are not well characterized. In this study, we examined the role of T2R14 in internalization and growth inhibitory effects on Gram-positive bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus and S. mutans. We utilized CRISPR-Cas9 T2R14 knockdown (KD) GECs as the study model to address these key physiological mechanisms. Our data reveal that the internalization of S. aureus is significantly decreased, while the internalization of S. mutans remains unaffected upon knockdown of T2R14 in GECs. Surprisingly, GECs primed with S. mutans CSP-1 resulted in an inhibition of growth for S. aureus, but not for S. mutans. The GECs infected with S. aureus induced T2R14-dependent human β-defensin-2 (hBD-2) secretion; however, S. mutans–infected GECs did not induce hBD-2 secretion, but induced T2R14 dependent IL-8 secretion. Interestingly, our results show that T2R14 KD affects the cytoskeletal reorganization in GECs, thereby inhibiting S. aureus internalization. Our study highlights the distinct mechanisms and a direct role of T2R14 in influencing physiological responses to Gram-positive bacteria in the oral cavity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Reddy Medapati
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada; (M.R.M.); (A.Y.B.); (N.S.); (R.J.S.); (R.P.B.); (K.D.)
| | - Anjali Yadav Bhagirath
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada; (M.R.M.); (A.Y.B.); (N.S.); (R.J.S.); (R.P.B.); (K.D.)
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), University of Manitoba, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Nisha Singh
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada; (M.R.M.); (A.Y.B.); (N.S.); (R.J.S.); (R.P.B.); (K.D.)
| | - Robert J. Schroth
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada; (M.R.M.); (A.Y.B.); (N.S.); (R.J.S.); (R.P.B.); (K.D.)
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), University of Manitoba, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Rajinder P. Bhullar
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada; (M.R.M.); (A.Y.B.); (N.S.); (R.J.S.); (R.P.B.); (K.D.)
| | - Kangmin Duan
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada; (M.R.M.); (A.Y.B.); (N.S.); (R.J.S.); (R.P.B.); (K.D.)
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), University of Manitoba, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Prashen Chelikani
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada; (M.R.M.); (A.Y.B.); (N.S.); (R.J.S.); (R.P.B.); (K.D.)
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), University of Manitoba, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-204-789-3539; Fax: +1-204-789-3913
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Structure-function characterization of Streptococcus intermedius surface antigen Pas. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e0017521. [PMID: 34339301 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00175-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus intermedius, an oral commensal bacterium, is found at various sites including subgingival dental plaque, purulent infections, and in cystic fibrosis lungs. Oral streptococci utilize proteins on their surface to adhere to tissues and/or surfaces localizing the bacteria, which subsequently leads to the development of biofilms, colonization and infection. Among the 19 genomically annotated cell-wall attached surface proteins on S. intermedius, Pas is an adhesin that belongs to the Antigen I/II (AgI/II) family. Here we have structurally and functionally characterized Pas, particularly focusing on its microbial-host as well as microbial-microbial interactions. The crystal structures of VPas and C123Pas show high similarity with AgI/II of S. mutans. VPas hosts a conserved metal binding site, and likewise the C123Pas structure retains its conserved metal binding sites and isopeptide bonds within its three DEv-IgG domains. Pas interacts with nanomolar affinity to lung alveolar glycoprotein 340 (Gp340), its scavenger receptor cysteine rich domains (SRCRs) and with fibrinogen. Both Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the opportunistic pathogens that cohabitate with S. intermedius in the lungs of CFTR patients were studied in dual-species biofilm studies. The Pas deficient mutant (Δpas) displayed significant reduction in dual biofilm formation with C. albicans. In similar studies with P. aeruginosa, Pas did not mediate the biofilm formation with either the acute isolate (PAO1), or the chronic isolate (FRD1). However, the Sortase A deficient mutant (ΔsrtA) displayed reduced biofilm formation with both C. albicans and P. aeruginosa FRD1. Taken together, our findings highlight the role of Pas in both microbial-host and interkingdom interactions and expose its potential role in disease outcomes. Importance Streptococcus intermedius, an oral commensal bacterium, has been clinically observed in subgingival dental plaque, purulent infections, and in cystic fibrosis lungs. In this study, we have (a) determined the crystal structure of the V- and C-regions of Pas; (b) shown that its surface protein Pas adheres to fibrinogen, which could potentially ferry the microbe through the blood stream from the oral cavity; (c) characterized Pas's high affinity adherence to lung alveolar protein Gp340 that could fixate the microbe on lung epithelial cells; and (d) most importantly shown that these surface proteins on the oral commensal S. intermedius enhances biofilms of known pathogens Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Collapse
|
19
|
Vishwakarma A, Verma D. Microorganisms: crucial players of smokeless tobacco for several health attributes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6123-6132. [PMID: 34331556 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Global consumption of smokeless tobacco (SLT) reached 300 million users worldwide majorly from middle-income countries. More than 4000 chemical compounds represent it as one of the noxious consumable products by humans. Besides toxicants/carcinogens, the heavy microbial load on smokeless tobacco further keeps human health at higher risk. Several of these inhabitant microbes participate in biofilm formation and secrete endotoxin/mycotoxins and proinflammatory-like molecules, leading to several oral diseases. Tobacco-associated bacteria exhibit their role in tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) formation and acetaldehyde production; both are well-documented carcinogens. Moreover, tobacco exhibits the potential to alter the oral microbiome and induce dysbiotic conditions that lead to the onset of several oral and systemic diseases. Traditional cultivation approaches of microbiology provide partial information of microbial communities of a habitat; therefore, microbiomics has now been employed to study the metagenomes of entire microbial communities. In the past 5 years, few NGS-based investigations have revealed that SLT harbors four dominant phyla (Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes) dominating Bacillus spp. and/or Pseudomonas spp. However, functional characterization of their genetic elements will be a more informative attribute to understand the correlation between inhabitant microbial diversity and their relatedness concerning abundance and diseases. This review provides an update on the microbial diversity of SLT and its associated attributes in human health. KEY POINTS: • Heavy microbial load on smokeless tobacco alarms for poor oral hygiene. • Inhabitant microorganisms of SLT participate in TSNA and biofilm formation. • SLTs alter the oral microbiome and causes oral dysbiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Vishwakarma
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226025, India
| | - Digvijay Verma
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226025, India.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Teixeira LP, Gontijo LC, Franco Júnior AR, Pereira MF, Schuenck RP, Malacarne-Zanon J. Evaluation of antimicrobial potential and surface morphology in thin films of titanium nitride and calcium phosphate on orthodontic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2021; 160:209-214. [PMID: 33975749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The goal of this research was to experimentally evaluate the surface morphology and adhesion capacity of Streptococcus mutans (U159) on brackets with thin films of titanium nitride (TN) and of titanium nitride doped with calcium phosphate (TNCP). METHODS Twenty-four metallic brackets were equally allocated to 3 groups (n = 8), according to the type of covering (no covering, TNCP, and TN). The coatings were deposited by cathodic cage (TNCP and TN groups) and were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry. The biofilm formation of S. mutans on the surface of brackets was determined by crystal violet assay and subsequent optical density quantification. RESULTS There was homogeneity on the surface morphology of the tie wing area in all groups, whereas the TNCP group has presented particles in the slot. After 24 hours, a biofilm of S. mutans was formed in all the observed groups. The optical density obtained in all 3 groups was similar (no covering, 0.347 ± 0.042; TNCP, 0.238 ± 0.055; TN, 0.226 ± 0.057), with no statistically relevant difference (P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS The thin film of TNCP has altered the surface of the bracket's slot, whereas the coatings of TN and TNCP have not altered the superficial morphology of the tie wings. The presence of coatings have not influenced the formation of the S. mutans biofilm on the surface of metallic brackets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Licia Pacheco Teixeira
- Graduate Program in Clinical Dentistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Cabral Gontijo
- Graduate Program in Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal Institute of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Adonias Ribeiro Franco Júnior
- Graduate Program in Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal Institute of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Monalessa Fábia Pereira
- Department of Pathology, Graduate Program in Infectious Diseases, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Pinto Schuenck
- Department of Pathology, Graduate Program in Infectious Diseases, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Malacarne-Zanon
- Department of Prosthodontics, Graduate Program in Clinical Dentistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mucin O-glycans suppress quorum-sensing pathways and genetic transformation in Streptococcus mutans. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:574-583. [PMID: 33737747 PMCID: PMC8811953 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00876-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mucus barriers accommodate trillions of microorganisms throughout the human body while preventing pathogenic colonization1. In the oral cavity, saliva containing the mucins MUC5B and MUC7 forms a pellicle that coats the soft tissue and teeth to prevent infection by oral pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans2. Salivary mucin can interact directly with microorganisms through selective agglutinin activity and bacterial binding2-4, but the extent and basis of the protective functions of saliva are not well understood. Here, using an ex vivo saliva model, we identify that MUC5B is an inhibitor of microbial virulence. Specifically, we find that natively purified MUC5B downregulates the expression of quorum-sensing pathways activated by the competence stimulating peptide and the sigX-inducing peptide5. Furthermore, MUC5B prevents the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance through natural genetic transformation, a process that is activated through quorum sensing. Our data reveal that the effect of MUC5B is mediated by its associated O-linked glycans, which are potent suppressors of quorum sensing and genetic transformation, even when removed from the mucin backbone. Together, these results present mucin O-glycans as a host strategy for domesticating potentially pathogenic microorganisms without killing them.
Collapse
|
22
|
Lahiri D, Nag M, Banerjee R, Mukherjee D, Garai S, Sarkar T, Dey A, Sheikh HI, Pathak SK, Edinur HA, Pati S, Ray RR. Amylases: Biofilm Inducer or Biofilm Inhibitor? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:660048. [PMID: 33987107 PMCID: PMC8112260 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.660048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm is a syntrophic association of sessile groups of microbial cells that adhere to biotic and abiotic surfaces with the help of pili and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). EPSs also prevent penetration of antimicrobials/antibiotics into the sessile groups of cells. Hence, methods and agents to avoid or remove biofilms are urgently needed. Enzymes play important roles in the removal of biofilm in natural environments and may be promising agents for this purpose. As the major component of the EPS is polysaccharide, amylase has inhibited EPS by preventing the adherence of the microbial cells, thus making amylase a suitable antimicrobial agent. On the other hand, salivary amylase binds to amylase-binding protein of plaque-forming Streptococci and initiates the formation of biofilm. This review investigates the contradictory actions and microbe-associated genes of amylases, with emphasis on their structural and functional characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dibyajit Lahiri
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata, India
| | - Moupriya Nag
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata, India
| | - Ritwik Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata, India
| | - Dipro Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata, India
| | - Sayantani Garai
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata, India
| | - Tanmay Sarkar
- Department of Food Technology and Bio-Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.,Malda Polytechnic, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Government of West Bengal, Malda, India
| | - Ankita Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Haringhata, India
| | - Hassan I Sheikh
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Sushil Kumar Pathak
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Khallikote University, Berhampur, India
| | | | - Siddhartha Pati
- Centre of Excellence, Khallikote University, Berhampur, India.,Research Division, Association for Biodiversity Conservation and Research (ABC), Balasore, India
| | - Rina Rani Ray
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Haringhata, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jo Y, Kim YT, Cho H, Ji MK, Heo J, Lim HP. Atomic Layer Deposition of ZrO 2 on Titanium Inhibits Bacterial Adhesion and Enhances Osteoblast Viability. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:1509-1523. [PMID: 33658781 PMCID: PMC7917324 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s298449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The study was intended to create a uniform zirconia layer even on the surface of complex structures via atomic layer deposition (ALD). The impact of crystalline zirconia deposited by ALD on bacterial adhesion and osteoblast viability was assessed via surface treatment of dental implants. Methods Amorphous zirconia was deposited using an atomic layer deposition reactor (Atomic Classic, CN1, Hwaseong, Korea) on titanium discs. Heating the samples at 400°C resulted in crystallization. Samples were divided into three groups: the control group, the group carrying amorphous ALD-zirconia (Z group), and the heat-treated group following zirconia ALD deposition (ZH group).The surface of each sample was analyzed, followed by the assessment of adhesion of Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, and viability and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. Results The adhesion of S. mutans and P. gingivalis was significantly reduced in the Z and ZH groups compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The viability of MC3T3-E1 cells was significantly increased in the ZH group compared with the control group (P < 0.001), while no significant differences were observed in the Z group (P > 0.05). Differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells showed a marginally significant increase in the ZH group compared with the control group (P < 0.1), while no significant differences were found in the Z group (P > 0.1). Conclusion Compared with the pure titanium group, the groups that were coated with zirconia via ALD showed a decreased adhesion of S. mutans during the early stages of biofilm formation and P. gingivalis adhesion inducing peri-implantitis, and an increase in MC3T3-E1 cell viability and differentiation. The findings indicate the possibility of treating the implant surface to reduce peri-implantitis and improve osseointegration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Jo
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yong Tae Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Hoonsung Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Ji
- Optoelectronics Convergence Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyeong Heo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea.,Optoelectronics Convergence Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Pil Lim
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kim K, Kim JN, Lim BS, Ahn SJ. Urethane Dimethacrylate Influences the Cariogenic Properties of Streptococcus Mutans. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14041015. [PMID: 33669956 PMCID: PMC7924865 DOI: 10.3390/ma14041015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Concerns regarding unbound monomers in dental composites have increased with the increased usage of these materials. This study assessed the biological effects of urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), a common monomer component of dental composite resins, on the cariogenic properties of Streptococcus mutans. Changes in the growth rate, biofilm formation, interaction with saliva, surface hydrophobicity, adhesion, glucan synthesis, sugar transport, glycolytic profiles, and oxidative- and acid-stress tolerances of S. mutans were evaluated after growing the cells in the presence and absence of UDMA. The results indicated that UDMA promotes the adhesion of S. mutans to the underlying surfaces and extracellular polysaccharide synthesis, leading to enhanced biofilm formation. Furthermore, UDMA reduced the acid tolerance of S. mutans, but enhanced its tolerance to oxidative stress, thus favoring the early stage of biofilm development. UDMA did not significantly affect the viability or planktonic growth of cells, but diminished the ability of S. mutans to metabolize carbohydrates and thus maintain the level of intracellular polysaccharides, although the tendency for sugar transport increased. Notably, UDMA did not significantly alter the interactions of bacterial cells with saliva. This study suggests that UDMA may potentially contribute to the development of secondary caries around UDMA-containing dental materials by prompting biofilm formation, enhancing oxidative tolerance, and modulating carbon flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsun Kim
- Dental Research Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Jeong Nam Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Bum-Soon Lim
- Dental Research Institute and Department of Dental Biomaterial Science, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Sug-Joon Ahn
- Dental Research Institute and Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2072-2671
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kim HE, Liu Y, Dhall A, Bawazir M, Koo H, Hwang G. Synergism of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans Reinforces Biofilm Maturation and Acidogenicity in Saliva: An In Vitro Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:623980. [PMID: 33680985 PMCID: PMC7933670 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.623980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Early childhood caries, a virulent-form of dental caries, is painful, difficult, and costly to treat that has been associated with high levels of Streptococcus mutans (Sm) and Candida albicans (Ca) in plaque-biofilms on teeth. These microorganisms appear to develop a symbiotic cross-kingdom interaction that amplifies the virulence of plaque-biofilms. Although biofilm studies reveal synergistic bacterial-fungal association, how these organisms modulate cross-kingdom biofilm formation and enhance its virulence in the presence of saliva remain largely unknown. Here, we compared the properties of Sm and Sm-Ca biofilms cultured in saliva by examining the biofilm structural organization and capability to sustain an acidic pH environment conducive to enamel demineralization. Intriguingly, Sm-Ca biofilm is rapidly matured and maintained acidic pH-values (~4.3), while Sm biofilm development was retarded and failed to create an acidic environment when cultured in saliva. In turn, the human enamel slab surface was severely demineralized by Sm-Ca biofilms, while there was minimal damage to the enamel surface by Sm biofilm. Interestingly, Sm-Ca biofilms exhibited an acidic environment regardless of their hyphal formation ability. Our data reveal the critical role of symbiotic interaction between S. mutans and C. albicans in human saliva in the context of pathogenesis of dental caries, which may explain how the cross-kingdom interaction contributes to enhanced virulence of plaque-biofilm in the oral cavity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Eun Kim
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Atul Dhall
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marwa Bawazir
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hyun Koo
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Geelsu Hwang
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wen ZT, Jorgensen AN, Huang X, Ellepola K, Chapman L, Wu H, Brady LJ. Multiple factors are involved in regulation of extracellular membrane vesicle biogenesis in Streptococcus mutans. Mol Oral Microbiol 2021; 36:12-24. [PMID: 33040492 PMCID: PMC7940556 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans, a major etiological agent of human dental caries, produces membrane vesicles (MVs) that contain protein and extracellular DNA. In this study, functional genomics, along with in vitro biofilm models, was used to identify factors that regulate MV biogenesis. Our results showed that when added to growth medium, MVs significantly enhanced biofilm formation by S. mutans, especially during growth in sucrose. This effect occurred in the presence and absence of added human saliva. Functional genomics revealed several genes, including sfp, which have a major effect on S. mutans MVs. In Bacillus sp. sfp encodes a 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase that contributes to surfactin biosynthesis and impacts vesiculogenesis. In S. mutans, sfp resides within the TnSmu2 Genomic Island that supports pigment production associated with oxidative stress tolerance. Compared to the UA159 parent, the Δsfp mutant, TW406, demonstrated a 1.74-fold (p < .05) higher MV yield as measured by BCA protein assay. This mutant also displayed increased susceptibility to low pH and oxidative stressors, as demonstrated by acid killing and hydrogen peroxide challenge assays. Deficiency of bacA, a putative surfactin synthetase homolog within TnSmu2, and especially dac and pdeA that encode a di-adenylyl cyclase and a phosphodiesterase, respectively, also significantly increased MV yield (p < .05). However, elimination of bacA2, a bacitracin synthetase homolog, resulted in a >1.5-fold (p < .05) reduction of MV yield. These results demonstrate that S. mutans MV properties are regulated by genes within and outside of the TnSmu2 island, and that as a major particulate component of the biofilm matrix, MVs significantly influence biofilm formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zezhang T. Wen
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, School of Dentistry and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health, New Orleans, LA
| | - Ashton N. Jorgensen
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, School of Dentistry and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health, New Orleans, LA
| | - Xiaochang Huang
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, School of Dentistry and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health, New Orleans, LA
| | - Kassapa Ellepola
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, School of Dentistry and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health, New Orleans, LA
| | - Lynne Chapman
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, School of Dentistry and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health, New Orleans, LA
| | - Hui Wu
- Integrative Biomedical and Diagnostics Science, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - L. Jeannine Brady
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, the University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Syafriza D, Sutadi H, Primasari A, Siregar Y. Spectrophotometric Analysis of Streptococcus mutans Growth and Biofilm Formation in Saliva and Histatin-5 Relate to pH and Viscosity. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2021.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
28
|
Liu Y, Han L, Yang H, Liu S, Huang C. Effect of apigenin on surface-associated characteristics and adherence of Streptococcus mutans. Dent Mater J 2020; 39:933-940. [PMID: 33028784 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2019-255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Apigenin is a type of flavonols that exhibits anti-caries properties. Bacterial adherence is the initial step in the forming of a stable biofilm that leads to caries. Bacterial adherence is affected by surface characteristics, including hydrophobicity and bacterial aggregation. However, the effect of apigenin on surface characteristics of cariogenic bacteria has not been reported. We aimed to examine the effects of apigenin on adherence and biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans UA159. Hydrophobicity and bacterial aggregation, pac and gbpC gene expressions, and cytotoxicity on human dental pulp cells were also determined. Apigenin significantly inhibited the adherence and biofilm formation of S. mutans. Hydrophobicity decreased, whereas the aggregation rate was significantly increased compared with the control. Apigenin significantly suppressed pac and gbpC gene expressions. Apigenin exhibited acceptable biocompatibility on hDPCs. Thus, apigeinin may affect adherence and biofilm formation by altering the surface properties of S. mutans without obvious adverse effect on hDPCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinchen Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Lin Han
- Department of Dermatology, CR and WISCO General Hospital
| | - Hongye Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University
| | - Siying Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University
| | - Cui Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Manzer HS, Nobbs AH, Doran KS. The Multifaceted Nature of Streptococcal Antigen I/II Proteins in Colonization and Disease Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:602305. [PMID: 33329493 PMCID: PMC7732690 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.602305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococci are Gram-positive bacteria that belong to the natural microbiota of humans and animals. Certain streptococcal species are known as opportunistic pathogens with the potential to cause severe invasive disease. Antigen I/II (AgI/II) family proteins are sortase anchored cell surface adhesins that are nearly ubiquitous across streptococci and contribute to many streptococcal diseases, including dental caries, respiratory tract infections, and meningitis. They appear to be multifunctional adhesins with affinities to various host substrata, acting to mediate attachment to host surfaces and stimulate immune responses from the colonized host. Here we will review the literature including recent work that has demonstrated the multifaceted nature of AgI/II family proteins, focusing on their overlapping and distinct functions and their important contribution to streptococcal colonization and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haider S. Manzer
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Angela H. Nobbs
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly S. Doran
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Palka L, Mazurek-Popczyk J, Arkusz K, Baldy-Chudzik K. Susceptibility to biofilm formation on 3D-printed titanium fixation plates used in the mandible: a preliminary study. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1838164. [PMID: 33194115 PMCID: PMC7598999 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1838164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In the oral and maxillofacial surgery, fixation plates are commonly used for the stabilization of bone fragments. Additive manufacturing has enabled us to design and create personalized fixation devices that would ideally fit any given fracture. Aim: The aim of the present preliminary study was to assess the susceptibility of 3D-printed titanium fixation plates to biofilm formation. Methods: Plates were manufactured using selective laser melting (SLM) from Ti-6Al-4 V. Reference strains of Streptococcus mutans, Staphyloccocus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Candida albicans, were tested to evaluate the material's susceptibility to biofilm formation over 48 hours. Biofilm formations were quantified by a colorimetric method and colony-forming units (CFU) quantification. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) visualized the structure of the biofilm. Results: Surface analysis revealed the average roughness of 102.75 nm and irregular topography of the tested plates. They were susceptible to biofilm formation by all tested strains. The average CFUs were as follows: S. mutans (11.91 x 107) > S.epidermidis (4.45 x 107) > S. aureus (2.3 x 107) > C.albicans (1.22 x 107) > L. rhamnosus (0.78 x 107). Conclusions: The present preliminary study showed that rough surfaces of additively manufactured titanium plates are susceptible to microbial adhesion. The research should be continued in order to compare additively manufactured plates with other commercially available osteotomy plates. Therefore, we suggest caution when using this type of material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Palka
- Private Dental Practice, Zary, Poland
- ScienceBioTech, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Justyna Mazurek-Popczyk
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Arkusz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Baldy-Chudzik
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen X, Thomsen TR, Winkler H, Xu Y. Influence of biofilm growth age, media, antibiotic concentration and exposure time on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm removal in vitro. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:264. [PMID: 32831025 PMCID: PMC7444035 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01947-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilm is known to be tolerant towards antibiotics and difficult to eradicate. Numerous studies have reported minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) values of antibiotics for many known biofilm pathogens. However, the experimental parameters applied in these studies differ considerably, and often the rationale behind the experimental design are not well described. This makes it difficult to compare the findings. To demonstrate the importance of experimental parameters, we investigated the influence of biofilm growth age, antibiotic concentration and treatment duration, and growth media on biofilm eradication. Additionally, OSTEOmycin™, a clinically used antibiotic containing allograft bone product, was tested for antibiofilm efficacy. RESULTS The commonly used Calgary biofilm device was used to grow 24 h and 72 h biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which were treated with time-dependent vancomycin (up to 3000 mg L- 1) and concentration-dependent tobramycin (up to 80 mg L- 1), respectively. Two common bacteriological growth media, tryptic soy broth (TSB) and cation-adjusted Mueller Hinton broth (CaMHB), were tested. We found for both species that biofilms were more difficult to kill in TSB than in CaMHB. Furthermore, young biofilms (24 h) were easier to eradicate than old biofilms (72 h). In agreement with vancomycin being time-dependent, extension of the vancomycin exposure increased killing of S. aureus biofilms. Tobramycin treatment of 24 h P. aeruginosa biofilms was found concentration-dependent and time-independent, however, increasing killing was indicated for 72 h P. aeruginosa biofilms. Treatment with tobramycin containing OSTEOmycin T™ removed 72 h and 168 h P. aeruginosa biofilms after 1 day treatment, while few 72 h S. aureus biofilms survived after 2 days treatment with vancomycin containing OSTEOmycin V™. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated biofilm removal efficacy was influenced by media, biofilm age and antibiotic concentration and treatment duration. It is therefore necessary to taking these parameters into consideration when designing experiments. The results of OSTEOmycin™ products indicated that simple in vitro biofilm test could be used for initial screening of antibiofilm products. For clinical application, a more clinically relevant biofilm model for the specific biofilm infection in question should be developed to guide the amount of antibiotics used for local antibiofilm treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Chen
- Center for Microbial Communities, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Trine Rolighed Thomsen
- Center for Microbial Communities, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, Denmark
- Life Science Division, Danish Technological Institute, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Heinz Winkler
- Osteitis Centre, Privatklinik Döbling, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yijuan Xu
- Center for Microbial Communities, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, Denmark.
- Life Science Division, Danish Technological Institute, Aarhus, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Haraguchi T, Ayukawa Y, Shibata Y, Takeshita T, Atsuta I, Ogino Y, Yasunami N, Yamashita Y, Koyano K. Effect of Calcium Chloride Hydrothermal Treatment of Titanium on Protein, Cellular, and Bacterial Adhesion Properties. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2627. [PMID: 32823609 PMCID: PMC7463643 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Topographical modification of the dental implant surface is one of the main topics for the improvement of the material, however, the roughened surface has some risks for peri-implantitis. A hydrothermal treatment (HT) of titanium with calcium chloride solution was reported to improve osseointegration and soft tissue sealing without changing the surface topography; however, its mechanism is unclear. We herewith investigated the interaction between extracellular matrix (ECM) protein and HT titanium. Furthermore, we also clarified the bacterial interaction. We employed two kinds of HT, HT with water (DW-HT) and HT with calcium chloride solution (Ca-HT). As a result, the adsorptions of both laminin-332 and osteopontin onto the Ca-HT surface were enhanced. In contrast, the adsorption of albumin, which was reported to have no cell adhesion capacity, was not influenced by Ca-HT. Osteoblast adhesion onto Ca-HT was also enhanced. Although Ca-HT was reported to enhance both epithelial cell attachment strength and in vivo peri-implant epithelial bonding, the number of epithelial cell attachment was not increased even after HT. Ca-HT had no impact in the adhesion of Streptococcus gordonii. These results suggest that Ca-HT enhances cell adhesion onto titanium without increasing bacterial adhesion, and the improvement of ECM protein adsorption is supposed to contribute to cell adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Haraguchi
- Section of Implant and Rehabilitative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (T.H.); (N.Y.); (K.K.)
| | - Yasunori Ayukawa
- Section of Implant and Rehabilitative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (T.H.); (N.Y.); (K.K.)
| | - Yukie Shibata
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (Y.S.); (T.T.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Toru Takeshita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (Y.S.); (T.T.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ikiru Atsuta
- Division of Advanced Dental Devices and Therapeutics, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan;
| | - Yoichiro Ogino
- Section of Fixed Prosthodontics, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan;
| | - Noriyuki Yasunami
- Section of Implant and Rehabilitative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (T.H.); (N.Y.); (K.K.)
| | - Yoshihisa Yamashita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (Y.S.); (T.T.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Kiyoshi Koyano
- Section of Implant and Rehabilitative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (T.H.); (N.Y.); (K.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Eydou Z, Jad BN, Elsayed Z, Ismail A, Magaogao M, Hossain A. Investigation on the effect of vitamin C on growth & biofilm-forming potential of Streptococcus mutans isolated from patients with dental caries. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:231. [PMID: 32731889 PMCID: PMC7393720 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01914-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus mutans is a major cause of dental caries. Its capacity to produce biofilm is fundamental in the pathogenesis of this ubiquitous condition. As maintaining a healthy dentition is a genuine goal given the contemporary advance in caries control, researchers are striving to achieve a breakthrough in caries therapy. We are taking the anti-cariogenic properties of vitamin C a step-further, considering the well-known evidence of the inversely proportionate relationship between salivary levels of vitamin C and dental caries. The aim of this study was to determine MIC, MBC, biofilm prevention concentration (BPC), and derivative measures of vitamin C against fresh clinical isolates of S. mutans to evaluate its efficacy as an anti-cariogenic agent. RESULTS Based on the data of four independent experiments done in quadruplicates, we found a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect of vitamin C on all S. mutans strains tested. The average MBC, MIC, and BPC of vitamin C were found to be 10.16, 9.38, and 5.61 mg/ml, respectively. Spectrophotometric quantitation of crystal violet showed diminished biofilm formation in the presence of vitamin C (p < 0.05). When compared with gentamicin, vitamin C produced a zone of inhibition that was three times as large against the clinical isolates. CONCLUSION Our results show that vitamin C has a negative effect on S. mutans growth and biofilm formation. Being the first to meticulously utilize BPC to explore a well-known effect of vitamin C, this report aims to help in the instigation of trials of higher evidence that will ultimately culminate in repurposing vitamin C as a novel anti-cariogenic agent, albeit further studies are required to provide auxiliary evidence in this context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zehdi Eydou
- RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, 11172, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE.
| | - Bader Naser Jad
- RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, 11172, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
| | - Zeyad Elsayed
- RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, 11172, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
| | - Anas Ismail
- RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, 11172, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
| | - Michael Magaogao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, 11172, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
| | - Ashfaque Hossain
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, 11172, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lee HY, Gu M, Cheng J, Suh JW, Chae HJ. Ixeris dentata and Lactobacillus gasseri Extracts Improve Salivary Secretion Capability in Diabetes-Associated Dry Mouth Rat Model. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051331. [PMID: 32392818 PMCID: PMC7284355 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry mouth, hyposalivation, or xerostomia is a significant problem in diabetic patients; however, there has been no way to relieve these symptoms. This study’s aim was to evaluate the effects of Ixeris dentata (IXD) in combination with lactobacillus extract on the salivation rate in diabetes-induced dry mouth, and its mechanism was also investigated. In the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes model, the dry mouth condition was established as a model. Here, rats were treated with water or IXD through the sublingual spray, and subsequently treated with or without a spray of lactobacillus extract. In diabetes condition, the salivary flow rate, amylase activity, and aquaporin-5 and Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE-1) expressions were markedly decreased, whereas they were more significantly recovered in the sequential treatment of IXD-lactobacillus extract than in each single treatment. Furthermore, oxidative stress and its related ER stress response were especially regulated in the IXD/lactobacillus extract condition, where the following anti-oxidative enzymes, glutathione assay (GSH: GSSG) ratio, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), were involved. This study suggests that the combination of IXD and lactobacillus would be a potential alternative medicine against diabetes-induced hyposalivation and xerostomia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of New Drug Development, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-180, Korea;
| | - Mingkun Gu
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomodulation, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17058, Korea;
| | - Jinhua Cheng
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17058, Korea; (J.C.); (J.-W.S.)
| | - Joo-Won Suh
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17058, Korea; (J.C.); (J.-W.S.)
| | - Han-Jung Chae
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of New Drug Development, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-180, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 82-63-270-3092
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang R, Deng L, Lei Z, Wu P, Wang Y, Hao L, Li T, Jiang L. Nanoscale adhesion forces of glucosyltransferase B and C genes regulated Streptococcal mutans probed by AFM. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 35:49-55. [PMID: 31957978 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucosyltransferases (Gtfs), represented by GtfB and GtfC, are important virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans and the major etiologic pathogens of tooth decay. However, the individual roles of gtfB and gtfC in the initial attachment of S. mutans are not known. We used atomic force microscopy to explore the contribution of gtfB and gtfC, as well as enamel-surface roughness, on the initial attachment of S. mutans. Adhesion forces of four S. mutans strains (wild-type, ΔgtfB, ΔgtfC, and ΔgtfBC), onto etched enamel surfaces, were determined. Force curves showed that, with increasing etching time from 0 to 10 s, the forces of all strains increased accordingly with acid-exposure time, the adhesion forces of wild-type strains were significantly greater than those of mutant strains (p < .05), and the forces of the three mutants were similar (p < .05). When the etching time was increased from 10 to 30 s, difference in force between 20 and 30 s was not observed, and adhesion forces among ΔgtfB, ΔgtfC, and wild-type strains were not significantly different when the etching time was >20 s (p > .05). These data suggest that the roughness and morphology of enamel surfaces may have a significant influence upon the initial attachment of bacteria, and that gtfB and gtfC are essential for the adhesion activity of bacteria. Furthermore, gtfB seems to be more important than gtfC for bacterial-biofilm formation, and gtfB inactivation is an effective strategy to inhibit the virulence of cariogenic biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Deng
- Nursing school, Gui Zhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gui yang, PR China
| | - Zixue Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peiyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yigan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liying Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianjiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ochoa C, Solinski AE, Nowlan M, Dekarske MM, Wuest WM, Kozlowski MC. A Bisphenolic Honokiol Analog Outcompetes Oral Antimicrobial Agent Cetylpyridinium Chloride via a Membrane-Associated Mechanism. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:74-79. [PMID: 31663323 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Targeting Streptococcus mutans is the primary focus in reducing dental caries, one of the most common maladies in the world. Previously, our groups discovered a potent bactericidal biaryl compound that was inspired by the natural product honokiol. Herein, a structure activity relationship (SAR) study to ascertain structural motifs key to inhibition is outlined. Furthermore, mechanism studies show that bacterial membrane disruption is central to the bacterial growth inhibition. During this process, it was discovered that analog C2 demonstrated a 4-fold better therapeutic index compared to the commercially available antimicrobial cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) making it a viable alternative for oral care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Ochoa
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Amy E. Solinski
- Department of Chemistry and the Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Marcus Nowlan
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Madeline M. Dekarske
- Department of Chemistry and the Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry and the Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Marisa C. Kozlowski
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Effects of Complex DNA and MVs with GTF Extracted from Streptococcus mutans on the Oral Biofilm. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173131. [PMID: 31466323 PMCID: PMC6749223 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is one of the principal pathogens for the development of dental caries. Oral biofilms formed by S. mutans are constructed of insoluble glucan formation induced by the principal enzymes, GTF-I and GTF-SI, in sucrose-containing conditions. However, as another means of biofilm formation, extracellular DNA (eDNA) and membrane vesicles (MVs) are also contributors. To explore the roles of eDNA and MVs for biofilm formation, short and whole size pure DNAs, two types of sub-purified DNAs and MVs were extracted from S. mutans by beads destruction, treatment of proteinase K, and ultracentrifugation of culture supernatant, and applied into the biofilm formation assay using the S. mutans UA159 gtfBC mutant, which lost GTF-I and GTF-SI, on a human saliva-coated 96 well microtiter plate in sucrose-containing conditions. Sub-purified DNAs after cell lysis by beads destruction for total 90 and 180 s showed a complex form of short-size DNA with various proteins and MVs associated with GTF-I and GTF-SI, and induced significantly higher biofilm formation of the S. mutans UA159.gtfBC mutant than no sample (p < 0.05). Short-size pure DNA without proteins induced biofilm formation but whole-size pure DNA did not. Moreover, the complex form of MV associated with GTFs and short-size DNA showed significantly higher biofilm formation of initial colonizers on the human tooth surface such as Streptococcus mitis than no sample (p < 0.05). The short-size DNAs associated with MVs and GTFs are important contributors to the biofilm formation and may be one of additional targets for the prevention of oral biofilm-associated diseases.
Collapse
|
38
|
Xiang Z, Li Z, Ren Z, Zeng J, Peng X, Li Y, Li J. EzrA, a cell shape regulator contributing to biofilm formation and competitiveness in Streptococcus mutans. Mol Oral Microbiol 2019; 34:194-208. [PMID: 31287946 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cell division is initiated by tubulin homologue FtsZ that assembles into a ring structure at mid-cell to facilitate cytokinesis. EzrA has been identified to be implicated in FtsZ-ring dynamics and cell wall biosynthesis during cell division of Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, the model rod and cocci. However, its role in pathogenic streptococci remains largely unknown. Here, the role of EzrA was investigated in Streptococcus mutans, the primary etiological agent of human dental caries, by constructing an ezrA in-frame deletion mutant. Our data showed that the ezrA mutant was slow-growing with a shortened length and extended width round cell shape compared to the wild type, indicating a delay in cell division with abnormalities of peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Additionally, FtsZ irregularly localized in dividing ezrA mutant cells forming angled division planes, potentially contributing to an aberrant cell shape. Furthermore, investigation using single-species cariogenic biofilm model revealed that deletion of ezrA resulted in defective biofilm formation with less extracellular polysaccharides and altered three-dimensional biofilm architecture. Unexpectedly, in a dual-species ecological model, the ezrA mutant exhibited substantially lower tolerance for H2 O2 and reduced competitiveness against one commensal species, Streptococcus sanguinis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that EzrA plays a key role in regulating cell division and maintaining a normal morphology in S. mutans and is required for its robust biofilm formation/interspecies competition. Therefore, EzrA protein represents a potential therapeutic target in the development of drugs controlling dental caries and other biofilm-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenting Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zongbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zhi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.,Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jumei Zeng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jiyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Huang Y, Thompson T, Wang Y, Yu Q, Zhu L, Xu X, Wen ZT, Townsend JA. Analysis of cariogenic potential of alternative milk beverages by in vitro Streptococcus mutans biofilm model and ex vivo caries model. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 105:52-58. [PMID: 31276938 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potential of various alternative milk beverages to support bacterial biofilm formation and acid production and cause unbalanced demineralization. DESIGN in vitro assays were used to examine the ability of the beverages to support Streptococcus mutans' biofilm formation and acid production from sugar fermentation and the capacity of the beverages to buffer pH changes. Biofilm formation was done using 96-well plate model. Acid production was measured using L-Lactate assay kit, and the buffering capacity was assessed by pH titration. For ex vivo caries model, enamel and dentine slabs and S. mutans biofilms were exposed to selected alternative milk beverages three times a day, 30 min each, and by the end of the experiments, slab's demineralization was assessed by loss of surface microhardness. RESULTS Of the alternative milk beverages tested in this study, Original Almond consistently supported the most S. mutans biofilms, followed by Chocolate Cashew Milk, while the least biofilms were measured with Unsweetened Flax Milk. The most acids and the lowest culture pH were measured with Toasted Coconut Almond Milk, while the least buffering capacity was measured with Unsweetened Coconut Milk. The results of ex vivo caries model showed that like Bovine Whole Milk, repeated exposure to Original Almond led to significant enamel and dentine slab demineralization, when compared to those exposed to saline as a control (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These results further provide support that popular alternative milk beverages, especially those with supplemental sugars, are potentially cariogenic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital and College of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Tatyana Thompson
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry and Biomaterials, Louisiana State Health Sciences Center, School of Dentistry, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yapin Wang
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry and Biomaterials, Louisiana State Health Sciences Center, School of Dentistry, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Qingzhao Yu
- Biostatistics Program, Louisiana State Health Sciences Center, School of Public Health, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Lin Zhu
- Biostatistics Program, Louisiana State Health Sciences Center, School of Public Health, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry and Biomaterials, Louisiana State Health Sciences Center, School of Dentistry, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Zezhang T Wen
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry and Biomaterials, Louisiana State Health Sciences Center, School of Dentistry, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Janice A Townsend
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Salama MT, Alsughier ZA. Effect of Green Tea Extract Mouthwash on Salivary Streptococcus mutans Counts in a Group of Preschool Children: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019; 12:133-138. [PMID: 31571786 PMCID: PMC6749881 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of green tea mouthwash on the salivary level of Streptococcus mutans in the preschool children. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 40 cooperative children (4-5 years old) were divided into two groups. The study group included 20 children who did the routine tooth brushing 3 times/day, and then green tea extract mouthwash (8 mL/day) 2 times/day for 4 weeks. The control group included other 20 children who did the routine tooth brushing as the study group but did not use any green tea extract mouthwash. The quantitative microbiological laboratory cultivation method of S. mutans was carried out for each child at the baseline, after 2 weeks, and after 4 weeks of the study period. RESULTS Statistically, the results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the mean log S. mutans counts between the study and control groups in both follow-up periods after 2 weeks and after 4 weeks. Also, there were statistically significant mean percentage decreases in log S. mutans counts for the two groups. CONCLUSION The use of green tea mouthwash showed promising results in reducing the cariogenic salivary S. mutans counts. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Green tea extract mouthwash is a nontoxic and safe, particularly for children. Catechins, the main bioactive ingredient of green tea, show an antibacterial action; thus, it has a promising effect in decreasing the count of salivary S. mutans and in the prevention of dental caries. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE Salama MT, Alsughier ZA. Effect of Green Tea Extract Mouthwash on Salivary Streptococcus mutans Counts in a Group of Preschool Children: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(2):133-138.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Th Salama
- Department of Oral Public Health, Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Alrass College of Dentistry, Alrass, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeyad A Alsughier
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Almulida, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pacha-Olivenza MÁ, Tejero R, Fernández-Calderón MC, Anitua E, Troya M, González-Martín ML. Relevance of Topographic Parameters on the Adhesion and Proliferation of Human Gingival Fibroblasts and Oral Bacterial Strains. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8456342. [PMID: 30956987 PMCID: PMC6431371 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8456342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dental implantology allows replacement of failing teeth providing the patient with a general improvement of health. Unfortunately not all reconstructions succeed, as a consequence of the development of infections of bacterial origin on the implant surface. Surface topography is known to modulate a differential response to bacterial and mammalian cells but topographical measurements are often limited to vertical parameters. In this work we have extended the topographical measurements also to lateral and hybrid parameters of the five most representative implant and prosthetic component surfaces and correlated the results with bacterial and mammalian cell adhesion and proliferation outcomes. Primary human oral gingival fibroblast (gum cells) and the bacterial strains: Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, implicated in infectious processes in the oral/implant environment were employed in the presence or absence of human saliva. The results confirm that even though not all the measured surface is available for bacteria to adhere, the overall race for the surface between cells and bacteria is more favourable to the smoother surfaces (nitrided, as machined or lightly acid etched) than to the rougher ones (strong acid etched or sandblasted/acid etched).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Pacha-Olivenza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | | | - María Coronada Fernández-Calderón
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Eduardo Anitua
- Private Practice in Implantology and Oral Rehabilitation, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - María Troya
- BTI Biotechnology Institute IMASD, 01510 Miñano, Spain
| | - M. Luisa González-Martín
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lemos JA, Palmer SR, Zeng L, Wen ZT, Kajfasz JK, Freires IA, Abranches J, Brady LJ. The Biology of Streptococcus mutans. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0051-2018. [PMID: 30657107 PMCID: PMC6615571 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0051-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As a major etiological agent of human dental caries, Streptococcus mutans resides primarily in biofilms that form on the tooth surfaces, also known as dental plaque. In addition to caries, S. mutans is responsible for cases of infective endocarditis with a subset of strains being indirectly implicated with the onset of additional extraoral pathologies. During the past 4 decades, functional studies of S. mutans have focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms the organism employs to form robust biofilms on tooth surfaces, to rapidly metabolize a wide variety of carbohydrates obtained from the host diet, and to survive numerous (and frequent) environmental challenges encountered in oral biofilms. In these areas of research, S. mutans has served as a model organism for ground-breaking new discoveries that have, at times, challenged long-standing dogmas based on bacterial paradigms such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. In addition to sections dedicated to carbohydrate metabolism, biofilm formation, and stress responses, this article discusses newer developments in S. mutans biology research, namely, how S. mutans interspecies and cross-kingdom interactions dictate the development and pathogenic potential of oral biofilms and how next-generation sequencing technologies have led to a much better understanding of the physiology and diversity of S. mutans as a species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JA Lemos
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
| | - SR Palmer
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - L Zeng
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
| | - ZT Wen
- Dapartment of Comprehensive Dentistry and Biomaterials and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - JK Kajfasz
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
| | - IA Freires
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
| | - J Abranches
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
| | - LJ Brady
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
He J, Bao Y, Li J, Qiu Z, Liu Y, Zhang X. Nanocomplexes of carboxymethyl chitosan/amorphous calcium phosphate reduce oral bacteria adherence and biofilm formation on human enamel surface. J Dent 2019; 80:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
|
44
|
Song Y, He JZ, Wang RK, Ma JZ, Zou L. Effect of SrtA on Interspecies Adherence of Oral Bacteria. Curr Med Sci 2018; 38:160-166. [PMID: 30074166 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-018-1860-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to study whether the Sortase A (srtA) gene helps mediate coaggregation and co-adherence between Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and other salivary bacteria. S. mutans UA159 and srtA-deficient mutant served as "bait" in classical co-aggregation assays and membrane-based co-adherence assays were used to examine interactions of S. mutans with Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), Streptococcus mitis (S. mitis), Streptococcus gordonii (S. gordonii), Streptococcus sanguis (S. sanguis), Actinomyces naeslundii (A. naeslundii) and Lactobacillus. Co-adherence assays were also performed using unfractionated saliva from healthy individuals. Co-adhering partners of S. mutans were sensitively detected using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Both UA159 and its srtA-deficient mutant bound to F. nucleatum but not to any of the other five salivary bacteria. The srtA-deficient mutant showed lower co-adherence with F.nucleatum. The two S. mutans strains also showed similar co-adherence profiles against unfractionated salivary bacteria, except that UA159 S. mutans but not the srtA-deficient bound to a Neisseria sp. under the same conditions. Deleting srtA reduces the ability of S. mutans to bind to F.nucleatum, but it does not appear to significantly affect the binding profile of S. mutans to bulk salivary bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Conservation Dentistry and Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Jin-Zhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Conservation Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ren-Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Conservation Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing-Zhi Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Ling Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Department of Conservation Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Van Gerven N, Van der Verren SE, Reiter DM, Remaut H. The Role of Functional Amyloids in Bacterial Virulence. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3657-3684. [PMID: 30009771 PMCID: PMC6173799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid fibrils are best known as a product of human and animal protein misfolding disorders, where amyloid formation is associated with cytotoxicity and disease. It is now evident that for some proteins, the amyloid state constitutes the native structure and serves a functional role. These functional amyloids are proving widespread in bacteria and fungi, fulfilling diverse functions as structural components in biofilms or spore coats, as toxins and surface-active fibers, as epigenetic material, peptide reservoirs or adhesins mediating binding to and internalization into host cells. In this review, we will focus on the role of functional amyloids in bacterial pathogenesis. The role of functional amyloids as virulence factor is diverse but mostly indirect. Nevertheless, functional amyloid pathways deserve consideration for the acute and long-term effects of the infectious disease process and may form valid antimicrobial targets. Functional amyloids are widespread in bacteria, pathogenic and non-pathogenic. Bacterial biofilms most commonly function as structural support in the extracellular matrix of biofilms or spore coats, and in cell–cell and cell-surface adherence. The amyloid state can be the sole structured and functional state, or can be facultative, as a secondary state to folded monomeric subunits. Bacterial amyloids can enhance virulence by increasing persistence, cell adherence and invasion, intracellular survival, and pathogen spread by increased environmental survival. Bacterial amyloids may indirectly inflict disease by triggering inflammation, contact phase activation and possibly induce or aggravate human pathological aggregation disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nani Van Gerven
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Structural and Molecular Microbiology, Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sander E Van der Verren
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Structural and Molecular Microbiology, Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk M Reiter
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Structural and Molecular Microbiology, Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Han Remaut
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Structural and Molecular Microbiology, Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Fighting biofilms with lantibiotics and other groups of bacteriocins. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2018; 4:9. [PMID: 29707229 PMCID: PMC5908865 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-018-0053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are sessile communities of bacteria typically embedded in an extracellular polymeric matrix. Bacterial cells embedded in biofilms are inherently recalcitrant to antimicrobials, compared to cells existing in a planktonic state, and are notoriously difficult to eradicate once formed. Avenues to tackle biofilms thus far have largely focussed on attempting to disrupt the initial stages of biofilm formation, including adhesion and maturation of the biofilm. Such an approach is advantageous as the concentrations required to inhibit formation of biofilms are generally much lower than removing a fully established biofilm. The crisis of antibiotic resistance in clinical settings worldwide has been further exacerbated by the ability of certain pathogenic bacteria to form biofilms. Perhaps the most notorious biofilm formers described from a clinical viewpoint have been methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Gardnerella vaginalis and Streptococcus mutans, the latter of which is found in oral biofilms. Due to the dearth of novel antibiotics in recent decades, compounded by the increasing rate of emergence of resistance amongst pathogens with a propensity for biofilm formation, solutions are urgently required to mitigate these crises. Bacteriocins are a class of antimicrobial peptides, which are ribosomally synthesised and often are more potent than their antibiotic counterparts. Here, we review a selection of studies conducted with bacteriocins with the ultimate objective of inhibiting biofilms. Overall, a deeper understanding of the precise means by which a biofilm forms on a substrate as well as insights into the mechanisms by which bacteriocins inhibit biofilms is warranted.
Collapse
|
47
|
De A, Pompilio A, Francis J, Sutcliffe IC, Black GW, Lupidi G, Petrelli D, Vitali LA. Antidiabetic "gliptins" affect biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans. Microbiol Res 2018; 209:79-85. [PMID: 29580624 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans, a dental caries causing odontopathogen, produces X-prolyl dipeptidyl peptidase (Sm-XPDAP, encoded by pepX), a serine protease known to have a nutritional role. Considering the potential of proteases as therapeutic targets in pathogens, this study was primarily aimed at investigating the role of Sm-XPDAP in contributing to virulence-related traits. Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP IV), an XPDAP analogous enzyme found in mammalian tissues,is a well known therapeutic target in Type II diabetes. Based on the hypothesis that gliptins, commonly used as anti-human-DPP IV drugs, may affect bacterial growth upon inhibition of Sm-XPDAP, we have determined their ex vivo antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity towards S. mutans. All three DPP IV drugs tested reduced biofilm formation as determined by crystal violet staining. To link the observed biofilm inhibition to the human-DPP IV analogue present in S. mutans UA159, a pepX isogenic mutant was generated. In addition to reduced biofilm formation, CLSM studies of the biofilm formed by the pepX isogenic mutant showed these were comparable to those formed in the presence of saxagliptin, suggesting a probable role of this enzyme in biofilm formation by S. mutans UA159. The effects of both pepX deletion and DPP IV drugs on the proteome were studied using LC-MS/MS. Overall, this study highlights the potential of Sm-XPDAP as a novel anti-biofilm target and suggests a template molecule to synthesize lead compounds effective against this enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arpan De
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Arianna Pompilio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy; Center of Excellence on Ageing, "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Jenifer Francis
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, NE1 8ST, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Iain C Sutcliffe
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, NE1 8ST, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gary W Black
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, NE1 8ST, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Giulio Lupidi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Dezemona Petrelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Luca A Vitali
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Akhalwaya S, van Vuuren S, Patel M. An in vitro investigation of indigenous South African medicinal plants used to treat oral infections. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 210:359-371. [PMID: 28888760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Over a 120 South African medicinal plants are used for the treatment of oral diseases. Despite the vast collection of antimicrobial studies being done on South African plants, there is still limited research on pathogens associated with oral infections. In consultation with the available ethnobotanical literature, this study investigates the antimicrobial efficacy of some South African medicinal plants against oral pathogens. AIM OF THE STUDY To provide a detailed account of the antimicrobial properties of selected South African medicinal plants used traditionally to treat oral infections. The effect on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation and the toxicity profiles of these plants are also investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 136 aqueous and organic extracts and six essential oils were prepared from 31 different plant species. These plant samples were screened for antimicrobial efficacy against nine oral pathogens using the micro-titre plate dilution assay. Plant extracts that were found to have noteworthy antimicrobial activity against S. mutans were further evaluated on the effect on S. mutans biofilm formation using the glass slide technique. The toxicity profiles of plant samples that were found to have noteworthy antimicrobial activity were evaluated using the brine shrimp lethality assay. RESULTS The organic extract of Cissampelos torulosa stems displayed the lowest MIC value of 0.05mg/mL against both Lactobacillus spp. This high antimicrobial activity was also observed with the organic extract of Spirostachys africana leaves against Candida albicans. In some instances, a direct relationship was found between the traditional use of the plant and the antimicrobial activity observed. For example, noteworthy activity (MIC < 1.00mg/mL) was observed against all three Candida spp. when tested against Clematis brachiata (leaves), a plant traditionally used to treat oral thrush. Englerophytum magalismonatanum stems displayed notable activity against both Streptococcus spp. (MIC 0.83mg/mL against S. mutans and MIC 0.67mg/mL against S. sanguis). Spirostachys africana leaves displayed the greatest anti-adherent properties against S. mutans biofilm formation at both 24 and 48h, reducing the biofilm by 97.56% and 86.58% respectively. The majority of plant samples tested in the brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) were considered safe, however, 13 plant samples were considered toxic, at a concentration of 1mg/mL. CONCLUSION Noteworthy antimicrobial activity for plants species such as C. brachiata and E. magalismonatnum provides validation for the traditional use of these plants. Spirostachys africana displayed the greatest reduction of adherent S. mutans cells. The BSLA results revealed that the majority of the plant samples were not toxic in nature. The findings from the results favour the potential use of these plants in treating oral diseases such as dental caries, periodontal diseases and oral thrush.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Akhalwaya
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - S van Vuuren
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - M Patel
- Department of Oral Biological Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Iwamoto A, Nakamura T, Narisawa N, Kawasaki Y, Abe S, Torii Y, Senpuku H, Takenaga F. The Japanese Fermented Food Natto Inhibits Sucrose-dependent Biofilm Formation by Cariogenic Streptococci. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.24.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Iwamoto
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Tomoyo Nakamura
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Naoki Narisawa
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Yukimasa Kawasaki
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Shin Abe
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Yasuyoshi Torii
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Hidenobu Senpuku
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Fumio Takenaga
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wen ZT, Liao S, Bitoun JP, De A, Jorgensen A, Feng S, Xu X, Chain PSG, Caufield PW, Koo H, Li Y. Streptococcus mutans Displays Altered Stress Responses While Enhancing Biofilm Formation by Lactobacillus casei in Mixed-Species Consortium. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:524. [PMID: 29326887 PMCID: PMC5742344 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Like Streptococcus mutans, lactobacilli are commonly isolated from carious sites, although their exact role in caries development remains unclear. This study used mixed-species models to analyze biofilm formation by major groups of oral lactobacilli, including L. casei, L. fermentum, L. rhamnosus, L. salivarius ssp. salivarius, and L. gasseri. The results showed that lactobacilli did not form good biofilms when grown alone, although differences existed between different species. When grown together with S. mutans, biofilm formation by L. gasseri and L. rhamnosus was increased by 2-log (P < 0.001), while biofilms by L. fermentum reduced by >1-log (P < 0.001). L. casei enhanced biofilm formation by ~2-log when grown with S. mutans wild-type, but no such effects were observed with S. mutans deficient of glucosyltransferase GtfB and adhesin P1. Both S. mutans and L. casei in dual-species enhanced resistance to acid killing with increases of survival rate by >1-log (P < 0.001), but drastically reduced the survival rates following exposure to hydrogen peroxide (P < 0.001), as compared to the respective mono-species cultures. When analyzed by RNA-seq, more than 134 genes were identified in S. mutans in dual-species with L. casei as either up- or down-regulated when compared to those grown alone. The up-regulated genes include those for superoxide dismutase, NADH oxidase, and members of the mutanobactin biosynthesis cluster. Among the down-regulated genes were those for GtfB and alternative sigma factor SigX. These results further suggest that interactions between S. mutans and oral lactobacilli are species-specific and may have significant impact on cariogenic potential of the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zezhang T Wen
- Center of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Department of Comprehensive Dentistry and Biomaterials, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Sumei Liao
- Center of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Jacob P Bitoun
- Center of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Arpan De
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry and Biomaterials, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Ashton Jorgensen
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry and Biomaterials, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Shihai Feng
- Genome Science Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry and Biomaterials, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Patrick S G Chain
- Genome Science Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Page W Caufield
- Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hyun Koo
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yihong Li
- Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|