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Ho YLT, Hynes D, Martina Y, Love B, Horwell E, Xu R, Kadioglu A, Vo L, Hong HA, Nguyen LH, Cutting SM. Intranasal administration of DSM 32444 Bacillus subtilis spores: safety and tolerability. J Med Microbiol 2024; 73. [PMID: 38963177 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Administered nasally, spores of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis have been shown to be able to induce innate immunity sufficient to confer protection to influenza and respiratory syncytial virus.Hypothesis. Although members of the aerobiome, intranasal delivery of high numbers of live spores carries potential safety issues.Aim. To address the potential safety risk of using live spores, we assessed the safety of spores that had been completely inactivated using heat sterilization.Methodology. Using autoclaved, and therefore killed, spores of a generally recognized as safe-notified B. subtilis strain (DSM 32444), safety was assessed in vitro (biotype, genome and cell based cytoxicity) and in vivo, using intranasal administration in rodent models and lastly in human volunteers.Results. Using a 15-day, repeat-dose, regimen in a rodent model, no indication of toxicity was observed. In a registered human study (NCT05984004), a formulated preparation of inactivated DSM 32444 spores referred to as SPEROVID was developed, and tolerance in human volunteers was assessed following 7 days of nasal dosing (2-4 times/day).Conclusion. Our study demonstrated that in humans an intranasal dose of up to 3×108 killed spores was safe and well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Linh Thi Ho
- Huro Biotech JSC, Lot A1-8, VL3 Road, Vinh Loc 2 Industrial Park, Long Hiep Commune, Ben Luc District, Long An Province, Vietnam
| | - Daniel Hynes
- Destiny Pharma plc., Sussex Innovation Centre, Science Park Square, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9SB, UK
| | - Yuri Martina
- Destiny Pharma plc., Sussex Innovation Centre, Science Park Square, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9SB, UK
| | - Bill Love
- Destiny Pharma plc., Sussex Innovation Centre, Science Park Square, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9SB, UK
| | - Ed Horwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Liverpool, The Ronald Ross Building, 8 West Derby St, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Aras Kadioglu
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Liverpool, The Ronald Ross Building, 8 West Derby St, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Linh Vo
- SporeGen Ltd., London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London, NW1 0NH, UK
| | - Huynh A Hong
- SporeGen Ltd., London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London, NW1 0NH, UK
| | - Linh Hanh Nguyen
- Huro Biotech JSC, Lot A1-8, VL3 Road, Vinh Loc 2 Industrial Park, Long Hiep Commune, Ben Luc District, Long An Province, Vietnam
| | - Simon M Cutting
- SporeGen Ltd., London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London, NW1 0NH, UK
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2
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White AD, Tran AC, Sibley L, Sarfas C, Morrison AL, Lawrence S, Dennis M, Clark S, Zadi S, Lanni F, Rayner E, Copland A, Hart P, Diogo GR, Paul MJ, Kim M, Gleeson F, Salguero FJ, Singh M, Stehr M, Cutting SM, Basile JI, Rottenberg ME, Williams A, Sharpe SA, Reljic R. Spore-FP1 tuberculosis mucosal vaccine candidate is highly protective in guinea pigs but fails to improve on BCG-conferred protection in non-human primates. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1246826. [PMID: 37881438 PMCID: PMC10594996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1246826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a major health threat globally and a more effective vaccine than the current Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) is required, either to replace or boost it. The Spore-FP1 mucosal vaccine candidate is based on the fusion protein of Ag85B-Acr-HBHA/heparin-binding domain, adsorbed on the surface of inactivated Bacillus subtilis spores. The candidate conferred significant protection against Mycobacterium. tuberculosis challenge in naïve guinea pigs and markedly improved protection in the lungs and spleens of animals primed with BCG. We then immunized rhesus macaques with BCG intradermally, and subsequently boosted with one intradermal and one aerosol dose of Spore-FP1, prior to challenge with low dose aerosolized M. tuberculosis Erdman strain. Following vaccination, animals did not show any adverse reactions and displayed higher antigen specific cellular and antibody immune responses compared to BCG alone but this did not translate into significant improvement in disease pathology or bacterial burden in the organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. White
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Andy C. Tran
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Sibley
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Sarfas
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra L. Morrison
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Lawrence
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Dennis
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clark
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Sirine Zadi
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Faye Lanni
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Rayner
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Copland
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hart
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gil Reynolds Diogo
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Paul
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Miyoung Kim
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fergus Gleeson
- Department of Oncology, The Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J. Salguero
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Simon M. Cutting
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Sporegen Ltd , London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juan I. Basile
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology and Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin E. Rottenberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology and Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann Williams
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Sally A. Sharpe
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Gaglio SC, Perduca M, Zipeto D, Bardi G. Efficiency of Chitosan Nanocarriers in Vaccinology for Mucosal Immunization. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1333. [PMID: 37631901 PMCID: PMC10459455 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal barrier constitutes a huge surface area, close to 40 m2 in humans, located mostly in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts and ocular cavities. It plays a crucial role in tissue interactions with the microbiome, dietary antigens and other environmental materials. Effective vaccinations to achieve highly protective mucosal immunity are evolving strategies to counteract several serious diseases including tuberculosis, diphtheria, influenzae B, severe acute respiratory syndrome, Human Papilloma Virus infection and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Interestingly, one of the reasons behind the rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants has been the weakness of local immunization at the level of the respiratory mucosa. Mucosal vaccines can outperform parenteral vaccination as they specifically elicit protective mucosal immune responses blocking infection and transmission. In this scenario, chitosan-based nanovaccines are promising adjuvants-carrier systems that rely on the ability of chitosan to cross tight junctions and enhance particle uptake due to chitosan-specific mucoadhesive properties. Indeed, chitosan not only improves the adhesion of antigens to the mucosa promoting their absorption but also shows intrinsic immunostimulant abilities. Furthermore, by finely tuning the colloidal properties of chitosan, it can provide sustained antigen release to strongly activate the humoral defense. In the present review, we agnostically discuss the potential reasons why chitosan-based vaccine carriers, that efficiently elicit strong immune responses in experimental setups and in some pre-clinical/clinical studies, are still poorly considered for therapeutic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Calogero Gaglio
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Cà Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Massimiliano Perduca
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Cà Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Donato Zipeto
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bardi
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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4
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Saggese A, Baccigalupi L, Donadio G, Ricca E, Isticato R. The Bacterial Spore as a Mucosal Vaccine Delivery System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10880. [PMID: 37446054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of efficient mucosal vaccines is strongly dependent on the use of appropriate vectors. Various biological systems or synthetic nanoparticles have been proposed to display and deliver antigens to mucosal surfaces. The Bacillus spore, a metabolically quiescent and extremely resistant cell, has also been proposed as a mucosal vaccine delivery system and shown able to conjugate the advantages of live and synthetic systems. Several antigens have been displayed on the spore by either recombinant or non-recombinant approaches, and antigen-specific immune responses have been observed in animals immunized by the oral or nasal route. Here we review the use of the bacterial spore as a mucosal vaccine vehicle focusing on the advantages and drawbacks of using the spore and of the recombinant vs. non-recombinant approach to display antigens on the spore surface. An overview of the immune responses induced by antigen-displaying spores so far tested in animals is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anella Saggese
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Loredana Baccigalupi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Donadio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy
| | - Ezio Ricca
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Rachele Isticato
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
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5
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Duong VT, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Towards the development of subunit vaccines against tuberculosis: The key role of adjuvant. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 139:102307. [PMID: 36706503 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death triggered by a single infectious agent, worldwide. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the only currently licensed anti-TB vaccine. However, other strategies, including modification of recombinant BCG vaccine, attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) mutant constructs, DNA and protein subunit vaccines, are under extensive investigation. As whole pathogen vaccines can trigger serious adverse reactions, most current strategies are focused on the development of safe anti-TB subunit vaccines; this is especially important given the rising TB infection rate in immunocompromised HIV patients. The whole Mtb genome has been mapped and major antigens have been identified; however, optimal vaccine delivery mode is still to be established. Isolated protein antigens are typically poorly immunogenic so adjuvants are required to induce strong and long-lasting immune responses. This article aims to review the developmental status of anti-TB subunit vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet Tram Duong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
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6
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Heterologous Systemic Prime–Intranasal Boosting Using a Spore SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Confers Mucosal Immunity and Cross-Reactive Antibodies in Mice as well as Protection in Hamsters. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10111900. [PMID: 36366408 PMCID: PMC9692796 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines are administered systemically and typically result in poor immunogenicity at the mucosa. As a result, vaccination is unable to reduce viral shedding and transmission, ultimately failing to prevent infection. One possible solution is that of boosting a systemic vaccine via the nasal route resulting in mucosal immunity. Here, we have evaluated the potential of bacterial spores as an intranasal boost. Method: Spores engineered to express SARS-CoV-2 antigens were administered as an intranasal boost following a prime with either recombinant Spike protein or the Oxford AZD1222 vaccine. Results: In mice, intranasal boosting following a prime of either Spike or vaccine produced antigen-specific sIgA at the mucosa together with the increased production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. In a hamster model of infection, the clinical and virological outcomes resulting from a SARS-CoV-2 challenge were ameliorated. Wuhan-specific sIgA were shown to cross-react with Omicron antigens, suggesting that this strategy might offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Conclusions: Despite being a genetically modified organism, the spore vaccine platform is attractive since it offers biological containment, the rapid and cost-efficient production of vaccines together with heat stability. As such, employed in a heterologous systemic prime–mucosal boost regimen, spore vaccines might have utility for current and future emerging diseases.
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7
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James J, Meyer SM, Hong HA, Dang C, Linh HTY, Ferreira W, Katsande PM, Vo L, Hynes D, Love W, Banyard AC, Cutting SM. Intranasal Treatment of Ferrets with Inert Bacterial Spores Reduces Disease Caused by a Challenging H7N9 Avian Influenza Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091559. [PMID: 36146637 PMCID: PMC9502451 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Influenza is a respiratory infection that continues to present a major threat to human health, with ~500,000 deaths/year. Continued circulation of epidemic subtypes in humans and animals potentially increases the risk of future pandemics. Vaccination has failed to halt the evolution of this virus and next-generation prophylactic approaches are under development. Naked, “heat inactivated”, or inert bacterial spores have been shown to protect against influenza in murine models. Methods: Ferrets were administered intranasal doses of inert bacterial spores (DSM 32444K) every 7 days for 4 weeks. Seven days after the last dose, the animals were challenged with avian H7N9 influenza A virus. Clinical signs of infection and viral shedding were monitored. Results: Clinical symptoms of infection were significantly reduced in animals dosed with DSM 32444K. The temporal kinetics of viral shedding was reduced but not prevented. Conclusion: Taken together, nasal dosing using heat-stable spores could provide a useful approach for influenza prophylaxis in both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe James
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Weybridge KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK
| | - Stephanie M. Meyer
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Weybridge KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK
| | - Huynh A. Hong
- SporeGen Ltd., London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK
| | - Chau Dang
- SporeGen Ltd., London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK
| | - Ho T. Y. Linh
- HURO Biotech JSC, Lot A1-8, VL3 Road, Vinh Loc 2 Industrial Park, Long Hiep Commune, Ben Luc District, Long An, Vietnam
| | - William Ferreira
- SporeGen Ltd., London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK
| | - Paidamoyo M. Katsande
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, UK
| | - Linh Vo
- SporeGen Ltd., London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK
| | - Daniel Hynes
- Destiny Pharma Plc., Sussex Innovation Centre, Science Park Square, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9SB, UK
| | - William Love
- Destiny Pharma Plc., Sussex Innovation Centre, Science Park Square, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9SB, UK
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Weybridge KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK
| | - Simon M. Cutting
- SporeGen Ltd., London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)7900-408043
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8
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Enriquez AB, Izzo A, Miller SM, Stewart EL, Mahon RN, Frank DJ, Evans JT, Rengarajan J, Triccas JA. Advancing Adjuvants for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2021; 12:740117. [PMID: 34759923 PMCID: PMC8572789 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.740117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide due to a single infectious disease agent. BCG, the only licensed vaccine against TB, offers limited protection against pulmonary disease in children and adults. TB vaccine research has recently been reinvigorated by new data suggesting alternative administration of BCG induces protection and a subunit/adjuvant vaccine that provides close to 50% protection. These results demonstrate the need for generating adjuvants in order to develop the next generation of TB vaccines. However, development of TB-targeted adjuvants is lacking. To help meet this need, NIAID convened a workshop in 2020 titled “Advancing Vaccine Adjuvants for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Therapeutics”. In this review, we present the four areas identified in the workshop as necessary for advancing TB adjuvants: 1) correlates of protective immunity, 2) targeting specific immune cells, 3) immune evasion mechanisms, and 4) animal models. We will discuss each of these four areas in detail and summarize what is known and what we can advance on in order to help develop more efficacious TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Enriquez
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Angelo Izzo
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shannon M Miller
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States.,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Erica L Stewart
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert N Mahon
- Division of AIDS, Columbus Technologies & Services Inc., Contractor to National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Daniel J Frank
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jay T Evans
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States.,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Jyothi Rengarajan
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - James A Triccas
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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9
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Walkowski W, Bassett J, Bhalla M, Pfeifer BA, Ghanem ENB. Intranasal Vaccine Delivery Technology for Respiratory Tract Disease Application with a Special Emphasis on Pneumococcal Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060589. [PMID: 34199398 PMCID: PMC8230341 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini-review will cover recent trends in intranasal (IN) vaccine delivery as it relates to applications for respiratory tract diseases. The logic and rationale for IN vaccine delivery will be compared to methods and applications accompanying this particular administration route. In addition, we will focus extended discussion on the potential role of IN vaccination in the context of respiratory tract diseases, with a special emphasis on pneumococcal disease. Here, elements of this disease, including its prevalence and impact upon the elderly population, will be viewed from the standpoint of improving health outcomes through vaccine design and delivery technology and how IN administration can play a role in such efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Walkowski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; (W.W.); (J.B.); (B.A.P.)
| | - Justin Bassett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; (W.W.); (J.B.); (B.A.P.)
| | - Manmeet Bhalla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
| | - Blaine A. Pfeifer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; (W.W.); (J.B.); (B.A.P.)
| | - Elsa N. Bou Ghanem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
- Correspondence:
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10
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Pinpathomrat N, Bull N, Pasricha J, Harrington-Kandt R, McShane H, Stylianou E. Using an effective TB vaccination regimen to identify immune responses associated with protection in the murine model. Vaccine 2021; 39:1452-1462. [PMID: 33549390 PMCID: PMC7903242 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Boosting BCG with ChAdOx1.85A and MVA85A (B-C-M) improves its protective efficacy. B-C-M induces pulmonary and systemic Ag85A-specific cytokine and antibody responses. B-C-M enhances resident memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the lung parenchyma. Protection associated with lung parenchymal Ag85A-specific CD4+ CXCR3+ KLRG1- T cells.
A vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), a disease resulting from infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), is urgently needed to prevent more than a million deaths per year. Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) is the only available vaccine against TB but its efficacy varies throughout the world. Subunit vaccine candidates, based on recombinant viral vectors expressing mycobacterial antigens, are one of the strategies being developed to boost BCG-primed host immune responses and efficacy. A promising vaccination regimen composed of intradermal (i.d.) BCG prime, followed by intranasally (i.n.) administered chimpanzee adenoviral vector (ChAdOx1) and i.n. or i.d. modified vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA), both expressing Ag85A, has been previously reported to significantly improve BCG efficacy in mice. Effector and memory immune responses induced by BCG-ChAdOx1.85A-MVA85A (B-C-M), were evaluated to identify immune correlates of protection in mice. This protective regime induced strong Ag85A-specific cytokine responses in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, both in the systemic and pulmonary compartments. Lung parenchymal CXCR3+ KLRG1- Ag85A-specific memory CD4+ T cells were significantly increased in B-C-M compared to BCG immunised mice at 4, 8 and 20 weeks post vaccination, but the number of these cells decreased at the latter time point. This cell population was associated with the protective efficacy of this regime and may have an important protective role against M.tb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawamin Pinpathomrat
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Bull
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Pasricha
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Harrington-Kandt
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Stylianou
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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11
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Applications of Bacillus subtilis Spores in Biotechnology and Advanced Materials. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01096-20. [PMID: 32631858 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01096-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Bacillus subtilis has long been an important subject for basic studies. However, this organism has also had industrial applications due to its easy genetic manipulation, favorable culturing characteristics for large-scale fermentation, superior capacity for protein secretion, and generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status. In addition, as the metabolically dormant form of B. subtilis, its spores have attracted great interest due to their extreme resistance to many environmental stresses, which makes spores a novel platform for a variety of applications. In this review, we summarize both conventional and emerging applications of B. subtilis spores, with a focus on how their unique characteristics have led to innovative applications in many areas of technology, including generation of stable and recyclable enzymes, synthetic biology, drug delivery, and material sciences. Ultimately, this review hopes to inspire the scientific community to leverage interdisciplinary approaches using spores to address global concerns about food shortages, environmental protection, and health care.
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12
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Induction of a Specific Humoral Immune Response by Nasal Delivery of Bcla2 ctd of Clostridioides difficile. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041277. [PMID: 32074955 PMCID: PMC7072882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile, formerly known as Clostridium difficile, is a spore-forming bacterium considered as the most common cause of nosocomial infections in developed countries. The spore of C. difficile is involved in the transmission of the pathogen and in its first interaction with the host; therefore, a therapeutic approach able to control C. difficile spores would improve the clearance of the infection. The C-terminal (CTD) end of BclA2, a spore surface protein of C. difficile responsible of the interaction with the host intestinal cells, was selected as a putative mucosal antigen. The BclA2 fragment, BclA2CTD, was purified and used to nasally immunize mice both as a free protein and after adsorption to the spore of Bacillus subtilis, a well-established mucosal delivery vehicle. While the adsorption to spores increased the in vitro stability of BclA2CTD, in vivo both free and spore-adsorbed BclA2CTD were able to induce a similar, specific humoral immune response in a murine model. Although in the experimental conditions utilized the immune response was not protective, the induction of specific IgG indicates that free or spore-bound BclA2CTD could act as a putative mucosal antigen targeting C. difficile spores.
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13
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Yadav J, Verma S, Chaudhary D, Jaiwal PK, Jaiwal R. Tuberculosis: Current Status, Diagnosis, Treatment and Development of Novel Vaccines. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:446-458. [PMID: 31208308 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190430114121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs and spreads to other organs of the body through the haematogenous route. It is one of the ten major causes of mortality worldwide. India has the highest incidence of new- and multidrug-resistant (MDR) - TB cases in the world. Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the vaccine commonly available against TB. BCG does offer some protection against serious forms of TB in childhood but its protective effect wanes with age. Many new innovative strategies are being trailed for the development of effective and potent vaccines like mucosal- and epitope-based vaccines, which may replace BCG or boost BCG responses. The use of nanotechnology for diagnosis and treatment of TB is also in the pipeline along with many other vaccines, which are under clinical trials. Further, in-silico models were developed for finding new drug targets and designing drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). These models offer the benefit of computational experiments which are easy, inexpensive and give quick results. This review will focus on the available treatments and new approaches to develop potent vaccines for the treatment of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Yadav
- Department of Zoology, M.D. University, Rohtak-124001, India
| | - Sonali Verma
- Department of Zoology, M.D. University, Rohtak-124001, India
| | | | - Pawan K Jaiwal
- Centre for Biotechnology, M.D. University, Rohtak-124001, India
| | - Ranjana Jaiwal
- Department of Zoology, M.D. University, Rohtak-124001, India
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14
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Adjuvant Strategies for More Effective Tuberculosis Vaccine Immunity. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7080255. [PMID: 31409028 PMCID: PMC6724148 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7080255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is responsible for the most deaths by a single infectious agent worldwide, with 1.6 million deaths in 2017 alone. The World Health Organization, through its "End TB" strategy, aims to reduce TB deaths by 95% by 2035. In order to reach this goal, a more effective vaccine than the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine currently in use is needed. Subunit TB vaccines are ideal candidates, because they can be used as booster vaccinations for individuals who have already received BCG and would also be safer for use in immunocompromised individuals in whom BCG is contraindicated. However, subunit TB vaccines will almost certainly require formulation with a potent adjuvant. As the correlates of vaccine protection against TB are currently unclear, there are a variety of adjuvants currently being used in TB vaccines in preclinical and clinical development. This review describes the various adjuvants in use in TB vaccines, their effectiveness, and their proposed mechanisms of action. Notably, adjuvants with less inflammatory and reactogenic profiles that can be administered safely via mucosal routes, may have the biggest impact on future directions in TB vaccine design.
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15
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Mucosal boosting of H56:CAF01 immunization promotes lung-localized T cells and an accelerated pulmonary response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection without enhancing vaccine protection. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:816-826. [PMID: 30760832 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
T cell-mediated protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is dependent upon the ability to localize within the site of pulmonary infection and directly interact with infected cells. In turn, vaccine strategies to improve rapid T cell targeting of Mtb-infected cells after pulmonary exposure are being actively pursued. Given parenterally, the subunit vaccine H56:CAF01 elicits polyfunctional CD4 T cells that localize to the lung parenchyma and confer durable protection. Here, we find that airway mucosal boosting of parenteral H56:CAF01 immunization greatly enhances the population of long-lived lung-resident T cells (Trm) and increases early vaccine T cell responses to pulmonary Mtb challenge in multiple mouse models. However, mucosal boosting does not alter the Th1/17 vaccine signature typical of H56:CAF01 and does not further improve durable control of pulmonary infection following aerosol Mtb-challenge. Additional mucosal boosting with H56:CAF01 further enhances the Trm response without further improving protection, while blocking the recruitment of non-Trm with FTY720-treatment failed to exposed Trm-mediated protection in mucosally boosting animals. These results demonstrate the limitations of maximizing lung-localized Trm in vaccine control of pulmonary Mtb infection, especially within an immunization protocol that is already optimized for the induction of mucosal-homing Th17 cells.
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16
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Vogt CM, Hilbe M, Ackermann M, Aguilar C, Eichwald C. Mouse intestinal microbiota reduction favors local intestinal immunity triggered by antigens displayed in Bacillus subtilis biofilm. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:187. [PMID: 30477481 PMCID: PMC6258259 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-1030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously engineered Bacillus subtilis to express an antigen of interest fused to TasA in a biofilm. B. subtilis has several properties such as sporulation, biofilm formation and probiotic ability that were used for the oral application of recombinant spores harboring Echinococcus granulosus paramyosin and tropomyosin immunogenic peptides that resulted in the elicitation of a specific humoral immune response in a dog model. RESULTS In order to advance our understanding of the research in oral immunization practices using recombinant B. subtilis spores, we describe here an affordable animal model. In this study, we show clear evidence indicating that a niche is required for B. subtilis recombinant spores to colonize the densely populated mice intestinal microbiota. The reduction of intestinal microbiota with an antibiotic treatment resulted in a positive elicitation of local humoral immune response in BALB/c mice after oral application of recombinant B. subtilis spores harboring TasA fused to E. granulosus (102-207) EgTrp immunogenic peptide. Our results were supported by a lasting prevalence of spores in mice feces up to 50 days after immunization and by the presence of specific secretory IgA, isolated from feces, against E. granulosus tropomyosin. CONCLUSIONS The reduction of mouse intestinal microbiota allowed the elicitation of a local humoral immune response in mice after oral application with spores of B. subtilis harboring immunogenic peptides against E. granulosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric M Vogt
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Hilbe
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Vetsuisse, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Ackermann
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Catherine Eichwald
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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17
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Hoelzer K, Bielke L, Blake DP, Cox E, Cutting SM, Devriendt B, Erlacher-Vindel E, Goossens E, Karaca K, Lemiere S, Metzner M, Raicek M, Collell Suriñach M, Wong NM, Gay C, Van Immerseel F. Vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics for food producing animals. Part 2: new approaches and potential solutions. Vet Res 2018; 49:70. [PMID: 30060759 PMCID: PMC6066917 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines and other alternative products are central to the future success of animal agriculture because they can help minimize the need for antibiotics by preventing and controlling infectious diseases in animal populations. To assess scientific advancements related to alternatives to antibiotics and provide actionable strategies to support their development, the United States Department of Agriculture, with support from the World Organisation for Animal Health, organized the second International Symposium on Alternatives to Antibiotics. It focused on six key areas: vaccines; microbial-derived products; non-nutritive phytochemicals; immune-related products; chemicals, enzymes, and innovative drugs; and regulatory pathways to enable the development and licensure of alternatives to antibiotics. This article, the second part in a two-part series, highlights new approaches and potential solutions for the development of vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics in food producing animals; opportunities, challenges and needs for the development of such vaccines are discussed in the first part of this series. As discussed in part 1 of this manuscript, many current vaccines fall short of ideal vaccines in one or more respects. Promising breakthroughs to overcome these limitations include new biotechnology techniques, new oral vaccine approaches, novel adjuvants, new delivery strategies based on bacterial spores, and live recombinant vectors; they also include new vaccination strategies in-ovo, and strategies that simultaneously protect against multiple pathogens. However, translating this research into commercial vaccines that effectively reduce the need for antibiotics will require close collaboration among stakeholders, for instance through public–private partnerships. Targeted research and development investments and concerted efforts by all affected are needed to realize the potential of vaccines to improve animal health, safeguard agricultural productivity, and reduce antibiotic consumption and resulting resistance risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hoelzer
- The Pew Charitable Trusts, 901 E Street NW, Washington, DC, 20004, USA.
| | - Lisa Bielke
- Ohio Agriculture and Research Development Center, Animal Sciences, Ohio State University, 202 Gerlaugh Hall, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Damer P Blake
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Eric Cox
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salsiburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Simon M Cutting
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salsiburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Erlacher-Vindel
- Science and New Technologies Department, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), 12 Rue de Prony, 75017, Paris, France
| | - Evy Goossens
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salsiburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kemal Karaca
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, USA
| | | | - Martin Metzner
- RIPAC-LABOR GmbH, Am Mühlenberg 11, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Margot Raicek
- Science and New Technologies Department, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), 12 Rue de Prony, 75017, Paris, France
| | | | - Nora M Wong
- The Pew Charitable Trusts, 901 E Street NW, Washington, DC, 20004, USA
| | - Cyril Gay
- Office of National Programs, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Sunnyside Ave, 5601, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salsiburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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18
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Copland A, Diogo GR, Hart P, Harris S, Tran AC, Paul MJ, Singh M, Cutting SM, Reljic R. Mucosal Delivery of Fusion Proteins with Bacillus subtilis Spores Enhances Protection against Tuberculosis by Bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Front Immunol 2018; 9:346. [PMID: 29593708 PMCID: PMC5857916 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the most deadly infectious disease in existence, and the only available vaccine, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), is almost a century old and poorly protective. The immunological complexity of TB, coupled with rising resistance to antimicrobial therapies, necessitates a pipeline of diverse novel vaccines. Here, we show that Bacillus subtilis spores can be coated with a fusion protein 1 (“FP1”) consisting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigens Ag85B, ACR, and HBHA. The resultant vaccine, Spore-FP1, was tested in a murine low-dose Mtb aerosol challenge model. Mice were primed with subcutaneous BCG, followed by mucosal booster immunizations with Spore-FP1. We show that Spore-FP1 enhanced pulmonary control of Mtb, as evidenced by reduced bacterial burdens in the lungs. This was associated with elevated antigen-specific IgG and IgA titers in the serum and lung mucosal surface, respectively. Spore-FP1 immunization generated superior antigen-specific memory T-cell proliferation in both CD4+ and CD8+ compartments, alongside bolstered Th1-, Th17-, and Treg-type cytokine production, compared to BCG immunization alone. CD69+CD103+ tissue resident memory T-cells (Trm) were found within the lung parenchyma after mucosal immunization with Spore-FP1, confirming the advantages of mucosal delivery. Our data show that Spore-FP1 is a promising new TB vaccine that can successfully augment protection and immunogenicity in BCG-primed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gil R Diogo
- St George's Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hart
- St George's Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shane Harris
- St George's Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andy C Tran
- St George's Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Simon M Cutting
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Rajko Reljic
- St George's Medical School, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Potocki W, Negri A, Peszyńska-Sularz G, Hinc K, Obuchowski M, Iwanicki A. The combination of recombinant and non-recombinant Bacillus subtilis spore display technology for presentation of antigen and adjuvant on single spore. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:151. [PMID: 28899372 PMCID: PMC5596941 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0765-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus subtilis spores can be used for presentation of heterologous proteins. Two main approaches have been developed, the recombinant one, requiring modification of bacterial genome to express a protein of interest as a fusion with spore-coat protein, and non-recombinant, based on the adsorption of a heterologous protein onto the spore. So far only single proteins have been displayed on the spore surface. RESULTS We have used a combined approach to adsorb and display FliD protein of Clostridium difficile on the surface of recombinant IL-2-presenting spores. Such spores presented FliD protein with efficiency comparable to FliD-adsorbed spores produced by wild-type 168 strain and elicited FliD-specific immune response in intranasally immunized mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that such dual display technology may be useful in creation of spores simultaneously presenting adjuvant and antigen molecules. Regarding the characteristics of elicited immune response it seems plausible that such recombinant IL-2-presenting spores with adsorbed FliD protein might be an interesting candidate for vaccine against infections with Clostridium difficile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Potocki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Alessandro Negri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Hinc
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Obuchowski
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adam Iwanicki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
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20
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Das K, Thomas T, Garnica O, Dhandayuthapani S. Recombinant Bacillus subtilis spores for the delivery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85B-CFP10 secretory antigens. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 101S:S18-S27. [PMID: 27727129 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis continues to be a great cause of morbidity and mortality in different parts of the world. Unfortunately, the current BCG vaccine being administered is not fully protective against tuberculosis; therefore, there is a great need for alternate vaccines. With an aim to develop such vaccines, we have analyzed the utility of Bacillus subtilis spores for the expression of two major immunodominant antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Ag85B and CFP10. We created three recombinant B. subtilis strains to express a truncated fusion of Ag85B191-325 and CFP101-70 antigens (T85BCFP), either on the spore coat (MTAG1 strain) or in the cytosol of B. subtilis (MTAG 2 and MTAG 3 strains). Examination of spores isolated from these strains revealed successful expression of T85BCFP antigens on the spore coat of MTAG1 as well as in the cytosol of vegetatively grown cells of MTAG2 and MTAG3, indicating that spores can indeed express M. tuberculosis antigens. In vitro antigen presentation assays with spore-infected mouse bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) showed that all three recombinant spores could deliver these antigens to antigen presenting cells (APCs). Mice immunized with recombinant spores displayed significantly higher levels of Ag85B specific IFN-γ producing cells in the spleen than in mice immunized with wild-type (non-recombinant) spores. In addition, these mice showed relatively higher levels of Ag85B specific IgG antibodies in the serum in comparison to mice immunized with non-recombinant spores, thus providing additional evidence that recombinant spores can deliver these antigens in vivo. These results suggest that B. subtilis spores are ideal vehicles for antigen delivery and have great potential in the development of primary and booster vaccines against tuberculosis.
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MESH Headings
- Acyltransferases/administration & dosage
- Acyltransferases/biosynthesis
- Acyltransferases/genetics
- Acyltransferases/immunology
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antigens, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacillus subtilis/genetics
- Bacillus subtilis/immunology
- Bacillus subtilis/metabolism
- Bacterial Proteins/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spores, Bacterial
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/genetics
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/biosynthesis
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Das
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Tima Thomas
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Omar Garnica
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Subramanian Dhandayuthapani
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
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21
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Donadio G, Lanzilli M, Sirec T, Ricca E, Isticato R. Localization of a red fluorescence protein adsorbed on wild type and mutant spores of Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:153. [PMID: 27609116 PMCID: PMC5016992 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial spores have been proposed as vehicles to display heterologous proteins for the development of mucosal vaccines, biocatalysts, bioremediation and diagnostic tools. Two approaches have been developed to display proteins on the spore surface: a recombinant approach, based on the construction of gene fusions between DNA molecules coding for a spore surface protein (carrier) and for the heterologous protein to be displayed (passenger); and a non-recombinant approach based on spore adsorption, a spontaneous interaction between negatively charged, hydrophobic spores and purified proteins. The molecular details of spore adsorption have not been fully clarified yet. RESULTS We used the monomeric Red Fluorescent Protein (mRFP) of the coral Discosoma sp. and Bacillus subtilis spores of a wild type and an isogenic mutant strain lacking the CotH protein to clarify the adsorption process. Mutant spores, characterized by a strongly altered coat, were more efficient than wild type spores in adsorbing mRFP but the interaction was less stable and mRFP could be in part released by raising the pH of the spore suspension. A collection of isogenic strains carrying GFP fused to proteins restricted in different compartments of the B. subtilis spore was used to localize adsorbed mRFP molecules. In wild type spores mRFP infiltrated through crust and outer coat, localized in the inner coat and was not surface exposed. In mutant spores mRFP was present in all surface layers, inner, outer coat and crust and was exposed on the spore surface. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that different spores can be selected for different applications. Wild type spores are preferable when a very tight protein-spore interaction is needed, for example to develop reusable biocatalysts or bioremediation systems for field applications. cotH mutant spores are instead preferable when the heterologous protein has to be displayed on the spore surface or has to be released, as could be the case in mucosal delivery systems for antigens and drugs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Donadio
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, via Cinthia-MSA, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Teja Sirec
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, via Cinthia-MSA, 80126 Naples, Italy
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Ezio Ricca
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, via Cinthia-MSA, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Rachele Isticato
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, via Cinthia-MSA, 80126 Naples, Italy
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22
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Agger EM. Novel adjuvant formulations for delivery of anti-tuberculosis vaccine candidates. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 102:73-82. [PMID: 26596558 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for a new and improved vaccine against tuberculosis for controlling this disease that continues to pose a global health threat. The current research strategy is to replace the present BCG vaccine or boost BCG-immunity with subunit vaccines such as viral vectored- or protein-based vaccines. The use of recombinant proteins holds a number of production advantages including ease of scalability, but requires an adjuvant inducing cell-mediated immune responses. A number of promising novel adjuvant formulations have recently been designed and show evidence of induction of cellular immune responses in humans. A common trait of effective TB adjuvants including those already in current clinical testing is a two-component approach combining a delivery system with an appropriate immunomodulator. This review summarizes the status of current TB adjuvant research with a focus on the division of labor between delivery systems and immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else Marie Agger
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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23
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Boosting BCG with inert spores improves immunogenicity and induces specific IL-17 responses in a murine model of bovine tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 98:97-103. [PMID: 27156624 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global pandemic, in both animals and man, and novel vaccines are urgently required. Heterologous prime-boost of BCG represents a promising strategy for improved TB vaccines, with respiratory delivery the most efficacious to date. Such an approach may be an ideal vaccination strategy against bovine TB (bTB), but respiratory vaccination presents a technical challenge in cattle. Inert bacterial spores represent an attractive vaccine vehicle. Therefore we evaluated whether parenterally administered spores are efficacious when used as a BCG boost in a murine model of immunity against Mycobacterium bovis. Here we report the use of heat-killed, TB10.4 adsorbed, Bacillus subtilis spores delivered via subcutaneous injection to boost immunity primed by BCG. We demonstrate that this approach improves the immunogenicity of BCG. Interestingly, this associated with substantial boosting of IL-17 responses; considered to be important in protective immunity against TB. These data demonstrate that parenteral delivery of spores represents a promising vaccine vehicle for boosting BCG, and identifies potential for optimisation for use as a vaccine for bovine TB.
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Manjaly Thomas ZR, McShane H. Aerosol immunisation for TB: matching route of vaccination to route of infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2015; 109:175-81. [PMID: 25636950 PMCID: PMC4321022 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/tru206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TB remains a very significant global health burden. There is an urgent need for better tools for TB control, which include an effective vaccine. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the currently licensed vaccine, confers highly variable protection against pulmonary TB, the main source of TB transmission. Replacing BCG completely or boosting BCG with another vaccine are the two current strategies for TB vaccine development. Delivering a vaccine by aerosol represents a way to match the route of vaccination to the route of infection. This route of immunisation offers not only the scientific advantage of delivering the vaccine directly to the respiratory mucosa, but also practical and logistical advantages. This review summarises the state of current TB vaccine candidates in the pipeline, reviews current progress in aerosol administration of vaccines in general and evaluates the potential for TB vaccine candidates to be administered by the aerosol route.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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Flórido M, Pillay R, Gillis CM, Xia Y, Turner SJ, Triccas JA, Stambas J, Britton WJ. Epitope-specific CD4+, but not CD8+, T-cell responses induced by recombinant influenza A viruses protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:780-93. [PMID: 25430701 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a global health problem, in part due to failure of the currently available vaccine, BCG, to protect adults against pulmonary forms of the disease. We explored the impact of pulmonary delivery of recombinant influenza A viruses (rIAVs) on the induction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis)-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses and the resultant protection against M. tuberculosis infection in C57BL/6 mice. Intranasal infection with rIAVs expressing a CD4(+) T-cell epitope from the Ag85B protein (PR8.p25) or CD8(+) T-cell epitope from the TB10.4 protein (PR8.TB10.4) generated strong T-cell responses to the M. tuberculosis-specific epitopes in the lung that persisted long after the rIAVs were cleared. Infection with PR8.p25 conferred protection against subsequent M. tuberculosis challenge in the lung, and this was associated with increased levels of poly-functional CD4(+) T cells at the time of challenge. By contrast, infection with PR8.TB10.4 did not induce protection despite the presence of IFN-γ-producing M. tuberculosis-specific CD8(+) T cells in the lung at the time of challenge and during infection. Therefore, the induction of pulmonary M. tuberculosis epitope-specific CD4(+), but not CD8(+) T cells, is essential for protection against acute M. tuberculosis infection in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Flórido
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
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26
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Diogo GR, Reljic R. Development of a new tuberculosis vaccine: is there value in the mucosal approach? Immunotherapy 2014; 6:1001-13. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
TB is a global health problem, killing 1.5 million people every year. The only currently available vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, is effective against severe childhood forms, but it demonstrates a variable efficacy against the pulmonary form of TB in adults. Many of these adult TB cases result from the reactivation of an initially controlled, latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Effective prophylactic vaccination remains the key long-term strategy for combating TB. Continued belief in reaching this goal requires unrelenting innovation in the formulation and delivery of candidate vaccines. It is also based on the assumption, that the failure of recent human vaccine trials could have been due to a suboptimal vaccine design and delivery, and therefore should not erode the key principle that a TB vaccine is an attainable target. This report gives a brief overview of the mucosal immune system in the context of M. tuberculosis infection, and focuses on the most recent advances in the field of mucosal TB vaccine development, with a specific emphasis on subunit TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Reynolds Diogo
- St George's Hospital, Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Rajko Reljic
- St George's Hospital, Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
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Ricca E, Baccigalupi L, Cangiano G, De Felice M, Isticato R. Mucosal vaccine delivery by non-recombinant spores of Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:115. [PMID: 25112405 PMCID: PMC4249717 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of mucosal vaccines strongly relies on an efficient delivery system and, over the years, a variety of approaches based on phages, bacteria or synthetic nanoparticles have been proposed to display and deliver antigens. The spore of Bacillus subtilis displaying heterologous antigens has also been considered as a mucosal vaccine vehicle, and shown able to conjugate some advantages of live microrganisms with some of synthetic nanoparticles. Here we review the use of non-recombinant spores of B. subtilis as a delivery system for mucosal immunizations. The non-recombinant display is based on the adsorption of heterologous molecules on the spore surface without the need of genetic manipulations, thus avoiding all concerns about the use and environmental release of genetically modified microorganisms. In addition, adsorbed molecules are stabilized and protected by the interaction with the spore, suggesting that this system could reduce the rapid degradation of the antigen, often observed with other delivery systems and identified as a major drawback of mucosal vaccines.
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28
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Sibley L, Reljic R, Radford DS, Huang JM, Hong HA, Cranenburgh RM, Cutting SM. RecombinantBacillus subtilisspores expressing MPT64 evaluated as a vaccine against tuberculosis in the murine model. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 358:170-9. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sibley
- School of Biological Sciences; Royal Holloway, University of London; Egham UK
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Infection and Immunity Research Centre; St George's University of London; London UK
| | - David S. Radford
- Cobra Biologics Ltd; Keele Science Park; Keele UK
- Prokarium Ltd; Keele Science Park; Keele UK
| | - Jen-Min Huang
- School of Biological Sciences; Royal Holloway, University of London; Egham UK
| | - Huynh A. Hong
- School of Biological Sciences; Royal Holloway, University of London; Egham UK
| | | | - Simon M. Cutting
- School of Biological Sciences; Royal Holloway, University of London; Egham UK
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