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Mousso T, Pollock SJ, Inzerillo PC, Gigliotti F, Wright TW. Protective innate immunity against Pneumocystis does not require Stat6-dependent macrophage polarization. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0022224. [PMID: 39150267 PMCID: PMC11475768 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00222-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis species are respiratory fungal pathogens that cause life-threatening opportunistic infections in immunocompromised hosts. Pneumocystis typically evade pulmonary innate immunity but are efficiently eradicated by a functional adaptive immune response. FVB/NJ mice are unique in that they display protective alveolar macrophage-dependent innate immunity against Pneumocystis, and remain resistant to infection even in the absence of CD4+ T lymphocyte function. FVB/NJ alveolar macrophages (AMs) were found to display an M2-biased phenotype at baseline, which was potentiated after stimulation with Pneumocystis, suggesting that macrophage polarization may dictate the outcome of the Pneumocystis-macrophage interaction. To determine whether Stat6, a key global regulator of M2 polarization, was required for FVB/NJ innate immunity, FVB Stat6-/- mice were generated. FVB Stat6-deficient AMs were markedly impaired in their ability to polarize to an M2 phenotype when stimulated with Th2 cytokines. However, FVB Stat6-/- mice remained highly resistant to infection, indicating that Stat6 signaling is dispensable for innate FVB/NJ resistance. Despite the loss of Stat6 signaling, primary AMs from FVB Stat6-/- mice maintained baseline expression of M2 markers, and also strongly upregulated M2-associated genes following direct stimulation with Pneumocystis. Additional FVB/NJ knockout strains were generated, but only FVB MerTK-/- mice showed a marginally increased susceptibility to Pneumocystis infection. Together, these findings demonstrate that effective FVB/NJ innate immunity against Pneumocystis does not require Stat6 signaling and suggest that alternative pathways regulate M2 bias and macrophage-mediated innate resistance in FVB/NJ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Mousso
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - S. J. Pollock
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - P. C. Inzerillo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - F. Gigliotti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - T. W. Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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Cerdeira CD, Brigagão MRPL. Targeting Macrophage Polarization in Infectious Diseases: M1/M2 Functional Profiles, Immune Signaling and Microbial Virulence Factors. Immunol Invest 2024; 53:1030-1091. [PMID: 38913937 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2024.2367682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An event of increasing interest during host-pathogen interactions is the polarization of patrolling/naive monocytes (MOs) into macrophage subsets (MФs). Therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating this event are under investigation. METHODS This review focuses on the mechanisms of induction/development and profile of MФs polarized toward classically proinflammatory (M1) or alternatively anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes in response to bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION It highlights nuclear, cytoplasmic, and cell surface receptors (pattern recognition receptors/PPRs), microenvironmental mediators, and immune signaling. MФs polarize into phenotypes: M1 MФs, activated by IFN-γ, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs, e.g. lipopolysaccharide) and membrane-bound PPRs ligands (TLRs/CLRs ligands); or M2 MФs, induced by interleukins (ILs-4, -10 and -13), antigen-antibody complexes, and helminth PAMPs. Polarization toward M1 and M2 profiles evolve in a pathogen-specific manner, with or without canonicity, and can vary widely. Ultimately, this can result in varying degrees of host protection or more severe disease outcome. On the one hand, the host is driving effective MФs polarization (M1 or M2); but on the other hand, microorganisms may skew the polarization through virulence factors to increase pathogenicity. Cellular/genomic reprogramming also ensures plasticity of M1/M2 phenotypes. Because modulation of polarization can occur at multiple points, new insights and emerging perspectives may have clinical implications during the inflammation-to-resolution transition; translated into practical applications as for therapeutic/vaccine design target to boost microbicidal response (M1, e.g. triggering oxidative burst) with specifics PAMPs/IFN-γ or promote tissue repair (M2, increasing arginase activity) via immunotherapy.
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Zlotnikov ID, Ezhov AA, Belogurova NG, Kudryashova EV. pH-Sensitive Fluorescent Probe in Nanogel Particles as Theragnostic Agent for Imaging and Elimination of Latent Bacterial Cells Residing Inside Macrophages. Gels 2024; 10:567. [PMID: 39330169 PMCID: PMC11431188 DOI: 10.3390/gels10090567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhodamine 6G (R6G) and 4-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD) linked through a spacer molecule spermidine (spd), R6G-spd-NBD, produces a fluorescent probe with pH-sensitive FRET (Förster (fluorescence) resonance energy transfer) effect that can be useful in a variety of diagnostic applications. Specifically, cancer cells can be spotted due to a local decrease in pH (Warburg effect). In this research, we applied this approach to intracellular infectious diseases-namely, leishmaniasis, brucellosis, and tuberculosis, difficult to treat because of their localization inside macrophages. R6G-spd-NBD offers an opportunity to detect such bacteria and potentially deliver therapeutic targets to treat them. The nanogel formulation of the R6G-spd-NBD probe (nanoparticles based on chitosan or heparin grafted with lipoic acid residues, Chit-LA and Hep-LA) was obtained to improve the pH sensitivity in the desired pH range (5.5-7.5), providing selective visualization and targeting of bacterial cells, thereby enhancing the capabilities of CLSM (confocal laser scanning microscopy) imaging. According to AFM (atomic force microscopy) data, nanogel particles containing R6G-spd-NBD of compact structure and spherical shape are formed, with a diameter of 70-100 nm. The nanogel formulation of the R6G-spd-NBD further improves absorption and penetration into bacteria, including those located inside macrophages. Due to the negative charge of the bacteria surface, the absorption of positively charged R6G-spd-NBD, and even more so in the chitosan derivatives' nanogel particles, is pronounced. Additionally, with a pH-sensitive R6G-spd-NBD fluorescent probe, the macrophages' lysosomes can be easily distinguished due to their acidic pH environment. CLSM was used to visualize samples of macrophage cells containing absorbed bacteria. The created nanoparticles showed a significant selectivity to model E. coli vs. Lactobacillus bacterial cells, and the R6G-spd-NBD agent, being a mild bactericide, cleared over 50% E.coli in conditions where Lactobacillus remained almost unaffected. Taken together, our data indicate that R6G-spd-NBD, as well as similar compounds, can have value not only for diagnostic, but also for theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor D. Zlotnikov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.D.Z.)
| | - Alexander A. Ezhov
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/2, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Natalya G. Belogurova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.D.Z.)
| | - Elena V. Kudryashova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.D.Z.)
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Sayson SG, Ashbaugh A, Porollo A, Smulian G, Cushion MT. Pneumocystis murina promotes inflammasome formation and NETosis during Pneumocystis pneumonia. mBio 2024; 15:e0140924. [PMID: 38953359 PMCID: PMC11323544 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01409-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PjP) poses a serious risk to individuals with compromised immune systems, such as individuals with HIV/AIDS or undergoing immunosuppressive therapies for cancer or solid organ transplants. Severe PjP triggers excessive lung inflammation, resulting in lung function decline and consequential alveolar damage, potentially culminating in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Non-HIV patients face a 30%-60% mortality rate, emphasizing the need for a deeper understanding of inflammatory responses in PjP. Prior research emphasized macrophages in Pneumocystis infections, neglecting neutrophils' role in tissue damage. Consequently, the overemphasis on macrophages led to an incomplete understanding of the role of neutrophils and inflammatory responses. In the current investigation, our RNAseq studies on a murine surrogate model of PjP revealed heightened activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and NETosis cell death pathways in their lungs. Immunofluorescence staining confirmed neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) presence in the lungs of the P. murina-infected mice, validating our findings. Moreover, isolated neutrophils exhibited NETosis when directly stimulated with P. murina. Isolated NETs compromised P. murina viability in vitro, highlighting the potential role of neutrophils in controlling fungal growth and promoting inflammation during P. murina pneumonia through NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and NETosis. These pathways, essential for inflammation and pathogen elimination, bear the risk of uncontrolled activation leading to excessive tissue damage and persistent inflammation. This pioneering study is the first to identify the formation of NETs and inflammasomes during Pneumocystis infection, paving the way for comprehensive investigations into treatments aimed at mitigating lung damage and augmenting survival rates for individuals with PjP.IMPORTANCEPneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PjP) affects individuals with weakened immunity, such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, and organ transplant patients. Severe PjP triggers lung inflammation, impairing function and potentially causing acute respiratory distress syndrome. Non-HIV individuals face a 30%-60% mortality rate, underscoring the need for deeper insight into PjP's inflammatory responses. Past research focused on macrophages in managing Pneumocystis infection and its inflammation, while the role of neutrophils was generally overlooked. In contrast, our findings in P. murina-infected mouse lungs showed neutrophil involvement during inflammation and increased expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and NETosis pathways. Detection of neutrophil extracellular traps further indicated their involvement in the inflammatory process. Although beneficial in combating infection, unregulated neutrophil activation poses a potential threat to lung tissues. Understanding the behavior of neutrophils in Pneumocystis infections is crucial for controlling detrimental reactions and formulating treatments to reduce lung damage, ultimately improving the survival rates of individuals with PjP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G. Sayson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- The Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Alan Ashbaugh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- The Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Aleksey Porollo
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - George Smulian
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- The Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Melanie T. Cushion
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- The Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Suprewicz Ł, Zakrzewska M, Okła S, Głuszek K, Sadzyńska A, Deptuła P, Fiedoruk K, Bucki R. Extracellular vimentin as a modulator of the immune response and an important player during infectious diseases. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:167-178. [PMID: 38211939 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Vimentin, an intermediate filament protein primarily recognized for its intracellular role in maintaining cellular structure, has recently garnered increased attention and emerged as a pivotal extracellular player in immune regulation and host-pathogen interactions. While the functions of extracellular vimentin were initially overshadowed by its cytoskeletal role, accumulating evidence now highlights its significance in diverse physiological and pathological events. This review explores the multifaceted role of extracellular vimentin in modulating immune responses and orchestrating interactions between host cells and pathogens. It delves into the mechanisms underlying vimentin's release into the extracellular milieu, elucidating its unconventional secretion pathways and identifying critical molecular triggers. In addition, the future perspectives of using extracellular vimentin in diagnostics and as a target protein in the treatment of diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Suprewicz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zakrzewska
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir Okła
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, Kielce, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Głuszek
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, Kielce, Poland
| | - Alicja Sadzyńska
- State Higher Vocational School of Prof. Edward F. Szczepanik in Suwałki, Suwałki, Poland
| | - Piotr Deptuła
- Independent Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Fiedoruk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Robert Bucki
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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Miyake K, Senoo S, Shiiba R, Itano J, Kimura G, Kawahara T, Tamura T, Kudo K, Kawamura T, Nakahara Y, Higo H, Himeji D, Takigawa N, Miyahara N. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia mortality risk associated with preceding long-term steroid use for the underlying disease: A multicenter, retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0292507. [PMID: 38330061 PMCID: PMC10852346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Long-term steroid use increases the risk of developing Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP), but there are limited reports on the relation of long-term steroid and PcP mortality. METHODS Retrospective multicenter study to identify risk factors for PcP mortality, including average steroid dose before the first visit for PcP in non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-PcP patients. We generated receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for 90-day all-cause mortality and the mean daily steroid dose per unit body weight in the preceding 10 to 90 days in 10-day increments. Patients were dichotomized by 90-day mortality and propensity score-based stabilized inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) adjusted covariates of age, sex, and underlying disease. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression assessed whether long-term corticosteroid use affected outcome. RESULTS Of 133 patients with non-HIV-PcP, 37 died within 90 days of initial diagnosis. The area under the ROC curve for 1-40 days was highest, and the optimal cutoff point of median adjunctive corticosteroid dosage was 0.34 mg/kg/day. Past steroid dose, underlying interstitial lung disease and emphysema, lower serum albumin and lower lymphocyte count, higher lactate dehydrogenase, use of therapeutic pentamidine and therapeutic high-dose steroids were all significantly associated with mortality. Underlying autoimmune disease, past immunosuppressant use, and a longer time from onset to start of treatment, were associated lower mortality. Logistic regression analysis after adjusting for age, sex, and underlying disease with IPTW revealed that steroid dose 1-40 days before the first visit for PcP (per 0.1 mg/kg/day increment, odds ratio 1.36 [95% confidence interval = 1.16-1.66], P<0.001), low lymphocyte counts, and high lactate dehydrogenase revel were independent mortality risk factor, while respiratory failure, early steroid, and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim for PcP treatment did not. CONCLUSION A steroid dose before PcP onset was strongly associated with 90-day mortality in non-HIV-PcP patients, emphasizing the importance of appropriate prophylaxis especially in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Miyake
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Himeji Medical Center, Himeji, Japan
| | - Satoru Senoo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ritsuya Shiiba
- Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Prefectural Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Junko Itano
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Minami-Okayama Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | - Goro Kimura
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Minami-Okayama Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Kawahara
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomoki Tamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Iwakuni Clinical Center, Iwakuni, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Kudo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Kawamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Himeji Medical Center, Himeji, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Nakahara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Himeji Medical Center, Himeji, Japan
| | - Hisao Higo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Himeji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Prefectural Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Nagio Takigawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Miyahara
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Yang HQ, Sun H, Li K, Shao MM, Zhai K, Tong ZH. Dynamics of host immune responses and a potential function of Trem2 hi interstitial macrophages in Pneumocystis pneumonia. Respir Res 2024; 25:72. [PMID: 38317180 PMCID: PMC10845524 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a life-threatening opportunistic fungal infection with a high mortality rate in immunocompromised patients, ranging from 20 to 80%. However, current understanding of the variation in host immune response against Pneumocystis across different timepoints is limited. METHODS In this study, we conducted a time-resolved single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of CD45+ cells sorted from lung tissues of mice infected with Pneumocystis. The dynamically changes of the number, transcriptome and interaction of multiply immune cell subsets in the process of Pneumocystis pneumonia were identified according to bioinformatic analysis. Then, the accumulation of Trem2hi interstitial macrophages after Pneumocystis infection was verified by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. We also investigate the role of Trem2 in resolving the Pneumocystis infection by depletion of Trem2 in mouse models. RESULTS Our results characterized the CD45+ cell composition of lung in mice infected with Pneumocystis from 0 to 5 weeks, which revealed a dramatic reconstitution of myeloid compartments and an emergence of PCP-associated macrophage (PAM) following Pneumocystis infection. PAM was marked by the high expression of Trem2. We also predicted that PAMs were differentiated from Ly6C+ monocytes and interacted with effector CD4+ T cell subsets via multiple ligand and receptor pairs. Furthermore, we determine the surface markers of PAMs and validated the presence and expansion of Trem2hi interstitial macrophages in PCP by flow cytometry. PAMs secreted abundant pro-inflammation cytokines, including IL-6, TNF-α, GM-CSF, and IP-10. Moreover, PAMs inhibited the proliferation of T cells, and depletion of Trem2 in mouse lead to reduced fungal burden and decreased lung injury in PCP. CONCLUSION Our study delineated the dynamic transcriptional changes in immune cells and suggests a role for PAMs in PCP, providing a framework for further investigation into PCP's cellular and molecular basis, which could provide a resource for further discovery of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu-Qin Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO. 8, Gong Ti South Road, Chao yang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Han Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO. 8, Gong Ti South Road, Chao yang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO. 8, Gong Ti South Road, Chao yang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Ming-Ming Shao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO. 8, Gong Ti South Road, Chao yang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Kan Zhai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO. 8, Gong Ti South Road, Chao yang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Zhao-Hui Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO. 8, Gong Ti South Road, Chao yang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
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Rouis H, Moussa C, Houcine Y, Zendah I, Kwas H, Ghedira H, Maâlej S. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in a healthy immunocompetent patient: A case report and literature review. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2023; 12:2050313X231220802. [PMID: 38162420 PMCID: PMC10757429 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x231220802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, typically an opportunistic infection, is commonly associated with risk factors such as low CD4+ lymphocyte count, underlying malignancies, organ transplantation, or immunosuppressive medications. However, occurrences in healthy individuals without known risk factors are exceptionally rare and sparsely documented. In our retrospective analysis of a 42-year-old male without past medical history at Abderrahmane Mami Hospital, Tunisia, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia was diagnosed. The patient presented with fever, productive cough, hemoptysis, and a decline in general health. Clinical examination revealed fever and hypoxemia, and imaging studies demonstrated bilateral necrotic alveolar opacities. Despite empirical antibiotics, nonresponse necessitated bronchoscopy, confirming Pneumocystis jirovecii. Treatment with oral Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim yielded excellent outcomes. This case highlights the potential occurrence of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in immunocompetent individuals, underscoring the importance of direct microbiological methods in assessing suggestive clinical and radiological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Rouis
- Pneumology Department 3, Abderrahmane Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Chirine Moussa
- Pneumology Department 3, Abderrahmane Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Yoldez Houcine
- Pathology Department, Abderrahmane Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Ines Zendah
- Pneumology Department 3, Abderrahmane Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Hamida Kwas
- Pulmonary Department, Regional Hospital of Gabes Mohammed Ben Sassi, Gabes, Tunisia
| | - Habib Ghedira
- Pneumology Department 3, Abderrahmane Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Maâlej
- Pneumology Department 3, Abderrahmane Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
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Wang J, Zhang ZQ, Gigliotti F, Wright TW. IFN-γ Limits Immunopathogenesis but Delays Fungal Clearance during Pneumocystis Pneumonia. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1397-1405. [PMID: 37721419 PMCID: PMC10635584 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
High levels of IFN-γ are produced in the lung during an adaptive immune response to Pneumocystis, but the effects of this prototypical Th1 cytokine on fungal clearance and immunopathogenesis have not been fully defined. Therefore, Pneumocystis-infected immunodeficient mice were immune reconstituted and administered control or anti-IFN-γ neutralizing Ab to determine how IFN-γ regulates the balance between host defense and immune-mediated lung injury. Mice treated with anti-IFN-γ demonstrated an initial worsening of Pneumocystis pneumonia-related immunopathogenesis, with greater weight loss, heightened lung inflammation, and more severe pulmonary function deficits than control mice. However, IFN-γ neutralization also enhanced macrophage phagocytosis of Pneumocystis and accelerated fungal clearance. When anti-IFN-γ-treated mice were also given IL-4 and IL-13 to promote a Th2-biased lung environment, the accelerated fungal clearance was preserved, but the severity of immunopathogenesis was reduced, and a more rapid recovery was observed. A direct suppressive effect of IFN-γ on macrophages was required but was not solely responsible for delayed fungal clearance, suggesting that IFN-γ acts through multiple mechanisms that likely include modulation of both macrophage and Th polarization. Enhanced Pneumocystis clearance in anti-IFN-γ-treated and IFN-γR-deficient mice was associated with significantly elevated IL-17+ CD4+ T cells and IL-17 protein in the lungs. Furthermore, neutralization of IL-17, but not IL-4, signaling blocked the accelerated fungal clearance observed in anti-IFN-γ-treated mice. Together, these data demonstrate that although IFN-γ delays fungal clearance by suppressing the lung Th17 response, it also serves an important regulatory role that limits immunopathogenesis and preserves pulmonary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Zhuo-Qian Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Francis Gigliotti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, NY 14642
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Terry W. Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, NY 14642
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, NY 14642
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Bucki R, Iwamoto DV, Shi X, Kerr KE, Byfield FJ, Suprewicz Ł, Skłodowski K, Sutaria J, Misiak P, Wilczewska AZ, Ramachandran S, Wolfe A, Thanh MTH, Whalen E, Patteson AE, Janmey PA. Extracellular vimentin is sufficient to promote cell attachment, spreading, and motility by a mechanism involving N-acetyl glucosamine-containing structures. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104963. [PMID: 37356720 PMCID: PMC10392088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vimentin intermediate filaments form part of the cytoskeleton of mesenchymal cells, but under pathological conditions often associated with inflammation, vimentin filaments depolymerize as the result of phosphorylation or citrullination, and vimentin oligomers are secreted or released into the extracellular environment. In the extracellular space, vimentin can bind surfaces of cells and the extracellular matrix, and the interaction between extracellular vimentin and cells can trigger changes in cellular functions, such as activation of fibroblasts to a fibrotic phenotype. The mechanism by which extracellular vimentin binds external cell membranes and whether vimentin alone can act as an adhesive anchor for cells is largely uncharacterized. Here, we show that various cell types (normal and vimentin null fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, and A549 lung carcinoma cells) attach to and spread on polyacrylamide hydrogel substrates covalently linked to vimentin. Using traction force microscopy and spheroid expansion assays, we characterize how different cell types respond to extracellular vimentin. Cell attachment to and spreading on vimentin-coated surfaces is inhibited by hyaluronic acid degrading enzymes, hyaluronic acid synthase inhibitors, soluble heparin or N-acetyl glucosamine, all of which are treatments that have little or no effect on the same cell types binding to collagen-coated hydrogels. These studies highlight the effectiveness of substrate-bound vimentin as a ligand for cells and suggest that carbohydrate structures, including the glycocalyx and glycosylated cell surface proteins that contain N-acetyl glucosamine, form a novel class of adhesion receptors for extracellular vimentin that can either directly support cell adhesion to a substrate or fine-tune the glycocalyx adhesive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bucki
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Daniel V Iwamoto
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xuechen Shi
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katherine E Kerr
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fitzroy J Byfield
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Łukasz Suprewicz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Karol Skłodowski
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Julian Sutaria
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paweł Misiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | | | | | - Aaron Wolfe
- Ichor Life Sciences, Inc, LaFayette, New York, USA; Lewis School of Health Sciences, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, USA
| | - Minh-Tri Ho Thanh
- Physics Department, BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Eli Whalen
- Physics Department, BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Alison E Patteson
- Physics Department, BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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11
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Wang Y, Li K, Zhao W, Liu Y, Li T, Yang HQ, Tong Z, Song N. Integrated multi-omics analyses reveal the altered transcriptomic characteristics of pulmonary macrophages in immunocompromised hosts with Pneumocystis pneumonia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1179094. [PMID: 37359523 PMCID: PMC10289015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1179094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction With the extensive use of immunosuppressants, immunosuppression-associated pneumonitis including Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) has received increasing attention. Though aberrant adaptive immunity has been considered as a key reason for opportunistic infections, the characteristics of innate immunity in these immunocompromised hosts remain unclear. Methods In this study, wild type C57BL/6 mice or dexamethasone-treated mice were injected with or without Pneumocystis. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) were harvested for the multiplex cytokine and metabolomics analysis. The single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of indicated lung tissues or BALFs was performed to decipher the macrophages heterogeneity. Mice lung tissues were further analyzed via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) or immunohistochemical staining. Results We found that the secretion of both pro-inflammatory cytokines and metabolites in the Pneumocystis-infected mice are impaired by glucocorticoids. By scRNA-seq, we identified seven subpopulations of macrophages in mice lung tissues. Among them, a group of Mmp12+ macrophages is enriched in the immunocompetent mice with Pneumocystis infection. Pseudotime trajectory showed that these Mmp12+ macrophages are differentiated from Ly6c+ classical monocytes, and highly express pro-inflammatory cytokines elevated in BALFs of Pneumocystis-infected mice. In vitro, we confirmed that dexamethasone impairs the expression of Lif, Il1b, Il6 and Tnf, as well as the fungal killing capacity of alveolar macrophage (AM)-like cells. Moreover, in patients with PCP, we found a group of macrophages resembled the aforementioned Mmp12+ macrophages, and these macrophages are inhibited in the patient receiving glucocorticoid treatment. Additionally, dexamethasone simultaneously impaired the functional integrity of resident AMs and downregulated the level of lysophosphatidylcholine, leading to the suppressed antifungal capacities. Conclusion We reported a group of Mmp12+ macrophages conferring protection during Pneumocystis infection, which can be dampened by glucocorticoids. This study provides multiple resources for understanding the heterogeneity and metabolic changes of innate immunity in immunocompromised hosts, and also suggests that the loss of Mmp12+ macrophages population contributes to the pathogenesis of immunosuppression-associated pneumonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weichao Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yalan Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hu-Qin Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Song
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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12
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Trubin PA, Azar MM. Current Concepts in the Diagnosis and Management of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Solid Organ Transplantation. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2023:S0891-5520(23)00026-0. [PMID: 37142510 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Pneumocystis infection manifests predominantly as an interstitial pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. Diagnostic testing in the appropriate clinical context can be highly sensitive and specific and involves radiographic imaging, fungal biomarkers, nucleic acid amplification, histopathology, and lung fluid or tissue sampling. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole remains the first-choice agent for treatment and prophylaxis. Investigation continues to promote a deeper understanding of the pathogen's ecology, epidemiology, host susceptibility, and optimal treatment and prevention strategies in solid organ transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Trubin
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, 135 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Marwan M Azar
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Yale School of Medicine, 135 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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13
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Zhang ZQ, Gigliotti F, Wright TW. The Dual Benefit of Sulfasalazine on Pneumocystis Pneumonia-Related Immunopathogenesis and Antifungal Host Defense Does Not Require IL-4Rα-Dependent Macrophage Polarization. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0049022. [PMID: 36916933 PMCID: PMC10112227 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00490-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis is a respiratory fungal pathogen that is among the most frequent causes of life-threatening pneumonia (PcP) in immunocompromised hosts. Alveolar macrophages play an important role in host defense against Pneumocystis, and several studies have suggested that M2 polarized macrophages have anti-Pneumocystis effector activity. Our prior work found that the immunomodulatory drug sulfasalazine (SSZ) provides a dual benefit during PcP-related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) by concurrently suppressing immunopathogenesis while also accelerating macrophage-mediated fungal clearance. The benefits of SSZ were associated with heightened Th2 cytokine production and M2 macrophage polarization. Therefore, to determine whether SSZ improves the outcome of PcP through a mechanism that requires Th2-dependent M2 polarization, RAG2-/- mice lacking interleukin 4 receptor alpha chain (IL-4Rα) on macrophage lineage cells were generated. As expected, SSZ treatment dramatically reduced the severity of PcP-related immunopathogenesis and accelerated fungal clearance in immune-reconstituted RAG2-/- mice. Similarly, SSZ treatment was also highly effective in immune-reconstituted RAG2/IL-4Rα-/- and RAG2/gamma interferon receptor (IFN-γR)-/- mice, demonstrating that neither IL-4Rα-dependent M2 nor IFN-γR-dependent M1 macrophage polarization programs were required for the beneficial effects of SSZ. Despite the fact that macrophages from RAG2/IL-4Rα-/- mice could not respond to the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13, M2-biased alveolar macrophages were identified in the lungs following SSZ treatment. These data demonstrate that not only does SSZ enhance phagocytosis and fungal clearance in the absence of macrophage IL-4Rα signaling, but also that SSZ promotes M2 macrophage polarization in an IL-4Rα-independent manner. These findings could have implications for the treatment of PcP and other diseases in which M2 polarization is beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Qian Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Francis Gigliotti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Terry W. Wright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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14
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Tao H, Xu Y, Zhang S. The Role of Macrophages and Alveolar Epithelial Cells in the Development of ARDS. Inflammation 2023; 46:47-55. [PMID: 36048270 PMCID: PMC9435414 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01726-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) usually causes acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), or even death in critical ill patients. Immune cell infiltration in inflamed lungs is an important hallmark of ARDS. Macrophages are a type of immune cell that participate in the entire pathogenic trajectory of ARDS and most prominently via their interactions with lung alveolar epithelial cells (AECs). In the early stage of ARDS, classically activated macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines to clearance of the pathogens which may damage alveolar AECs cell structure and result in cell death. Paradoxically, in late stage of ARDS, anti-inflammatory cytokines secreted by alternatively activated macrophages dampen the inflammation response and promote epithelial regeneration and alveolar structure remodeling. In this review, we discuss the important role of macrophages and AECs in the progression of ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430033, China
| | - Younian Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430033, China.
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430033, China.
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15
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de Carvalho Patricio BF, da Silva Lopes Pereira JO, Sarcinelli MA, de Moraes BPT, Rocha HVA, Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque CF. Could the Lung Be a Gateway for Amphotericin B to Attack the Army of Fungi? Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2707. [PMID: 36559201 PMCID: PMC9784761 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal diseases are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, primarily affecting immunocompromised patients. Aspergillus, Pneumocystis, and Cryptococcus are opportunistic fungi and may cause severe lung disease. They can develop mechanisms to evade the host immune system and colonize or cause lung disease. Current fungal infection treatments constitute a few classes of antifungal drugs with significant fungi resistance development. Amphotericin B (AmB) has a broad-spectrum antifungal effect with a low incidence of resistance. However, AmB is a highly lipophilic antifungal with low solubility and permeability and is unstable in light, heat, and oxygen. Due to the difficulty of achieving adequate concentrations of AmB in the lung by intravenous administration and seeking to minimize adverse effects, nebulized AmB has been used. The pulmonary pathway has advantages such as its rapid onset of action, low metabolic activity at the site of action, ability to avoid first-pass hepatic metabolism, lower risk of adverse effects, and thin thickness of the alveolar epithelium. This paper presented different strategies for pulmonary AmB delivery, detailing the potential of nanoformulation and hoping to foster research in the field. Our finds indicate that despite an optimistic scenario for the pulmonary formulation of AmB based on the encouraging results discussed here, there is still no product registration on the FDA nor any clinical trial undergoing ClinicalTrial.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Ferreira de Carvalho Patricio
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, 94 Frei Caneca Street, Rio de Janeiro 20211-010, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, 94 Frei Caneca Street, Rio de Janeiro 20211-010, Brazil
| | | | - Michelle Alvares Sarcinelli
- Laboratory of Micro and Nanotechnology, Institute of Technology of Drugs, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil Av., 4036, Rio de Janeiro 213040-361, Brazil
| | - Bianca Portugal Tavares de Moraes
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Rua Prof. Marcos Waldemar de Freitas Reis, Niterói 24210-201, Brazil
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, 94 Frei Caneca Street, Rio de Janeiro 20211-010, Brazil
| | - Helvécio Vinicius Antunes Rocha
- Laboratory of Micro and Nanotechnology, Institute of Technology of Drugs, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil Av., 4036, Rio de Janeiro 213040-361, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Felippe Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque
- Postgraduate Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, 94 Frei Caneca Street, Rio de Janeiro 20211-010, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Rua Prof. Marcos Waldemar de Freitas Reis, Niterói 24210-201, Brazil
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, 94 Frei Caneca Street, Rio de Janeiro 20211-010, Brazil
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16
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Vimentin inhibits type I interferon production by disrupting the TBK1-IKKε-IRF3 axis. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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17
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Ha R, Keynan Y, Rueda ZV. Increased susceptibility to pneumonia due to tumour necrosis factor inhibition and prospective immune system rescue via immunotherapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:980868. [PMID: 36159650 PMCID: PMC9489861 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.980868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulators such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are used to treat autoimmune conditions by reducing the magnitude of the innate immune response. Dampened innate responses pose an increased risk of new infections by opportunistic pathogens and reactivation of pre-existing latent infections. The alteration in immune response predisposes to increased severity of infections. TNF inhibitors are used to treat autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, transplant recipients, and inflammatory bowel disease. The efficacies of immunomodulators are shown to be varied, even among those that target the same pathways. Monoclonal antibody-based TNF inhibitors have been shown to induce stronger immunosuppression when compared to their receptor-based counterparts. The variability in activity also translates to differences in risk for infection, moreover, parallel, or sequential use of immunosuppressive drugs and corticosteroids makes it difficult to accurately attribute the risk of infection to a single immunomodulatory drug. Among recipients of TNF inhibitors, Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been shown to be responsible for 12.5-59% of all infections; Pneumocystis jirovecii has been responsible for 20% of all non-viral infections; and Legionella pneumophila infections occur at 13-21 times the rate of the general population. This review will outline the mechanism of immune modulation caused by TNF inhibitors and how they predispose to infection with a focus on Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Legionella pneumophila, and Pneumocystis jirovecii. This review will then explore and evaluate how other immunomodulators and host-directed treatments influence these infections and the severity of the resulting infection to mitigate or treat TNF inhibitor-associated infections alongside antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Ha
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yoav Keynan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Community-Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Zulma Vanessa Rueda
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin, Colombia
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18
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Xie Y, Zhou X, Zhang J, Yu H, Song Z. Immunomodulatory responses of differentially polarized macrophages to fungal infections. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 111:109089. [PMID: 35964406 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages, the first line of defense against invasive fungi in the innate immune system, are widely distributed in the blood and tissues of the body. In response to various internal and external stimulators, macrophages can polarize into classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2). These two types of polarized macrophages play different roles in antifungal activity and in maintaining the steady-state balance between inflammation and tissue repair. However, the antifungal mechanisms of M1- and M2-type macrophages have not been fully described. In this review, the immune regulatory mechanisms against pathogenic fungi of these two classical types of macrophages in various tissues are summarized. The effects of antifungal factors on macrophage differentiation are also highlighted. The description of these data, on the one hand provides valuable insight for future investigations and also highlights new strategies for the treatment of pathogenic fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Xie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China.
| | - Xue Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China.
| | - Jinping Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China; The Public Platform of Molecular Biotechnology, Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China; The Public Platform of Cell Biotechnology, Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China.
| | - Zhangyong Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China; The Public Platform of Molecular Biotechnology, Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Nascimento MT, Cordeiro RSO, Abreu C, Santos CP, Peixoto F, Duarte GA, Cardoso T, de Oliveira CI, Carvalho E, Carvalho LP. Pioglitazone, a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Agonist, Downregulates the Inflammatory Response in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients Without Interfering in Leishmania braziliensis Killing by Monocytes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:884237. [PMID: 35909958 PMCID: PMC9329526 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.884237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) due to Leishmania braziliensis infection have an exacerbated inflammatory response associated with tissue damage and ulcer development. An increase in the rate of patients who fail therapy with pentavalent antimony has been documented. An adjuvant therapy with an anti-inflammatory drug with the potential of Leishmania killing would benefit CL patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the contribution of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) activation by pioglitazone in the regulation of the inflammatory response and L. braziliensis killing by monocytes. Pioglitazone is an oral drug used in the treatment of diabetes, and its main mechanism of action is through the activation of PPAR-γ, which is expressed in many cell types of the immune response. We found that activation of PPAR-γ by pioglitazone decreases the inflammatory response in CL patients without affecting L. braziliensis killing by monocytes. Our data suggest that pioglitazone may serve as an adjunctive treatment for CL caused by L. braziliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício T. Nascimento
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ravena S. O. Cordeiro
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Cayo Abreu
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Camila P. Santos
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fábio Peixoto
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Gabriela A. Duarte
- Laboratório de Enfermidades Infecciosas Transmitidas por Vetores, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Thiago Cardoso
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Camila I. de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Enfermidades Infecciosas Transmitidas por Vetores, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
- Ministério de Ciências e Tecnologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Ministério de Ciências e Tecnologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lucas P. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Ministério de Ciências e Tecnologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
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20
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Lee SY, Fierro J, Dipasquale J, Bastian A, Tran AM, Hong D, Chin B, Nguyen-Lee PJ, Mazal S, Espinal J, Thomas T, Dou H. Engineering Human Circulating Monocytes/Macrophages by Systemic Deliverable Gene Editing. Front Immunol 2022; 13:754557. [PMID: 35663976 PMCID: PMC9159279 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.754557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of plasmid DNA to transfect human primary macrophages is extremely difficult, especially for genetic engineering. Engineering macrophages is imperative for the treatment of many diseases including infectious diseases, cancer, neurological diseases, and aging. Unfortunately, plasmid does not cross the nuclear membranes of terminally differentiated macrophages to integrate the plasmid DNA (pDNA) into their genome. To address this issue, we have developed a core-shell nanoparticle (NP) using our newly created cationic lipid to deliver the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 pDNA (IL-4pDNA-NPs). Human blood monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) were effectively transfected with IL-4pDNA-NPs. IL-4pDNA-NPs were internalized in MDM within 30 minutes and delivered into the nucleus within 2 hours. Exogenous IL-4 expression was detected within 1 - 2 days and continued up to 30 days. Functional IL-4 expression led to M2 macrophage polarization in vitro and in an in vivo mouse model of inflammation. These data suggest that these NPs can protect pDNA from degradation by nucleases once inside the cell, and can transport pDNA into the nucleus to enhance gene delivery in macrophages in vitro and in vivo. In this research, we developed a new method to deliver plasmids into the nucleus of monocytes and macrophages for gene-editing. Introducing IL-4 pDNA into macrophages provides a new gene therapy solution for the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yoon Lee
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine of Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Javier Fierro
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine of Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Jake Dipasquale
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine of Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Anthony Bastian
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine of Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - An M Tran
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine of Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Deawoo Hong
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate School, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Brandon Chin
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate School, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Paul J Nguyen-Lee
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine of Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Sarah Mazal
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine of Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Jamil Espinal
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate School, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Tima Thomas
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine of Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Huanyu Dou
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine of Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate School, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
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21
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Chesnay A, Paget C, Heuzé-Vourc’h N, Baranek T, Desoubeaux G. Pneumocystis Pneumonia: Pitfalls and Hindrances to Establishing a Reliable Animal Model. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:129. [PMID: 35205883 PMCID: PMC8877242 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis pneumonia is a severe lung infection that occurs primarily in largely immunocompromised patients. Few treatment options exist, and the mortality rate remains substantial. To develop new strategies in the fields of diagnosis and treatment, it appears to be critical to improve the scientific knowledge about the biology of the Pneumocystis agent and the course of the disease. In the absence of in vitro continuous culture system, in vivo animal studies represent a crucial cornerstone for addressing Pneumocystis pneumonia in laboratories. Here, we provide an overview of the animal models of Pneumocystis pneumonia that were reported in the literature over the last 60 years. Overall, this review highlights the great heterogeneity of the variables studied: the choice of the host species and its genetics, the different immunosuppressive regimens to render an animal susceptible, the experimental challenge, and the different validation methods of the model. With this work, the investigator will have the keys to choose pivotal experimental parameters and major technical features that are assumed to likely influence the results according to the question asked. As an example, we propose an animal model to explore the immune response during Pneumocystis pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adélaïde Chesnay
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie-Médecine Tropicale, Pôle Biologie Médicale, Hôpital Bretonneau, CHRU de Tours, 2 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours, France;
- Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1100, Université de Tours, 10 Bouelvard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France; (C.P.); (N.H.-V.); (T.B.)
| | - Christophe Paget
- Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1100, Université de Tours, 10 Bouelvard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France; (C.P.); (N.H.-V.); (T.B.)
| | - Nathalie Heuzé-Vourc’h
- Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1100, Université de Tours, 10 Bouelvard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France; (C.P.); (N.H.-V.); (T.B.)
| | - Thomas Baranek
- Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1100, Université de Tours, 10 Bouelvard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France; (C.P.); (N.H.-V.); (T.B.)
| | - Guillaume Desoubeaux
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie-Médecine Tropicale, Pôle Biologie Médicale, Hôpital Bretonneau, CHRU de Tours, 2 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours, France;
- Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1100, Université de Tours, 10 Bouelvard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France; (C.P.); (N.H.-V.); (T.B.)
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22
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Fonte L, Ginori M, Calderón EJ, de Armas Y. Prevalence of Pneumocystosis in Sub-Saharan Africa and Helminth Immune Modulation. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 8:jof8010045. [PMID: 35049985 PMCID: PMC8779910 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa is the region of the world with the highest prevalence of helminth infections. To protect themselves from the defensive mechanisms of their respective hosts, helminths modulate their immune responses. This modulation has relevant clinical and epidemiological consequences, including the inhibition of inflammatory processes that characterize infection by other microorganisms. Severe Pneumocystis pneumonia is characterized by an intense inflammatory reaction that can lead to death. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is the main predisposing factor to the development of pneumocystosis. Although the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy has led to a notable decline in the incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated complications, pneumocystosis continues to be an important global health problem. Despite the high incidence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in the sub-Saharan region, the prevalence of Pneumocystis pneumonia there has been lower than expected. Several factors, or combinations thereof, may contribute to this evolution. Here, we hypothesize the possible role of helminth immune modulation as an important issue at play. On the other hand, and looking ahead, we believe that the immune modulation achieved by helminths may be an important factor to consider during the design and evaluation processes of vaccines against Pneumocystis jirovecii to be used in Sub-Saharan Africa. The requirements of a balanced triggering of different types of immune responses for controlling the infection produced by this microorganism, as observed during experiments in animal models, support this final consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fonte
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kourí”, Havana 11400, Cuba
- Correspondence: (L.F.); (E.J.C.); Tel.: +34-955923096 (E.J.C.)
| | - María Ginori
- Department of Teaching, Polyclinic “Plaza de la Revolución”, Havana 11300, Cuba;
| | - Enrique J. Calderón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investiga-Ciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.F.); (E.J.C.); Tel.: +34-955923096 (E.J.C.)
| | - Yaxsier de Armas
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Diagnostic, Hospital Center of Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kourí”, Havana 11400, Cuba;
- Pathology Department, Hospital Center of Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kourí”, Havana 11400, Cuba
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23
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Charpentier E, Ménard S, Marques C, Berry A, Iriart X. Immune Response in Pneumocystis Infections According to the Host Immune System Status. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080625. [PMID: 34436164 PMCID: PMC8399367 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The host immune response is critical in Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). Immunocompetent hosts can eliminate the fungus without symptoms, while immunodeficient hosts develop PCP with an unsuitable excessive inflammatory response leading to lung damage. From studies based on rodent models or clinical studies, this review aimed to better understand the pathophysiology of Pneumocystis infection by analysing the role of immune cells, mostly lymphocytes, according to the immune status of the infected host. Hence, this review first describes the immune physiological response in infected immunocompetent hosts that are able to eliminate the fungus. The objective of the second part is to identify the immune elements required for the control of the fungus, focusing on specific immune deficiencies. Finally, the third part concentrates on the effect of the different immune elements in immunocompromised subjects during PCP, to better understand which cells are detrimental, and which, on the contrary, are beneficial once the disease has started. This work highlights that the immune response associated with a favourable outcome of the infection may differ according to the immune status of the host. In the case of immunocompetency, a close communication between B cells and TCD4 within tertiary lymphocyte structures appears critical to activate M2 macrophages without much inflammation. Conversely, in the case of immunodeficiency, a pro-inflammatory response including Th1 CD4, cytotoxic CD8, NK cells, and IFNγ release seems beneficial for M1 macrophage activation, despite the impact of inflammation on lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eléna Charpentier
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Toulouse University Hospital, 31059 Toulouse, France;
- Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse III, 31024 Toulouse, France; (S.M.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (X.I.)
| | - Sandie Ménard
- Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse III, 31024 Toulouse, France; (S.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Catherine Marques
- Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse III, 31024 Toulouse, France; (S.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Antoine Berry
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Toulouse University Hospital, 31059 Toulouse, France;
- Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse III, 31024 Toulouse, France; (S.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Xavier Iriart
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Toulouse University Hospital, 31059 Toulouse, France;
- Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse III, 31024 Toulouse, France; (S.M.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (X.I.)
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The Role of Dectin-1-Mediated M1 Macrophage Polarization in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Emerg Med Int 2021; 2021:6697271. [PMID: 34094602 PMCID: PMC8163548 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6697271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The advances in cerebral ischemia treatment have resulted in a larger proportion of patients get the benefits of rebuilding blood flow to the brain. Then, ischemia-reperfusion injury has emerged as a new essential problem. Dectin-1 plays an important role in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating the function of immune cells. Methods C57BL/6 was blindly divided into four groups including the sham-operated group and the three different kinds of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) groups (after 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours after plug removal). The protein expression levels of dectin-1, proapoptosis molecule, and antiapoptosis molecule were measured by using western blot analysis. The brain tissue was analyzed by flow cytometry to detect the M1 macrophage levels. Results The correlation analysis of dectin-1 and infarct areas showed that there was an obviously positive correlation in between them (R = 0.9603). Dectin-1, cleaved caspase-3, and Bax increased, while antiapoptosis molecule, Bcl-2, decreased at three appropriate time points (after 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours). The level of M1 macrophages in the experimental group increased after ischemia-reperfusion injury compared to the control group. Conclusions The high expression level of dectin-1 may affect M1 macrophage polarization and brain cell apoptosis in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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25
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Xu J, Xu H, Ma K, Wang Y, Niu B, Zhang L, Li F. lncRNA Gm16410 Mediates PM 2. 5-Induced Macrophage Activation via PI3K/AKT Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:618045. [PMID: 33796524 PMCID: PMC8007886 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.618045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PM2.5 refers to atmospheric particulate matters with a diameter of less than 2.5 μm. The deposit of PM2.5 in lung cells can cause oxidative stress, leading to changes in macrophage polarity, which can subsequently cause pulmonary inflammation. Long-chain non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a class of transcripts that regulate biological processes through multiple mechanisms. However, the role of lncRNA in PM2.5-induced lung inflammation has not been established. In this study, the biological effects and associated mechanism of lncRNA in PM2.5-induced change in macrophage polarity were investigated. The lncRNA-mediated PM2.5-induced macrophage inflammation and lung inflammation-associated injury were also determined. Mice were exposed to chronic levels of PM2.5, and changes in the expression of lncRNA in the lung were measured by lncRNA microarray. lncRNAs that showed significant changes in expression in response to PM2.5 were identified. lncRNA showing the biggest change was subjected to further analysis to determine its functional roles and mechanisms with respect to macrophage activation. The result showed that a significant reduction in expression of one lncRNA, identified as lncGm16410, was observed in the lung of mice and RAW264.7 cells following exposure to PM2.5. lncGm16410 suppressed PM2.5-induced macrophage activation via the SRC protein-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. PM2.5 promoted lung inflammation by downregulating the expression of lncGm16410, enhancing the activation of macrophages. Thus, lncGm16410 might provide new insight into the prevention of PM2.5 injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbin Xu
- Laboratory Medicine College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Henggui Xu
- Laboratory Medicine College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Kexin Ma
- Laboratory Medicine College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Laboratory Medicine College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ben Niu
- Laboratory Medicine College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Fasheng Li
- Laboratory Medicine College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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26
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Characteristics and outcome according to underlying disease in non-AIDS patients with acute respiratory failure due to Pneumocystis pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:1191-1198. [PMID: 33411170 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-04118-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the non-AIDS group, several underlying conditions and immune defects could lead to different PCP presentations. This study compared PCP presentation and outcome according to the underlying disease. A secondary analysis of a previously published prospective observational study including 544 PCP patients was done. Only non-AIDS patients were included. Underlying disease was defined as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), organ transplantation, solid cancer, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (AHSCT), other hematological diseases, and immunosuppressive treatment. Clinical characteristics and outcomes were compared between groups. Multiple correspondent analyses compared clinical characteristics at diagnosis. Day 30 mortality was analyzed. Three hundred and twenty-one patients were included in the study. The underlying diseases were hematological malignancy (n = 75), AHSCT (n = 14), CLL (n = 19), solid organ transplant (n = 94), solid tumor (n = 39), and immunosuppressive treatment (n = 57). Compared with other underlying diseases, PCP related to CLL was closer to PCP related to AIDS presentation (long duration of symptoms before diagnosis, high level of dyspnea, and low oxygen saturation at diagnosis). Day 30 mortality was associated with underlying disease, oxygen flow, and shock at ICU admission. PCP presentations may vary according to the underlying reason for immunosuppression. Response to treatment and adjuvant steroid therapy should be analyzed regarding this result.
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27
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Ramos I, Stamatakis K, Oeste CL, Pérez-Sala D. Vimentin as a Multifaceted Player and Potential Therapeutic Target in Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4675. [PMID: 32630064 PMCID: PMC7370124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vimentin is an intermediate filament protein that plays key roles in integration of cytoskeletal functions, and therefore in basic cellular processes such as cell division and migration. Consequently, vimentin has complex implications in pathophysiology. Vimentin is required for a proper immune response, but it can also act as an autoantigen in autoimmune diseases or as a damage signal. Although vimentin is a predominantly cytoplasmic protein, it can also appear at extracellular locations, either in a secreted form or at the surface of numerous cell types, often in relation to cell activation, inflammation, injury or senescence. Cell surface targeting of vimentin appears to associate with the occurrence of certain posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation and/or oxidative damage. At the cell surface, vimentin can act as a receptor for bacterial and viral pathogens. Indeed, vimentin has been shown to play important roles in virus attachment and entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), dengue and encephalitis viruses, among others. Moreover, the presence of vimentin in specific virus-targeted cells and its induction by proinflammatory cytokines and tissue damage contribute to its implication in viral infection. Here, we recapitulate some of the pathophysiological implications of vimentin, including the involvement of cell surface vimentin in interaction with pathogens, with a special focus on its role as a cellular receptor or co-receptor for viruses. In addition, we provide a perspective on approaches to target vimentin, including antibodies or chemical agents that could modulate these interactions to potentially interfere with viral pathogenesis, which could be useful when multi-target antiviral strategies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ramos
- Department of Neurology and Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Konstantinos Stamatakis
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, UAM-CSIC. Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (K.S.); (C.L.O.)
| | - Clara L. Oeste
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, UAM-CSIC. Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (K.S.); (C.L.O.)
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Zhang C, Rong HM, Li T, Zhai K, Tong ZH. PD-1 Deficiency Promotes Macrophage Activation and T-Helper Cell Type 1/T-Helper Cell Type 17 Response in Pneumocystis Pneumonia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:767-782. [PMID: 32048861 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0234oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Heng-Mo Rong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kan Zhai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Qin J, Zhang J, Shi M, Xi L, Zhang J. Effect of Fonsecaea monophora on the Polarization of THP-1 Cells to Macrophages. Mycopathologia 2020; 185:467-476. [PMID: 32277381 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic, progressive fungal disease of the skin and subcutaneous tissue caused by a unique group of dematiaceous fungi. Fonsecaea monophora, a new species distinct from Fonsecaea pedrosoi strains, is the main pathogen responsible for chromoblastomycosis in south China. Macrophages can be polarized into two categories: classically activated and alternatively activated. OBJECTIVES Little is known about the relationship between F. monophora and macrophage polarization. This study aimed to study the effect of F. monophora on the polarization of THP-1 cells to macrophages. METHODS We established coculture systems of F. monophora and THP-1-derived macrophages in different activation states. RESULTS F. monophora enhanced the phagocytosis by macrophages in the initially activated state and weakened the phagocytosis by classically activated macrophages without affecting that by alternatively activated macrophages. Classically activated macrophages had the strongest killing effect on F. monophora, while the initially activated macrophages had the weakest. The pathogen could not be rapidly cleared by any type of macrophage. F. monophora promoted the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibited that of anti-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS F. monophora promoted the polarization of THP-1 cells to classically activated macrophages and inhibited that of THP-1 cells to alternatively activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Qin
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The People's Hospitol of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minglan Shi
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyan Xi
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Otieno-Odhiambo P, Wasserman S, Hoving JC. The Contribution of Host Cells to Pneumocystis Immunity: An Update. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8020052. [PMID: 31010170 PMCID: PMC6631015 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis is a ubiquitous atypical fungus that is distributed globally. The genus comprises morphologically similar but genetically heterogeneous species that have co-evolved with specific mammalian hosts as obligate intra-pulmonary pathogens. In humans, Pneumocystis jirovecii is the causative organism of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in immunocompromised individuals, a serious illness frequently leading to life-threatening respiratory failure. Initially observed in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, PCP is increasingly observed in immunocompromised non-AIDS patients. The evolving epidemiology and persistently poor outcomes of this common infection will require new strategies for diagnosis and treatment. A deeper understanding of host immune responses and of the cells that mediate them will improve the chance of developing new treatment strategies. This brief review provides an update on recent studies on the role of host immunity against Pneumocystis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Otieno-Odhiambo
- AFGrica Medical Mycology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - Sean Wasserman
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - J Claire Hoving
- AFGrica Medical Mycology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
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31
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Bhagwat SP, Gigliotti F, Wang J, Wang Z, Notter RH, Murphy PS, Rivera-Escalera F, Malone J, Jordan MB, Elliott MR, Wright TW. Intrinsic Programming of Alveolar Macrophages for Protective Antifungal Innate Immunity Against Pneumocystis Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2131. [PMID: 30283457 PMCID: PMC6156154 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections, including Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PcP), remain frequent life-threatening conditions of patients with adaptive immune defects. While innate immunity helps control pathogen growth early during infection, it is typically not sufficient for complete protection against Pneumocystis and other human fungal pathogens. Alveolar macrophages (AM) possess pattern recognition molecules capable of recognizing antigenic and structural determinants of Pneumocystis. However, this pathogen effectively evades innate immunity to infect both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hosts, albeit with differing outcomes. During our studies of mouse models of PcP, the FVB/N strain was identified as unique because of its ability to mount a protective innate immune response against Pneumocystis infection. In contrast to other immunocompetent strains, which become transiently infected prior to the onset of adaptive immunity, FVB/N mice rapidly eradicated Pneumocystis before an adaptive immune response was triggered. Furthermore, FVB/N mice remained highly resistant to infection even in the absence of functional T cells. The effector mechanism of innate protection required the action of functional alveolar macrophages, and the adoptive transfer of resistant FVB/N AMs, but not susceptible CB.17 AMs, conferred protection to immunodeficient mice. Macrophage IFNγ receptor signaling was not required for innate resistance, and FVB/N macrophages were found to display markers of alternative activation. IFNγ reprogrammed resistant FVB/N macrophages to a permissive M1 biased phenotype through a mechanism that required direct activation of the macrophage IFNγR. These results demonstrate that appropriately programmed macrophages provide protective innate immunity against this opportunistic fungal pathogen, and suggest that modulating macrophage function may represent a feasible therapeutic strategy to enhance antifungal host defense. The identification of resistant and susceptible macrophages provides a novel platform to study not only the mechanisms of macrophage-mediated antifungal defense, but also the mechanisms by which Pneumocystis evades innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir P. Bhagwat
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Francis Gigliotti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Zhengdong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Robert H. Notter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Patrick S. Murphy
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Fátima Rivera-Escalera
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jane Malone
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Michael B. Jordan
- Divisions of Immunobiology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Michael R. Elliott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Terry W. Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
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Bhattacharya S, Aggarwal A. M2 macrophages and their role in rheumatic diseases. Rheumatol Int 2018; 39:769-780. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-018-4120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Davis S, Cirone AM, Menzie J, Russell F, Dorey CK, Shibata Y, Wei J, Nan C. Phagocytosis-mediated M1 activation by chitin but not by chitosan. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C62-C72. [PMID: 29719169 PMCID: PMC6087726 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00268.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chitin particles have been used to understand host response to chitin-containing pathogens and allergens and are known to induce a wide range of polarized macrophage activations, depending, at least in part, on particle size. Nonphagocytosable particles larger than a macrophage induce tissue repair M2 activation. In contrast, phagocytosable chitin microparticles (CMPs, 1-10 μm diameters) induce M1 macrophages that kill intracellular microbes and damage tissues. However, chitosan (deacetylated) microparticles (de-CMPs, 1-10 µm) induce poor M1 activation. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and associated coreceptors in macrophages appear to be required for the M1 activation. To understand the exact mechanism of phagocytosis-mediated M1 activation by chitin, we isolated macrophage proteins that bind to CMPs during early phagocytosis and determined that TLR1, TLR2, CD14, late endosomal/lysosomal adaptor MAPK and mechanistic target of rapamycin activator 1 (LAMTOR1), Lck/Yes novel tyrosine kinase (Lyn), and β-actin formed phagosomal CMP-TLR2 clusters. These proteins were also detected in TLR2 phagosomal clusters in macrophages phagocytosing de-CMPs, but at relatively lower levels than in the CMP-TLR2 clusters. Importantly, CMP-TLR2 clusters further recruited myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) and Toll-IL-1 receptor-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP) and phosphorylated Lyn, whereas neither the adaptors nor phosphorylated Lyn was detected in the de-CMP clusters. The results indicate that the acetyl group played an obligatory, phagocytosis-dependent role in the initiation of an integrated signal for TLR2-mediated M1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spring Davis
- Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton, Florida
| | | | - Janet Menzie
- Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton, Florida
| | | | - C Kathleen Dorey
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute , Roanoke, Virginia
| | | | - Jianning Wei
- Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton, Florida
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34
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McDermott AJ, Klein BS. Helper T-cell responses and pulmonary fungal infections. Immunology 2018; 155:155-163. [PMID: 29781185 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal surface of the respiratory tract encounters microbes, such as fungal particles, with every inhaled breath. When pathogenic fungi breach the physical barrier and innate immune system within the lung to establish an infection, adaptive immunity is engaged, often in the form of helper CD4 T-cell responses. Type 1 responses, characterized by interferon-γ production from CD4 cells, promote clearance of Histoplasma capsulatum and Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Likewise, interleukin-17A (IL-17A) production from Th17 cells promotes immunity to Blastomyces dermatitidis and Coccidioides species infection by recruiting neutrophils. In contrast the development of T helper type 2 responses, characterized by IL-5 production from T cells and eosinophil influx into the lungs, drives allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and poor outcomes during C. neoformans infection. Experimental vaccines against several endemic mycoses, including Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides, Cryptococcus and Blastomyces dermatitidis, induce protective T-cell responses and foreshadow the development of vaccines against pulmonary fungal infections for use in humans. Additionally, recent work using antifungal T cells as immunotherapy to protect immune-compromised patients from opportunist fungal infections also shows great promise. This review covers the role of T-cell responses in driving protection and pathology in response to pulmonary fungal infections, and highlights promising therapeutic applications of antifungal T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J McDermott
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bruce S Klein
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Goyal S, Castrillón-Betancur JC, Klaile E, Slevogt H. The Interaction of Human Pathogenic Fungi With C-Type Lectin Receptors. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1261. [PMID: 29915598 PMCID: PMC5994417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi, usually present as commensals, are a major cause of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. Such infections, if not diagnosed or treated properly, can prove fatal. However, in most cases healthy individuals are able to avert the fungal attacks by mounting proper antifungal immune responses. Among the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are the major players in antifungal immunity. CLRs can recognize carbohydrate ligands, such as β-glucans and mannans, which are mainly found on fungal cell surfaces. They induce proinflammatory immune reactions, including phagocytosis, oxidative burst, cytokine, and chemokine production from innate effector cells, as well as activation of adaptive immunity via Th17 responses. CLRs such as Dectin-1, Dectin-2, Mincle, mannose receptor (MR), and DC-SIGN can recognize many disease-causing fungi and also collaborate with each other as well as other PRRs in mounting a fungi-specific immune response. Mutations in these receptors affect the host response and have been linked to a higher risk in contracting fungal infections. This review focuses on how CLRs on various immune cells orchestrate the antifungal response and on the contribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms in these receptors toward the risk of developing such infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Goyal
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Juan Camilo Castrillón-Betancur
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,International Leibniz Research School for Microbial and Biomolecular Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology/Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Esther Klaile
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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36
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Hoving JC, Kolls JK. New advances in understanding the host immune response to Pneumocystis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017; 40:65-71. [PMID: 29136537 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pneumocystis jirovecii causes clinical pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. Despite this, the inability to cultivate this organism in vitro has likely hindered the field in ascertaining the true impact of Pneumocystis in human infection. However the recent release of the genome as well as in advances in understanding host genetics, and other risk factors for infection and robust experimental models of disease have shed new light on the impact of this fungal pathogen as to better define populations at risk. This review will highlight these recent advances as well as highlight future needed areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Claire Hoving
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.
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37
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An Y, Shi X, Tang X, Wang Y, Shen F, Zhang Q, Wang C, Jiang M, Liu M, Yu L. Aflatoxin B1 Induces Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Autophagy and Extracellular Trap Formation in Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:53. [PMID: 28280716 PMCID: PMC5322174 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are a group of highly toxic mycotoxins with high carcinogenicity that are commonly found in foods. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most toxic member of the aflatoxin family. A recent study reported that AFB1 can induce autophagy, but whether AFB1 can induce extracellular traps (ETs) and the relationships among innate immune responses, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and autophagy and the ETs induced by AFB1 remain unknown. Here, we demonstrated that AFB1 induced a complete autophagic process in macrophages (MΦ) (THP-1 cells and RAW264.7 cells). In addition, AFB1 induced the generation of MΦ ETs (METs) in a dose-dependent manner. In particular, the formation of METs significantly reduced the AFB1 content. Further analysis using specific inhibitors showed that the inhibition of either autophagy or ROS prevented MET formation caused by AFB1, indicating that autophagy and ROS were required for AFB1-induced MET formation. The inhibition of ROS prevented autophagy, indicating that ROS generation occurred upstream of AFB1-induced autophagy. Taken together, these data suggest that AFB1 induces ROS-mediated autophagy and ETs formation and an M1 phenotype in MΦ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan An
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Xiaochen Shi
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Xudong Tang
- Key Lab for New Drug Research of TCM, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Fengge Shen
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Qiaoli Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Mingguo Jiang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Guangxi University for Nationalities Nanning, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University Changchun, China
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