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Krishnakant Kushwaha S, Wu Y, Leonardo Avila H, Anand A, Sicheritz-Pontén T, Millard A, Amol Marathe S, Nobrega FL. Comprehensive blueprint of Salmonella genomic plasticity identifies hotspots for pathogenicity genes. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002746. [PMID: 39110680 PMCID: PMC11305592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the dynamic evolution of Salmonella is vital for effective bacterial infection management. This study explores the role of the flexible genome, organised in regions of genomic plasticity (RGP), in shaping the pathogenicity of Salmonella lineages. Through comprehensive genomic analysis of 12,244 Salmonella spp. genomes covering 2 species, 6 subspecies, and 46 serovars, we uncover distinct integration patterns of pathogenicity-related gene clusters into RGP, challenging traditional views of gene distribution. These RGP exhibit distinct preferences for specific genomic spots, and the presence or absence of such spots across Salmonella lineages profoundly shapes strain pathogenicity. RGP preferences are guided by conserved flanking genes surrounding integration spots, implicating their involvement in regulatory networks and functional synergies with integrated gene clusters. Additionally, we emphasise the multifaceted contributions of plasmids and prophages to the pathogenicity of diverse Salmonella lineages. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive blueprint of the pathogenicity potential of Salmonella. This unique insight identifies genomic spots in nonpathogenic lineages that hold the potential for harbouring pathogenicity genes, providing a foundation for predicting future adaptations and developing targeted strategies against emerging human pathogenic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Krishnakant Kushwaha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS), Pilani, Rajasthan, India
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Hugo Leonardo Avila
- Laboratory for Applied Science and Technology in Health, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ Paraná, Brazil
| | - Abhirath Anand
- Department of Computer Sciences and Information Systems, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS), Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Thomas Sicheritz-Pontén
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery (COMBio), AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Andrew Millard
- Centre for Phage Research, Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Sandhya Amol Marathe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS), Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Franklin L. Nobrega
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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2
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Wan X, Mahillon J, Yuan Z, Zhang G, Geng P, Hu X. Characterization of vB_SalS_PSa2, a T5-like Demerecviridae bacteriophage, and its potential use in food matrices. Virology 2024; 596:110101. [PMID: 38754335 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
This study characterizes a newly isolated Demerecviridae phage, named vB_SalS_PSa2, belonging to the phage T5 group. The main variations between vB_SalS_PSa2 and T5 concern structural proteins related to morphology and host recognition. vB_SalS_PSa2 is infective to 19 out of the 25 tested Salmonella enterica (including the rare "Sendai" and "Equine" serotypes) and Escherichia coli isolates, most of them being multidrug resistant. vB_SalS_PSa2 displayed good thermal stability (4-60 °C) and broad pH stability (4.0-12.0). It also exhibited antibacterial activity against S. enterica sv. Paratyphi A Enb50 at 4 °C in milk during the whole tested period (5 d), and for 3-6 h at both 25 and 37 °C. Furthermore, vB_SalS_PSa2 was able to inhibit biofilm formation and to show degradation activity on mature biofilms of E. coli K12 and S. enterica sv. Paratyphi Enb50 in both LB and milk. Altogether, these results indicate that phage vB_SalS_PSa2 is a valuable candidate for controlling foodborne S. enterica and E. coli pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofu Wan
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jacques Mahillon
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, B-1348, Belgium
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Peiling Geng
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaomin Hu
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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3
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Gonyar LA, Sauder AB, Mortensen L, Willsey GG, Kendall MM. The yad and yeh fimbrial loci influence gene expression and virulence in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. mSphere 2024; 9:e0012424. [PMID: 38904402 PMCID: PMC11287998 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00124-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Fimbriae are essential virulence factors for many bacterial pathogens. Fimbriae are extracellular structures that attach bacteria to surfaces. Thus, fimbriae mediate a critical step required for any pathogen to establish infection by anchoring a bacterium to host tissue. The human pathogen enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7encodes 16 fimbriae that may be important for EHEC to initiate infection and allow for productive expression of virulence traits important in later stages of infection, including a type III secretion system (T3SS) and Shiga toxin; however, the roles of most EHEC fimbriae are largely uncharacterized. Here, we provide evidence that two EHEC fimbriae, Yad and Yeh, modulate expression of diverse genes including genes encoding T3SS and Shiga toxin and that these fimbriae are required for robust colonization of the gastrointestinal tract. These findings reveal a significant and previously unappreciated role for fimbriae in bacterial pathogenesis as important determinants of virulence gene expression.IMPORTANCEFimbriae are extracellular proteinaceous structures whose defining role is to anchor bacteria to surfaces. This is a fundamental step for bacterial pathogens to establish infection in a host. Here, we show that the contributions of fimbriae to pathogenesis are more complex. Specifically, we demonstrate that fimbriae influence expression of virulence traits essential for disease progression in the intestinal pathogen enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria express multiple fimbriae; therefore, these findings may have broad implications for understanding how pathogens use fimbriae, beyond adhesion, to initiate infection and coordinate gene expression, which ultimately results in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Gonyar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Amber B. Sauder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Lindsay Mortensen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Graham G. Willsey
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Melissa M. Kendall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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4
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Arrieta-Gisasola A, Martínez-Ballesteros I, Martinez-Malaxetxebarria I, Garrido V, Grilló MJ, Bikandi J, Laorden L. Pan-Genome-Wide Association Study reveals a key role of the salmochelin receptor IroN in the biofilm formation of Salmonella Typhimurium and its monophasic variant 4,[5],12:i:. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 419:110753. [PMID: 38797020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium variant 4,[5],12:i:- (so called S. 4,[5],12:i:-) has rapidly become one of the most prevalent serovars in humans in Europe, with clinical cases associated with foodborne from pork products. The mechanisms, genetic basis and biofilms relevance by which S. 4,[5],12:i:- maintains and spreads its presence in pigs remain unclear. In this study, we examined the genetic basis of biofilm production in 78 strains of S. 4,[5],12:i:- (n = 57) and S. Typhimurium (n = 21), from human gastroenteritis, food products and asymptomatic pigs. The former showed a lower Specific Biofilm Formation index (SBF) and distant phylogenetic clades, suggesting that the ability to form biofilms is not a crucial adaptation for the S. 4,[5],12:i:- emerging success in pigs. However, using a pan-Genome-Wide Association Study (pan-GWAS) we identified genetic determinants of biofilm formation, revealing 167 common orthologous groups and genes associated with the SBF. The analysis of annotated sequences highlighted specific genetic deletions in three chromosomal regions of S. 4,[5],12:i:- correlating with SBF values: i) the complete fimbrial operon stbABCDE widely recognized as the most critical factor involved in Salmonella adherence; ii) the hxlA, hlxB, and pgiA genes, which expression in S. Typhimurium is induced in the tonsils during swine infection, and iii) the entire iroA locus related to the characteristic deletion of the second-phase flagellar genomic region in S. 4,[5],12:i:-. Consequently, we further investigated the role of the iro-genes on biofilm by constructing S. Typhimurium deletion mutants in iroBCDE and iroN. While iroBCDE showed no significant impact, iroN clearly contributed to S. Typhimurium biofilm formation. In conclusion, the pan-GWAS approach allowed us to uncover complex interactions between genetic and phenotypic factors influencing biofilm formation in S. 4,[5],12:i:- and S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arrieta-Gisasola
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - I Martínez-Ballesteros
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - I Martinez-Malaxetxebarria
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - V Garrido
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (IdAB; CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra), 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - M J Grilló
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (IdAB; CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra), 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - J Bikandi
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - L Laorden
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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5
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Li Z, Zhang M, Lei G, Lu X, Yang X, Kan B. A Single Base Change in the csgD Promoter Resulted in Enhanced Biofilm in Swine-Derived Salmonella Typhimurium. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1258. [PMID: 39065026 PMCID: PMC11278976 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Salmonella strains causing gastroenteritis typically can colonize and proliferate in the intestines of multiple host species. They retain the ability to form red dry and rough (rdar) biofilms, as seen in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Conversely, Salmonella serovar like Typhi, which can cause systemic infections and exhibit host restriction, are rdar-negative. In this study, duck-derived strains and swine-derived strains of S. Typhimurium locate on independent phylogenetic clades and display relative genomic specificity. The duck isolates appear more closely related to human blood isolates and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS), whereas the swine isolates were more distinct. Phenotypically, compared to duck isolates, swine isolates exhibited enhanced biofilm formation that was unaffected by the temperature. The transcriptomic analysis revealed the upregulation of csgDEFG transcription as the direct cause. This upregulation may be mainly attributed to the enhanced promoter activity caused by the G-to-T substitution at position -44 of the csgD promoter. Swine isolates have created biofilm polymorphisms by altering a conserved base present in Salmonella Typhi, iNTS, and most Salmonella Typhimurium (such as duck isolates). This provides a genomic characteristics perspective for understanding Salmonella transmission cycles and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Z.L.)
| | - Mengke Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Z.L.)
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Gaopeng Lei
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xin Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Z.L.)
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Biao Kan
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Z.L.)
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6
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Sutar AA, Dashpute RS, Shinde YD, Mukherjee S, Chowdhury C. A Systemic Review on Fitness and Survival of Salmonella in Dynamic Environment and Conceivable Ways of Its Mitigation. Indian J Microbiol 2024; 64:267-286. [PMID: 39011015 PMCID: PMC11246371 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-023-01176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteritis caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella still prevails resulting in several recent outbreaks affecting many people worldwide. The presence of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella is exemplified by several characteristic symptoms and their severity relies on prominent risk factors. The persistence of this pathogen can be attributed to its broad host range, complex pathogenicity and virulence and adeptness in survival under challenging conditions inside the host. Moreover, a peculiar aid of the ever-changing climatic conditions grants this organism with remarkable potential to survive within the environment. Abusive use of antibiotics for the treatment of gastroenteritis has led to the emergence of multiple drug resistance, making the infections difficult to treat. This review emphasizes the importance of early detection of Salmonella, along with strategies for accomplishing it, as well as exploring alternative treatment approaches. The exceptional characteristics exhibited by Salmonella, like strategies of infection, persistence, and survival parallelly with multiple drug resistance, make this pathogen a prominent concern to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit A Sutar
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR- National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, MH 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Rohit S Dashpute
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR- National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, MH 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Yashodhara D Shinde
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR- National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, MH 411008 India
| | - Srestha Mukherjee
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR- National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, MH 411008 India
| | - Chiranjit Chowdhury
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR- National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, MH 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
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Ferrer-Bustins N, Yvon C, Martín B, Leclerc V, Leblanc JC, Corominas L, Sabaté S, Tolosa-Muñoz E, Chacón-Villanueva C, Bover-Cid S, Cadel-Six S, Jofré A. Genomic insights of Salmonella isolated from dry fermented sausage production chains in Spain and France. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11660. [PMID: 38777847 PMCID: PMC11111747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of Salmonella in dry fermented sausages is source of recalls and outbreaks. The genomic diversity of 173 Salmonella isolates from the dry fermented sausage production chains (pig carcasses, pork, and sausages) from France and Spain were investigated through their core phylogenomic relationships and accessory genome profiles. Ten different serovars and thirteen sequence type profiles were identified. The most frequent serovar from sausages was the monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium (1,4,[5],12:i:-, 72%) while S. Derby was in pig carcasses (51%). Phylogenomic clusters found in S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-, S. Derby, S. Rissen and S. Typhimurium serovars identified closely related isolates, with less than 10 alleles and 20 SNPs of difference, displaying Salmonella persistence along the pork production chain. Most of the S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- contained the Salmonella genomic island-4 (SGI-4), Tn21 and IncFIB plasmid. More than half of S. Derby strains contained the SGI-1 and Tn7. S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- genomes carried the most multidrug resistance genes (91% of the strains), whereas extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes were found in Typhimurium and Derby serovars. Salmonella monitoring and characterization in the pork production chains, specially S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- serovar, is of special importance due to its multidrug resistance capacity and persistence in dry fermented sausages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Ferrer-Bustins
- IRTA, Food Safety and Functionality Programme, Finca Camps I Armet s/n, 17121, Monells, Spain
| | - Claire Yvon
- Salmonella and Listeria Unit (SEL), Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Pierre and Marie Curie Street 14, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Belén Martín
- IRTA, Food Safety and Functionality Programme, Finca Camps I Armet s/n, 17121, Monells, Spain
| | - Vincent Leclerc
- Salmonella and Listeria Unit (SEL), Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Pierre and Marie Curie Street 14, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jean-Charles Leblanc
- Salmonella and Listeria Unit (SEL), Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Pierre and Marie Curie Street 14, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Laura Corominas
- LASPCAT_Girona, Public Health Agency, Department of Health, Government of Catalonia, Sol Street 15, 17004, Gerona, Spain
| | - Sara Sabaté
- Public Health Agency of Barcelona (ASPB), Lesseps Square 1, 08023, Barcelona, Spain
- Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB SANT PAU), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Tolosa-Muñoz
- Surveillance Service, Food Control and Alerts Management, General Subdirectorate of Food Safety and Health Protection, Department of Health, Government of Catalonia, Roc Boronat Street 81-95, 08005, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Chacón-Villanueva
- Public Health Office, Department of Health, Government of Catalonia, Roc Boronat Street 81-95, 08005, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Bover-Cid
- IRTA, Food Safety and Functionality Programme, Finca Camps I Armet s/n, 17121, Monells, Spain
| | - Sabrina Cadel-Six
- Salmonella and Listeria Unit (SEL), Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Pierre and Marie Curie Street 14, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Anna Jofré
- IRTA, Food Safety and Functionality Programme, Finca Camps I Armet s/n, 17121, Monells, Spain.
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8
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Kim MB, Jung HR, Lee YJ. Emergence of Salmonella Infantis carrying the pESI megaplasmid in commercial farms of five major integrated broiler operations in Korea. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103516. [PMID: 38368739 PMCID: PMC10884471 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Considering Salmonella transmission occurs through several routes in integrated broiler operations, control of nontyphoidal Salmonella in commercial farms is essential. This study aimed to compare the distribution of persistent Salmonella serovars in environments and dead chickens between 5 major integrated broiler operations in Korea. The prevalence of Salmonella-positive farms in dust prior to placement by operations was 0 to 25%, but the prevalence in dust and feces at the time of depletion was increased to 16.7 to 41.7% and 16.7 to 66.7%, respectively. Moreover, the prevalence of farms with Salmonella in chickens that died within 1 week old and at 4 to 5 weeks old ranged from 8.3 to 58.3% and 16.7 to 41.7%, respectively. The prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis-positive farms in dust prior to placement and in chickens that died within 1 week old was 5.2 and 3.4%, respectively, but the prevalence in dust and feces at the time of depletion and in chickens that died at 4 to 5 weeks old was significantly increased to 27.6, 41.4, and 20.7%, respectively (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the plasmid of emerging S. Infantis (pESI) was only identified in S. Infantis, and the prevalence of multidrug-resistance was significantly higher in pESI-positive S. Infantis (99.2%) than in pESI-negative S. Infantis (6.7%) (P < 0.05). The distribution of pulsotypes between pESI-positive and pESI-negative S. Infantis were varied, but a majority of S. Infantis were clustered only 2 pulsotypes. Moreover, pESI-positive S. Infantis harbored more virulence factors than pESI-negative S. Infantis. This study is the first report on characteristics of S. Infantis carrying the pESI plasmid in commercial broiler farms in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Beom Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ri Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Mora JFB, Meclat VYB, Calayag AMB, Campino S, Hafalla JCR, Hibberd ML, Phelan JE, Clark TG, Rivera WL. Genomic analysis of Salmonella enterica from Metropolitan Manila abattoirs and markets reveals insights into circulating virulence and antimicrobial resistance genotypes. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1304283. [PMID: 38312499 PMCID: PMC10835624 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1304283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The integration of next-generation sequencing into the identification and characterization of resistant and virulent strains as well as the routine surveillance of foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella enterica have not yet been accomplished in the Philippines. This study investigated the antimicrobial profiles, virulence, and susceptibility of the 105 S. enterica isolates from swine and chicken samples obtained from slaughterhouses and public wet markets in Metropolitan Manila using whole-genome sequence analysis. Four predominant serovars were identified in genotypic serotyping, namely, Infantis (26.7%), Anatum (19.1%), Rissen (18.1%), and London (13.3%). Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiling revealed that 65% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, 37% were multidrug resistant (MDR), and 57% were extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that isolates had resistance genes and plasmids belonging to the Col and Inc plasmid families that confer resistance against tetracycline (64%), sulfonamide (56%), and streptomycin (56%). Further analyses revealed the presence of 155 virulence genes, 42 of which were serovar-specific. The virulence genes primarily code for host immune system modulators, iron acquisition enzyme complexes, host cell invasion proteins, as well as proteins that allow intracellular and intramacrophage survival. This study showed that virulent MDR S. enterica and several phenotypic and genotypic AMR patterns were present in the food chain. It serves as a foundation to understand the current AMR status in the Philippines food chain and to prompt the creation of preventative measures and efficient treatments against foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Feliza B Mora
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Vanessa Yvonne B Meclat
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Alyzza Marie B Calayag
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Susana Campino
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julius C R Hafalla
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin L Hibberd
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jody E Phelan
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Taane G Clark
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Windell L Rivera
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
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Basiri N, Zarei M, Kargar M, Kafilzadeh F. Effect of plasma-activated water on the biofilm-forming ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and expression of the related genes. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 406:110419. [PMID: 37776833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, microbial decontamination with plasma-activated water (PAW) has attracted a lot of research attention in the field of food industry. Despite several studies showing that PAW effectively inactivates planktonic bacteria, few studies have been conducted on biofilms. The present study was, therefore, designed to evaluate the effect of PAW on the biofilm formation characteristics of Salmonella Enteritidis. Comparing the expression patterns of biofilm-related genes in PAW-treated and non-treated planktonic and biofilm cells provided insight into how PAW regulates this process. The results showed that a 30-minute exposure to PAW at room temperature significantly reduced S. enteritidis planktonic cells. This exposure resulted in a decreased expression of the genes involved in the early stages of biofilm formation (csgD, agfA, fimA, lpfE, and rpoS), and an increased expression of the csrA gene in S. enteritidis planktonic cells. These results indicated the inhibitory effect of PAW on the biofilm formation process in S. enteritidis. Results of the initial attachment assay confirmed these findings, where, after 6 h, the number of PAW-treated cells attached to the stainless steel surfaces were significantly lower than non-treated ones. Furthermore, biofilm development assay revealed that the number of PAW-treated biofilm cells were significantly lower than non-treated ones after 24 h incubation at 37 °C. These findings were confirmed by measurements of the major components of biofilm i.e., extracellular DNA (eDNA), protein and carbohydrate. The amount of these components in 24-hour biofilms produced by PAW-treated S. enteritidis cells was significantly lower than that of non-treated cells. PAW's treatment on preformed 24-hour biofilms for 30 min led to a decrease in the expression of genes involved in quorum sensing and cellulose synthesis (csgD, bapA, adrA, luxS and sdiA) and an increase in the expression of the csrA gene. This treatment also reduced the number and metabolic activity of biofilm cells compared to non-treated biofilm cells. In total, the present study demonstrated that PAW has an inhibitory effect on the process of biofilm formation in S. enteritidis and hence, the food industry should pay special attention to PAW as a promising treatment to eliminate bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Basiri
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mehdi Zarei
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Kargar
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Farshid Kafilzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
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11
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Pradhan J, Pradhan D, Sahu JK, Mishra S, Mallick S, Das S, Negi VD. A novel rspA gene regulates biofilm formation and virulence of Salmonella Typhimurium. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106432. [PMID: 37926364 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria and belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Although much has been known about Salmonella pathogenesis, the functional characterizations of certain genes are yet to be explored. The rspA (STM14_1818) is one such gene with putative dehydratase function, and its role in pathogenesis is unknown. The background information showed that rspA gene is upregulated in Salmonella when it resides inside macrophages, which led us to investigate its role in Salmonella pathogenesis. We generated the rspA knockout strain and complement strain in S. Typhimurium 14028. Ex-vivo and in-vivo infectivity was looked at macrophage and epithelial cell lines and Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The mutant strain differentially formed the biofilm at different temperatures by altering the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of cellulose and curli. Besides, the mutant strain is hyperproliferative intracellularly and showed increased bacterial burden in C. elegans. The mutant strain became more infectious and lethal, causing faster death of the worms than the wild type, and also modulates the worm's innate immunity. Thus, we found that the rspA deletion mutant was more pathogenic. In this study, we concluded that the rspA gene differentially regulates the biofilm formation in a temperature dependent manner by modulating the genes involved in the synthesis of cellulose and curli and negatively regulates the Salmonella virulence for longer persistence inside the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Pradhan
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Diana Pradhan
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Jugal Kishor Sahu
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Satyajit Mishra
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Swarupa Mallick
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Surajit Das
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Vidya Devi Negi
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
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Martins IM, Seribelli AA, Machado Ribeiro TR, da Silva P, Lustri BC, Hernandes RT, Falcão JP, Moreira CG. Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) aminoglycoside-resistant ST313 isolates feature unique pathogenic mechanisms to reach the bloodstream. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 116:105519. [PMID: 37890808 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) from the clonal type ST313 (S. Typhimurium ST313) is the primary cause of invasive salmonellosis in Africa. Recently, in Brazil, iNTS ST313 strains have been isolated from different sources, but there is a lack of understanding of the mechanisms behind how these gut bacteria can break the gut barrier and reach the patient's bloodstream. Here, we compare 13 strains of S. Typhimurium ST313, previously unreported isolates, from human blood cultures, investigating aspects of virulence and mechanisms of resistance. Initially, RNAseq analyses between ST13-blood isolate and SL1344 (ST19) prototype revealed 15 upregulated genes directly related to cellular invasion and replication, such as sopD2, sifB, and pipB. Limited information is available about S. Typhimurium ST313 pathogenesis and epidemiology, especially related to the global distribution of strains. Herein, the correlation of strains isolated from different sources in Brazil was employed to compare clinical and non-clinical isolates, a total of 22 genomes were studied by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs). The epidemiological analysis of 22 genomes of S. Typhimurium ST313 strains grouped them into three distinct clusters (A, B, and C) by SNP analysis, where cluster A comprised five, group B six, and group C 11. The 13 clinical blood isolates were all resistant to streptomycin, 92.3% of strains were resistant to ampicillin and 15.39% were resistant to kanamycin. The resistance genes acrA, acrB, mdtK, emrB, emrR, mdsA, and mdsB related to the production of efflux pumps were detected in all (100%) strains studied, similar to pathogenic traits investigated. In conclusion, we evidenced that S. Typhimurium ST313 strains isolated in Brazil have unique epidemiology. The elevated frequencies of virulence genes such as sseJ, sopD2, and pipB are a major concern in these Brazilian isolates, showing a higher pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Mancini Martins
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista- UNESP- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda Aparecida Seribelli
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo- USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Tamara R Machado Ribeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista- UNESP- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrick da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista- UNESP- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna Cardinali Lustri
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista- UNESP- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo T Hernandes
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista- UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pfrimer Falcão
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo- USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cristiano Gallina Moreira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista- UNESP- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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13
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Vinueza-Burgos C, Medina-Santana J, Maldonado R, Vásquez Y, Lincango L, Villagomez E, Gómez C, Ron-Garrido L, Cevallos-Almeida MB. Evaluation of Virulence of Salmonella Infantis and Salmonella Enteritidis with In Vitro and In Vivo Models. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2023; 20:484-491. [PMID: 37668605 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Infantis and Enteritidis serovars have been reported as important causes of salmonellosis in humans worldwide. However, the virulence of these two serovars has yet to be compared. To evaluate the virulence of Salmonella Infantis (n = 23) and Salmonella Enteritidis (n = 7), we used two models: the Caco2 cells model (in vitro) and the Galleria mellonella model (in vivo). Additionally, the virulence genes of all tested strains were contrasted with phenotypic outcomes. Results showed that adhesion means were 18.2% for Salmonella Enteritidis and 38.2% for Salmonella Infantis strains. Invasion means were 77.1% for Salmonella Enteritidis and 56.2% for Salmonella Infantis strains. Significant differences were found between serovars in adherence and invasion assays. Mortality rates (58% for Salmonella Enteritidis and 62.6% for Salmonella Infantis) were not significantly different between serotypes. The distribution of virulence genes showed that genes fae (fimbrial adherence determinants) and shdA (nonfimbrial adherence determinants) were only found in Salmonella Infantis strains. On the other hand, the rck gene (invasion) and Plasmid-encoded fimbriae genes (pef A, B, C, D) were present in Salmonella Enteritidis exclusively. In conclusion, this study shows that Salmonella Enteritidis has a higher virulence potential under experimental conditions than Salmonella Infantis. However, more studies are needed to determine the risk that Salmonella Infantis could represent compared with Salmonella Enteritidis. Moreover, other in vivo models should be considered to assess the virulence of these serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vinueza-Burgos
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jose Medina-Santana
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ruben Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Sanidad Animal Agencia de Regulación y Control Fito y Zoosanitario, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Yuly Vásquez
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Lisseth Lincango
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Emilia Villagomez
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Gómez
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Lenin Ron-Garrido
- Centro Internacional de Zoonosis, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - María Belén Cevallos-Almeida
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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14
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Burciaga S, Trachsel JM, Sockett D, Aulik N, Monson MS, Anderson CL, Bearson SMD. Genomic and phenotypic comparison of two variants of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg isolated during the 2015-2017 multi-state outbreak in cattle. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1282832. [PMID: 37928690 PMCID: PMC10623430 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1282832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Heidelberg (Salmonella Heidelberg) has caused several multistate foodborne outbreaks in the United States, largely associated with the consumption of poultry. However, a 2015-2017 multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella Heidelberg outbreak was linked to contact with dairy beef calves. Traceback investigations revealed calves infected with outbreak strains of Salmonella Heidelberg exhibited symptoms of disease frequently followed by death from septicemia. To investigate virulence characteristics of Salmonella Heidelberg as a pathogen in bovine, two variants with distinct pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns that differed in morbidity and mortality during the multistate outbreak were genotypically and phenotypically characterized and compared. Strain SX 245 with PFGE pattern JF6X01.0523 was identified as a dominant and highly pathogenic variant causing high morbidity and mortality in affected calves, whereas strain SX 244 with PFGE pattern JF6X01.0590 was classified as a low pathogenic variant causing less morbidity and mortality. Comparison of whole-genome sequences determined that SX 245 lacked ~200 genes present in SX 244, including genes associated with the IncI1 plasmid and phages; SX 244 lacked eight genes present in SX 245 including a second YdiV Anti-FlhC(2)FlhD(4) factor, a lysin motif domain containing protein, and a pentapeptide repeat protein. RNA-sequencing revealed fimbriae-related, flagella-related, and chemotaxis genes had increased expression in SX 245 compared to SX 244. Furthermore, SX 245 displayed higher invasion of human and bovine epithelial cells than SX 244. These data suggest that the presence and up-regulation of genes involved in type 1 fimbriae production, flagellar regulation and biogenesis, and chemotaxis may play a role in the increased pathogenicity and host range expansion of the Salmonella Heidelberg isolates involved in the bovine-related outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Burciaga
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Services, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), ARS Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Julian M. Trachsel
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Services, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Donald Sockett
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nicole Aulik
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Melissa S. Monson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Services, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Christopher L. Anderson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Services, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Shawn M. D. Bearson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Services, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
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15
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Wang Z, Jiang Y, Xu H, Jiao X, Wang J, Li Q. Poultry production as the main reservoir of ciprofloxacin- and tigecycline-resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky ST198.2-2 causing human infections in China. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0094423. [PMID: 37610223 PMCID: PMC10537671 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00944-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky (S. Kentucky) has been regarded as a common serotype causing human nontyphoidal salmonellosis, frequently associated with the consumption of contaminated poultry products. Recently, multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. Kentucky ST198 with strong resistance to cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and tigecycline has emerged and been frequently detected in both poultry and humans in Europe and Asia. In this study, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis divided 327 S. Kentucky ST198 isolates into two clades, of which ST198.2 is more prevalent than ST198.1 worldwide. We further compared the genomic characteristics of 70 ST198 isolates from animals and humans during 2019-2022 plus previously reported 38 isolates from 2013 to 2019 in China. One hundred five of the 108 isolates were ST198.2, which could be differentiated into two subclades. ST198.2-1 was prevalent in isolates during 2013-2019, while ST198.2-2 has increased to be the predominant subclade in isolates since 2019. CRISPR typing can differentiate the clade ST198.1 isolates from clade ST198.2 ones but cannot differentiate the two subclade isolates. The acquisition of a large multi-drug resistant region in ST198.2-2 enhanced bacterial resistance to β-lactam, aminoglycoside, amphenicol, and fosfomycin. In addition, compared with the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-encoding gene blaCTX-M-14b in ST198.2-1, co-existence of blaCTX-M-55 and blaTEM-1B was detected in most of the ST198.2-2 isolates. The emergence of ciprofloxacin- and tigecycline-resistant ESBL-producing S. Kentucky ST198.2-2 strains highlight the necessity for Salmonella surveillance. It is imperative to implement more effective measures to prevent and control transmission of these strains from poultry to humans. IMPORTANCE Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky (S. Kentucky) can cause human infections through consumption of contaminated food of animal origin, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) ST198-S. Kentucky strains are of concern for human and animal health. Based on whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis, this study revealed that the clade ST198.2-2 S. Kentucky has increased to the predominant group in both chickens and humans in China since 2019, which is different to previous studies of the prevalent ST198.2-1 S. Kentucky before 2019. Acquirement of a multidrug resistance region (MRR) makes the ST198.2-2 S. Kentucky to be extensively drug-resistant (XDR) isolate compared with ST198.2-1 S. Kentucky. Besides, the ST198.2-2 S. Kentucky was mainly detected in chickens (chicken meat, intestinal contents, and slaughterhouse) and humans, indicating chicken is the main reservoir for these XDR S. Kentucky isolates. Therefore, it is necessary to implement continuous Salmonella surveillance and effective measures, such as the development of phages and novel antibiotics/compounds, to prevent the transmission of XDR ST198.2-2 S. Kentucky from chickens to humans across China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qiuchun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Saleh DO, Horstmann JA, Giralt-Zúñiga M, Weber W, Kaganovitch E, Durairaj AC, Klotzsch E, Strowig T, Erhardt M. SPI-1 virulence gene expression modulates motility of Salmonella Typhimurium in a proton motive force- and adhesins-dependent manner. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011451. [PMID: 37315106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Both the bacterial flagellum and the evolutionary related injectisome encoded on the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) play crucial roles during the infection cycle of Salmonella species. The interplay of both is highlighted by the complex cross-regulation that includes transcriptional control of the flagellar master regulatory operon flhDC by HilD, the master regulator of SPI-1 gene expression. Contrary to the HilD-dependent activation of flagellar gene expression, we report here that activation of HilD resulted in a dramatic loss of motility, which was dependent on the presence of SPI-1. Single cell analyses revealed that HilD-activation triggers a SPI-1-dependent induction of the stringent response and a substantial decrease in proton motive force (PMF), while flagellation remains unaffected. We further found that HilD activation enhances the adhesion of Salmonella to epithelial cells. A transcriptome analysis revealed a simultaneous upregulation of several adhesin systems, which, when overproduced, phenocopied the HilD-induced motility defect. We propose a model where the SPI-1-dependent depletion of the PMF and the upregulation of adhesins upon HilD-activation enable flagellated Salmonella to rapidly modulate their motility during infection, thereby enabling efficient adhesion to host cells and delivery of effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Osama Saleh
- Institute for Biology/Molecular Microbiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Julia A Horstmann
- Junior Research Group Infection Biology of Salmonella, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - María Giralt-Zúñiga
- Institute for Biology/Molecular Microbiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Willi Weber
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics/Mechanobiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eugen Kaganovitch
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
| | - Abilash Chakravarthy Durairaj
- Junior Research Group Infection Biology of Salmonella, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Enrico Klotzsch
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics/Mechanobiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Erhardt
- Institute for Biology/Molecular Microbiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Elbediwi M, Tang Y, Yue M. Genomic characterization of ESBL-producing Salmonella Thompson isolates harboring mcr-9 from dead chick embryos in China. Vet Microbiol 2023; 278:109634. [PMID: 36610099 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The emergence and dissemination of the extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae harbouring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes has diminished the potential options for treating multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections. Until now, numerous studies reported the spreading of critical plasmid-borne AMR genes from different sources worldwide. While the knowledge on the occurrence of the plasmid-borne AMR genes, especially mcr genes in the dead chick embryos, remains obscure. A retrospective study was conducted to detect the presence of the mcr genes in forty-five Salmonella enterica isolates recovered from 2139 dead chick embryo samples, from breeding chicken hatcheries in Henan, China. Using multiplex PCR, we found only four isolates out of the forty-five were mcr-9-positive. These four isolates were found to be MDR, ESBL- producing and showed resistance to 10 antimicrobial drugs. Additionally, mcr-9 harbouring plasmids were successfully transferred into Escherichia coli (E. coli) J53 by conjugation and the mcr-9 gene was confirmed by PCR. We also found that the transconjugants exhibited higher MICs for ampicillin, gentamycin and colistin than the recipient. Whole-genome sequence analysis showed that the four isolates belonged to Salmonella Thompson ST26 and harboured IncHI2 plasmid replicon. Furthermore, the mcr-9 harbouring plasmids were reconstructed using in silico tools and found to be carried other AMR genes (blaDHA-1 and qnrB4). The studied isolates carried the typical virulence factors from Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 and 2 (SPI-1 and SPI-2), in addition to pef and csg operons which are important in host adhesion and biofilm formation. The mgtC gene, which is involved in phagocytosis, has also been identified. Together, the increase in the phenotypic resistance of the transconjugants and the plasmid in silico reconstruction analysis confirmed that the corresponding resistance genes might be located together on the same plasmid. To track the potential phylogenomic relations of our detected ESBL S. Thompson isolates, we constructed a phylogenomic tree with available ESBL S. Thompson genomes (n = 26) that were reported worldwide. The studied isolates were independently clustered together with four other Chinese isolates of food origin in one clade, providing strong evidence of a potential recent and wide dissemination of ESBL S. Thompson across the food chain in China. In conclusion, we report the detection of four highly virulent ESBL-producing S. Thompson ST26 isolates harbouring mcr-9 gene obtained from dead chick embryos in Henan, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Elbediwi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yanting Tang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Elpers L, Lüken L, Lange F, Hensel M. Factors Required for Adhesion of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium to Lactuca sativa (Lettuce). Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0343622. [PMID: 36533955 PMCID: PMC9927257 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03436-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a major cause of foodborne gastroenteritis. Recent outbreaks of infections by S. enterica serovar Typhimurium are often associated with non-animal-related food, i.e., vegetables, fruits, herbs, sprouts, and nuts. One main problem related to the consumption of fresh produce is the minimal processing, especially for leafy green salads. In this study, we focused on butterhead lettuce (Lactuca sativa) to which S. enterica serovar Typhimurium adheres at higher rates compared to Valerianella locusta, resulting in prolonged persistence. Here, we systematically analyzed factors contributing to adhesion of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium to L. sativa leaves. Application of a reductionist, synthetic approach, including the controlled surface expression of specific adhesive structures of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, one at a time, enabled the identification of relevant fimbrial and nonfimbrial adhesins, the O-antigen of lipopolysaccharide, the flagella, and chemotaxis being involved in binding to L. sativa leaves. The analyses revealed contributions of Lpf fimbriae, Sti fimbriae, autotransported adhesin MisL, T1SS-secreted BapA, intact lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and flagella-mediated motility to adhesion of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium to L. sativa leaves. In addition, we identified BapA as a potential adhesin involved in binding to V. locusta and L. sativa leaf surfaces. IMPORTANCE The number of produce-associated outbreaks by gastrointestinal pathogens is increasing and underlines the relevance to human health. The mechanisms involved in the colonization of, persistence on, and transmission by, fresh produce are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the contribution of adhesive factors of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium in the initial phase of plant colonization, i.e., the binding to the plant surface. We used the previously established reductionist, synthetic approach to identify factors that contribute to the surface binding of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium to leaves of L. sativa by expressing all known adhesive structures by remote control expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Elpers
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Lena Lüken
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Fabio Lange
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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De Sousa Violante M, Michel V, Romero K, Bonifait L, Baugé L, Perrin-Guyomard A, Feurer C, Radomski N, Mallet L, Mistou MY, Cadel-Six S. Tell me if you prefer bovine or poultry sectors and I'll tell you who you are: Characterization of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Mbandaka in France. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1130891. [PMID: 37089562 PMCID: PMC10116068 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1130891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In north-western France, Salmonella enterica susp. enterica serovar Mbandaka (S. Mbandaka) is most frequently isolated from bovine and dairy samples. While this serovar most often results in asymptomatic carriage, for a number of years it has caused episodes of abortions, which have serious economic consequences for the sector. Interestingly, this serovar is also isolated from Gallus gallus in the same geographic zone. Despite its prevalence in bovines in north-western France, S. Mbandaka has not been broadly studied at the genomic level, and its prevalence and host adaptation are still not fully understood. Methods In this study, we analyzed the genomic diversity of 304 strains of S. Mbandaka isolated from the bovine and poultry sectors in this area over a period of 5 years. A phylogenetic analysis was carried out and two approaches were followed to identify conserved genes and mutations related to host associations. The first approach targeted the genes compiled in the MEGARESv2, Resfinder, VFDB and SPI databases. Plasmid and phage contents were also investigated. The second approach refers to an in-house algorithm developed for this study that computes sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of accessory genes and core variants according to predefined genomes groups. Results and discussion All the analyzed strains belong to the multi-locus sequence type profile ST413, and the phylogenomic analysis revealed main clustering by host (bovine and poultry), emphasizing the circulation of 12 different major clones, of which seven circulate in poultry and five in the bovine sector in France and a likely food production chain adaptation of these clones. All strains present resistance determinants including heavy metals and biocides that could explain the ability of this serovar to survive and persist in the environment, within herds, and in food processing plants. To explore the wild animal contribution to the spread of this serovar in north-western France, we retrieved S. Mbandaka genomes isolated from wild birds from EnteroBase and included them in the phylogenomic analysis together with our collection. Lastly, screening of accessory genes and major variants allowed us to identify conserved specific mutations characteristic of each major cluster. These mutations could be used to design useful probes for food safety surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karol Romero
- Salmonella and Listeria Unit (SEL), ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Laetitia Bonifait
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products Unit, ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | - Louise Baugé
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products Unit, ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | - Agnès Perrin-Guyomard
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Fougères, France
| | | | - Nicolas Radomski
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “Giuseppe Caporale” (IZSAM), National Reference Centre (NRC) for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Data-Base and Bioinformatics Analysis (GENPAT), Teramo, Italy
| | - Ludovic Mallet
- Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse–Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Sabrina Cadel-Six
- Salmonella and Listeria Unit (SEL), ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
- *Correspondence: Sabrina Cadel-Six,
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20
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The small RNA STnc1480 contributes to the regulation of biofilm formation and pathogenicity in Salmonella typhimurium. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:716. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Dai P, Wu HC, Ding HC, Li SJ, Bao ED, Yang BS, Li YJ, Gao XL, Duan QD, Zhu GQ. Safety and protective effects of an avirulent Salmonella Gallinarum isolate as a vaccine candidate against Salmonella Gallinarum infections in young chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 253:110501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Tang B, Elbediwi M, Nambiar RB, Yang H, Lin J, Yue M. Genomic Characterization of Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella enterica in Duck, Chicken, and Pig Farms and Retail Markets in Eastern China. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0125722. [PMID: 36047803 PMCID: PMC9603869 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01257-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella enterica poses a significant public health concern worldwide. However, the dissemination of Salmonella enterica among food animals in eastern China has not been fully addressed. Here, we demonstrated the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns and the whole-genome characterization of 105 S. enterica isolates from 1,480 fecal samples and anal swabs collected from 22 different farms (chickens, ducks, and pigs) and two live animal markets located in Zhejiang and Fujian Provinces in eastern China in 2019. The prevalence of isolates in duck farms (19.17%, 23/120) was statistically significantly higher (P < 0.001) than that in chicken farms (6.61%, 37/523) and pig farms (3.50%, 7/200). Among these isolates, 75.26% (79/105) were multidrug resistant, with the highest rates of resistance to tetracycline (76.20%) and ampicillin (67.62%) and the lowest resistance rate to meropenem (0.00%). The serotypes were consistent with sequence types and were closely related to the sampling animal species and sites. S. enterica serotype Kentucky (20.95%, 22/105) was the most frequent serotype and harbored more AMR patterns and genes than others. Furthermore, IncFII(S) and IncHI2 were the most prevalent replicons. A total of 44 acquired AMR genes were found. Among those genes, aac(6')-Iaa, blaTEM-1B, floR, dfrA14, fosA7, mph(A), qnrS1, sul1, tet(A), and ARR-3 were the dominant AMR genes mediating the AMR toward aminoglycosides, β-lactams, phenicol, trimethoprim, fosfomycin, macrolide, quinolone, sulfonamides, tetracycline, and rifampin, respectively. The consistency of acquired AMR genes with AMR phenotypes for ampicillin, ceftiofur, ceftazidime, meropenem, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and tetracycline was >90%. Together, our study highlights the application of whole-genome sequencing to assess veterinary public health threats. IMPORTANCE Public health is a significant concern in China, and the foodborne pathogen Salmonella, which is spread via the animal-borne food chain, plays an important role in the overall disease burden in China annually. The development of advanced sequencing technologies has introduced a new way of understanding emerging pathogens. However, the routine surveillance application of this method in China remains in its infancy. Here, we applied a pool of all isolates from the prevalence data in Zhejiang and Fujian for whole-genome sequencing and combined these data with the cutting-edge bioinformatic analysis pipeline for one-step determination of the complete genetic makeup for all 105 genomes. The illustrated method could provide a cost-effective approach, without labor-intensive laboratory characterization, for predicting serotypes, genotypes, plasmid types, antimicrobial resistance genes, and virulence genes, and thus would provide essential knowledge for emerging pathogens. Our findings and perspectives are essential for delivering updated knowledge on foodborne pathogens in an understudied region in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mohammed Elbediwi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Reshma B. Nambiar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Park N, Kwon JG, Na H, Lee S, Lee JH, Ryu S. Discovery and characterization of a new genotype of Salmonella enterica serovar Bareilly isolated from diarrhea patients of food-borne outbreaks. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1024189. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1024189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first food-borne outbreak of Salmonella enterica serovar Bareilly in the UK (2010), it has been recognized as a new type of food-borne pathogen in S. enterica. To detect and characterize this new serovar pathogen in South Korea, a total of 175 Salmonella strains was isolated and 31 isolates were identified as S. Bareilly from various food-borne outbreaks between 2014 and 2018. While pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis using XbaI revealed two major groups (A and B) each with two subgroups (A1, A2/B1, B2), average nucleotide identity (ANI), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), and in silico multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analyses confirmed only two major groups. Interestingly, extended SNP analysis with 67 S. Bareilly strains from outbreaks in other countries revealed that A group strains between 2014 and 2016 shared a close evolutionary relationship with the strains from outside of South Korea; however, the B group strains in 2018 were located in a separate SNP tree branch. These findings suggest that the A group may share common ancestor with the strains of previous outbreaks in the UK or other countries, while the B group is a new genotype. Comparative virulence factor (VF) analysis between the A and B group strains showed that S. Bareilly in the B group has more various than that of the A group. A comparative biofilm formation assay supports for this, which B group strain GG-21 has higher biofilm formation activity than A group strain GG-07. Antibiotic susceptibility test of 31 S. Bareilly strains revealed high susceptibility to 17 tested antibiotics, suggesting that S. Bareilly can be easily treated by antibiotics.
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Chen J, Ed-Dra A, Zhou H, Wu B, Zhang Y, Yue M. Antimicrobial resistance and genomic investigation of non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from outpatients in Shaoxing city, China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:988317. [PMID: 36176509 PMCID: PMC9513250 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.988317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human non-typhoidal salmonellosis is among the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, resulting in huge economic losses and threatening the public health systems. To date, epidemiological characteristics of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) implicated in human salmonellosis in China are still obscure. Herein, we investigate the antimicrobial resistance and genomic features of NTS isolated from outpatients in Shaoxing city in 2020. Eighty-seven Salmonella isolates were recovered and tested against 28 different antimicrobial agents, representing 12 categories. The results showed high resistance to cefazolin (86.21%), streptomycin (81.61%), ampicillin (77.01%), ampicillin-sulbactam (74.71%), doxycycline (72.41%), tetracycline (71.26%), and levofloxacin (70.11%). Moreover, 83.91% of isolates were resistant to ≥3 categories, which were considered multi-drug resistant (MDR). Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) combined with bioinformatic analysis was used to predict serovars, MLST types, plasmid replicons, antimicrobial resistance genes, and virulence genes, in addition to the construction of phylogenomic to determine the epidemiological relatedness between isolates. Fifteen serovars and 16 STs were identified, with the dominance of S. I 4, [5], 12:i:- ST34 (25.29%), S. Enteritidis ST11 (22.99%), and S. Typhimurium ST19. Additionally, 50 resistance genes representing ten categories were detected with a high prevalence of aac(6')-Iaa (100%), bla TEM-1B (65.52%), and tet(A) (52.87%), encoding resistance to aminoglycosides, β-lactams, and tetracyclines, respectively; in addition to chromosomic mutations affecting gyrA gene. Moreover, we showed the detection of 18 different plasmids with the dominance of IncFIB(S) and IncFII(S) (39.08%). Interestingly, all isolates harbor the typical virulence genes implicated in the virulence mechanisms of Salmonella, while one isolate of S. Jangwani contains the cdtB gene encoding typhoid toxin production. Furthermore, the phylogenomic analysis showed that all isolates of the same serovar are very close to each other and clustered together in the same clade. Together, we showed a high incidence of MDR among the studied isolates which is alarming for public health services and is a major threat to the currently available treatments to deal with human salmonellosis; hence, efforts should be gathered to further introduce WGS in routinely monitoring of AMR Salmonella in the medical field in order to enhance the effectiveness of surveillance systems and to limit the spread of MDR clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancai Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Haiyang Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Beibei Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunyi Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Yunyi Zhang
| | - Min Yue
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Min Yue
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25
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Li Y, Kang X, Ed-Dra A, Zhou X, Jia C, Müller A, Liu Y, Kehrenberg C, Yue M. Genome-Based Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Potential of Isolates of Non-Pullorum/Gallinarum Salmonella Serovars Recovered from Dead Poultry in China. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0096522. [PMID: 35727054 PMCID: PMC9431532 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00965-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratyphoid avian salmonellosis is considered one of the leading causes of poultry death, resulting in significant economic losses to poultry industries worldwide. In China, especially in Shandong province, the leading producer of poultry products, several recurrent outbreaks of avian salmonellosis have been reported during the last decade where the precise causal agent remains unknown. Moreover, the establishment of earlier and more accurate recognition of pathogens is a key factor to prevent the further dissemination of resistant and/or hypervirulent clones. Here, we aim to use whole-genome sequencing combined with in silico toolkits to provide the genomic features of the antimicrobial resistance and virulence potential of 105 regionally representative non-Pullorum/Gallinarum Salmonella isolates recovered from dead poultry between 2008 and 2019 in Shandong, China. Additionally, phenotypic susceptibility to a panel of 15 antibiotics representing 11 classes was assessed by the broth microdilution method. In this study, we identified eight serovars and nine multilocus sequence typing (MLST) types, with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis sequence type 11 (ST11) being the most prevalent (84/105; 80%). Based on their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance, 77.14% of the isolates were defined as multidrug resistant (≥3 antimicrobial classes), with the detection of one S. Enteritidis isolate that was resistant to the 11 classes. The highest rates of resistance were observed against nalidixic acid (97.14%) and ciprofloxacin (91.43%), followed by ampicillin (71.43%), streptomycin (64.77%), and tetracycline (60%). Genomic characterization revealed the presence of 41 resistance genes, with an alarmingly high prevalence of blaTEM-1B (60%), in addition to genomic mutations affecting the DNA gyrase (gyrA) and DNA topoisomerase IV (parC) genes, conferring resistance to quinolones. The prediction of plasmid replicons detected 14 types, with a dominance of IncFIB(S)_1 and IncFII(S)_1 (87.62% for both), while the IncX1 plasmid type was considered the key carrier of antimicrobial resistance determinants. Moreover, we report the detection of critical virulence genes, including cdtB, rck, sodCI, pef, and spv, in addition to the typical determinants for Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) and SPI-2. Furthermore, phylogenomic analysis revealed the detection of three intra-farm and five inter-farm transmission events. Overall, the detection of Salmonella isolates presenting high antimicrobial resistance and harboring different critical virulence genes is of major concern, which requires the urgent implementation of effective strategies to mitigate non-Pullorum/Gallinarum avian salmonellosis. IMPORTANCE Avian salmonellosis is one of the leading global causes of poultry death, resulting in substantial economic losses in China (constituting 9% of overall financial losses). In Shandong province, a top poultry producer (30% of the overall production in China, with 15% being exported to the world), extensive outbreaks of avian salmonellosis have been reported in the past decade where the causal agents or exact types remain rarely addressed. From approximately 2008 to 2019, over 2,000 Salmonella strains were isolated and identified from dead poultry during routine surveillance of 95 poultry farms covering all 17 cities in Shandong. Approximately 1,500 isolates were confirmed to be of non-Pullorum/Gallinarum Salmonella serovars. There is an urgent need to understand the mechanisms behind the implication of zoonotic Salmonella serovars in systemic infections of poultry. Here, we analyzed populations of clinically relevant isolates of non-Pullorum/Gallinarum Salmonella causing chicken death in China by a whole-genome sequencing approach and determined that antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella Enteritidis remained the major cause in the past decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiamei Kang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenghao Jia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
| | - Anja Müller
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Corinna Kehrenberg
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Min Yue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Small C, Bria A, Pena-Cotui NM, Beatty N, Ritter AS. Disseminated Salmonella Infection in an Immunocompromised Patient. Cureus 2022; 14:e26922. [PMID: 35983380 PMCID: PMC9376213 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infection is a major public health concern worldwide. While non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars typically present with gastroenteritis, a disseminated infection may occur in high-risk individuals. After the initial invasion of the gastrointestinal mucosa, Salmonella spp. are capable of hematogenous dissemination throughout the body, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. We present a case of an immunocompromised patient with lower extremity abscesses, septic arthritis, and necrotizing fasciitis to highlight an uncommon presentation of disseminated Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coulter Small
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
| | - Adam Bria
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
| | - Nayrobi M Pena-Cotui
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
| | - Norman Beatty
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
| | - Alaina S Ritter
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
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27
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Zarei M, Bahrami S, Liljebjelke K. Biofilm formation of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis cocultured with Acanthamoeba castellanii responds to nutrient availability. Int Microbiol 2022; 25:691-700. [PMID: 35676463 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-022-00252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba spp. and Salmonella share common habitats, and their interaction may influence the biofilm-forming ability of Salmonella. In this study, biofilm formation of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis cocultured with Acanthamoeba castellanii was examined in nutrient-rich and nutrient-deficient media. Furthermore, transcript copy number of biofilm-related genes in the biofilm cells of S. Enteritidis in monoculture was compared to those in coculture with A. castellanii. Results demonstrated that the presence of A. castellanii in the culture media activates the genes involved in the biofilm formation of S. Enteritidis, regardless of the nutrient availability. However, biofilm formation of S. Enteritidis cocultured with A. castellanii was not consistent with the transcript copy number results. In nutrient-rich medium, the number of Salmonella biofilm cells and the contents of the three main components of the biofilms including eDNA, protein, and carbohydrates were higher in the presence of A. castellanii compared to monocultures. However, in nutrient-deficient medium, the number of biofilm cells, and the amount of biofilm components in coculture conditions were less than the monocultures. These results indicate that despite activation of relevant genes in both nutrient-rich and nutrient-deficient media, biofilm formation of S. Enteritidis cocultured with A. castellanii responds to nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Zarei
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Somayeh Bahrami
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Karen Liljebjelke
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Determination of an effective agent combination using nisin against Salmonella biofilm. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:167. [PMID: 35133506 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02766-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This present study aims to determine the lowest concentration effects of the assayed different antibiotics; antimicrobial agents alone and their combinations with nisin were investigated to prevent the biofilm formation and break down the biofilm structure of Salmonella. While the combination of nisin and EDTA showed a synergistic effect against Salmonella strain, chlorhexidine digluconate and streptomycin with nisin showed a partial synergetic effect; citric acid and sulfonamides with nisin showed an indifferent effect. The use of citric acid and chlorhexidine digluconate alone was very effective in Salmonella inhibition. While the citric acid combined with other agents had not much effect, the use of chlorhexidine digluconate combined with nisin and EDTA inactivated the total initial count within 24 h. Significantly, when citric acid and sulfonamides are used alone, they reduce by 64% and 44%, respectively. When they used nisin + EDTA, this ratio increased to 83% and 84%, respectively. For the prevention of biofilm, the most suitable conditions were determined as 97% biofilm inhibition. The results of this study can be used as a guide for the emergence of new approaches to ensure the food safety and quality of the food industry.
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Zhang Y, Liu K, Zhang Z, Tian S, Liu M, Li X, Han Y, Zhu K, Liu H, Yang C, Liu H, Du X, Wang Q, Wang H, Yang M, Wang L, Song H, Yang H, Xiang Y, Qiu S. A Severe Gastroenteritis Outbreak of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Linked to Contaminated Egg Fried Rice, China, 2021. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:779749. [PMID: 34880847 PMCID: PMC8645860 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.779749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella contamination of eggs and egg shells has been identified as a public health problem worldwide. Here, we reported an outbreak of severe gastrointestinal symptoms caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. enteritidis) in China. We evaluated the outbreak by using epidemiological surveys, routine laboratory testing methods, and whole genome sequencing (WGS). This outbreak occurred in a canteen in Beijing, during March 9–11, 2021, 225 of the 324 diners who have eaten at the canteen showed gastrointestinal symptoms. The outbreak had characteristical epidemiological and clinical features. It caused a very high attack rate (69.4%) in a short incubation time. All patients developed diarrhea and high fever, accompanied by abdominal pain (62.3%), nausea (50.4%), and vomiting (62.7%). The average frequency of diarrhea was 12.4 times/day, and the highest frequency of diarrhea was as high as 50 times/day. The average fever temperature was 39.4°C, and the highest fever temperature was 42°C. Twenty strains of S. enteritidis were recovered, including 19 from the patients samples, and one from remained egg fried rice. Antibiotic susceptibility test showed that the 20 outbreak strains all had the same resistance pattern. PFGE results demonstrated that all 20 strains bore completely identical bands. Phylogenetic analysis based on WGS revealed that all 20 outbreak strains were tightly clustered together. So the pathogenic source of this food poisoning incident may was contaminated egg fried rice. Resistance gene analysis showed that the outbreak strains are all multi-drug resistant strains. Virulence gene analysis indicated that these outbreak strains carried a large number of virulence genes, including 2 types of Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPI-1 and SPI-2). Other important virulence genes were also carried by the outbreak strains, such as pefABCD, rck and shdA. And the shdA gene was not in other strains located in the same evolutionary branch as the outbreak strain. We speculated that this is a significant reason for the serious symptoms of gastroenteritis in this outbreak. This outbreak caused by S. enteritidis suggested government should strengthen monitoring of the prevalence of outbreak clone strains, and take measures to mitigate the public health threat posed by contaminated eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowen Zhang
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kangkang Liu
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenbiao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Sai Tian
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Meiling Liu
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xinge Li
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yiran Han
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kunpeng Zhu
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chaojie Yang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xinying Du
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjuan Yang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ligui Wang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbin Song
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Xiang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shaofu Qiu
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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30
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Choong FX, Huzell S, Rosenberg M, Eckert JA, Nagaraj M, Zhang T, Melican K, Otzen DE, Richter-Dahlfors A. A semi high-throughput method for real-time monitoring of curli producing Salmonella biofilms on air-solid interfaces. Biofilm 2021; 3:100060. [PMID: 34841245 PMCID: PMC8605384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2021.100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms enable bacteria to colonize numerous ecological niches. Bacteria within a biofilm are protected by the extracellular matrix (ECM), of which the fibril-forming amyloid protein curli and polysaccharide cellulose are major components in members of Salmonella, Eschericha and Mycobacterium genus. A shortage of real-time detection methods has limited our understanding of how ECM production contributes to biofilm formation and pathogenicity. Here we present optotracing as a new semi-high throughput method for dynamic monitoring of Salmonella biofilm growth on air-solid interfaces. We show how an optotracer with binding-induced fluorescence acts as a dynamic fluorescent reporter of curli expression during biofilm formation on agar. Using spectrophotometry and microscopic imaging of fluorescence, we analyse in real-time the development of the curli architecture in relation to bacterial cells. With exceptional spatial and temporal precision, this revealed a well-structured, non-uniform distribution of curli organised in distally projecting radial channel patterns. Dynamic monitoring of the biofilm also showed defined regions undergoing different growth phases. ECM structures were found to assemble in regions of late exponential growth phase, suggesting that ECM forms on site after bacteria colonize the surface. As the optotracer biofilm method expedites screening of curli production, providing exceptional spatial-temporal understanding of the surface-associated biofilm lifestyle, this method adds a new technique to further our understanding of bacterial biofilms. Design and evaluation of a method for real-time biofilm experimentation. Optotracing enables real-time monitoring of biofilm formation on solid supports. Definitive biofilm monitoring by selective tracking of ECM components. A method reducing the inherent biases of morphotyping. A semi-high throughput method increasing the ease and efficiency of biofilm detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand X Choong
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Smilla Huzell
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ming Rosenberg
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johannes A Eckert
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Madhu Nagaraj
- iNANO and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Keira Melican
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel E Otzen
- iNANO and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Agneta Richter-Dahlfors
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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31
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Lamprokostopoulou A, Römling U. Yin and Yang of Biofilm Formation and Cyclic di-GMP Signaling of the Gastrointestinal Pathogen Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. J Innate Immun 2021; 14:275-292. [PMID: 34775379 PMCID: PMC9275015 DOI: 10.1159/000519573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the last 60 years, microbiological research has challenged many dogmas such as bacteria being unicellular microorganisms directed by nutrient sources; these investigations produced new dogmas such as cyclic diguanylate monophosphate (cyclic di-GMP) second messenger signaling as a ubiquitous regulator of the fundamental sessility/motility lifestyle switch on the single-cell level. Successive investigations have not yet challenged this view; however, the complexity of cyclic di-GMP as an intracellular bacterial signal, and, less explored, as an extracellular signaling molecule in combination with the conformational flexibility of the molecule, provides endless opportunities for cross-kingdom interactions. Cyclic di-GMP-directed microbial biofilms commonly stimulate the immune system on a lower level, whereas host-sensed cyclic di-GMP broadly stimulates the innate and adaptive immune responses. Furthermore, while the intracellular second messenger cyclic di-GMP signaling promotes bacterial biofilm formation and chronic infections, oppositely, Salmonella Typhimurium cellulose biofilm inside immune cells is not endorsed. These observations only touch on the complexity of the interaction of biofilm microbial cells with its host. In this review, we describe the Yin and Yang interactive concepts of biofilm formation and cyclic di-GMP signaling using S. Typhimurium as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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32
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Virulence Comparison of Salmonella enterica Subsp. enterica Isolates from Chicken and Whole Genome Analysis of the High Virulent Strain S. Enteritidis 211. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112239. [PMID: 34835366 PMCID: PMC8619400 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Salmonellaenterica is one of the common pathogens in both humans and animals that causes salmonellosis and threatens public health all over the world. Methods and Results: Here we determined the virulence phenotypes of nine Salmonellaenterica subsp. enterica (S. enterica) isolates in vitro and in vivo, including pathogenicity to chicken, cell infection, biofilm formation and virulence gene expressions. S. Enteritidis 211 (SE211) was highly pathogenic with notable virulence features among the nine isolates. The combination of multiple virulence genes contributed to the conferring of the high virulence in SE211. Importantly, many mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were found in the genome sequence of SE211, including a virulence plasmid, genomic islands, and prophage regions. The MGEs and CRISPR-Cas system might function synergistically for gene transfer and immune defense. In addition, the neighbor joining tree and the minimum spanning tree were constructed in this study. Conclusions: This study provided both the virulence phenotypes and genomic features, which might contribute to the understanding of bacterial virulence mechanisms in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. The first completed genomic sequence for the high virulent S. Enteritidis isolate SE211 and the comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses provided a preliminary understanding of S. enterica genetics and laid the foundation for further study.
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33
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Elbediwi M, Tang Y, Shi D, Ramadan H, Xu Y, Xu S, Li Y, Yue M. Genomic Investigation of Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella enterica Isolates From Dead Chick Embryos in China. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:684400. [PMID: 34497590 PMCID: PMC8419455 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.684400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is recognized as an important zoonotic pathogen. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica poses a great public health concern worldwide. While the knowledge on the incidence and the characterization of different S. enterica serovars causing chick embryo death remains obscure in China. In this study, we obtained 45 S. enterica isolates from 2,139 dead chick embryo samples collected from 28 breeding chicken hatcheries in Henan province. The antimicrobial susceptibility assay was performed by the broth microdilution method and the results showed that 31/45 (68.8%) isolates were multidrug-resistant (≥3 antimicrobial classes). Besides the highest resistance rate was observed in the aminoglycoside class, all the isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol, azithromycin, and imipenem. Furthermore, genomic characterization revealed that S. Enteritidis (33.33%; 15/45) was a frequent serovar that harbored a higher number of virulence factors compared to other serovars. Importantly, genes encoding β-lactamases were identified in three serovars (Thompson, Enteritidis, and Kottbus), whereas plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (qnrB4) were detected in certain isolates of S. Thompson and the two S. Kottbus isolates. All the examined isolates harbored the typical virulence factors from Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 and 2 (SPI-1 and SPI-2). Additionally, a correlation analysis between the antimicrobial resistance genes, phenotype, and plasmids was conducted among Salmonella isolates. It showed strong positive correlations (r < 0.6) between the different antimicrobial-resistant genes belonging to certain antimicrobial classes. Besides, IncF plasmid showed a strong negative correlation (r > −0.6) with IncHI2 and IncHI2A plasmids. Together, our study demonstrated antimicrobial-resistant S. enterica circulating in breeding chicken hatcheries in Henan province, highlighting the advanced approach, by using genomic characterization and statistical analysis, in conducting the routine monitoring of the emerging antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. Our findings also proposed that the day-old breeder chicks trading could be one of the potential pathways for the dissemination of multidrug-resistant S. enterica serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Elbediwi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanting Tang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dawei Shi
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Hazem Ramadan
- Hygiene and Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Athens, GA, United States
| | - Yaohui Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sihong Xu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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34
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Subedi P, Paxman JJ, Wang G, Hor L, Hong Y, Verderosa AD, Whitten AE, Panjikar S, Santos-Martin CF, Martin JL, Totsika M, Heras B. Salmonella enterica BcfH Is a Trimeric Thioredoxin-Like Bifunctional Enzyme with Both Thiol Oxidase and Disulfide Isomerase Activities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:21-39. [PMID: 33607928 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aims: Thioredoxin (TRX)-fold proteins are ubiquitous in nature. This redox scaffold has evolved to enable a variety of functions, including redox regulation, protein folding, and oxidative stress defense. In bacteria, the TRX-like disulfide bond (Dsb) family mediates the oxidative folding of multiple proteins required for fitness and pathogenic potential. Conventionally, Dsb proteins have specific redox functions with monomeric and dimeric Dsbs exclusively catalyzing thiol oxidation and disulfide isomerization, respectively. This contrasts with the eukaryotic disulfide forming machinery where the modular TRX protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) mediates thiol oxidation and disulfide reshuffling. In this study, we identified and structurally and biochemically characterized a novel Dsb-like protein from Salmonella enterica termed bovine colonization factor protein H (BcfH) and defined its role in virulence. Results: In the conserved bovine colonization factor (bcf) fimbrial operon, the Dsb-like enzyme BcfH forms a trimeric structure, exceptionally uncommon among the large and evolutionary conserved TRX superfamily. This protein also displays very unusual catalytic redox centers, including an unwound α-helix holding the redox active site and a trans-proline instead of the conserved cis-proline active site loop. Remarkably, BcfH displays both thiol oxidase and disulfide isomerase activities contributing to Salmonella fimbrial biogenesis. Innovation and Conclusion: Typically, oligomerization of bacterial Dsb proteins modulates their redox function, with monomeric and dimeric Dsbs mediating thiol oxidation and disulfide isomerization, respectively. This study demonstrates a further structural and functional malleability in the TRX-fold protein family. BcfH trimeric architecture and unconventional catalytic sites permit multiple redox functions emulating in bacteria the eukaryotic PDI dual oxidoreductase activity. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 21-39.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Subedi
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Jason J Paxman
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Geqing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Lilian Hor
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Yaoqin Hong
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anthony D Verderosa
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew E Whitten
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Australia
| | - Santosh Panjikar
- Macromolecular Crystallography, Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Carlos F Santos-Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Martin
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Brisbane Innovation Park, Nathan, Australia.,Vice-Chancellor's Unit, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Makrina Totsika
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Begoña Heras
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
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35
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Genomic investigation of antimicrobial resistance determinants and virulence factors in Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from contaminated food and human stool samples in Brazil. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 343:109091. [PMID: 33639477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance determinants, virulence factors and identified serovars in 37 Salmonella enterica strains isolated from human stool and contaminated foods linked to outbreaks that occurred in Brazil over 7 years using whole genome sequencing (WGS). Phylogenetic analysis of selected serovars (S. Typhimurium, S. Infantis, S. London, and S. Johannesburg) was performed. Ten distinct serovars were identified and, 51% of the tested strains (n = 19) showed disagreement with the previous conventional serotyping. The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants or plasmids varied among the strains. Resistome analysis revealed the presence of resistance genes to aminoglycosides [aac (6')-laa, aph (3″)-lb, aph (6)-ld, aadA1 and aadA2], sulfonamides (sul1), trimethoprin (dfrA8), fosfomycin (fosA7) and tetracyclines (tetA, tetB, tetC), as well as point mutations in parC (T57S) and gyrA (S83F). Plasmidome showed the presence of IncHI2, IncHI2A, IncFIB (S), IncFII (S), IncI1 and p0111 plasmids. Eight Salmonella pathogenicity islands and up to 102 stress and/or virulence genes were identified in the evaluated genomes. Virulence genes of K88 fimbrial adhesin were first reported in S. enterica (S. Pomona, S. Bredeney and S. Mbandaka strains). pilW gene was first identified in S. Pomona. Phylogenetic analysis showed that some serovars circulated in Brazil for decades, primarily within the poultry production chain. Findings highlighted the virulence and AMR determinants in strains that may lead to recurring food outbreaks.
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36
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Harrell JE, Hahn MM, D'Souza SJ, Vasicek EM, Sandala JL, Gunn JS, McLachlan JB. Salmonella Biofilm Formation, Chronic Infection, and Immunity Within the Intestine and Hepatobiliary Tract. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:624622. [PMID: 33604308 PMCID: PMC7885405 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.624622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the species of Salmonella enterica, there is significant diversity represented among the numerous subspecies and serovars. Collectively, these account for microbes with variable host ranges, from common plant and animal colonizers to extremely pathogenic and human-specific serovars. Despite these differences, many Salmonella species find commonality in the ability to form biofilms and the ability to cause acute, latent, or chronic disease. The exact outcome of infection depends on many factors such as the growth state of Salmonella, the environmental conditions encountered at the time of infection, as well as the infected host and immune response elicited. Here, we review the numerous biofilm lifestyles of Salmonella (on biotic and abiotic surfaces) and how the production of extracellular polymeric substances not only enhances long-term persistence outside the host but also is an essential function in chronic human infections. Furthermore, careful consideration is made for the events during initial infection that allow for gut transcytosis which, in conjunction with host immune functions, often determine the progression of disease. Both typhoidal and non-typhoidal salmonellae can cause chronic and/or secondary infections, thus the adaptive immune responses to both types of bacteria are discussed with particular attention to the differences between Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Typhimurium, and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella that can result in differential immune responses. Finally, while strides have been made in our understanding of immunity to Salmonella in the lymphoid organs, fewer definitive studies exist for intestinal and hepatobiliary immunity. By examining our current knowledge and what remains to be determined, we provide insight into new directions in the field of Salmonella immunity, particularly as it relates to chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaikin E Harrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Mark M Hahn
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shaina J D'Souza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Erin M Vasicek
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jenna L Sandala
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - John S Gunn
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - James B McLachlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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37
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Targeting effect of berberine on type I fimbriae of Salmonella Typhimurium and its effective inhibition of biofilm. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1563-1573. [PMID: 33496815 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
As a primary cause of food contamination and human diseases, Salmonella Typhimurium can easily form a biofilm that is difficult to remove from food surfaces, and often causes significant invisible threats to food safety. Although berberine has been widely used as an anti-infective drug in traditional medicine, some basic principles underlying its mechanism, especially the interaction between berberine and type I fimbriae genes, has not been verified yet. In this study, two strains of major fimbrial gene mutants (ΔfimA and ΔfimH) were constructed to demonstrate the possible action of berberine on type I fimbriae genes. The broth microdilution method was used to determine the antibacterial activity of berberine against selected strains (WT, ΔfimA, and ΔfimH). Cell agglutination experiments revealed that the number of S. Typhimurium type I fimbriae reduced after berberine treatment, which was consistent with transmission electron microscopy results. Quantitative real-time PCR experiments also confirmed that berberine reduced fimA gene expression, indicating a certain interaction between berberine and fimA gene. Furthermore, confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging of biofilm clearly revealed that berberine prevents biofilm formation by reducing the number of type I fimbriae. Overall, it is well speculated for us that berberine could be an excellent combating-biofilm drug in clinical microbiology and food preservation. KEY POINTS: • Reduce the number of fimbriae. • Berberine targeting fimA. • Effective biofilm inhibitor.
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38
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Genetic Determinants of Salmonella Resistance to the Biofilm-Inhibitory Effects of a Synthetic 4-Oxazolidinone Analog. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01120-20. [PMID: 32769186 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01120-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms formed by Salmonella enterica are a frequent source of food supply contamination. Since biofilms are inherently resistant to disinfection, new agents capable of preventing biofilm formation are needed. Synthetic analogs of 4-oxazolidinone containing natural products have shown promise as antibiofilm compounds against Gram-positive bacteria. The purpose of our study was 2-fold: to establish the antibiofilm effects and mechanism of action of a synthetic 4-oxazolidinone analog (JJM-ox-3-70) and to establish mechanisms of resistance to this compound in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S Typhimurium). JJM-ox-3-70 inhibited biofilm formation but had no effect on cell growth. The antibiofilm effects were linked to disruption of curli fimbriae and flagellar gene expression and alteration in swimming motility, suggesting an effect on multiple cellular processes. Using a 2-step screening approach of defined multigene and single-gene deletion mutant libraries, we identified 3 mutants that produced less biofilm in the presence of JJM-ox-3-70 than the isogenic WT, with phenotypes reversed by complementation in trans Genes responsible for S Typhimurium resistance to the compound included acrB, a component of the major drug efflux pump AcrAB-TolC, and two genes of unknown function (STM0437 and STM1292). The results of this study suggest that JJM-ox-3-70 inhibits biofilm formation by indirect inhibition of extracellular matrix production that may be linked to disruption of flagellar motility. Further work is needed to establish the role of the newly characterized genes as potential mechanisms of biofilm intrinsic antimicrobial resistance.IMPORTANCE Biofilms are resistant to killing by disinfectants and antimicrobials. S. enterica biofilms facilitate long-term host colonization and persistence in food processing environments. Synthetic analogs of 4-oxazolidinone natural products show promise as antibiofilm agents. Here, we show that a synthetic 4-oxazolidinone analog inhibits Salmonella biofilm through effects on both motility and biofilm matrix gene expression. Furthermore, we identify three genes that promote Salmonella resistance to the antibiofilm effects of the compound. This work provides insight into the mechanism of antibiofilm effects of a synthetic 4-oxazolidinone analog in Gram-negative bacteria and demonstrates new mechanisms of intrinsic antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella biofilms.
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Mejía L, Medina JL, Bayas R, Salazar CS, Villavicencio F, Zapata S, Matheu J, Wagenaar JA, González-Candelas F, Vinueza-Burgos C. Genomic Epidemiology of Salmonella Infantis in Ecuador: From Poultry Farms to Human Infections. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:547891. [PMID: 33134346 PMCID: PMC7550756 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.547891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is one of the most important foodborne pathogens around the world. In the last years, S. enterica serovar Infantis has become an important emerging pathogen in many countries, often as multidrug resistant clones. To understand the importance of S. enterica in the broiler industry in Ecuador, we performed a study based on phenotypic and WGS data of isolates from poultry farms, chicken carcasses and humans. We showed a high prevalence of S. enterica in poultry farms (41.4%) and chicken carcasses (55.5%), but a low prevalence (1.98%) in human samples. S. Infantis was shown to be the most prevalent serovar with a 98.2, 97.8, and 50% in farms, foods, and humans, respectively, presenting multidrug resistant patterns. All sequenced S. Infantis isolates belonged to ST32. For the first time, a pESI-related megaplasmid was identified in Ecuadorian samples. This plasmid contains genes of antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors, and environmental stress tolerance. Genomic analysis showed a low divergence of S. Infantis strains in the three analyzed components. The results from this study provide important information about genetic elements that may help understand the molecular epidemiology of S. Infantis in Ecuador.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Mejía
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador.,Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis Medina
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Rosa Bayas
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carolina Satan Salazar
- Centro de Referencia Nacional de Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública "Leopoldo Izquieta Pérez", Quito, Ecuador
| | - Fernando Villavicencio
- Centro de Referencia Nacional de Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública "Leopoldo Izquieta Pérez", Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sonia Zapata
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jorge Matheu
- Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Fernando González-Candelas
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Joint Research Unit "Infection and Public Health" FISABIO-University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIBER (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red) in Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia, Spain
| | - Christian Vinueza-Burgos
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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40
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Seribelli AA, Cruz MF, Vilela FP, Frazão MR, Paziani MH, Almeida F, Medeiros MIC, Rodrigues DDP, Kress MRVZ, Allard MW, Falcão JP. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Salmonella Typhimurium isolates from humans and foods in Brazil. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237886. [PMID: 32810191 PMCID: PMC7437471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) causes gastroenteritis in many countries. However, in Brazil there are few studies that have conducted a virulence characterization of this serovar. The aim of this study was to evaluate the virulence potential of S. Typhimurium strains isolated in Brazil. Forty S. Typhimurium strains isolated from humans (n = 20) and food (n = 20) from Brazil were studied regarding their invasion and survival in human epithelial cells (Caco-2) and macrophages (U937). Their virulence potential was determined using the Galleria mellonella larvae model combined with the analysis of virulence genes by whole genome sequencing (WGS). A total of 67.5% of the S. Typhimurium studied (32.5% isolated from humans and 35% isolated from food) invaded Caco-2 epithelial cells at levels similar to or greater than the S. Typhimurium SL1344 prototype strain. In addition, 37.5% of the studied strains (25% isolated from humans and 12.5% isolated from food) survived in U937 human macrophages at levels similar to or greater than SL1344. S. Typhimurium strains isolated from humans (40%) and food (25%) showed high or intermediate virulence in G. mellonella larvae after seven days exposure. Approximately, 153 virulence genes of chromosomal and plasmidial origin were detected in the strains studied. In conclusion, the ability of the S. Typhimurium to invade Caco-2 epithelial cells was strain dependent and was not related to the source or the year of isolation. However, S. Typhimurium strains isolated from humans showed greater survival rates in U937 human macrophages, and presented higher proportion of isolates with a virulent profile in G. mellonella in comparison to strains isolated from food suggesting that this difference may be related to the higher frequency of human isolates which contained plasmid genes, such as spvABCDR operon, pefABCD operon, rck and mig-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Aparecida Seribelli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto–Universidade de São Paulo—USP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ferreira Cruz
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto–Universidade de São Paulo—USP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Pinheiro Vilela
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto–Universidade de São Paulo—USP, Brazil
| | - Miliane Rodrigues Frazão
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto–Universidade de São Paulo—USP, Brazil
| | - Mario H. Paziani
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto–Universidade de São Paulo—USP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Almeida
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto–Universidade de São Paulo—USP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcia R. von Zeska Kress
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto–Universidade de São Paulo—USP, Brazil
| | - Marc W. Allard
- Food and Drug Administration—FDA, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JPF); (MWA)
| | - Juliana Pfrimer Falcão
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto–Universidade de São Paulo—USP, Brazil
- * E-mail: (JPF); (MWA)
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Hurtado-Escobar GA, Grépinet O, Raymond P, Abed N, Velge P, Virlogeux-Payant I. H-NS is the major repressor of Salmonella Typhimurium Pef fimbriae expression. Virulence 2020; 10:849-867. [PMID: 31661351 PMCID: PMC6844306 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1682752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fimbriae play an important role in adhesion and are therefore essential for the interaction of bacteria with the environments they encounter. Most of them are expressed in vivo but not in vitro, thus making difficult the full characterization of these fimbriae. Here, we characterized the silencing of plasmid-encoded fimbriae (Pef) expression, encoded by the pef operon, in the worldwide pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium. We demonstrated that the nucleoid-associated proteins H-NS and Hha, and their respective paralogs StpA and YdgT, negatively regulate at pH 5.1 and pH 7.1 the transcription of the pef operon. Two promoters, PpefB and PpefA, direct the transcription of this operon. All the nucleoid-associated proteins silence the PpefB promoter and H-NS also targets the PpefA promoter. While Hha and YdgT are mainly considered as acting primarily through H-NS to modulate gene transcription, our results strongly suggest that Hha and YdgT silence pef transcription at acidic pH either by interacting with StpA or independently of H-NS and StpA. We also confirmed the previously described post-transcriptional repression of Pef fimbriae by CsrA titration via the fim mRNA and CsrB and CsrC sRNA. Finally, among all these regulators, H-NS clearly appeared as the major repressor of Pef expression. These results open new avenues of research to better characterize the regulation of these bacterial adhesive proteins and to clarify their role in the virulence of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nadia Abed
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
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42
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Gao R, Wang L, Ogunremi D. Virulence Determinants of Non-typhoidal Salmonellae. Microorganisms 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Eran Z, Akçelik M, Yazıcı BC, Özcengiz G, Akçelik N. Regulation of biofilm formation by marT in Salmonella Typhimurium. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5041-5050. [PMID: 32529277 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05573-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed at identifying the regulatory role of marT gene, known as the regulator of misL, on 15 different biofilm-related genes in S. Typhimurium 14028 strain. We also tested the strains for their ability to form biofilm and determined the adherence characteristics of the wild type and the mutant strains of the organism on Caco-2 and HEp-2 cells. For comparative analyses of the candidate genes, individual gene mutations were created via antibiotic gene cassette insertion into each gene of interest. marT gene was cloned behind an arabinose inducible BAD promoter in order to control marT expression. This recombinant plasmid was transfer into each of the 15 mutant strains to investigate the level of expression of each single gene in the presence and absence of marT induction. Besides determination of variations in biofilm formation by each mutant strain, the attachment characteristics of them onto Caco-2 and HEp-2 cell lines were also reported. As a result of attachments experiments on polystyrene surfaces, it was determined that the biofilm production capacity of each mutant strain decreased in a statistically significant manner (p < 0.05). QRT-PCR trials indicated that the marT gene regulates the expression of 14 genes, namely fimA, fimD, fimF, fimH, stjB, stjC, csgA, csgD, ompC, sthB, sthE, rmbA, fliZ and yaiC, in a positive manner. QRT-PCR studies were also revealed that the MarT protein positively regulates its own promoter. When the adherence characteristics of the mutant strains and the wild-type were investigated by using Caco-2 and HEp-2 cells, it was determined that the single gene mutations did have no effect on bacterial adhesion. In view of our mutational analyses and biofilm formation studies, it was concluded that fliZ, ompC, rmbA, stjB and stjC genes are related with biofilm formation in Salmonella, besides other cellular functions of them. Taken together, our data suggested that the regulatory role of MarT protein is not only restricted to the regulation of misL gene expression, but it rather acts as a general regulator on the biofilm-related genes in Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Eran
- Department of Biology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | - Gülay Özcengiz
- Department of Biology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nefise Akçelik
- Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
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44
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Bawn M, Alikhan NF, Thilliez G, Kirkwood M, Wheeler NE, Petrovska L, Dallman TJ, Adriaenssens EM, Hall N, Kingsley RA. Evolution of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium driven by anthropogenic selection and niche adaptation. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008850. [PMID: 32511244 PMCID: PMC7302871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a leading cause of gastroenteritis and bacteraemia worldwide, and a model organism for the study of host-pathogen interactions. Two S. Typhimurium strains (SL1344 and ATCC14028) are widely used to study host-pathogen interactions, yet genotypic variation results in strains with diverse host range, pathogenicity and risk to food safety. The population structure of diverse strains of S. Typhimurium revealed a major phylogroup of predominantly sequence type 19 (ST19) and a minor phylogroup of ST36. The major phylogroup had a population structure with two high order clades (α and β) and multiple subclades on extended internal branches, that exhibited distinct signatures of host adaptation and anthropogenic selection. Clade α contained a number of subclades composed of strains from well characterized epidemics in domesticated animals, while clade β contained multiple subclades associated with wild avian species. The contrasting epidemiology of strains in clade α and β was reflected by the distinct distribution of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, accumulation of hypothetically disrupted coding sequences (HDCS), and signatures of functional diversification. These observations were consistent with elevated anthropogenic selection of clade α lineages from adaptation to circulation in populations of domesticated livestock, and the predisposition of clade β lineages to undergo adaptation to an invasive lifestyle by a process of convergent evolution with of host adapted Salmonella serotypes. Gene flux was predominantly driven by acquisition and recombination of prophage and associated cargo genes, with only occasional loss of these elements. The acquisition of large chromosomally-encoded genetic islands was limited, but notably, a feature of two recent pandemic clones (DT104 and monophasic S. Typhimurium ST34) of clade α (SGI-1 and SGI-4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Bawn
- Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gaëtan Thilliez
- Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Kirkwood
- Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole E. Wheeler
- Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Timothy J. Dallman
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Neil Hall
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Kingsley
- Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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45
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M Campos JC, Antunes LCM, Ferreira RBR. Global priority pathogens: virulence, antimicrobial resistance and prospective treatment options. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:649-677. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. are part of a group of pathogens that pose a major threat to human health due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. Moreover, these bacteria have several virulence factors that allow them to successfully colonize their hosts, such as toxins and the ability to produce biofilms, resulting in an urgent need to develop new strategies to fight these pathogens. In this review, we compile the most up-to-date information on the epidemiology, virulence and resistance of these clinically important microorganisms. Additionally, we address new therapeutic alternatives, with a focus on molecules with antivirulence activity, which are considered promising to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C de M Campos
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luis CM Antunes
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Inovação em Doenças de Populações Negligenciadas, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosana BR Ferreira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Romeu MJ, Rodrigues D, Azeredo J. Effect of sub-lethal chemical disinfection on the biofilm forming ability, resistance to antibiotics and expression of virulence genes of Salmonella Enteritidis biofilm-surviving cells. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:101-112. [PMID: 31997643 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1719077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although disinfection procedures are widely implemented in food environments, bacteria can survive and present increased virulence/resistance. Since little is known about these phenomena regarding biofilms, this study aimed to investigate the effect of chemical disinfection on biofilm-derived cells of Salmonella Enteritidis. Using a reference strain (NCTC 13349) and a food isolate (350), biofilm susceptibility to benzalkonium chloride (BAC), sodium hypochlorite (SH) and hydrogen peroxide (HP) was evaluated and biofilms were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of each disinfectant. Biofilm-derived cells were characterized for their biofilm forming ability, antibiotic resistance and expression of virulence-associated genes. Except for a few instances, disinfectant exposure did not alter antibiotic susceptibility. However, SH and HP exposure enhanced the biofilm forming ability of Salmonella Enteritidis NCTC 13349. After BAC and HP exposure, biofilm-derived cells presented a down-regulation of rpoS. Exposure to BAC also revealed an up-regulation of invA, avrA and csgD on Salmonella Enteritidis NCTC 13349. The results obtained suggest that biofilm-derived cells that survive disinfection may represent an increased health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Romeu
- Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Diana Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Azeredo
- Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Gupta SK, Sharma P, McMillan EA, Jackson CR, Hiott LM, Woodley T, Humayoun SB, Barrett JB, Frye JG, McClelland M. Genomic comparison of diverse Salmonella serovars isolated from swine. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224518. [PMID: 31675365 PMCID: PMC6824618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Food animals act as a reservoir for many foodborne pathogens. Salmonella enterica is one of the leading pathogens that cause food borne illness in a broad host range including animals and humans. They can also be associated with a single host species or a subset of hosts, due to genetic factors associated with colonization and infection. Adult swine are often asymptomatic carriers of a broad range of Salmonella servoars and can act as an important reservoir of infections for humans. In order to understand the genetic variations among different Salmonella serovars, Whole Genome Sequences (WGS) of fourteen Salmonella serovars from swine products were analyzed. More than 75% of the genes were part of the core genome in each isolate and the higher fraction of gene assign to different functional categories in dispensable genes indicated that these genes acquired for better adaptability and diversity. High concordance (97%) was detected between phenotypically confirmed antibiotic resistances and identified antibiotic resistance genes from WGS. The resistance determinants were mainly located on mobile genetic elements (MGE) on plasmids or integrated into the chromosome. Most of known and putative virulence genes were part of the core genome, but a small fraction were detected on MGE. Predicted integrated phage were highly diverse and many harbored virulence, metal resistance, or antibiotic resistance genes. CRISPR (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) patterns revealed the common ancestry or infection history among Salmonella serovars. Overall genomic analysis revealed a great deal of diversity among Salmonella serovars due to acquired genes that enable them to thrive and survive during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushim K. Gupta
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. McMillan
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Charlene R. Jackson
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Lari M. Hiott
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Tiffanie Woodley
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Shaheen B. Humayoun
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - John B. Barrett
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan G. Frye
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael McClelland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
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Kolenda R, Ugorski M, Grzymajlo K. Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Salmonella Type 1 Fimbriae, but Were Afraid to Ask. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1017. [PMID: 31139165 PMCID: PMC6527747 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial attachment to host intestinal mucosa after oral infection is one of the most important stages during bacterial pathogenesis. Adhesive structures, widely present on the bacterial surface, are mainly responsible for the first contact with host cells and of host-pathogen interactions. Among dozens of different bacterial adhesins, type 1 fimbriae (T1F) are one of the most common adhesive organelles in the members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, including Salmonella spp., and are important virulence factors. Those long, thin structures, composed mainly of FimA proteins, are responsible for recognizing and binding high-mannose oligosaccharides, which are carried by various glycoproteins and expressed at the host cell surface, via FimH adhesin, which is presented at the top of T1F. In this review, we discuss investigations into the functions of T1F, from the earliest work published in 1958 to operon organization, organelle structure, T1F biogenesis, and the various functions of T1F in Salmonella-host interactions. We give special attention to regulation of T1F expression and their role in binding of Salmonella to cells, cell lines, organ explants, and other surfaces with emphasis on biofilm formation and discuss T1F role as virulence factors based on work using animal models. We also discuss the importance of allelic variation in fimH to Salmonella pathogenesis, as well as role of FimH in Salmonella host specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Kolenda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maciej Ugorski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Grzymajlo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Guo R, Li Z, Zhou X, Huang C, Hu Y, Geng S, Chen X, Li Q, Pan Z, Jiao X. Induction of arthritis in chickens by infection with novel virulent Salmonella Pullorum strains. Vet Microbiol 2018; 228:165-172. [PMID: 30593363 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum (Salmonella Pullorum) is a host-specific serovar causing systemic infection with high mortality in young chicks. Pullorum disease is characterized by white diarrhea. However, arthritis has become increasingly frequent recently, particularly in southern China. The aim of the present study was to determine the pathogenesis and arthritis induction of new Salmonella Pullorum isolates. We isolated and identified five Salmonella Pullorum strains from broilers with bacterial arthritis and lameness in a commercial poultry farm. Four of five isolates were resistant to at least three classes of antibiotics and were defined as multidrug-resistant Salmonella Pullorum. All isolates had the same CRISPR sequence type and belonged to a single major cluster. The isolates exhibited high capability of biofilm formation, which may facilitate their dispersal and survival in hostile habitats, and showed high virulence based on embryo lethality and inoculation of newly hatched chicks. Tissue distribution analysis confirmed that SP1621 was more adapted to colonize the joint when compared to the white diarrhoea-causing Salmonella Pullorum reference strain S06004. Reproducible arthritis and typical joint lesions were observed in SP1621-infected chicks, and histopathological examination showed necrotic synovitis and cartilage tissue hyperplasia of the joint. Koch's postulates were confirmed when the novel Salmonella Pullorum strain was re-isolated from the joint tissues of experimentally inoculated chicks. These novel Salmonella Pullorum isolates have unique ability to induce arthritis in chickens, representing expanded pathogenic diversity in China. These results suggest the need for strict control strategies and new vaccines to prevent the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxian Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Zhuoyang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Cuiying Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Yachen Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Shizhong Geng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Qiuchun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
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Quan G, Xia P, Zhao J, Zhu C, Meng X, Yang Y, Wang Y, Tian Y, Ding X, Zhu G. Fimbriae and related receptors for Salmonella Enteritidis. Microb Pathog 2018; 126:357-362. [PMID: 30347261 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Infection with Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is one of the main causes for food- and water-borne diseases, and is a major concern to public health for both humans and animals worldwide. Some fimbrial antigens expressed by SE strains have been described and characterized, containing SEF14, SEF17, SEF21, long polar fimbriae and plasmid-encoded fimbriae, they play a role in bacterial survival in the host or external environment. However, their functions remain to be well elucidated, with the initial attachment and binding for fimbriae-mediated SE infections only minimally understood. Meanwhile, host-pathogen interactions provide insights into receptor modulation of the host innate immune system. Therefore, to well understand the pathogenicity of SE bacteria and to comprehend the host response to infection, the host cell-SE interactions need to be characterized. This review describes SE fimbriae receptors with an emphasis on the interaction between the receptor and SE fimbriae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomei Quan
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Pengpeng Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Chunhong Zhu
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou 225125, China.
| | - Xia Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Yuqian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Yiting Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Yan Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Xiuyan Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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