1
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Tario JD, Soh KT, Wallace PK, Muirhead KA. Monitoring Cell Proliferation by Dye Dilution: Considerations for Panel Design. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2779:159-216. [PMID: 38526787 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3738-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
High dimensional studies that include proliferation dyes face two inherent challenges in panel design. First, the more rounds of cell division to be monitored based on dye dilution, the greater the starting intensity of the labeled parent cells must be in order to distinguish highly divided daughter cells from background autofluorescence. Second, the greater their starting intensity, the more difficult it becomes to avoid spillover of proliferation dye signal into adjacent spectral channels, with resulting limitations on the use of other fluorochromes and ability to resolve dim signals of interest. In the third and fourth editions of this series, we described the similarities and differences between protein-reactive and membrane-intercalating dyes used for general cell tracking, provided detailed protocols for optimized labeling with each dye type, and summarized characteristics to be tested by the supplier and/or user when validating either dye type for use as a proliferation dye. In this fifth edition, we review: (a) Fundamental assumptions and critical controls for dye dilution proliferation assays; (b) Methods to evaluate the effect of labeling on cell growth rate and test the fidelity with which dye dilution reports cell division; and. (c) Factors that determine how many daughter generations can be accurately included in proliferation modeling. We also provide an expanded section on spectral characterization, using data collected for three protein-reactive dyes (CellTrace™ Violet, CellTrace™ CFSE, and CellTrace™ Far Red) and three membrane-intercalating dyes (PKH67, PKH26, and CellVue® Claret) on three different cytometers to illustrate typical decisions and trade-offs required during multicolor panel design. Lastly, we include methods and controls for assessing regulatory T cell potency, a functional assay that incorporates the "know your dye" and "know your cytometer" principles described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Tario
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kah Teong Soh
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Agenus, Inc., Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Paul K Wallace
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
- SciGro, Inc., Sedona, AZ, USA
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2
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Friot A, Djebali S, Valsesia S, Parroche P, Dubois M, Baude J, Vandenesch F, Marvel J, Leverrier Y. Antigen specific activation of cytotoxic CD8 + T cells by Staphylococcus aureus infected dendritic cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1245299. [PMID: 37953797 PMCID: PMC10639145 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1245299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a pathogen associated with a wide variety of diseases, from minor to life-threatening infections. Antibiotic-resistant strains have emerged, leading to increasing concern about the control of S. aureus infections. The development of vaccines may be one way to overcome these resistant strains. However, S. aureus ability to internalize into cells - and thus to form a reservoir escaping humoral immunity - is a challenge for vaccine development. A role of T cells in the elimination of persistent S. aureus has been established in mice but it remains to be established if CD8+ T cells could display a cytotoxic activity against S. aureus infected cells. We examined in vitro the ability of CD8+ T cells to recognize and kill dendritic cells infected with S. aureus. We first evidenced that both primary mouse dendritic cells and DC2.4 cell line can be infected with S. aureus. We then generated a strain of S. aureus expressing a model CD8 epitope and transgenic F5 CD8+ T cells recognizing this model epitope were used as reporter T cells. In response to S. aureus-infected dendritic cells, F5 CD8+ T cells produced IFN-γ in an antigen-specific manner and displayed an increased ability to kill infected cells. Altogether, these results demonstrate that cells infected by S. aureus display bacteria-derived epitopes at their surface that are recognized by CD8+ T cells. This paves the way for the development of CD8+ T cell-based therapies against S. aureus.
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3
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Mathieu E, Marquant Q, Chain F, Bouguyon E, Saint-Criq V, Le-Goffic R, Descamps D, Langella P, Tompkins TA, Binda S, Thomas M. An Isolate of Streptococcus mitis Displayed In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Deleterious Effect in a Preclinical Model of Lung Infection. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020263. [PMID: 36678133 PMCID: PMC9867278 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiota studies have dramatically increased over these last two decades, and the repertoire of microorganisms with potential health benefits has been considerably enlarged. The development of next generation probiotics from new bacterial candidates is a long-term strategy that may be more efficient and rapid with discriminative in vitro tests. Streptococcus strains have received attention regarding their antimicrobial potential against pathogens of the upper and, more recently, the lower respiratory tracts. Pathogenic bacterial strains, such as non-typable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), are commonly associated with acute and chronic respiratory diseases, and it could be interesting to fight against pathogens with probiotics. In this study, we show that a Streptococcus mitis (S. mitis) EM-371 strain, isolated from the buccal cavity of a human newborn and previously selected for promising anti-inflammatory effects, displayed in vitro antimicrobial activity against NTHi, P. aeruginosa or S. aureus. However, the anti-pathogenic in vitro activity was not sufficient to predict an efficient protective effect in a preclinical model. Two weeks of treatment with S. mitis EM-371 did not protect against, and even exacerbated, NTHi lung infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Mathieu
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de Recherche pour L’Agriculture, L’Alimentation et L’Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR1319, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU, AP-HP, F-75571 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Quentin Marquant
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Laboratoire VIM-Suresnes, Hôpital Foch, F-92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Florian Chain
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de Recherche pour L’Agriculture, L’Alimentation et L’Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR1319, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU, AP-HP, F-75571 Paris, France
| | - Edwige Bouguyon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vinciane Saint-Criq
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de Recherche pour L’Agriculture, L’Alimentation et L’Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR1319, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU, AP-HP, F-75571 Paris, France
| | - Ronan Le-Goffic
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Delphyne Descamps
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Philippe Langella
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de Recherche pour L’Agriculture, L’Alimentation et L’Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR1319, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU, AP-HP, F-75571 Paris, France
| | | | - Sylvie Binda
- Lallemand Health Solutions, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Muriel Thomas
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de Recherche pour L’Agriculture, L’Alimentation et L’Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR1319, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU, AP-HP, F-75571 Paris, France
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4
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Sakref C, Bendriss-Vermare N, Valladeau-Guilemond J. Phenotypes and Functions of Human Dendritic Cell Subsets in the Tumor Microenvironment. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2618:17-35. [PMID: 36905506 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2938-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in the antitumor immunity, as they are at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity. This important task can only be performed thanks to the broad range of mechanisms that DCs can perform to activate other immune cells. As DCs are well known for their outstanding capacity to prime and activate T cells through antigen presentation, DCs were intensively investigated during the past decades. Numerous studies have identified new DC subsets, leading to a large variety of subsets commonly separated into cDC1, cDC2, pDCs, mature DCs, Langerhans cells, monocyte-derived DCs, Axl-DCs, and several other subsets. Here, we review the specific phenotypes, functions, and localization within the tumor microenvironment (TME) of human DC subsets thanks to flow cytometry and immunofluorescence but also with the help of high-output technologies such as single-cell RNA sequencing and imaging mass cytometry (IMC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Sakref
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- LabEx DEVweCAN, Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Bendriss-Vermare
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- LabEx DEVweCAN, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire d'Immunothérapie des Cancers de Lyon (LICL), Lyon, France
| | - Jenny Valladeau-Guilemond
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.
- LabEx DEVweCAN, Lyon, France.
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5
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The Influence of Antibiotic Resistance on Innate Immune Responses to Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050542. [PMID: 35625186 PMCID: PMC9138074 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) causes a broad range of infections and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. S. aureus produces a diverse range of cellular and extracellular factors responsible for its invasiveness and ability to resist immune attack. In recent years, increasing resistance to last-line anti-staphylococcal antibiotics daptomycin and vancomycin has been observed. Resistant strains of S. aureus are highly efficient in invading a variety of professional and nonprofessional phagocytes and are able to survive inside host cells. Eliciting immune protection against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus infection is a global challenge, requiring both innate and adaptive immune effector mechanisms. Dendritic cells (DC), which sit at the interface between innate and adaptive immune responses, are central to the induction of immune protection against S. aureus. However, it has been observed that S. aureus has the capacity to develop further antibiotic resistance and acquire increased resistance to immunological recognition by the innate immune system. In this article, we review the strategies utilised by S. aureus to circumvent antibiotic and innate immune responses, especially the interaction between S. aureus and DC, focusing on how this relationship is perturbed with the development of antibiotic resistance.
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6
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Paulikat AD, Tölken LA, Jachmann LH, Burchhardt G, Hammerschmidt S, Siemens N. <b><i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i></b> Impairs Maturation of Human Dendritic Cells and Consequent Activation of CD4<sup>+</sup> T Cells via Pneumolysin. J Innate Immun 2022; 14:569-580. [PMID: 35249041 PMCID: PMC9485967 DOI: 10.1159/000522339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A Virus (IAV), Staphylococcus aureus (staphylococci), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococci) are leading viral and bacterial causes of pneumonia. Dendritic cells (DCs) are present in the lower respiratory tract. They are characterized by low expression of co-stimulatory molecules, including CD80 and CD86 and high capacity of antigen uptake. Subsequently, DCs upregulate co-stimulatory signals and cytokine secretion to effectively induce T-cell priming. Here, we investigated these processes in response to bacterial and viral single as well as coinfections using human monocyte-derived (mo)DCs. Irrespective of single or coinfections, moDCs matured in response to IAV and/or staphylococcal infections, secreted a wide range of cytokines, and activated CD4<sup>+</sup>, CD8<sup>+</sup> as well as double-negative T cells. In contrast, pneumococcal single and coinfections impaired moDC maturation, which was characterized by low expression of CD80 and CD86, downregulated expression of CD40, and a mild cytokine release resulting in abrogated CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell activation. These actions were attributed to the cholesterol-dependent cytotoxin pneumolysin (Ply). Infections with a ply-deficient mutant resulted in restored moDC maturation and exclusive CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell activation. These findings show that Ply has important immunomodulatory functions, supporting further investigations in specific modalities of Ply-DC interplay.
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7
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Zhang W, Hwang J, Yadav D, An EK, Kwak M, Lee PCW, Jin JO. Enhancement of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Mediated Anti-Cancer Immunity by Intranasal Treatment of Ecklonia cava Fucoidan against Metastatic Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9125. [PMID: 34502035 PMCID: PMC8431244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although fucoidan, a well-studied seaweed-extracted polysaccharide, has shown immune stimulatory effects that elicit anticancer immunity, mucosal adjuvant effects via intranasal administration have not been studied. In this study, the effect of Ecklonia cava-extracted fucoidan (ECF) on the induction of anti-cancer immunity in the lung was examined by intranasal administration. In C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, intranasal administration of ECF promoted the activation of dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, and T cells in the mediastinal lymph node (mLN). The ECF-induced NK and T cell activation was mediated by DCs. In addition, intranasal injection with ECF enhanced the anti-PD-L1 antibody-mediated anti-cancer activities against B16 melanoma and CT-26 carcinoma tumor growth in the lungs, which were required cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells. Thus, these data demonstrated that ECF functioned as a mucosal adjuvant that enhanced the immunotherapeutic effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors against metastatic lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; (W.Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Juyoung Hwang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; (W.Z.); (J.H.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (D.Y.); (E.-K.A.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (D.Y.); (E.-K.A.)
| | - Eun-Koung An
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (D.Y.); (E.-K.A.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Minseok Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea;
| | - Peter Chang-Whan Lee
- ASAN Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Jun-O Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; (W.Z.); (J.H.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (D.Y.); (E.-K.A.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
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8
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Hatscher L, Lehmann CHK, Purbojo A, Onderka C, Liang C, Hartmann A, Cesnjevar R, Bruns H, Gross O, Nimmerjahn F, Ivanović-Burmazović I, Kunz M, Heger L, Dudziak D. Select hyperactivating NLRP3 ligands enhance the T H1- and T H17-inducing potential of human type 2 conventional dendritic cells. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/680/eabe1757. [PMID: 33906973 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abe1757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The detection of microorganisms and danger signals by pattern recognition receptors on dendritic cells (DCs) and the consequent formation of inflammasomes are pivotal for initiating protective immune responses. Although the activation of inflammasomes leading to secretion of the cytokine IL-1β is typically accompanied by pyroptosis (an inflammatory form of lytic programmed cell death), some cells can survive and exist in a state of hyperactivation. Here, we found that the conventional type 2 DC (cDC2) subset is the major human DC subset that is transcriptionally and functionally poised for inflammasome formation and response without pyroptosis. When cDC2 were stimulated with ligands that relatively weakly activated the inflammasome, the cells did not enter pyroptosis but instead secreted IL-12 family cytokines and IL-1β. These cytokines induced prominent T helper type 1 (TH1) and TH17 responses that were superior to those seen in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation alone or to stronger, classical inflammasome ligands. These findings not only define the human cDC2 subpopulation as a prime target for the treatment of inflammasome-dependent inflammatory diseases but may also inform new approaches for adjuvant and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hatscher
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian H K Lehmann
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ariawan Purbojo
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Constantin Onderka
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Chunguang Liang
- Chair of Medical Informatics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Cesnjevar
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heiko Bruns
- Department of Internal Medicine 5-Hematology/Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Gross
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Institute of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ivana Ivanović-Burmazović
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Department Chemistry, Ludwigs Maximilians University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Meik Kunz
- Chair of Medical Informatics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Heger
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany. .,Institute of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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9
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Zhang W, Park HB, Yadav D, Hwang J, An EK, Eom HY, Kim SJ, Kwak M, Lee PCW, Jin JO. Comparison of human peripheral blood dendritic cell activation by four fucoidans. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 174:477-484. [PMID: 33513426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brown seaweed is an important source of fucoidan, which displays immunomodulatory effects by activating various immune cells. However, these effects of fucoidans from various sources of brown seaweed have not yet been explored in human blood dendritic cells. We studied fucoidans extracted from Ecklonia cava, Macrocystis pyrifera, Undaria pinnatifida, and Fucus vesiculosus for their effects on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MODC) and human peripheral blood DC (PBDC) activation. Ecklonia cava fucoidan (ECF) strongly upregulated co-stimulatory molecules, major histocompatibility complex class I and II, and the production of proinflammatory cytokines in MODCs and PBDCs compared to those by the other three fucoidans. Moreover, ECF elicited the strongest effect in the induction of syngeneic T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production compared to those of other fucoidans. These results suggest that ECF could be a suitable candidate molecule for enhancing immune activation in humans compared to that with the other three fucoidans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Hae-Bin Park
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Juyoung Hwang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Eun-Koung An
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Hee-Yun Eom
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - So-Jung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Minseok Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
| | - Peter Chang-Whan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea.
| | - Jun-O Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea.
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10
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Evaluating the Role of Circulating Dendritic Cells in Methimazole-Treated Pediatric Graves' Disease Patients. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020164. [PMID: 33530368 PMCID: PMC7911035 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Graves’ disease (GD) is hyperthyroidism associated with organ-specific autoimmune inflammation. GD occurs more frequently in adults than in children; however, pediatric patients are a therapeutic challenge due to cycles of remissions and relapses requiring constant monitoring at every stage of treatment administered. Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered to be a link between innate and adaptive immunity. DCs, as antigen-presenting cells (APCs), are involved in antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, thereby initiating a shift towards effector cells. In accordance, DCs also participate in the modulation of tolerance to specific antigens. To date, the data on DCs’ role in Graves’ pathological processes are scarce. Therefore, here, we evaluated the frequencies and role of circulating DCs in GD pediatric patients treated with methimazole. Flow cytometric analysis was implemented to evaluate three subsets of dendritic cells and their correlation with clinical GD-related parameters. We found significantly higher levels of DC subsets in patients at diagnosis. Furthermore, methimazole treatment seemed to effectively reduce subsets of DCs, which, in addition, were found to differentially correlate with thyroid function. Our study shed new light on DCs’ role in the pediatric GD pathomechanism. Further studies are required for the mechanistic assessment of DCs’ exact role in disease progression and influence on thyroid function.
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11
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Soto JA, Gálvez NMS, Andrade CA, Pacheco GA, Bohmwald K, Berrios RV, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. The Role of Dendritic Cells During Infections Caused by Highly Prevalent Viruses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1513. [PMID: 32765522 PMCID: PMC7378533 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a type of innate immune cells with major relevance in the establishment of an adaptive response, as they are responsible for the activation of lymphocytes. Since their discovery, several reports of their role during infectious diseases have been performed, highlighting their functions and their mechanisms of action. DCs can be categorized into different subsets, and each of these subsets expresses a wide arrange of receptors and molecules that aid them in the clearance of invading pathogens. Interferon (IFN) is a cytokine -a molecule of protein origin- strongly associated with antiviral immune responses. This cytokine is secreted by different cell types and is fundamental in the modulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses against viral infections. Particularly, DCs are one of the most important immune cells that produce IFN, with type I IFNs (α and β) highlighting as the most important, as they are associated with viral clearance. Type I IFN secretion can be induced via different pathways, activated by various components of the virus, such as surface proteins or genetic material. These molecules can trigger the activation of the IFN pathway trough surface receptors, including IFNAR, TLR4, or some intracellular receptors, such as TLR7, TLR9, and TLR3. Here, we discuss various types of dendritic cells found in humans and mice; their contribution to the activation of the antiviral response triggered by the secretion of IFN, through different routes of the induction for this important antiviral cytokine; and as to how DCs are involved in human infections that are considered highly frequent nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Soto
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolas M S Gálvez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina A Andrade
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gaspar A Pacheco
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen Bohmwald
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roslye V Berrios
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Zhang W, Xu L, Park HB, Hwang J, Kwak M, Lee PCW, Liang G, Zhang X, Xu J, Jin JO. Escherichia coli adhesion portion FimH functions as an adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1187. [PMID: 32132528 PMCID: PMC7055316 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of antigen-specific immune activation by the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) is a strategy used for cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we find that FimH, which is an Escherichia coli adhesion portion, induces toll-like receptor 4-dependent and myeloid differentiation protein 2-independent DC maturation in mice in vivo. A combined treatment regimen with FimH and antigen promotes antigen-specific immune activation, including proliferation of T cells, production of IFN-γ and TNF-α, and infiltration of effector T cells into tumors, which consequently inhibits tumor growth in mice in vivo against melanoma and carcinoma. In addition, combined therapeutic treatment of anti-PD-L1 antibodies and FimH treatment efficiently inhibits CT26 tumor growth in BALB/c mice. Finally, FimH promotes human peripheral blood DC activation and syngeneic T-cell proliferation and activation. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that FimH can be a useful adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Li Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Hae-Bin Park
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
| | - Juyoung Hwang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
| | - Minseok Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Peter C W Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jun-O Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China. .,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea.
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13
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Zhang W, Xu L, Zhang X, Xu J, Jin JO. CD8α - conventional dendritic cells control Vβ T-cell immunity in response to Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice. Immunology 2020; 159:404-412. [PMID: 31909831 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent immune cells that control innate and adaptive immune responses. Previous studies have shown that the DCs are required for protection against Staphylococcus aureus infection. However, the role of conventional DC (cDC) subsets during S. aureus infection in vivo has not been well investigated. In this study, we examined the function of spleen DC subsets in the activation of immunity against S. aureus infection. C57BL/6 mice were infected intravenously with S. aureus and DC and T-cell activation were analyzed in vivo. We found that the spleen CD8α- cDCs phagocytosed S. aureus more efficiently than type-1 conventional DCs (cDC1s) did. Moreover, the CD8α- cDCs contributed to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to S. aureus infection, whereas the cDC1s did not. In addition, infection with S. aureus promoted an increase in the number of Vβ T cells. The CD4+ and CD8+ Vβ T cells up-regulated the production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) in response to S. aureus infection. Importantly, the induction of IFN-γ and IL-17 production in CD4+ and CD8+ Vβ T cells was mediated by S. aureus-stimulated CD8α- cDCs, whereas cDC1s failed to promote IFN-γ and IL-17 production in the cells. Therefore, these data suggested that the spleen CD8α- cDCs are the main DC subsets for induction of S. aureus superantigen-specific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center &, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center &, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center &, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center &, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-O Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center &, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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14
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Lu Y, Xu W, Gu Y, Chang X, Wei G, Rong Z, Qin L, Chen X, Zhou F. Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cells Modulate the Development of Human CD1c + Conventional Dendritic Cell Subsets Mediated by CD103 and CD205. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2829. [PMID: 31921114 PMCID: PMC6914740 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) leads to a high death rate in patients and is a major threat to human health. NSCLC induces an immune suppressive microenvironment and escapes from immune surveillance in vivo. At present, the molecular mechanisms of NSCLC immunopathogenesis and the immune suppressive microenvironment induced by NSCLC have not been fully elucidated. Here, we focus on the effect of NSCLC cells on the development and differentiation of human CD1c+ conventional dendritic cell (DC) subsets mediated by CD205 and CD103. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from NSCLC patients and healthy donors. DCs were induced and cocultured with primary NSCLC cells or tumor cell line H1299. DCs without incubation with tumor cells are control. The protein expression of costimulatory molecules such as CD80 and CD86, HLA-DR, pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and IL-12, and CD205 and CD103 on CD1c+ DCs was detected by flow cytometry. Our data revealed two new subpopulations of human CD1c+ DCs (CD1c+CD205+CD103+ and CD1c+CD205+CD103− DC) in healthy donors and NSCLC patients. NSCLC cells modulate the development of the CD1c+CD205+CD103+ DC and CD1c+CD205+CD103− DC subpopulations in vitro and ex vivo. NSCLC cells also suppress the expression of signal molecules such as CD40, CD80, CD86, and HLA-DR on CD1c+ DCs. In addition, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-12 and IL-23, is downregulated by NSCLC cells; however, the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and IL-27, by CD1c+ DCs is upregulated by NSCLC cells. Our results suggest that NSCLC cells may induce immune tolerogenic DCs, which block DC-mediated anti-tumor immunity in NSCLC patients. Our data may be helpful in revealing new cellular mechanisms related to the induction of tolerogenic CD1c+ DCs by NSCLCs and the development of an immune suppressive microenvironment that causes tumor cells to escape immune surveillance. Our results indicate a potential role for CD1c+ DC subsets mediated by CD205 and CD103 in DC-mediated immunotherapy to target NSCLC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lu
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Immunology, CAS Lamvac Biotech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenlong Xu
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Immunology, CAS Lamvac Biotech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Gu
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Immunology, CAS Lamvac Biotech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Chang
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Immunology, CAS Lamvac Biotech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Guojian Wei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Immunology, CAS Lamvac Biotech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhien Rong
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Immunology, CAS Lamvac Biotech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Immunology, CAS Lamvac Biotech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Immunology, CAS Lamvac Biotech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China.,Center of Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Immunology, CAS Lamvac Biotech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
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15
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Patton T, Jiang JH, Lundie RJ, Bafit M, Gao W, Peleg AY, O'Keeffe M. Daptomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates are poorly sensed by dendritic cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 98:42-53. [PMID: 31559654 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) presents an increasing threat to public health, with antimicrobial resistance on the rise and infections endemic in the hospital setting. Despite a global research effort to understand and combat antimicrobial resistance, less work has focused on understanding the nuances in the immunopathogenesis of clinical strains. In particular, there is a surprising gap of knowledge in the literature pertaining to how clinical strains are recognized by dendritic cells (DCs). Here, we show that the activation of DCs is compromised in response to MRSA strains resistant to the last-line antibiotic daptomycin. We found a significant reduction in the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed, and secreted and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, as well as decreased expression of CD80 by DCs responding to daptomycin-resistant MRSA. We further demonstrate that this phenotype is coincident with the acquisition of specific point mutations in the cardiolipin synthase gene cls2, and, partly, in the bifunctional lysylphosphatidylglycerol flippase/synthetase gene mprF, which are genes that are often mutated in clinical daptomycin-resistant strains. Therefore, throughout infection and antibiotic therapy, MRSA has the capacity to not only develop further antibiotic resistance, but also develop resistance to immunological recognition by DCs, because of single amino acid point mutations occurring under the selective pressures of both host immunity and antibiotic therapy. Understanding the diversity of clinical MRSA isolates and the nuances in their immune recognition will have important implications for future therapeutics and the treatment of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Patton
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jhih-Hang Jiang
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Rachel J Lundie
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Mariam Bafit
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Doherty Institute for Infectious Diseases, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Anton Y Peleg
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Meredith O'Keeffe
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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16
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Kumar R, Loughland JR, Ng SS, Boyle MJ, Engwerda CR. The regulation of CD4
+
T cells during malaria. Immunol Rev 2019; 293:70-87. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery Institute of Medical Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi UP India
- Department of Medicine Institute of Medical Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi UP India
| | - Jessica R. Loughland
- Human Malaria Immunology Laboratory QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Australia
| | - Susanna S. Ng
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Australia
| | - Michelle J. Boyle
- Human Malaria Immunology Laboratory QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Australia
| | - Christian R. Engwerda
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Australia
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17
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Hubert M, Gobbini E, Bendriss-Vermare N, Caux C, Valladeau-Guilemond J. Human Tumor-Infiltrating Dendritic Cells: From in Situ Visualization to High-Dimensional Analyses. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1082. [PMID: 31366174 PMCID: PMC6721288 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between tumor cells and the immune system is considered to be a dynamic process. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in anti-tumor immunity owing to their outstanding T cell activation ability. Their functions and activities are broad ranged, triggering different mechanisms and responses to the DC subset. Several studies identified in situ human tumor-infiltrating DCs by immunostaining using a limited number of markers. However, considering the heterogeneity of DC subsets, the identification of each subtype present in the immune infiltrate is essential. To achieve this, studies initially relied on flow cytometry analyses to provide a precise characterization of tumor-associated DC subsets based on a combination of multiple markers. The concomitant development of advanced technologies, such as mass cytometry or complete transcriptome sequencing of a cell population or at a single cell level, has provided further details on previously identified populations, has unveiled previously unknown populations, and has finally led to the standardization of the DCs classification across tissues and species. Here, we review the evolution of tumor-associated DC description, from in situ visualization to their characterization with high-dimensional technologies, and the clinical use of these findings specifically focusing on the prognostic impact of DCs in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Hubert
- Cancer Research Center Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, 69373 Lyon, France
| | - Elisa Gobbini
- Cancer Research Center Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, 69373 Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Bendriss-Vermare
- Cancer Research Center Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, 69373 Lyon, France
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18
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Proctor RA. Immunity to Staphylococcus aureus: Implications for Vaccine Development. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0037-2018. [PMID: 31298209 PMCID: PMC10957185 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0037-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated immunity seems to be critical for prevention and resolution of invasive S. aureus infections, but an imbalance in this immunity may also produce SIRS and death or an inadequate protective response with prolonged bacteremia and death. This dysregulation is likely at the heart of mortality and severe disease in humans. Anti-toxin antibodies may also come into play in reducing the severity of S. aureus infections, but these antibodies might also address superantigen-induced immune dysregulation. Thus, while changing intrinsic T cell responses may be therapeutically difficult, monoclonal antibodies against superantigens may have utility in addressing dysfunctional immune responses to S. aureus. The models above are hypotheses for examining, and potentially dramatically improving immune response to and safety of S. aureus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Proctor
- University of Wisconsin, Medical Microbiology/Immunology, Madison, WI 53705
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19
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Cardoso CC, Santos-Silva MC. Eight-color panel for immune phenotype monitoring by flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2019; 468:40-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Zhang W, Kwak M, Park HB, Okimura T, Oda T, Lee PCW, Jin JO. Activation of Human Dendritic Cells by Ascophyllan Purified from Ascophyllum nodosum. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E66. [PMID: 30669428 PMCID: PMC6356493 DOI: 10.3390/md17010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, we showed that ascophyllan purified from Ascophyllum nodosum treatment promotes mouse dendritic cell (DC) activation in vivo, further induces an antigen-specific immune response and has anticancer effects in mice. However, the effect of ascophyllan has not been studied in human immune cells, specifically in terms of activation of human monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) and human peripheral blood DCs (PBDCs). We found that the treatment with ascophyllan induced morphological changes in MDDCs and upregulated co-stimulatory molecules and major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) and MHC II expression. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in culture medium was also dramatically increased following ascophyllan treatment of MDDCs. Moreover, ascophyllan promoted phosphorylation of ERK, p38 and JNK signaling pathways, and inhibition of p38 almost completely suppressed the ascophyllan-induced activation of MDDCs. Finally, treatment with ascophyllan induced activation of BDCA1 and BDCA3 PBDCs. Thus, these data suggest that ascophyllan could be used as an immune stimulator in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China.
| | - Minseok Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.
- Marine-integrated Bionics Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.
| | - Hae-Bin Park
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
| | - Takasi Okimura
- Research and Development Division, Hayashikane Sangyo Co., Ltd., Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 750-8608, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Peter Chang-Whan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Jun-O Jin
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
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21
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Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) fulfill an indispensable role in the development of adaptive immunity by producing proinflammatory cytokines and presenting microbial antigens to lymphocytes to trigger a faster, specific, and long-lasting immune response. Here, we studied the effect of Staphylococcus aureus toxins on human DCs. We discovered that the leukocidin LukAB hinders the development of adaptive immunity by targeting human DCs. The ability of S. aureus to blunt the function of DCs could help explain the high frequency of recurrent S. aureus infections. Taken together, the results from this study suggest that therapeutically targeting the S. aureus leukocidins may boost effective innate and adaptive immune responses by protecting innate leukocytes, enabling proper antigen presentation and T cell activation. Staphylococcus aureus is a human pathogen responsible for high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recurrent infections with this bacterium are common, suggesting that S. aureus thwarts the development of sterilizing immunity. S. aureus strains that cause disease in humans produce up to five different bicomponent toxins (leukocidins) that target and lyse neutrophils, innate immune cells that represent the first line of defense against S. aureus infections. However, little is known about the role of leukocidins in blunting adaptive immunity. Here, we explored the effects of leukocidins on human dendritic cells (DCs), antigen-presenting cells required for the development of adaptive immunity. Using an ex vivo infection model of primary human monocyte-derived dendritic cells, we found that S. aureus, including strains from different clonal complexes and drug resistance profiles, effectively kills DCs despite efficient phagocytosis. Although all purified leukocidins could kill DCs, infections with live bacteria revealed that S. aureus targets and kills DCs primarily via the activity of leukocidin LukAB. Moreover, using coculture experiments performed with DCs and autologous CD4+ T lymphocytes, we found that LukAB inhibits DC-mediated activation and proliferation of primary human T cells. Taken together, the data determined in the study reveal a novel immunosuppressive strategy of S. aureus whereby the bacterium blunts the development of adaptive immunity via LukAB-mediated injury of DCs.
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22
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Liu Y, Wang R, Jiang J, Cao Z, Zhai F, Sun W, Cheng X. A subset of CD1c + dendritic cells is increased in patients with tuberculosis and promotes Th17 cell polarization. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 113:189-199. [PMID: 30514502 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The role of primary subsets of DCs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in humans is incompletely understood. In this study, we identified a CD1c DC subset with phenotype of CD1c+CD11c+CD19-CD11b+ that was significantly increased in tuberculous pleural effusions and in peripheral blood from patients with TB compared with that from healthy controls (p < 0.0001). Sputum smear/culture-positive patients with tuberculosis had significantly higher frequency of CD1c+CD11b+ DC subset than sputum smear/culture-negative patients (p < 0.0001). After effective anti-TB chemotherapy, the frequency of CD1c+CD11b+ DC subset in peripheral blood and tuberculous pleural effusions was decreased. CD1c+CD11b+ DC subset from tuberculous pleural effusions expressed higher levels of TLR2, TLR4, CD172a, CD206 and FcεRⅠ, but lower levels of CD80, CD83 and CD86 compared with CD1c+CD11b- DC subset. Expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-23, TNF-α, IFN-γ and TGF-β mRNA in CD1c+CD11b+ DCs was higher than in CD1c+CD11b- DC subset. Co-culture of autologous naive CD4+ T cells with sorted CD1c+CD11b+ DCs expressed significantly increased levels of IL-17A and RORγt transcripts as compared with those co-cultured with CD11b- subset. In conclusion, a CD1c+CD11b+ DC subset with elevated frequency in patients with tuberculosis was identified and it promoted Th17 cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, 17 Hei Shan Hu Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Ruo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, 17 Hei Shan Hu Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, 17 Hei Shan Hu Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Zhihong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, 17 Hei Shan Hu Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Fei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, 17 Hei Shan Hu Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Weiguo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, 17 Hei Shan Hu Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xiaoxing Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, 17 Hei Shan Hu Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China.
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23
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Wang Y, Kwak M, Lee PCW, Jin JO. Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide promoted activation of human dendritic cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:232-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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24
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Darisipudi MN, Nordengrün M, Bröker BM, Péton V. Messing with the Sentinels-The Interaction of Staphylococcus aureus with Dendritic Cells. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6030087. [PMID: 30111706 PMCID: PMC6163568 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6030087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a dangerous pathogen as well as a frequent colonizer, threatening human health worldwide. Protection against S. aureus infection is challenging, as the bacteria have sophisticated strategies to escape the host immune response. To maintain equilibrium with S. aureus, both innate and adaptive immune effector mechanisms are required. Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical players at the interface between the two arms of the immune system, indispensable for inducing specific T cell responses. In this review, we highlight the importance of DCs in mounting innate as well as adaptive immune responses against S. aureus with emphasis on their role in S. aureus-induced respiratory diseases. We also review what is known about mechanisms that S. aureus has adopted to evade DCs or manipulate these cells to its advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murthy N Darisipudi
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße DZ7, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Maria Nordengrün
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße DZ7, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Barbara M Bröker
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße DZ7, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Vincent Péton
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße DZ7, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.
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25
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Conjugation of chitosan oligosaccharides via a carrier protein markedly improves immunogenicity of porcine circovirus vaccine. Glycoconj J 2018; 35:451-459. [PMID: 30051156 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-018-9830-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-associated diseases have led to huge economic losses in pig industry. Our laboratory previously found that conjugation of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) enhanced the immunogenicity of PCV2 vaccine against infectious pathogens. In this study, an effective adjuvant system was developed by covalent conjugation of COS via a carrier protein (Ovalbumin, OVA) to further increase the immunogenicity of vaccine. Its effect on dendritic cells maturation was assessed in vitro and its immunogenicity was investigated in mice. The results indicated that, as compared to the PCV2 and COS-PCV2, COS-OVA-PCV2 stimulated dendritic cells to express higher maturation markers (CD80, CD86, CD40 and MHC class II) and remarkably promoted both humoral and cellular immunity against PCV2 by enhancing the lymphocyte proliferation and inducing a mixed Th1/Th2 response, including the increased production of PCV2-specific antibodies and raised levels of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, it displayed better immune-stimulating effects than the physical mixture of vaccine and ISA206 (a commercialized adjuvant). In conclusion, conjugation of COS via a carrier protein might be a promising strategy to enhance the immunogenicity of vaccines.
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26
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Flórez-Grau G, Zubizarreta I, Cabezón R, Villoslada P, Benitez-Ribas D. Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells as a Promising Antigen-Specific Therapy in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica From Preclinical to Clinical Trials. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1169. [PMID: 29904379 PMCID: PMC5990597 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of activated T-lymphocytes restricted to myelin-derived immunogenic peptides in multiple sclerosis (MS) and aquaporin-4 water channel in neuromyelitis optica (NMO) in the blood of patients opened the possibility for developing highly selective and disease-specific therapeutic approaches. Antigen presenting cells and in particular dendritic cells (DCs) represent a strategy to inhibit pro-inflammatory T helper cells. DCs are located in peripheral and lymphoid tissues and are essential for homeostasis of T cell-dependent immune responses. The expression of a particular set of receptors involved in pathogen recognition confers to DCs the property to initiate immune responses. However, in the absence of danger signals different DC subsets have been revealed to induce active tolerance by inducing regulatory T cells, inhibiting pro-inflammatory T helper cells responses or both. Interestingly, several protocols to generate clinical-grade tolerogenic DC (Tol-DC) in vitro have been described, offering the possibility to restore the homeostasis to central nervous system-related antigens. In this review, we discuss about different DC subsets and their role in tolerance induction, the different protocols to generate Tol-DCs and preclinical studies in animal models as well as describe recent characterization of Tol-DCs for clinical application in autoimmune diseases and in particular in MS and NMO patients. In addition, we discuss the clinical trials ongoing based on Tol-DCs to treat different autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Flórez-Grau
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Clinic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain.,Neuroimmunology Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irati Zubizarreta
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Cabezón
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Clinic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain.,Neuroimmunology Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Villoslada
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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27
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The molecular mechanism for activating IgA production by Pediococcus acidilactici K15 and the clinical impact in a randomized trial. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5065. [PMID: 29567956 PMCID: PMC5864838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IgA secretion at mucosal sites is important for host defence against pathogens as well as maintaining the symbiosis with microorganisms present in the small intestine that affect IgA production. In the present study, we tested the ability of 5 strains of lactic acid bacteria stimulating IgA production, being Pediococcus acidilactici K15 selected as the most effective on inducing this protective immunoglobulin. We found that this response was mainly induced via IL-10, as efficiently as IL-6, secreted by K15-stimulated dendritic cells. Furthermore, bacterial RNA was largely responsible for the induction of these cytokines; double-stranded RNA was a major causative molecule for IL-6 production whereas single-stranded RNA was critical factor for IL-10 production. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, ingestion of K15 significantly increased the secretory IgA (sIgA) concentration in saliva compared with the basal level observed before this intervention. These results indicate that functional lactic acid bacteria induce IL-6 and IL-10 production by dendritic cells, which contribute to upregulating the sIgA concentration at mucosal sites in humans.
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28
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Tario JD, Conway AN, Muirhead KA, Wallace PK. Monitoring Cell Proliferation by Dye Dilution: Considerations for Probe Selection. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1678:249-299. [PMID: 29071683 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7346-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In the third edition of this series, we described protocols for labeling cell populations with tracking dyes, and addressed issues to be considered when combining two different tracking dyes with other phenotypic and viability probes for the assessment of cytotoxic effector activity and regulatory T cell functions. We summarized key characteristics of and differences between general protein and membrane labeling dyes, discussed determination of optimal staining concentrations, and provided detailed labeling protocols for both dye types. Examples of the advantages of two-color cell tracking were provided in the form of protocols for: (a) independent enumeration of viable effector and target cells in a direct cytotoxicity assay; and (b) an in vitro suppression assay for simultaneous proliferation monitoring of effector and regulatory T cells.The number of commercially available fluorescent cell tracking dyes has expanded significantly since the last edition, with new suppliers and/or new spectral properties being added at least annually. In this fourth edition, we describe evaluations to be performed by the supplier and/or user when characterizing a new cell tracking dye and by the user when selecting one for use in multicolor proliferation monitoring. These include methods for: (a) Assessment of the dye's spectral profile on the laboratory's flow cytometer(s) to optimize compatibility with other employed fluorochromes and minimize compensation problems; (b) Evaluating the effect of labeling on cell growth rate;
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Tario
- Department of Flow and Image Cytometry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
| | | | | | - Paul K Wallace
- Department of Flow and Image Cytometry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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29
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Bagirova M, Allahverdiyev AM, Abamor ES, Ullah I, Cosar G, Aydogdu M, Senturk H, Ergenoglu B. Overview of dendritic cell-based vaccine development for leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2017; 38:651-662. [PMID: 27591404 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the most serious vector-borne diseases in the world and is distributed over 98 countries. It is estimated that 350 million people are at risk for leishmaniasis. There are three different generation of vaccines that have been developed to provide immunity and protection against leishmaniasis. However, their use has been limited due to undesired side effects. These vaccines have also failed to provide effective and reliable protection and, as such, currently, there is no safe and effective vaccine for leishmaniasis. Dendritic cells (DCs) are a unique population of cells that come from bone marrow and become specialized to take up, process and present antigens to helper T cells in a mechanism similar to macrophages. By considering these significant features, DCs stimulated with different kinds of Leishmania antigens have been used in recent vaccine studies for leishmaniasis with promising results so far. In this review, we aim to review and combine the latest studies about this issue after defining potential problems in vaccine development for leishmaniasis and considering the importance of DCs in the immunopathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bagirova
- Bioengineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A M Allahverdiyev
- Bioengineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - E S Abamor
- Bioengineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - I Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - G Cosar
- Bioengineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Aydogdu
- Bioengineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - H Senturk
- Bioengineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - B Ergenoglu
- Bioengineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
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30
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Cruciani M, Etna MP, Camilli R, Giacomini E, Percario ZA, Severa M, Sandini S, Rizzo F, Brandi V, Balsamo G, Polticelli F, Affabris E, Pantosti A, Bagnoli F, Coccia EM. Staphylococcus aureus Esx Factors Control Human Dendritic Cell Functions Conditioning Th1/Th17 Response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:330. [PMID: 28785545 PMCID: PMC5519619 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major cause of nosocomial- and community-acquired infections. In addition, many antibiotic-resistant strains are emerging worldwide, thus, there is an urgent unmet need to pinpoint novel therapeutic and prophylactic strategies. In the present study, we characterized the impact of infection with the pandemic methicillin-resistant USA300 S. aureus strain on human primary dendritic cells (DC), key initiators and regulators of immune responses. In particular, among staphylococcal virulence factors, the function of EsxA and EsxB, two small acidic dimeric proteins secreted by the type VII-like secretion system Ess (ESAT-6-like secretion system), was investigated in human DC setting. A comparative analysis of bacterial entry, replication rate as well as DC maturation, apoptosis, signaling pathway activation and cytokine production was performed by using wild type (wt) USA300 and three isogenic mutants carrying the deletion of esxA (ΔesxA), esxB (ΔesxB), or both genes (ΔesxAB). The S. aureus mutant lacking only the EsxA protein (ΔesxA) stimulated a stronger pro-apoptotic phenotype in infected DC as compared to wt USA300, ΔesxAB, and ΔesxB strains. When the mutant carrying the esxB deletion (ΔesxB) was analyzed, a higher production of both regulatory and pro-inflammatory mediators was found in the infected DC with respect to those challenged with the wt counterpart and the other esx mutants. In accordance with these data, supernatant derived from ΔesxB-infected DC promoted a stronger release of both IFN-γ and IL-17 from CD4+ T cells as compared with those conditioned with supernatants derived from wild type USA300-, ΔesxAB-, and ΔesxA-infected cultures. Although, the interaction of S. aureus with human DC is not yet fully understood, our data suggest that both cytokine production and apoptotic process are modulated by Esx factors, thus indicating a possible role of these proteins in the modulation of DC-mediated immunity to S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Cruciani
- Department of Science, University Roma TreRome, Italy.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di SanitàRome, Italy
| | - Marilena P Etna
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di SanitàRome, Italy
| | - Romina Camilli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di SanitàRome, Italy
| | - Elena Giacomini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di SanitàRome, Italy
| | | | - Martina Severa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di SanitàRome, Italy
| | - Silvia Sandini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di SanitàRome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Rizzo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di SanitàRome, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabio Polticelli
- Department of Science, University Roma TreRome, Italy.,National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Roma Tre UniversityRome, Italy
| | | | - Annalisa Pantosti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di SanitàRome, Italy
| | | | - Eliana M Coccia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di SanitàRome, Italy
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31
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Flórez‐Grau G, Cabezón R, Borgman KJE, España C, Lozano JJ, Garcia‐Parajo MF, Benítez‐Ribas D. Up‐regulation of EP
2
and EP
3
receptors in human tolerogenic dendritic cells boosts the immunosuppressive activity of PGE
2. J Leukoc Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a1216-526r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Flórez‐Grau
- Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Cabezón
- Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kyra J. E. Borgman
- ICFO‐Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina España
- Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Jose Lozano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria F. Garcia‐Parajo
- ICFO‐Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Insititució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Benítez‐Ribas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Xu L, Kwak M, Zhang W, Zeng L, Lee PCW, Jin JO. Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide induces toll-like receptor 4 dependent spleen dendritic cell maturation and anti-cancer immunity. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1325981. [PMID: 28811960 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1325981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide (RGP) has shown an activation of immune cells in vitro. However, the immune stimulatory effect of RGP in a mouse in vivo is not well studied. In this study, we examined the effect of RGP on dendritic cell (DC) activation and anticancer immunity in vivo. Treatments of RGP in C56BL/6 mice induced increased levels of co-stimulatory molecule expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in spleen DCs dependent on toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and those DCs promoted interferon-gamma (IFNγ) production in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. RGP also enhanced ovalbumin (OVA) antigen (Ag)-specific immune activation in tumor-bearing mice, including Ag presentation in DCs, OT-I and OT-II T-cell proliferation, migration of OT-I and OT-II T cells into the B16-OVA tumor, OVA-specific IFNγ production, and the specific killing of OVA-coated splenocytes, which consequently inhibited B16-OVA tumor growth dependent on TLR4 and CD8+ T cells. Finally, the combination of RGP and self-Ag treatment efficiently inhibited CT26 carcinoma and B16 melanoma tumor growth in BLAB/c and C57BL/6 mice, respectively. These data demonstrate that RGP could be a useful adjuvant molecule for immunotherapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minseok Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea.,Marine-Integrated Bionics Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zeng
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter Chang-Whan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun-O Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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33
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Patel VI, Booth JL, Duggan ES, Cate S, White VL, Hutchings D, Kovats S, Burian DM, Dozmorov M, Metcalf JP. Transcriptional Classification and Functional Characterization of Human Airway Macrophage and Dendritic Cell Subsets. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 198:1183-1201. [PMID: 28031342 PMCID: PMC5262539 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory system is a complex network of many cell types, including subsets of macrophages and dendritic cells that work together to maintain steady-state respiration. Owing to limitations in acquiring cells from healthy human lung, these subsets remain poorly characterized transcriptionally and phenotypically. We set out to systematically identify these subsets in human airways by developing a schema of isolating large numbers of cells by whole-lung bronchoalveolar lavage. Six subsets of phagocytic APC (HLA-DR+) were consistently observed. Aside from alveolar macrophages, subsets of Langerin+, BDCA1-CD14+, BDCA1+CD14+, BDCA1+CD14-, and BDCA1-CD14- cells were identified. These subsets varied in their ability to internalize Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus anthracis particles. All subsets were more efficient at internalizing S. aureus and B. anthracis compared with E. coli Alveolar macrophages and CD14+ cells were overall more efficient at particle internalization compared with the four other populations. Subsets were further separated into two groups based on their inherent capacities to upregulate surface CD83, CD86, and CCR7 expression levels. Whole-genome transcriptional profiling revealed a clade of "true dendritic cells" consisting of Langerin+, BDCA1+CD14+, and BDCA1+CD14- cells. The dendritic cell clade was distinct from a macrophage/monocyte clade, as supported by higher mRNA expression levels of several dendritic cell-associated genes, including CD1, FLT3, CX3CR1, and CCR6 Each clade, and each member of both clades, was discerned by specific upregulated genes, which can serve as markers for future studies in healthy and diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet I Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - J Leland Booth
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Elizabeth S Duggan
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Steven Cate
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Vicky L White
- Office of Aviation Medicine, Federal Aviation Administration, Oklahoma City, OK 73169
| | | | - Susan Kovats
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
| | - Dennis M Burian
- Office of Aviation Medicine, Federal Aviation Administration, Oklahoma City, OK 73169
| | - Mikhail Dozmorov
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Jordan P Metcalf
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104;
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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34
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Innate Immune Memory Contributes to Host Defense against Recurrent Skin and Skin Structure Infections Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00876-16. [PMID: 27849182 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00876-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of skin and skin structure infections (SSSI). The high frequency of recurring SSSI due to S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, despite high titers of specific antibodies and circulating T cells, implies that traditional adaptive immunity imparts incomplete protection. We hypothesized that innate immune memory contributes to the protective host defense against recurring MRSA infection. To test this hypothesis, SSSI was induced in wild-type and rag1-/- mice in the BALB/c and C57BL/6 backgrounds. Prior infection (priming) of wild-type and rag1-/- mice of either background afforded protection against repeat infection, as evidenced by reduced abscess severities and decreased CFU densities compared to those in naive controls. Interestingly, protection was greater on the previously infected flank than on the naive flank for wild-type and rag1-/- mice. For wild-type mice, protective efficacy corresponded to increased infiltration of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMN]), macrophages (MΦ), Langerin+ dendritic cells (LDC), and natural killer (NK) cells. Protection was associated with the induction of interleukin-17A (IL-17A), IL-22, and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) as well as the antimicrobial peptides CRAMP and mβD-3. Priming also protected rag1-/- mice against recurring SSSI, with increased MΦ and LDC infiltration and induction of IL-22, CRAMP, and mβD-3. These findings suggest that innate immune memory, mediated by specific cellular and molecular programs, likely contributes to the localized host defense in recurrent MRSA SSSI. These insights support the development of targeted immunotherapeutic strategies to address the challenge of MRSA infection.
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35
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Breton G, Zheng S, Valieris R, Tojal da Silva I, Satija R, Nussenzweig MC. Human dendritic cells (DCs) are derived from distinct circulating precursors that are precommitted to become CD1c+ or CD141+ DCs. J Exp Med 2016; 213:2861-2870. [PMID: 27864467 PMCID: PMC5154947 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Breton et al. identify CD172a as a lineage marker that distinguishes human cDC precursor (pre-cDC) subpopulations committed to the CD1c+ lineage (CD172a+ pre-cDCs) or CD141+ lineage (CD172a− pre-cDCs). In humans, conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) exist as two unique populations characterized by expression of CD1c and CD141. cDCs arise from increasingly restricted but well-defined bone marrow progenitors that include the common DC progenitor that differentiates into the pre-cDC, which is the direct precursor of cDCs. In this study, we show that pre-cDCs in humans are heterogeneous, consisting of two distinct populations of precursors that are precommitted to become either CD1c+ or CD141+ cDCs. The two groups of lineage-primed precursors can be distinguished based on differential expression of CD172a. Both subpopulations of pre-cDCs arise in the adult bone marrow and can be found in cord blood and adult peripheral blood. Gene expression analysis revealed that CD172a+ and CD172a− pre-cDCs represent developmentally discrete populations that differentially express lineage-restricted transcription factors. A clinical trial of Flt3L injection revealed that this cytokine increases the number of both CD172a− and CD172a+ pre-cDCs in human peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Breton
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Shiwei Zheng
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013.,Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10012
| | - Renan Valieris
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Centro Internacional de Pesquisa, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-010, Brazil
| | - Israel Tojal da Silva
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Centro Internacional de Pesquisa, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-010, Brazil
| | - Rahul Satija
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013.,Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10012
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
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36
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Autenrieth SE, Grimm S, Rittig SM, Grünebach F, Gouttefangeas C, Bühring HJ. Profiling of primary peripheral blood- and monocyte-derived dendritic cells using monoclonal antibodies from the HLDA10 Workshop in Wollongong, Australia. Clin Transl Immunology 2015; 4:e50. [PMID: 26682057 PMCID: PMC4673437 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2015.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) arise from hematopoietic stem cells and develop into a discrete cellular lineage distinct from other leucocytes. Mainly three phenotypically and functionally distinct DC subsets are described in the human peripheral blood (PB): plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), which express the key marker CD303 (BDCA-2), and two myeloid DC subsets (CD1c(+) DC (mDC1) and CD141(+) DC (mDC2)), which express the key markers CD1c (BDCA-1) and CD141 (BDCA-3), respectively. In addition to these primary cell subsets, DCs can also be generated in vitro from either CD34(+) stem/progenitor cells in the presence of Flt3 (Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3) ligand or from CD14(+) monocytes (monocyte-derived DCs (mo-DCs)) in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor+interleukin-4 (GM-CSF+IL-4). Here we compare the reactivity patterns of HLDA10 antibodies (monoclonal antibody (mAb)) with pDCs, CD1c(+) DCs and CD141(+) DCs, as well as with CD14(+)-derived mo-DCs cultured for 7 days in the presence of 100 ng/ml GM-CSF plus 20 ng/ml IL-4. A detailed profiling of these DC subsets based on immunophenotyping and multicolour flow cytometry analysis is presented. Using the panel of HLDA10 Workshop mAb, we could verify known targets selectively expressed on discrete DC subsets including CD370 as a selective marker for CD141(+) DCs and CD366 as a marker for both myeloid subsets. In addition, vimentin and other markers are heterogeneously expressed on all three subsets, suggesting the existence of so far not identified DC subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella E Autenrieth
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, University Clinic of Tübingen, Faculty for Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Haematology, Immunology, Oncology, Rheumatology and Pulmonology, Laboratory for Stem Cell Research and Laboratory for Dendritic Cells, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Grimm
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, University Clinic of Tübingen, Faculty for Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Haematology, Immunology, Oncology, Rheumatology and Pulmonology, Laboratory for Stem Cell Research and Laboratory for Dendritic Cells, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Malaika Rittig
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, University Clinic of Tübingen, Faculty for Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Haematology, Immunology, Oncology, Rheumatology and Pulmonology, Laboratory for Stem Cell Research and Laboratory for Dendritic Cells, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Grünebach
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, University Clinic of Tübingen, Faculty for Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Haematology, Immunology, Oncology, Rheumatology and Pulmonology, Laboratory for Stem Cell Research and Laboratory for Dendritic Cells, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cécile Gouttefangeas
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Bühring
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, University Clinic of Tübingen, Faculty for Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Haematology, Immunology, Oncology, Rheumatology and Pulmonology, Laboratory for Stem Cell Research and Laboratory for Dendritic Cells, Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
Human dendritic cells (DCs) develop from progressively restricted bone marrow (BM) progenitors: these progenitor cells include granulocyte, monocyte and DC progenitor (GMDP) cells; monocyte and DC progenitor (MDP) cells; and common DC progenitor (CDP) and DC precursor (pre-DC) cells. These four DC progenitors can be defined on the basis of the expression of surface markers such as CD34 and hematopoietin receptors. In this protocol, we describe five multiparametric flow cytometry panels that can be used as a tool (i) to simultaneously detect or phenotype the four DC progenitors, (ii) to isolate DC progenitors to enable in vitro differentiation or (iii) to assess the in vitro differentiation and proliferation of DC progenitors. The entire procedure from isolation of cells to flow cytometry can be completed in 3-7 h. This protocol provides optimized antibody panels, as well as gating strategies, for immunostaining of BM and cord blood specimens to study human DC hematopoiesis in health, disease and vaccine settings.
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Durand M, Segura E. The known unknowns of the human dendritic cell network. Front Immunol 2015; 6:129. [PMID: 25852695 PMCID: PMC4369872 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) initiate and orient immune responses and comprise several subsets that display distinct phenotypes and properties. Most of our knowledge of DC subsets biology is based on mouse studies. In the past few years, the alignment of the human DC network with the mouse DC network has been the focus of much attention. Although comparative phenotypic and transcriptomic analysis have shown a high level of homology between mouse and human DC subsets, significant differences in phenotype and function have also been evidenced. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the human DC network and discuss some remaining gaps and future challenges of the human DC field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Durand
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie , Paris , France ; INSERM U932 , Paris , France
| | - Elodie Segura
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie , Paris , France ; INSERM U932 , Paris , France
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Wu X, Xu F. Dendritic cells during Staphylococcus aureus infection: subsets and roles. J Transl Med 2014; 12:358. [PMID: 25519813 PMCID: PMC4279898 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0358-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that play a crucial role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. DCs orient the immune responses by modulating the balance between protective immunity to pathogens and tolerance to self-antigens. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common member of human skin microbiota and can cause severe infections with significant morbidity and mortality. Protective immunity to pathogens by DCs is required for clearance of S. aureus. DCs sense the presence of the staphylococcal components using pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and then orchestrate immune systems to resolve infections. This review summarizes the possible roles of DCs, in particular their Toll-like receptors (TLRs) involved in S. aureus infection and strategies by which the pathogen affects activation and function of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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