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Cheng KKW, Fingerhut L, Duncan S, Prajna NV, Rossi AG, Mills B. In vitro and ex vivo models of microbial keratitis: Present and future. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 102:101287. [PMID: 39004166 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Microbial keratitis (MK) is an infection of the cornea, caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses. MK leads to significant morbidity, being the fifth leading cause of blindness worldwide. There is an urgent requirement to better understand pathogenesis in order to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to improve patient outcomes. Many in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo MK models have been developed and implemented to meet this aim. Here, we present current in vitro and ex vivo MK model systems, examining their varied design, outputs, reporting standards, and strengths and limitations. Major limitations include their relative simplicity and the perceived inability to study the immune response in these MK models, an aspect widely accepted to play a significant role in MK pathogenesis. Consequently, there remains a dependence on in vivo models to study this aspect of MK. However, looking to the future, we draw from the broader field of corneal disease modelling, which utilises, for example, three-dimensional co-culture models and dynamic environments observed in bioreactors and organ-on-a-chip scenarios. These remain unexplored in MK research, but incorporation of these approaches will offer further advances in the field of MK corneal modelling, in particular with the focus of incorporation of immune components which we anticipate will better recapitulate pathogenesis and yield novel findings, therefore contributing to the enhancement of MK outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Kah Wai Cheng
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Leonie Fingerhut
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sheelagh Duncan
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - N Venkatesh Prajna
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery Services, Aravind Eye Hospital and Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bethany Mills
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Gagan S, Khapuinamai A, Kapoor D, Sharma P, Yadavalli T, Joseph J, Shukla D, Bagga B. Exploring Heparanase Levels in Tears: Insights From Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Keratitis Patients and Animal Studies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:7. [PMID: 38466284 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Heparanase (HPSE) cleaves heparan sulfate proteoglycans during herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection, aiding in viral egress and disease progression. Its action has been well established in in vitro and in vivo models, but its relevance in human patients remains unclear. This study aimed to specifically evaluate tear HPSE levels of patients with herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) and to correlate these findings with a commonly used murine model. Methods Tear samples from patient and mice samples were collected at LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India, and at the University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, respectively. Tears were collected from HSV-1 patients, bacterial/fungal keratitis cases, and healthy individuals. For in vivo study, C57BL/6 mice were infected with HSV-1 (McKrae strain) followed by tear fluid collection at various time points (0-10 days). Results The HSV-1, bacterial keratitis, fungal keratitis, and healthy control groups each had 30 patients. There was a significant difference in HPSE expression in the HSV-1 infected eyes (1.55 ± 0.19 units/mL) compared to HSV-1 contralateral eyes (1.23 ± 0.13 units/mL; P = 0.82), bacterial keratitis eyes (0.87 ± 0.15 units/mL; P = 0.0078), fungal keratitis eyes (0.64 ± 0.09 units/mL; P < 0.00001), and normal controls (0.53 ± 0.06 units/mL; P < 0.00001). C57BL/6 mice tear HPSE expression in infected eyes was 0.66 to 5.57 ng heparan sulfate (HS) removed per minute when compared to non-infected eye (range, 0.70-3.67 ng HS removed per minute). Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report elevated HPSE levels in the tears of patients with different forms of HSV-1 keratitis, and it confirms similar findings in a murine model, providing a valuable basis for future in vivo and clinical research on HSV-1 ocular infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyashree Gagan
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | - Agimanailiu Khapuinamai
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Divya Kapoor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Joveeta Joseph
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Bhupesh Bagga
- Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institute, The Ramoji Foundation Centre for Ocular Infections, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Baz AA, Hao H, Lan S, Li Z, Liu S, Chen S, Chu Y. Neutrophil extracellular traps in bacterial infections and evasion strategies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1357967. [PMID: 38433838 PMCID: PMC10906519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1357967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are innate immune cells that have a vital role in host defense systems. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are one of neutrophils' defense mechanisms against pathogens. NETs comprise an ejected lattice of chromatin associated with histones, granular proteins, and cytosolic proteins. They are thought to be an efficient strategy to capture and/or kill bacteria and received intensive research interest in the recent years. However, soon after NETs were identified, it was observed that certain bacteria were able to evade NET entrapment through many different mechanisms. Here, we outline the recent progress of NETs in bacterial infections and the strategies employed by bacteria to evade or withstand NETs. Identifying the molecules and mechanisms that modulate NET release will improve our understanding of the functions of NETs in infections and provide new avenues for the prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Adel Baz
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Huafang Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shimei Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhangcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shengli Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuefeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
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Paterniti I, Scuderi SA, Cambria L, Nostro A, Esposito E, Marino A. Protective Effect of Probiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1770. [PMID: 38339047 PMCID: PMC10855269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Probiotic therapy needs consideration as an alternative strategy to prevent and possibly treat corneal infection. This study aimed to assess the preventive effect of Lactobacillus reuteri and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis on reducing the infection of human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The probiotics' preventive effect against infection was evaluated in cell monolayers pretreated with each probiotic 1 h and 24 h prior to P. aeruginosa challenge followed by 1 h and 24 h of growth in combination. Cell adhesion, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, and antinitrosative activities were evaluated. L. reuteri and B. longum adhered to HCE cells, preserved occludin tight junctions' integrity, and increased mucin production on a SkinEthicTM HCE model. Pretreatment with L. reuteri or B. longum significantly protected HCE cells from infection at 24 h, increasing cell viability at 110% (110.51 ± 5.15; p ≤ 0.05) and 137% (137.55 ± 11.97; p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Each probiotic showed anti-inflammatory and antinitrosative activities, reducing TNF-α level (p ≤ 0.001) and NOx amount (p ≤ 0.001) and reestablishing IL-10 level (p ≤ 0.001). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that L. reuteri and B. longum exert protective effects in the context of corneal infection caused by P. aeruginosa by restoring cell viability and modulating inflammatory cytokine release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andreana Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (I.P.); (S.A.S.); (L.C.); (A.N.); (E.E.)
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Gao N, Me R, Yu FSX. Diabetes Exacerbates Pseudomonas aeruginosa Keratitis in Streptozotocin-Induced and db/db Mice via Altering Programmed Cell Death Pathways. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:14. [PMID: 37279395 PMCID: PMC10249682 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.7.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Patients with diabetes have a higher incidence of infections, which are often more severe. This study aimed to investigate the impact of hyperglycemia on bacterial keratitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) in two mouse models of diabetes, streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and db/db type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods The susceptibility of corneas to Pa was assessed by determining the inocula required to cause infectious keratitis. Dead or dying cells were identified using TUNEL staining or immunohistochemistry. Specific inhibitors were used to evaluate the role of cell death modulators in Pa keratitis. Cytokines and Treml4 expressions were analyzed using quantitative PCR, and the role of Treml4 in keratitis was determined using small interfering RNA technology. Results DM corneas required significantly fewer inocula to develop Pa keratitis, with T1DM corneas requiring 750 inocula and type 2 diabetes mellitus corneas requiring 2000 inocula, compared with 10,000 inocula required for normal (NL) mice. T1DM corneas had more TUNEL-positive and fewer F4/80-positive cells than NL corneas. Phospho-caspase 8 (apoptosis) and -RIPK3 (necroptosis) staining was more intense in the epithelial and stromal layers of NL and T1DM corneas, respectively. Pa keratitis was augmented by targeting caspase-8 and prevented by RIPK3 inhibition in both NL and T1DM mice. Hyperglycemia suppressed IL-17A/F and augmented IL-17C, IL-1β, IL-1Ra, and TREML4, the downregulation of which protected T1DM corneas from Pa infection by suppressing necroptosis. RIPK3 inhibition blocked Pa infection in db/+ mice and significantly decreased the severity of keratitis in db/db mice. Conclusions Hyperglycemia exacerbates bacterial keratitis in B6 mice by skewing apoptosis toward necroptosis. Preventing or reversing this transition may serve as an adjunct therapy for treating microbial keratitis in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gao
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Rao Me
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Fu-shin X. Yu
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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Yang T, Yu J, Ahmed T, Nguyen K, Nie F, Zan R, Li Z, Han P, Shen H, Zhang X, Takayama S, Song Y. Synthetic neutrophil extracellular traps dissect bactericidal contribution of NETs under regulation of α-1-antitrypsin. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf2445. [PMID: 37115934 PMCID: PMC10146876 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf2445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering the complex interplay of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) with the surrounding environment is a challenge with notable clinical implications. To bridge the gap in knowledge, we report our findings on the antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa of synthetic NET-mimetic materials composed of nanofibrillated DNA-protein complexes. Our synthetic system makes component-by-component bottom-up analysis of NET protein effects possible. When the antimicrobial enzyme neutrophil elastase (NE) is incorporated into the bactericidal DNA-histone complexes, the resulting synthetic NET-like structure exhibits an unexpected reduction in antimicrobial activity. This critical immune function is rescued upon treatment with alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), a physiological tissue-protective protease inhibitor. This suggests a direct causal link between AAT inhibition of NE and preservation of histone-mediated antimicrobial activity. These results help better understand the complex and, at times, contradictory observations of in vivo antimicrobial effects of NETs and AAT by excluding neutrophil, cytokine, and chemoattractant contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jinlong Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Tasdiq Ahmed
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Katherine Nguyen
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Fang Nie
- Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Rui Zan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biliary Tract Minimal Invasive Surgery and Materials, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Pei Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiaonong Zhang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biliary Tract Minimal Invasive Surgery and Materials, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Yang Song
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Sung PS, Peng YC, Yang SP, Chiu CH, Hsieh SL. CLEC5A is critical in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced acute lung injury. JCI Insight 2022; 7:156613. [PMID: 36048544 PMCID: PMC9676025 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common nosocomial infections worldwide, and it frequently causes ventilator-associated acute pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. Abundant neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) contribute to acute lung injury, thereby aggravating ventilator-induced lung damage. While pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) TLR4 and TLR5 are required for host defense against P. aeruginosa invasion, the PRR responsible for P. aeruginosa–induced NET formation, proinflammatory cytokine release, and acute lung injury remains unclear. We found that myeloid C-type lectin domain family 5 member A (CLEC5A) interacts with LPS of P. aeruginosa and is responsible for P. aeruginosa–induced NET formation and lung inflammation. P. aeruginosa activates CLEC5A to induce caspase-1–dependent NET formation, but it neither causes gasdermin D (GSDMD) cleavage nor contributes to P. aeruginosa–induced neutrophil death. Blockade of CLEC5A attenuates P. aeruginosa–induced NETosis and lung injury, and simultaneous administration of anti-CLEC5A mAb with ciprofloxacin increases survival rate and decreases collagen deposition in the lungs of mice challenged with a lethal dose of P. aeruginosa. Thus, CLEC5A is a promising therapeutic target to reduce ventilator-associated lung injury and fibrosis in P. aeruginosa–induced pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Shan Sung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Peng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Ping Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Janssen L, Muller HS, Martins VDP. Unweaving the NET: Microbial strategies for neutrophil extracellular trap evasion. Microb Pathog 2022; 171:105728. [PMID: 36028070 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Circa 20 years ago, a new type of defense mechanism was described in neutrophils. At the time, this mechanism corresponded to the extrusion of DNA, associated with histones, granular and cytosolic proteins from the cell and it was produced in response to exposure to pathogens or interleukins. The resulting NET-like structure was described as to entrap and/or kill microbes. However, shortly after the discovery the so-called Neutrophil Extracellular Traps, it was soon noticed and often mentioned in the literature that certain microbes are able to evade NET-mediated entrapment and/or death, to the point where its antimicrobial capacities were questioned, depending on the infection context. In this review, we summarize the diversity of strategies published thus far that viruses, fungi, bacteria and protists employ as to prevent or endure NETs. Moreover, we point to a few perspectives on the matter and a few evolutionary speculations on NETs evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Janssen
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Herick Sampaio Muller
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Vicente de Paulo Martins
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.
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Li Y, Xie L, Song W, Huang M, Cheng Y, Chen S, Gao Y, Yan X. The Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in the Ocular System. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:1227-1238. [PMID: 35634655 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2079141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Neutrophils remain at the top of congenital and adaptive immune systems. The past 20 years witnessed a steep rise in the interest in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are a novel type of anti-pathogen mechanism coordinated with neutrophils. However, accumulating data revealed that excessive NETs in the host were associated with exacerbated inflammation, thrombosis, and autoimmunity. Increasing evidence found the participation of NETs in the pathophysiological process of many infectious and sterile diseases in the ocular system. Therefore, we discussed the role of neutrophil extracellular traps in the ocular system in this review.Methods: Articles were searched on PubMed, Embase and Web of science up to December 2021.Results: In this review, we exhibited the protective role of neutrophils patrolling the ocular surface from invading pathogens and their contribution to exacerbated inflammation and thrombogenesis in some ocular diseases. We also discussed the physiological and pathological processes of NET generation to identify novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets to interrupt immoderate NET formation and alleviate NET-induced harmful effects.Conclusions: Neutrophils and NETs are quite important for immune responses in the ocular system, while their negative effects on ocular tissue should also be emphasized, which could serve as novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingsi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Luoying Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meiting Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shudi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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Zhao H, Clevenger AL, Coburn PS, Callegan MC, Rybenkov V. Condensins are essential for Pseudomonas aeruginosa corneal virulence through their control of lifestyle and virulence programs. Mol Microbiol 2022; 117:937-957. [PMID: 35072315 PMCID: PMC9512581 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a significant opportunistic pathogen responsible for numerous human infections. Its high pathogenicity resides in a diverse array of virulence factors and an ability to adapt to hostile environments. We report that these factors are tied to the activity of condensins, SMC and MksBEF, which primarily function in structural chromosome maintenance. This study revealed that both proteins are required for P. aeruginosa virulence during corneal infection. The reduction in virulence was traced to broad changes in gene expression. Transcriptional signatures of smc and mksB mutants were largely dissimilar and non-additive, with the double mutant displaying a distinct gene expression profile. Affected regulons included those responsible for lifestyle control, primary metabolism, surface adhesion and biofilm growth, iron and sulfur assimilation, and numerous virulence factors, including type 3 and type 6 secretion systems. The in vitro phenotypes of condensin mutants mirrored their transcriptional profiles and included impaired production and secretion of multiple virulence factors, growth deficiencies under nutrient limiting conditions, and altered c-di-GMP signaling. Notably, c-di-GMP mediated some but not all transcriptional responses of the mutants. Thus, condensins are integrated into the control of multiple genetic programs related to epigenetic and virulent behavior of P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - April L. Clevenger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Phillip S. Coburn
- Department of Ophthalmology, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd., PA-418, Oklahoma City, OK73104, USA
| | - Michelle C. Callegan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd., PA-418, Oklahoma City, OK73104, USA
| | - Valentin Rybenkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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11
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Mun Y, Hwang JS, Shin YJ. Role of Neutrophils on the Ocular Surface. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10386. [PMID: 34638724 PMCID: PMC8508808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface is a gateway that contacts the outside and receives stimulation from the outside. The corneal innate immune system is composed of many types of cells, including epithelial cells, fibroblasts, natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, mucin, and lysozyme. Neutrophil infiltration and degranulation occur on the ocular surface. Degranulation, neutrophil extracellular traps formation, called NETosis, and autophagy in neutrophils are involved in the pathogenesis of ocular surface diseases. It is necessary to understand the role of neutrophils on the ocular surface. Furthermore, there is a need for research on therapeutic agents targeting neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular trap formation for ocular surface diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongseok Mun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea; (Y.M.); (J.S.H.)
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea
| | - Jin Sun Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea; (Y.M.); (J.S.H.)
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea
| | - Young Joo Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea; (Y.M.); (J.S.H.)
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea
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12
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To Trap a Pathogen: Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Their Role in Mucosal Epithelial and Skin Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061469. [PMID: 34208037 PMCID: PMC8230648 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant circulating innate immune cells and comprise the first immune defense line, as they are the most rapidly recruited cells at sites of infection or inflammation. Their main microbicidal mechanisms are degranulation, phagocytosis, cytokine secretion and the formation of extracellular traps. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a microbicidal mechanism that involves neutrophil death. Since their discovery, in vitro and in vivo neutrophils have been challenged with a range of stimuli capable of inducing or inhibiting NET formation, with the objective to understand its function and regulation in health and disease. These networks composed of DNA and granular components are capable of immobilizing and killing pathogens. They comprise enzymes such as myeloperoxidase, elastase, cathepsin G, acid hydrolases and cationic peptides, all with antimicrobial and antifungal activity. Therefore, the excessive formation of NETs can also lead to tissue damage and promote local and systemic inflammation. Based on this concept, in this review, we focus on the role of NETs in different infectious and inflammatory diseases of the mucosal epithelia and skin.
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Significance of Mast Cell Formed Extracellular Traps in Microbial Defense. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 62:160-179. [PMID: 34024033 PMCID: PMC8140557 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08861-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are critically involved in microbial defense by releasing antimicrobial peptides (such as cathelicidin LL-37 and defensins) and phagocytosis of microbes. In past years, it has become evident that in addition MCs may eliminate invading pathogens by ejection of web-like structures of DNA strands embedded with proteins known together as extracellular traps (ETs). Upon stimulation of resting MCs with various microorganisms, their products (including superantigens and toxins), or synthetic chemicals, MCs become activated and enter into a multistage process that includes disintegration of the nuclear membrane, release of chromatin into the cytoplasm, adhesion of cytoplasmic granules on the emerging DNA web, and ejection of the complex into the extracellular space. This so-called ETosis is often associated with cell death of the producing MC, and the type of stimulus potentially determines the ratio of surviving vs. killed MCs. Comparison of different microorganisms with specific elimination characteristics such as S pyogenes (eliminated by MCs only through extracellular mechanisms), S aureus (removed by phagocytosis), fungi, and parasites has revealed important aspects of MC extracellular trap (MCET) biology. Molecular studies identified that the formation of MCET depends on NADPH oxidase-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this review, we summarize the present state-of-the-art on the biological relevance of MCETosis, and its underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. We also provide an overview over the techniques used to study the structure and function of MCETs, including electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy using specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to detect MCET-associated proteins such as tryptase and histones, and cell-impermeant DNA dyes for labeling of extracellular DNA. Comparing the type and biofunction of further MCET decorating proteins with ETs produced by other immune cells may help provide a better insight into MCET biology in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders as well as microbial defense.
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14
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Gilmore WJ, Johnston EL, Zavan L, Bitto NJ, Kaparakis-Liaskos M. Immunomodulatory roles and novel applications of bacterial membrane vesicles. Mol Immunol 2021; 134:72-85. [PMID: 33725501 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria release extracellular vesicles (EVs) known as bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) during their normal growth. Gram-negative bacteria produce BMVs termed outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that are composed of a range of biological cargo and facilitate numerous bacterial functions, including promoting pathogenesis and mediating disease in the host. By contrast, less is understood about BMVs produced by Gram-positive bacteria, which are referred to as membrane vesicles (MVs), however their contribution to mediating bacterial pathogenesis has recently become evident. In this review, we summarise the mechanisms whereby BMVs released by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria are produced, in addition to discussing their key functions in promoting bacterial survival, mediating pathogenesis and modulating host immune responses. Furthermore, we discuss the mechanisms whereby BMVs produced by both commensal and pathogenic organisms can enter host cells and interact with innate immune receptors, in addition to how they modulate host innate and adaptive immunity to promote immunotolerance or drive the onset and progression of disease. Finally, we highlight current and emerging applications of BMVs in vaccine design, biotechnology and cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Gilmore
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, School of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ella L Johnston
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, School of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lauren Zavan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, School of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie J Bitto
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, School of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, School of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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15
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Vorobjeva NV. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: New Aspects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 75:173-188. [PMID: 33583971 PMCID: PMC7869772 DOI: 10.3103/s0096392520040112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the "first line" of defense against pathogens in the locus of inflammation, where they use effector functions such as phagocytosis, degranulation, and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In 2004, Artuto Zychlinsky characterized one more neutrophil effector function-the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (or NETs). NETs are a modified chromatin "decorated" by bactericidal proteins of granules, nucleus, and cytoplasm. The release of NETs can be activated by diverse physiological and pharmacological stimuli and depends on ROS, for which NADPH oxidase is the main source. In the process of NET formation, the release of bactericidal components of granules into the cytoplasm, modification of histones leading to chromatin decondensation, destruction of the nuclear envelope and cytoplasmic membrane with the involvement of gasdermin D protein, and, finally, the release of chromatin outside the cell occurs. At the same time, uncontrolled formation of NETs is a provoking factor in the development of many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. NETs were found at autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and vasculitis; NETs are involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular, pulmonary, and oncological diseases. In this review, the main ideas about the mechanisms of NET formation, as well as their role in physiological processes and pathogenesis of a number of diseases (including COVID-19), are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Vorobjeva
- Department of Biology, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
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16
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Abstract
The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a process conserved across the three domains of life. Amongst prokaryotes, EVs produced by Gram-negative bacteria, termed outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), were identified more than 50 years ago and a wealth of literature exists regarding their biogenesis, composition and functions. OMVs have been implicated in benefiting numerous metabolic functions of their parent bacterium. Additionally, OMVs produced by pathogenic bacteria have been reported to contribute to pathology within the disease setting. By contrast, the release of EVs from Gram-positive bacteria, known as membrane vesicles (MVs), has only been widely accepted within the last decade. As such, there is a significant disproportion in knowledge regarding MVs compared to OMVs. Here we provide an overview of the literature regarding bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) produced by pathogenic and commensal bacteria. We highlight the mechanisms of BMV biogenesis and their roles in assisting bacterial survival, in addition to discussing their functions in promoting disease pathologies and their potential use as novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Gilmore
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie J Bitto
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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17
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Vorobjeva NV, Chernyak BV. NETosis: Molecular Mechanisms, Role in Physiology and Pathology. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:1178-1190. [PMID: 33202203 PMCID: PMC7590568 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
NETosis is a program for formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which consist of modified chromatin decorated with bactericidal proteins from granules and cytoplasm. Various pathogens, antibodies and immune complexes, cytokines, microcrystals, and other physiological stimuli can cause NETosis. Induction of NETosis depends on reactive oxygen species (ROS), the main source of which is NADPH oxidase. Activation of NADPH oxidase depends on increase in the concentration of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm and in some cases on the generation of ROS in mitochondria. NETosis includes release of the granule components into the cytosol, modification of histones leading to chromatin decondensation, destruction of the nuclear envelope, as well as formation of pores in the plasma membrane. In this review, basic mechanisms of NETosis, as well as its role in the pathogenesis of some diseases including COVID-19 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Vorobjeva
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - B V Chernyak
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
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18
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Lewenza S, Johnson L, Charron-Mazenod L, Hong M, Mulcahy-O'Grady H. Extracellular DNA controls expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa genes involved in nutrient utilization, metal homeostasis, acid pH tolerance and virulence. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:895-905. [PMID: 32242794 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Pseudomonas aeruginosa grows in extracellular DNA (eDNA)-enriched biofilms and infection sites. eDNA is generally considered to be a structural biofilm polymer required for aggregation and biofilm maturation. In addition, eDNA can sequester divalent metal cations, acidify growth media and serve as a nutrient source.Aim. We wanted to determine the genome-wide influence on the transcriptome of planktonic P. aeruginosa PAO1 grown in the presence of eDNA.Methodology. RNA-seq analysis was performed to determine the genome-wide effects on gene expression of PAO1 grown with eDNA. Transcriptional lux fusions were used to confirm eDNA regulation and to validate phenotypes associated with growth in eDNA.Results. The transcriptome of eDNA-regulated genes included 89 induced and 76 repressed genes (FDR<0.05). A large number of eDNA-induced genes appear to be involved in utilizing DNA as a nutrient. Several eDNA-induced genes are also induced by acidic pH 5.5, and eDNA/acidic pH promoted an acid tolerance response in P. aeruginosa. The cyoABCDE terminal oxidase is induced by both eDNA and pH 5.5, and contributed to the acid tolerance phenotype. Quantitative metal analysis confirmed that DNA binds to diverse metals, which helps explain why many genes involved in a general uptake of metals were controlled by eDNA. Growth in the presence of eDNA also promoted intracellular bacterial survival and influenced virulence in the acute infection model of fruit flies.Conclusion. The diverse functions of the eDNA-regulated genes underscore the important role of this extracellular polymer in promoting antibiotic resistance, virulence, acid tolerance and nutrient utilization; phenotypes that contribute to long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Lewenza
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Cummings School of Medicine, Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Athabasca University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lori Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Cummings School of Medicine, Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Laetitia Charron-Mazenod
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Cummings School of Medicine, Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mia Hong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Cummings School of Medicine, Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Heidi Mulcahy-O'Grady
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Cummings School of Medicine, Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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19
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Secor PR, Burgener EB, Kinnersley M, Jennings LK, Roman-Cruz V, Popescu M, Van Belleghem JD, Haddock N, Copeland C, Michaels LA, de Vries CR, Chen Q, Pourtois J, Wheeler TJ, Milla CE, Bollyky PL. Pf Bacteriophage and Their Impact on Pseudomonas Virulence, Mammalian Immunity, and Chronic Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 11:244. [PMID: 32153575 PMCID: PMC7047154 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pf bacteriophage are temperate phages that infect the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a major cause of chronic lung infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) and other settings. Pf and other temperate phages have evolved complex, mutualistic relationships with their bacterial hosts that impact both bacterial phenotypes and chronic infection. We and others have reported that Pf phages are a virulence factor that promote the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa infections in animal models and are associated with worse skin and lung infections in humans. Here we review the biology of Pf phage and what is known about its contributions to pathogenesis and clinical disease. First, we review the structure, genetics, and epidemiology of Pf phage. Next, we address the diverse and surprising ways that Pf phages contribute to P. aeruginosa phenotypes including effects on biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, and motility. Then, we cover data indicating that Pf phages suppress mammalian immunity at sites of bacterial infection. Finally, we discuss recent literature implicating Pf in chronic P. aeruginosa infections in CF and other settings. Together, these reports suggest that Pf bacteriophage have direct effects on P. aeruginosa infections and that temperate phages are an exciting frontier in microbiology, immunology, and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R. Secor
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
- Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Elizabeth B. Burgener
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - M. Kinnersley
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Laura K. Jennings
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Valery Roman-Cruz
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Medeea Popescu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jonas D. Van Belleghem
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Naomi Haddock
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Conner Copeland
- Department of Computer Science, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Lia A. Michaels
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Christiaan R. de Vries
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Qingquan Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Julie Pourtois
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Travis J. Wheeler
- Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
- Department of Computer Science, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Carlos E. Milla
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Paul L. Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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20
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Yeung J, Gadjeva M, Geddes-McAlister J. Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics Distinguishes General and Site-Specific Host Responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection at the Ocular Surface. Proteomics 2020; 20:e1900290. [PMID: 31874121 PMCID: PMC7079286 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-based proteomics enables the unbiased and sensitive profiling of cellular proteomes and extracellular environments. Recent technological and bioinformatic advances permit identifying dual biological systems in a single experiment, supporting investigation of infection from both the host and pathogen perspectives. At the ocular surface, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is commonly associated with biofilm formation and inflammation of the ocular tissues, causing damage to the eye. The interaction between P. aeruginosa and the immune system at the site of infection describes limitations in clearance of infection and enhanced pathogenesis. Here, the extracellular environment (eye wash) of murine ocular surfaces infected with a clinical isolate of P. aeruginosa is profiled and neutrophil marker proteins are detected, indicating neutrophil recruitment to the site of infection. The first potential diagnostic markers of P. aeruginosa-associated keratitis are also identified. In addition, the deepest murine corneal proteome to date is defined and proteins, categories, and networks critical to the host response are detected. Moreover, the first identification of bacterial proteins attached to the ocular surface is reported. The findings are validated through in silico comparisons and enzymatic profiling. Overall, the work provides comprehensive profiling of the host-pathogen interface and uncovers differences between general and site-specific host responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Yeung
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - M. Gadjeva
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J. Geddes-McAlister
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Geddes-McAlister J, Kugadas A, Gadjeva M. Tasked with a Challenging Objective: Why Do Neutrophils Fail to Battle Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040283. [PMID: 31817091 PMCID: PMC6963930 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections are a leading cause of mortality, affecting approximately 250,000 people in Canada and over 2 million people in the United States, annually. The lack of efficacy of antibiotic-based treatments is often caused by inability of the drug to penetrate bacterial biofilms in sufficient concentrations, posing a major therapeutic challenge. Here, we review the most recent information about the architecture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in vivo and describe how advances in imaging and mass spectroscopy analysis bring about novel therapeutic options and challenge existing dogmas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abirami Kugadas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Mihaela Gadjeva
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-525-2268; Fax: +1-617-525-2510
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22
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Fan F, Huang X, Yuan K, Zhu B, Zhao Y, Hu R, Wan T, Zhu L, Jin X. Glucocorticoids May Exacerbate Fungal Keratitis by Increasing Fungal Aggressivity and Inhibiting the Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Curr Eye Res 2019; 45:124-133. [PMID: 31429304 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1657464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate whether glucocorticoids affect the prognosis of fungal keratitis by inhibiting the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).Methods: A mouse model of Candida albicans (C.albicans) keratitis was established. Animals were randomly assigned to treatment with 0.1% dexamethasone (DXM) eye drops and normal saline (3 times each day for 3 days). The effects of DXM on fungal keratitis were assessed using clinical scores, immunofluorescence staining, histopathological examination, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and pathogen burden assay. All the analyses were performed using SPSS software version 17.0 (Chicago, IL).Results: NETs formation was noteworthy in the cornea lesions of fungal keratitis. The clinical score of the DXM-treated group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < .05). During the measured period, corneas from DXM-treated group contained more C.albicans than those from the control group by histology and pathogen burden assay. Compared with the control group, the DXM treatment group had a higher depth of infiltration of C.albicans. Histological and immunofluorescence staining showed that there were fewer neutrophils in the cornea focus of DXM-treated group (P < .05), and the number of NETs formed in scrapings from control group was higher than that in the DXM treatment group on day 3 (P < .05, Z = -3.56)) and day 5 (P < .05, Z = -3.69). In a similar amount of cell scraping, the NETs of neutrophils formation from the DXM-treated group were also less than that from the control group.Conclusion: Our results indicated that NETs were involved in the immune response in C.albicans keratitis. Glucocorticoids may exacerbate fungal keratitis not only by increasing fungal aggressivity and reducing the infiltration of neutrophils but also by inhibiting the formation of NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Fan
- Eye Center, Affiliated Second Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, First People's Hospital of Yuhang District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Huang
- Eye Center, Affiliated Second Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kelan Yuan
- Eye Center, Affiliated Second Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binbin Zhu
- Eye Center, Affiliated Second Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Zhao
- Eye Center, Affiliated Second Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Renjian Hu
- Eye Center, Affiliated Second Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Wan
- Eye Center, Affiliated Second Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lian Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The people's Hospital of SND, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiuming Jin
- Eye Center, Affiliated Second Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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23
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Estúa-Acosta GA, Zamora-Ortiz R, Buentello-Volante B, García-Mejía M, Garfias Y. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: Current Perspectives in the Eye. Cells 2019; 8:E979. [PMID: 31461831 PMCID: PMC6769795 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been the subject of research in the field of innate immunity since their first description more than a decade ago. Neutrophils are the first cells recruited at sites of inflammation, where they perform their specific functions, including the release of NETs, which consist of web-like structures composed of granule proteins bound to decondensed chromatin fibres. This process has aroused interest, as it contributes to understanding how pathogenic microorganisms are contained, but they are also associated with pathophysiological processes of a wide range of diseases. Currently, there are growing reports of new molecules involved in the formation and release of NETs. However, whether the release of NETs contributes to eye diseases remains unclear. For this reason, the overall aim of this review is to gather current data of recent research in the ophthalmology field, where there is still much to discover.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rocío Zamora-Ortiz
- Research Unit, Cell and Tissue Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City 06800, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Buentello-Volante
- Research Unit, Cell and Tissue Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City 06800, Mexico
| | - Mariana García-Mejía
- Research Unit, Cell and Tissue Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City 06800, Mexico
| | - Yonathan Garfias
- Research Unit, Cell and Tissue Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City 06800, Mexico.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
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24
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Skopelja-Gardner S, Theprungsirikul J, Lewis KA, Hammond JH, Carlson KM, Hazlett HF, Nymon A, Nguyen D, Berwin BL, Hogan DA, Rigby WFC. Regulation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Mediated Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1670. [PMID: 31379861 PMCID: PMC6657737 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most prevalent opportunistic pathogen in the airways of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The pulmonary disorder is characterized by recurrent microbial infections and an exaggerated host inflammatory immune response led primarily by influx of neutrophils. Under these conditions, chronic colonization with P. aeruginosa is associated with diminished pulmonary function and increased morbidity and mortality. P. aeruginosa has a wide array of genetic mechanisms that facilitate its persistent colonization of the airway despite extensive innate host immune responses. Loss of function mutations in the quorum sensing regulatory gene lasR have been shown to confer survival advantage and a more pathogenic character to P. aeruginosa in CF patients. However, the strategies used by LasR-deficient P. aeruginosa to modulate neutrophil-mediated bactericidal functions are unknown. We sought to understand the role of LasR in P. aeruginosa-mediated neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, an important anti-microbial mechanism deployed by neutrophils, the first-line responder in the infected airway. We observe mechanistic and phenotypic differences between NETs triggered by LasR-sufficient and LasR-deficient P. aeruginosa strains. We uncover that LasR-deficient P. aeruginosa strains fail to induce robust NET formation in both human and murine neutrophils, independently of bacterial motility or LPS expression. LasR does not mediate NET release via downstream quorum sensing signaling pathways but rather via transcriptional regulation of virulence factors, including, but not restricted to, LasB elastase and LasA protease. Finally, our studies uncover the differential requirements for NADPH oxidase in NET formation triggered by different P. aeruginosa strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sladjana Skopelja-Gardner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Jomkuan Theprungsirikul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Kimberley A Lewis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - John H Hammond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Kyrsten M Carlson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Haley F Hazlett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Amanda Nymon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Dao Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Brent L Berwin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Deborah A Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - William F C Rigby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
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Secreted Phosphatase and Deoxyribonuclease Are Required by Pseudomonas aeruginosa To Defend against Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00403-18. [PMID: 29967090 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00403-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are produced by neutrophils as an innate immune defense mechanism to trap and kill microbial pathogens. NETs are comprised of ejected chromatin that forms a lattice structure enmeshed with numerous antimicrobial proteins. In addition to forming the structural backbone of NETs, extracellular DNA (eDNA) has membrane-disrupting antimicrobial activity that contributes to NET killing. Many pathogens produce secreted extracellular DNases to evade the antimicrobial activity of NETs. Pseudomonas aeruginosa encodes an operon of two secreted enzymes, a predicted alkaline phosphatase and a DNase. The DNase (eddB) degrades eDNA to use as a nutrient source. Here we report that both eDNA and NETs are potent inducers of this DNase-phosphatase operon. Furthermore, the secreted DNase contributes to degrading NET DNA and defends P. aeruginosa against NET-mediated killing. We demonstrate that EddA has both alkaline phosphatase and phosphodiesterase (PDase) activities and also protects against the antimicrobial activity of NETs. Although the phosphatase does not cause DNA degradation similar to that of the DNase, its protective function is likely a result of removing the cation-chelating phosphates from the eDNA phosphodiester backbone. Therefore, both the DNase and PDase contribute to defense against NET killing of P. aeruginosa, highlighting the role of DNA-manipulating enzymes in targeting the eDNA in neutrophil extracellular traps.
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Abstract
Neutrophils are essential to the homeostatic mission of safeguarding host tissues, responding rapidly and diversely to breaches of the host's barriers to infection, and returning tissues to a sterile state. In response to specific stimuli, neutrophils extrude modified chromatin structures decorated with specific cytoplasmic and granular proteins called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Several pathways lead to this unique form of cell death (NETosis). Extracellular chromatin may have evolved to defend eukaryotic organisms against infection, and its release has at least three functions: trapping and killing of microbes, amplifying immune responses, and inducing coagulation. Here we review neutrophil development and heterogeneity with a focus on NETs, NET formation, and their relevance in host defense and disease.
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27
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Clark HL, Abbondante S, Minns MS, Greenberg EN, Sun Y, Pearlman E. Protein Deiminase 4 and CR3 Regulate Aspergillus fumigatus and β-Glucan-Induced Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation, but Hyphal Killing Is Dependent Only on CR3. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1182. [PMID: 29896200 PMCID: PMC5986955 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation requires chromatin decondensation before nuclear swelling and eventual extracellular release of DNA, which occurs together with nuclear and cytoplasmic antimicrobial proteins. A key mediator of chromatin decondensation is protein deiminase 4 (PAD4), which catalyzes histone citrullination. In the current study, we examined the role of PAD4 and NETosis following activation of neutrophils by A. fumigatus hyphal extract or cell wall β-glucan (curdlan) and found that both induced NET release by human and murine neutrophils. Also, using blocking antibodies to CR3 and Dectin-1 together with CR3-deficient CD18-/- and Dectin-1-/- murine neutrophils, we found that the β-glucan receptor CR3, but not Dectin-1, was required for NET formation. NETosis was also dependent on NADPH oxidase production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Using an antibody to citrullinated histone 3 (H3Cit) as an indicator of PAD4 activity, we show that β-glucan stimulated NETosis occurs in neutrophils from C57BL/6, but not PAD4-/- mice. Similarly, a small molecule PAD4 inhibitor (GSK484) blocked NET formation by human neutrophils. Despite these observations, the ability of PAD4-/- neutrophils to release calprotectin and kill A. fumigatus hyphae was not significantly different from C57BL/6 neutrophils, whereas CD18-/- neutrophils exhibited an impaired ability to perform both functions. We also detected H3Cit in A. fumigatus infected C57BL/6, but not PAD4-/- corneas; however, we found no difference between C57BL/6 and PAD4-/- mice in either corneal disease or hyphal killing. Taken together, these findings lead us to conclude that although PAD4 together with CR3-mediated ROS production is required for NET formation in response to A. fumigatus, PAD4-dependent NETosis is not required for A. fumigatus killing either in vitro or during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Serena Abbondante
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Martin S. Minns
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Elyse N. Greenberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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MEDI3902 Correlates of Protection against Severe Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pneumonia in a Rabbit Acute Pneumonia Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.02565-17. [PMID: 29483116 PMCID: PMC5923159 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02565-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is among the most formidable antibiotic-resistant pathogens and is a leading cause of hospital-associated infections. With dwindling options for antibiotic-resistant infections, a new paradigm for treatment and disease resolution is required. MEDI3902, a bispecific antibody targeting the P. aeruginosa type III secretion (T3S) protein PcrV and Psl exopolysaccharide, was previously shown to mediate potent protective activity in murine infection models. With the current challenges associated with the clinical development of narrow-spectrum agents, robust preclinical efficacy data in multiple animal species are desirable. Here, we sought to develop a rabbit P. aeruginosa acute pneumonia model to further evaluate the activity of MEDI3902 intervention. In the rabbit model of acute pneumonia, prophylaxis with MEDI3902 exhibited potent dose-dependent protection, whereas those receiving control IgG developed fatal hemorrhagic necrotizing pneumonia between 12 and 54 h after infection. Blood biomarkers (e.g., partial pressure of oxygen [pO2], partial pressure of carbon dioxide [pCO2], base excess, lactate, and creatinine) were grossly deranged for the vast majority of control IgG-treated animals but remained within normal limits for MEDI3902-treated animals. In addition, MEDI3902-treated animals exhibited a profound reduction in P. aeruginosa organ burden and a marked reduction in the expression of proinflammatory mediators from lung tissue, which correlated with reduced lung histopathology. These results confirm that targeting PcrV and Psl via MEDI3902 is a promising candidate for immunotherapy against P. aeruginosa pneumonia.
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Azzouz L, Cherry A, Riedl M, Khan M, Pluthero FG, Kahr WHA, Palaniyar N, Licht C. Relative antibacterial functions of complement and NETs: NETs trap and complement effectively kills bacteria. Mol Immunol 2018; 97:71-81. [PMID: 29571059 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are web-like DNA structures released by activated neutrophils. These structures are decorated with antimicrobial proteins, and considered to trap and kill bacteria extracellularly. However, the exact functions of NETs remain elusive, and contradictory observations have been made with NETs functioning as an antimicrobial or a pathogentrapping mechanism. There is a disconnect in the interpretation of the involvement of other major immune mechanisms, such as the complement system, as effectors of the function of NETs. We have recently shown that NETs activate complement. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the relative antimicrobial roles of NETs in the absence and presence of complement. Using primary human neutrophils, human serum (normal, heat inactivated, and C5-depleted), P. aeruginosa (at multiplicity of infection, MOI, of 1 or 10), S. aureus (MOI of 1), colony-counting assays and confocal microscopy, we demonstrate that most bacteria trapped by NETs remain viable, indicating that NETs have limited bactericidal properties. By contrast, complement effectively killed bacteria, but NETs decreased the bactericidal ability of complement and degrading NETs by DNases restored complement-mediated killing. Experiments with conditions allowing for specific pathway activation showed that the complement classical and lectin, but not the alternative, pathway lead to bacterial killing. NETs under static conditions showed limited killing of bacteria while NETs under dynamic conditions showed enhanced bacteria trapping and reduced killing. Furthermore, NETs incubated with normal human serum depleted complement and reduced the hemolytic capacity of the serum. This report, for the first time, clarifies the relative bactericidal contributions of NETs and complement. We propose that - while NETs can ensnare bacteria such as P. aeruginosa - complement is necessary for efficient bacterial killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louiza Azzouz
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ahmed Cherry
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Magdalena Riedl
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
| | - Meraj Khan
- Program in Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fred G Pluthero
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Walter H A Kahr
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nades Palaniyar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christoph Licht
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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30
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Manda-Handzlik A, Bystrzycka W, Wachowska M, Sieczkowska S, Stelmaszczyk-Emmel A, Demkow U, Ciepiela O. The influence of agents differentiating HL-60 cells toward granulocyte-like cells on their ability to release neutrophil extracellular traps. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:413-425. [PMID: 29380901 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Studies on neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are challenging as neutrophils live shortly and easily become activated. Thus, availability of a cell line model closely resembling the functions of peripheral blood neutrophils would be advantageous. Our purpose was to find a compound that most effectively differentiates human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells toward granulocyte-like cells able to release NETs. HL-60 cells were differentiated with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or dimethylformamide (DMF) and stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or calcium ionophore A23187 (CI). Cell differentiation, phagocytosis and calcium influx were analyzed by flow cytometry. Reactive oxygen species production and NETs release were measured fluorometrically and analyzed microscopically. LC3-II accumulation and histone 3 citrullination were analyzed by western blot. ATRA most effectively differentiated HL-60 cells toward granulocyte-like cells. ATRA-dHL-60 cells released NETs only upon PMA stimulation, DMSO-dHL-60 cells only post CI stimulation, while DMF-dHL-60 cells formed NETs in response to both stimuli. Oxidative burst was induced in ATRA-, DMSO- and DMF-dHL-60 cells post PMA stimulation and only in DMF-dHL-60 cells post CI stimulation. Increased histone 3 citrullination was observed in stimulated DMSO- and DMF-, but not in ATRA-dHL-60 cells. The calcium influx was diminished in ATRA-dHL-60 cells. Significant increase in autophagosomes formation was observed only in PMA-stimulated DMF-dHL-60 cells. Phagocytic index was higher in ATRA-dHL-60 cells than in control, DMSO- and DMF-dHL-60 cells. We conclude that ATRA, DMSO and DMF differentiate HL-60 in different mechanisms. DMF is the best stimulus for HL-60 cell differentiation for NETs studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Manda-Handzlik
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Weronika Bystrzycka
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wachowska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sandra Sieczkowska
- Student Scientific Group at the Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Stelmaszczyk-Emmel
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Demkow
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Ciepiela
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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31
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Influence of Different Bacteria Strains Isolated from Septic Children on Release and Degradation of Extracellular Traps by Neutrophils from Healthy Adults. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1108:1-12. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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32
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Bahl CD, St. Laurent JD, Karthikeyan RSG, Priya JL, Prajna L, Zegans ME, Madden DR. The cif Virulence Factor Gene Is Present in Isolates From Patients With Pseudomonas aeruginosa Keratitis. Cornea 2017; 36:358-362. [PMID: 28079684 PMCID: PMC5290206 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000001132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether the cif gene is present in pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from patients with bacterial keratitis at Aravind Eye Hospital, a referral eye care center in southern India, and from corresponding environmental isolates. METHODS Polymerase chain reaction amplification was performed on strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from ocular infections and environmental soil samples were collected from the area surrounding Aravind Eye Hospital. DNA sequencing of 16S ribosomal DNA amplicons was performed to verify strain identity. RESULTS We determined that 45 of 48 patient isolates carry a genomic copy of cif. Analysis of a catalog of environmental strains previously isolated from the surrounding area revealed that only 4 of 10 P. aeruginosa strains and 1 of 14 strains of related species carry the cif gene. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show that P. aeruginosa strains with ocular pathogenicity carry the cif gene and that the presence of this gene may be enriched over its prevalence in the environment. Taken together, these results suggest a potential role for Cif in acute bacterial keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Bahl
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Geisel School of
Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jessica D. St. Laurent
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Geisel School of
Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - R. Siva Ganesa Karthikeyan
- Department of Ocular Microbiology, Dr G. Venkatasamy Eye Research
Institute, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J. Lakshmi Priya
- Department of Ocular Microbiology, Dr G. Venkatasamy Eye Research
Institute, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lalitha Prajna
- Department of Ocular Microbiology, Dr G. Venkatasamy Eye Research
Institute, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Michael E. Zegans
- Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), Geisel School of Medicine at
Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Geisel School of
Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Dean R. Madden
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Geisel School of
Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
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33
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Munn LL. Cancer and inflammation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 9. [PMID: 27943646 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between inflammation and cancer has been recognized since the 17th century,1 and we now know much about the cells, cytokines and physiological processes that are central to both inflammation and cancer.2-9 Chronic inflammation can induce certain cancers,10-17 and solid tumors, in turn, can initiate and perpetuate local inflammatory processes that foster tumor growth and dissemination.5 ,18-20 Consequently, inflammatory pathways have been targeted in attempts to control cancer.21-23 Inflammation is a central aspect of the innate immune system's response to tissue damage or infection, and also facilitates the recruitment of circulating cells and antibodies of the adaptive immune response to the tissue. Components of the innate immune response carry out a robust, but sometimes overly-conservative response, sacrificing specificity for the sake of preservation. Thus, when innate immunity goes awry, it can have profound implications. How the innate and adaptive immune systems cooperate to neutralize pathogens and repair damaged tissues is still an area of intense investigation. Further, how these systems can respond to cancer, which arises from normal 'self' cells that undergo an oncogenic transformation, has profound implications for cancer therapy. Recently, immunotherapies that activate adaptive immunity have shown unprecedented promise in the clinic, producing durable responses and dramatic increases in survival rate in patients with advanced stage melanoma.24-26 Consequently, the relationship between cancer and inflammation has now returned to the forefront of clinical oncology. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2017, 9:e1370. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1370 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance L Munn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Floyd M, Winn M, Cullen C, Sil P, Chassaing B, Yoo DG, Gewirtz AT, Goldberg JB, McCarter LL, Rada B. Swimming Motility Mediates the Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Induced by Flagellated Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005987. [PMID: 27855208 PMCID: PMC5113990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen causing severe infections often characterized by robust neutrophilic infiltration. Neutrophils provide the first line of defense against P. aeruginosa. Aside from their defense conferred by phagocytic activity, neutrophils also release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to immobilize bacteria. Although NET formation is an important antimicrobial process, the details of its mechanism are largely unknown. The identity of the main components of P. aeruginosa responsible for triggering NET formation is unclear. In this study, our focus was to identify the main bacterial factors mediating NET formation and to gain insight into the underlying mechanism. We found that P. aeruginosa in its exponential growth phase promoted strong NET formation in human neutrophils while its NET-inducing ability dramatically decreased at later stages of bacterial growth. We identified the flagellum as the primary component of P. aeruginosa responsible for inducing NET extrusion as flagellum-deficient bacteria remained seriously impaired in triggering NET formation. Purified P. aeruginosa flagellin, the monomeric component of the flagellum, does not stimulate NET formation in human neutrophils. P. aeruginosa-induced NET formation is independent of the flagellum-sensing receptors TLR5 and NLRC4 in both human and mouse neutrophils. Interestingly, we found that flagellar motility, not flagellum binding to neutrophils per se, mediates NET release induced by flagellated bacteria. Immotile, flagellar motor-deficient bacterial strains producing paralyzed flagella did not induce NET formation. Forced contact between immotile P. aeruginosa and neutrophils restored their NET-inducing ability. Both the motAB and motCD genetic loci encoding flagellar motor genes contribute to maximal NET release; however the motCD genes play a more important role. Phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa and superoxide production by neutrophils were also largely dependent upon a functional flagellum. Taken together, the flagellum is herein presented for the first time as the main organelle of planktonic bacteria responsible for mediating NET release. Furthermore, flagellar motility, rather than binding of the flagellum to flagellum-sensing receptors on host cells, is required for P. aeruginosa to induce NET release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Floyd
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matthew Winn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christian Cullen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Payel Sil
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dae-goon Yoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Andrew T. Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joanna B. Goldberg
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Linda L. McCarter
- Carver College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Balázs Rada
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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35
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DNA-fragmentation is a source of bactericidal activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochem J 2016; 474:411-425. [PMID: 27784762 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway infection is common in cystic fibrosis (CF), a disease also characterized by abundant extracellular DNA (eDNA) in the airways. The eDNA is mainly derived from neutrophils accumulating in the airways and contributes to a high sputum viscosity. The altered environment in the lower airways also paves the way for chronic P. aeruginosa infection. Here, we show that mice with P. aeruginosa airway infection have increased survival and decreased bacterial load after topical treatment with DNase. Furthermore, DNA from the sputum of CF patients showed increased bactericidal activity after treatment with DNase ex vivo. Both degraded DNA of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and genomic DNA degraded by serum, acquired bactericidal activity against P. aeruginosa In vitro, small synthetic DNA-fragments (<100 base pairs) but not large fragments nor genomic DNA, were bactericidal against Gram-negative but not Gram-positive bacteria. The addition of divalent cations reduced bacterial killing, suggesting that chelation of divalent cations by DNA results in destabilization of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) envelope. This is a novel antibacterial strategy where fragmentation of eDNA and DNA-fragments can be used to treat P. aeruginosa airway infection.
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36
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Jin X, Zhao Y, Zhang F, Wan T, Fan F, Xie X, Lin Z. Neutrophil extracellular traps involvement in corneal fungal infection. Mol Vis 2016; 22:944-52. [PMID: 27559290 PMCID: PMC4972034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) when defending against invading microorganisms. We investigated the existence of NETs in fungal keratitis. METHODS Fourteen patients with unilateral fungal keratitis were included. Detailed information about each patient was recorded, including (1) patient history (onset of symptoms and previous therapy), (2) ocular examination findings by slit-lamp biomicroscopy, (3) laboratory findings from direct smear examination and culture of corneal scrapings, (4) NET formation, and (5) treatment strategy and prognosis. Immunofluorescence staining was used to evaluate the existence of NETs on corneal scrapings. The relationship between the quantification of NETs and the clinical character of the fungal keratitis was identified. RESULTS NETs were identified in all 14 patients. Patients with a higher grade of NET formation and fewer fungal hyphae always showed a good treatment response and a short course of infection. NETs were consistently found mixed with fungal hyphae in the corneal scrapings from infected patients. No statistical significance was found between the grade of NETs formed and the course of infection before presentation, and no relationship between the quantification of NETs and the size of the ulcer was found. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that NETs are involved in fungal keratitis. The number of NETs in infected corneas may provide a tool for evaluating the prognosis for fungal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuming Jin
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yingying Zhao
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Wan
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fangli Fan
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhenyun Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou Maternity Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Metruccio MME, Evans DJ, Gabriel MM, Kadurugamuwa JL, Fleiszig SMJ. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Outer Membrane Vesicles Triggered by Human Mucosal Fluid and Lysozyme Can Prime Host Tissue Surfaces for Bacterial Adhesion. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:871. [PMID: 27375592 PMCID: PMC4891360 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of human morbidity and mortality that often targets epithelial surfaces. Host immunocompromise, or the presence of indwelling medical devices, including contact lenses, can predispose to infection. While medical devices are known to accumulate bacterial biofilms, it is not well understood why resistant epithelial surfaces become susceptible to P. aeruginosa. Many bacteria, including P. aeruginosa, release outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) in response to stress that can fuse with host cells to alter their function. Here, we tested the hypothesis that mucosal fluid can trigger OMV release to compromise an epithelial barrier. This was tested using tear fluid and corneal epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. After 1 h both human tear fluid, and the tear component lysozyme, greatly enhanced OMV release from P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 compared to phosphate buffered saline (PBS) controls (∼100-fold). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and SDS-PAGE showed tear fluid and lysozyme-induced OMVs were similar in size and protein composition, but differed from biofilm-harvested OMVs, the latter smaller with fewer proteins. Lysozyme-induced OMVs were cytotoxic to human corneal epithelial cells in vitro and murine corneal epithelium in vivo. OMV exposure in vivo enhanced Ly6G/C expression at the corneal surface, suggesting myeloid cell recruitment, and primed the cornea for bacterial adhesion (∼4-fold, P < 0.01). Sonication disrupted OMVs retained cytotoxic activity, but did not promote adhesion, suggesting the latter required OMV-mediated events beyond cell killing. These data suggest that mucosal fluid induced P. aeruginosa OMVs could contribute to loss of epithelial barrier function during medical device-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J Evans
- School of Optometry, University of CaliforniaBerkeley, CA, USA; College of Pharmacy, Touro University CaliforniaVallejo, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Suzanne M J Fleiszig
- School of Optometry, University of CaliforniaBerkeley, CA, USA; Graduate Groups in Vision Science, Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases and Immunity, University of CaliforniaBerkeley, CA, USA
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Zhao J, Lin L, Fu L, Han L, Zhang A. Neutrophil extracellular Taps play an important role in clearance ofStreptococcus suis in vivo. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 60:228-33. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Huazhong Agricultural University
| | - Lan Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Huazhong Agricultural University
| | - Lei Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Huazhong Agricultural University
| | - Li Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Huazhong Agricultural University
| | - Anding Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Huazhong Agricultural University
- Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products; Ministry of Agriculture; Wuhan Hubei 430070 China
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Yuen J, Pluthero FG, Douda DN, Riedl M, Cherry A, Ulanova M, Kahr WHA, Palaniyar N, Licht C. NETosing Neutrophils Activate Complement Both on Their Own NETs and Bacteria via Alternative and Non-alternative Pathways. Front Immunol 2016; 7:137. [PMID: 27148258 PMCID: PMC4831636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils deposit antimicrobial proteins, such as myeloperoxidase and proteases on chromatin, which they release as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Neutrophils also carry key components of the complement alternative pathway (AP) such as properdin or complement factor P (CFP), complement factor B (CFB), and C3. However, the contribution of these complement components and complement activation during NET formation in the presence and absence of bacteria is poorly understood. We studied complement activation on NETs and a Gram-negative opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA01, PAKwt, and PAKgfp). Here, we show that anaphylatoxin C5a, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), which activates NADPH oxidase, induce the release of CFP, CFB, and C3 from neutrophils. In response to PMA or P. aeruginosa, neutrophils secrete CFP, deposit it on NETs and bacteria, and induce the formation of terminal complement complexes (C5b-9). A blocking anti-CFP antibody inhibited AP-mediated but not non-AP-mediated complement activation on NETs and P. aeruginosa. Therefore, NET-mediated complement activation occurs via both AP- and non AP-based mechanisms, and AP-mediated complement activation during NETosis is dependent on CFP. These findings suggest that neutrophils could use their "AP tool kit" to readily activate complement on NETs and Gram-negative bacteria, such as P. aeruginosa, whereas additional components present in the serum help to fix non-AP-mediated complement both on NETs and bacteria. This unique mechanism may play important roles in host defense and help to explain specific roles of complement activation in NET-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Yuen
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fred G Pluthero
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David N Douda
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Magdalena Riedl
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Ahmed Cherry
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Marina Ulanova
- Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University , Thunder Bay, ON , Canada
| | - Walter H A Kahr
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nades Palaniyar
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christoph Licht
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Nel JG, Theron AJ, Pool R, Durandt C, Tintinger GR, Anderson R. Neutrophil extracellular traps and their role in health and disease. S AFR J SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2016/20150072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract The human innate immune system is indispensable for protection against potentially invasive microbial and viral pathogens, either neutralising them or containing their spread until effective mobilisation of the slower, adaptive (specific), immune response. Until fairly recently, it was believed that the human innate immune system possessed minimal discriminatory activity in the setting of a rather limited range of microbicidal or virucidal mechanisms. However, recent discoveries have revealed that the innate immune system possesses an array of novel pathogen recognition mechanisms, as well as a resourceful and effective alternative mechanism of phagocyte (predominantly neutrophil)-mediated, anti-infective activity known as NETosis. The process of NETosis involves an unusual type of programmed, purposeful cell death, resulting in the extracellular release of a web of chromatin heavily impregnated with antimicrobial proteins. These structures, known as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), immobilise and contribute to the eradication of microbial pathogens, ensuring that the anti-infective potential of neutrophils is sustained beyond the lifespan of these cells. The current review is focused on the mechanisms of NETosis and the role of this process in host defence. Other topics reviewed include the potential threats to human health posed by poorly controlled, excessive formation of NETs, specifically in relation to development of autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases, as well as exacerbation of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders of the airways.
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Terzulli M, Ruiz LC, Kugadas A, Masli S, Gadjeva M. TSP-1 Deficiency Alters Ocular Microbiota: Implications for Sjögren's Syndrome Pathogenesis. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2015; 31:413-8. [PMID: 26352162 PMCID: PMC4575514 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2015.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The potential role of commensals as triggering factors that promote inflammation in dry eye disease has not been explored. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether ocular microbiota changes with the onset of dry eye disease in thrombospondin-1-deficient (TSP-1(-/-)) mice, a strain that develops Sjögren's syndrome-like disease. METHODS Conjunctival swabs were collected from TSP-1(-/-) and C57BL/6 mice and analyzed for bacterial presence. Opsonophagocytosis of the bacterial conjunctival isolates derived from the aged TSP-1(-/-) mice by neutrophils derived from either TSP-1(-/-) or C57BL/6 bone marrow was evaluated. The bactericidal activities of TSP-1-derived peptide were examined. RESULTS We found that in TSP-1(-/-) mice, the conjunctival colonization with Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci sp (CNS) species was significantly increased with aging and preceded that of the wild-type C57BL/6 control mice. This correlated with increased neutrophil infiltration into the conjunctiva of the TSP-1(-/-) mice, suggesting that TSP-1 plays a significant role in regulating immunity to commensals. Accordingly, the TSP-1(-/-) PMNs opsonophagocytozed the ocular commensals less efficiently than the TSP-1-sufficient neutrophils. Furthermore, a TSP-1-derived peptide, 4N1K, exhibited significant antimicrobial activity when compared to a control peptide against commensal sp. CONCLUSION These studies illustrate that alterations in the commensal frequency occur in the early stages of development of Sjögren's-like pathology and suggest that interventions that limit commensal outgrowth such as the use of TSP-1-derived peptides could be used for treatment during the early stages of the disease to reduce the commensal burden and ensuing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Terzulli
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Abirami Kugadas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sharmila Masli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Mihaela Gadjeva
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Free DNA in cystic fibrosis airway fluids correlates with airflow obstruction. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:408935. [PMID: 25918476 PMCID: PMC4397025 DOI: 10.1155/2015/408935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive lung disease determines morbidity and mortality of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). CF airways are characterized by a nonresolving neutrophilic inflammation. After pathogen contact or prolonged activation, neutrophils release DNA fibres decorated with antimicrobial proteins, forming neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs have been described to act in a beneficial way for innate host defense by bactericidal, fungicidal, and virucidal actions. On the other hand, excessive NET formation has been linked to the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory and autoimmune disease conditions. We quantified free DNA structures characteristic of NETs in airway fluids of CF patients and a mouse model with CF-like lung disease. Free DNA levels correlated with airflow obstruction, fungal colonization, and CXC chemokine levels in CF patients and CF-like mice. When viewed in combination, our results demonstrate that neutrophilic inflammation in CF airways is associated with abundant free DNA characteristic for NETosis, and suggest that free DNA may be implicated in lung function decline in patients with CF.
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