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Hinnant T, Ning W, Lechler T. Compartment specific responses to contractility in the small intestinal epithelium. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1010899. [PMID: 38517900 PMCID: PMC10990186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissues are subject to multiple mechanical inputs at the cellular level that influence their overall shape and function. In the small intestine, actomyosin contractility can be induced by many physiological and pathological inputs. However, we have little understanding of how contractility impacts the intestinal epithelium on a cellular and tissue level. In this study, we probed the cell and tissue-level effects of contractility by using mouse models to genetically increase the level of myosin activity in the two distinct morphologic compartments of the intestinal epithelium, the crypts and villi. We found that increased contractility in the villar compartment caused shape changes in the cells that expressed the transgene and their immediate neighbors. While there were no discernable effects on villar architecture or cell polarity, even low levels of transgene induction in the villi caused non-cell autonomous hyperproliferation of the transit amplifying cells in the crypt, driving increased cell flux through the crypt-villar axis. In contrast, induction of increased contractility in the proliferating cells of the crypts resulted in nuclear deformations, DNA damage, and apoptosis. This study reveals the complex and diverse responses of different intestinal epithelial cells to contractility and provides important insight into mechanical regulation of intestinal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Hinnant
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina United States of America
| | - Wenxiu Ning
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina United States of America
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases. Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Terry Lechler
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina United States of America
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2
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Hinnant T, Ning W, Lechler T. Compartment specific responses to contractility in the small intestinal epithelium. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.07.552224. [PMID: 37609300 PMCID: PMC10441304 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.07.552224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Tissues are subject to multiple mechanical inputs at the cellular level that influence their overall shape and function. In the small intestine, actomyosin contractility can be induced by many physiological and pathological inputs. However, we have little understanding of how contractility impacts the intestinal epithelium on a cellular and tissue level. In this study, we probed the cell and tissue-level effects of contractility by using mouse models to genetically increase the level of myosin activity in the two distinct morphologic compartments of the intestinal epithelium, the crypts and villi. We found that increased contractility in the villar compartment caused shape changes in the cells that expressed the transgene and their immediate neighbors. While there were no discernable effects on villar architecture, even low levels of transgene induction in the villi caused non-cell autonomous hyperproliferation of the transit amplifying cells in the crypt, driving increased cell flux through the crypt-villar axis. In contrast, induction of increased contractility in the proliferating cells of the crypts resulted in nuclear deformations, DNA damage, and apoptosis. This study reveals the complex and diverse responses of different intestinal epithelial cells to contractility and provides important insight into mechanical regulation of intestinal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Hinnant
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Wenxiu Ning
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Terry Lechler
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
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3
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Ahmed I, Yusuf K, Roy BC, Stubbs J, Anant S, Attard TM, Sampath V, Umar S. Dietary Interventions Ameliorate Infectious Colitis by Restoring the Microbiome and Promoting Stem Cell Proliferation in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:339. [PMID: 35008767 PMCID: PMC8745185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreases in short-chain-fatty-acids (SCFAs) are linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Yet, the mechanisms through which SCFAs promote wound healing, orchestrated by intestinal stem cells, are poorly understood. We discovered that, in mice with Citrobacter rodentium (CR)-induced infectious colitis, treatment with Pectin and Tributyrin diets reduced the severity of colitis by restoring Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and by increasing mucus production. RNA-seq in young adult mouse colon (YAMC) cells identified higher expression of Lgr4, Lgr6, DCLK1, Muc2, and SIGGIR after Butyrate treatment. Lineage tracing in CR-infected Lgr5-EGFP-IRES-CreERT2/ROSA26-LacZ (Lgr5-R) mice also revealed an expansion of LacZ-labeled Lgr5(+) stem cells in the colons of both Pectin and Tributyrin-treated mice compared to control. Interestingly, gut microbiota was required for Pectin but not Tributyrin-induced Lgr5(+) stem cell expansion. YAMC cells treated with sodium butyrate exhibited increased Lgr5 promoter reporter activity due to direct Butyrate binding with Lgr5 at -4.0 Kcal/mol, leading to thermal stabilization. Upon ChIP-seq, H3K4me3 increased near Lgr5 transcription start site that contained the consensus binding motif for a transcriptional activator of Lgr5 (SPIB). Thus, a multitude of effects on gut microbiome, differential gene expression, and/or expansion of Lgr5(+) stem cells seem to underlie amelioration of colitis following dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishfaq Ahmed
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (I.A.); (K.Y.); (B.C.R.)
| | - Kafayat Yusuf
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (I.A.); (K.Y.); (B.C.R.)
| | - Badal C. Roy
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (I.A.); (K.Y.); (B.C.R.)
| | - Jason Stubbs
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;
| | - Shrikant Anant
- Cancer Biology Department, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;
| | - Thomas M. Attard
- Department of Pediatrics and Gastroenterology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (T.M.A.); (V.S.)
| | - Venkatesh Sampath
- Department of Pediatrics and Gastroenterology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (T.M.A.); (V.S.)
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (I.A.); (K.Y.); (B.C.R.)
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4
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DCLK1 isoforms and aberrant Notch signaling in the regulation of human and murine colitis. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:169. [PMID: 34226497 PMCID: PMC8257684 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative promoter usage generates long and short isoforms (DCLK1-L and DCLK1-S) of doublecortin-like kinase-1 (DCLK1). Tight control of Notch signaling is important to prevent and restitute inflammation in the intestine. Our aim was to investigate whether Notch1–DCLK1 axis regulates the mucosal immune responses to infection and whether this is phenocopied in human models of colitis. In the FFPE (formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded) sections prepared from the colons of ulcerative colitis (UC) and immune-mediated colitis (IRAEC) patients, expression of DCLK1 isoforms correlated positively with Notch1 and negatively with a transcriptional repressor, FoxD3 (Forkhead Box D3). DCLK1 protein staining in these sections was predominantly sub-epithelial (stromal) wherein DCLK1 co-localized with NICD, CD68, CD11c, and neutrophil elastase (NE). NE also co-stained with Citrullinated-H3 indicating the presence of neutrophil extracellular traps. In human neutrophils, elevated levels of DCLK1-S, CXCL-10, Ly6G, MPO, NE, and Notch1/2 in LPS-treated cells were inhibited when LPS was added in conjunction with Notch blocker dibenzazepine (DBZ; LPS + DBZ group). In CR-infected Rag1−/− mice, higher levels of DCLK1 in the colonic crypts were inhibited when mice received DBZ for 10 days coincident with significant dysbiosis, barrier disruption, and colitis. Concurrently, DCLK1 immunoreactivity shifted toward the stroma in CR + DBZ mice with predominance of DCLK1-S that coincided with higher Notch1 levels. Upon antibiotic treatment, partial restoration of crypt DCLK1, reduction in MPO activity, and increased survival followed. When intestinal epithelial cell-specific Dclk1-knockout (Dclk1ΔIEC) or Dclk1ΔIEC;Rag1−/− double knockout (DKO) mice were infected with CR and given a single dose of DBZ, they developed barrier defect and severe colitis with higher levels of stromal DCLK1-S, Ly6G, NE, and Notch1. We therefore propose that, by regulating the mucosal immune responses, the Notch–DCLK1 axis may be integral to the development of murine or human colitis.
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5
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Panneerselvam J, Mohandoss P, Patel R, Gillan H, Li M, Kumar K, Nguyen D, Weygant N, Qu D, Pitts K, Lightfoot S, Rao C, Houchen C, Bronze M, Chandrakesan P. DCLK1 Regulates Tumor Stemness and Cisplatin Resistance in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer via ABCD-Member-4. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2020; 18:24-36. [PMID: 32637578 PMCID: PMC7321820 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance cells have features similar to cancer stem cells. Elimination of these cells is an effective therapeutic strategy to clinically combat chemoresistance non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, we demonstrate that Doublecortin-like kinase1 (DCLK1) is the key to developing chemoresistance and associated stemness in NSCLC. DCLK1 is highly expressed in human lung adenocarcinoma and strongly correlated with stemness. Silencing DCLK1 inhibits NSCLC cell primary and secondary spheroid formation, which is the prerequisite feature of tumor stem cells. DCLK1 inhibition reduced NSCLC cell migration/invasion in vitro and induced tumor growth inhibition in vivo. NSCLC cells responded differently to cisplatin treatment; indeed, the clonogenic ability of all NSCLC cells was reduced. We found that the cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cells gain the expression of DCLK1 compared with their parental control. However, DCLK1 inhibition in cisplatin-resistance NSCLC cells reverses the tumor cell resistance to cisplatin and reduced tumor self-renewal ability. Specifically, we found that DCLK1-mediated cisplatin resistance in NSCLC is via an ABC subfamily member 4 (ABCD4)-dependent mechanism. Our data demonstrate that increased expression of DCLK1 is associated with chemoresistance and enhanced cancer stem cell-like features in NSCLC. Targeting DCLK1 using gene knockdown/knockout strategies alone or in combination with cisplatin may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to treat NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Panneerselvam
- Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | | | - Ravi Patel
- Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Hamza Gillan
- Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Michael Li
- Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Kirtana Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - DangHuy Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Nathaniel Weygant
- Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Dongfeng Qu
- Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Kamille Pitts
- Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Stanley Lightfoot
- Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Chinthalapally Rao
- Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Courtney Houchen
- Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Michael Bronze
- Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Parthasarathy Chandrakesan
- Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Chandrakesan P, Panneerselvam J, May R, Weygant N, Qu D, Berry WR, Pitts K, Stanger BZ, Rao CV, Bronze MS, Houchen CW. DCLK1-Isoform2 Alternative Splice Variant Promotes Pancreatic Tumor Immunosuppressive M2-Macrophage Polarization. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1539-1549. [PMID: 32371580 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated M2-macrophages are one of the most abundant immunosuppressive cell types in the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the generation of M2-macrophages are unclear. Here, we demonstrated that overexpression of DCLK1-isoform2 in AsPC1 and MIA PaCa2 cells resulted in the polarization of M1-macrophages toward an M2 phenotype via secreted chemokines/cytokines. These M2-macrophages enhanced parental PDAC cell migration, invasion, and self-renewal, and this was associated with increased expression of Snail and Slug. We observed distinct expression of Dclk-isoform2, marked infiltration of M2-macrophages, and a marginal increase of CD8+ T cells in 20-week-old KPCY mice pancreas compared with 5 weeks old. Utilizing an autochthonous mouse model of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, we observed distinct immunoreactive Dclk1 and arginase1 in tissues where CD8+ T-cell infiltration was low and observed a paucity of DCLK1 and arginase1 staining where CD8+ T-cell infiltration was high. Finally, we found that DCLK1-isoform2 tumor-educated M2-macrophages inhibit CD8+ T-cell proliferation and granzyme-B activation. Inhibition of DCLK1 in an organoid coculture system enhanced CD8+ T-cell activation and associated organoid death. We conclude that DCLK1-isoform2 is a novel initiator of alternate macrophage activation that contributes to the immunosuppression observed in the PDAC TME. These data suggest that tumor DCLK1-isoform2 may be an attractive target for PDAC therapy, either alone or in conjunction with immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathy Chandrakesan
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. .,OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Janani Panneerselvam
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Randal May
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Nathaniel Weygant
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Dongfeng Qu
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - William R Berry
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Kamille Pitts
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Ben Z Stanger
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chinthalapally V Rao
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Michael S Bronze
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Courtney W Houchen
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. .,OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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7
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Infection-induced signals generated at the plasma membrane epigenetically regulate Wnt signaling in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)49912-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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8
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Ahmed I, Roy BC, Rao Jakkula LUM, Subramaniam D, Dandawate P, Anant S, Sampath V, Umar S. Infection-induced signals generated at the plasma membrane epigenetically regulate Wnt signaling in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:1021-1035. [PMID: 31836665 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling regulates immunomodulatory functions during infection and inflammation. Employing NCCIT and HCT116 cells, having high endogenous Wnt signaling, we observed elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5/6 (LRP5/6) and Frizzled class receptor 10 (FZD10) and increases in β-catenin, doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1), CD44 molecule (CD44), and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A1 (ALDH1A1). siRNA-induced knockdown of these receptors antagonized TOPflash reporter activity and spheroid growth in vitro and elevated Wnt-inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1) activity. Elevated mRNA and protein levels of LRP5/6 and FZD10 paralleled expression of WNT2b and WNT4 in colonic crypts at days 6 and 12 post-infection with Citrobacter rodentium (CR) and tended to decline at days 20-34. The CR mutant escV or the tankyrase inhibitor XAV939 attenuated these responses. A three-dimensional organoid assay in colonic crypts isolated from CR-infected mice revealed elevated levels of LRP5/6 and FZD10 and β-catenin co-localization with enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit (EZH2). Co-immunoprecipitation in the membrane fraction revealed that axin associates with LRP5/6 in CR-infected crypts, and this association was correlated with increased β-catenin. Colon tumors from either CR-infected ApcP Min/+ or azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate (AOM/DSS)-treated mice had high LRP5/6 or FZD10 levels, and chronic Notch blockade through the γ-secretase inhibitor dibenzazepine down-regulated LRP5/6 and FZD10 expression. In CR-responsive CT-26 cells, siRNA-induced LRP5/6 or FZD10 knockdown antagonized TOPflash reporter activity. Elevated miR-153-3p levels correlated with LRP5/6 and FZD10, and miR-153-3p sequestration via a plasmid-based miR inhibitor system attenuated Wnt signaling. We conclude that infection-induced signals from the plasma membrane epigenetically regulate Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishfaq Ahmed
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Badal Chandra Roy
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | | | | | - Prasad Dandawate
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Shrikant Anant
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Venkatesh Sampath
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri 64108
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
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Mackos AR, Allen JM, Kim E, Ladaika CA, Gharaibeh RZ, Moore C, Parry NMA, Boyaka PN, Bailey MT. Mice Deficient in Epithelial or Myeloid Cell Iκκβ Have Distinct Colonic Microbiomes and Increased Resistance to Citrobacter rodentium Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2062. [PMID: 31552024 PMCID: PMC6746829 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The colonic microenvironment, stemming from microbial, immunologic, stromal, and epithelial factors, serves as an important determinant of the host response to enteric pathogenic colonization. Infection with the enteric bacterial pathogen Citrobacter rodentium elicits a strong mucosal Th1-mediated colitis and monocyte-driven inflammation activated via the classical NF-κB pathway. Research has focused on leukocyte-mediated signaling as the main driver for C. rodentium-induced colitis, however we hypothesize that epithelial cell NF-κB also contributes to the exacerbation of infectious colitis. To test this hypothesis, compartmentalized classical NF-κB defective mice, via the deletion of IKKβ in either intestinal epithelial cells (IKKβΔIEC) or myeloid-derived cells (IKKβΔMY), and wild type (WT) mice were challenged with C. rodentium. Both pathogen colonization and colonic histopathology were significantly reduced in IKKβ-deficient mice compared to WT mice. Interestingly, colonic IL-10, RegIIIγ, TNF-α, and iNOS gene expression were increased in IKKβ-deficient mice in the absence of bacterial challenge. This was associated with increased p52, which is involved with activation of NF-κβ through the alternative pathway. IKKβ-deficient mice also had distinct differences in colonic tissue-associated and luminal microbiome that may confer protection against C. rodentium. Taken together, these data demonstrate that classical NF-κB signaling can lead to enhanced enteric pathogen colonization and resulting colonic histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Mackos
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jacob M Allen
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Eunsoo Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Chris A Ladaika
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Raad Z Gharaibeh
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States.,Bioinformatics Services Division, Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Cathy Moore
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Nicola M A Parry
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Prosper N Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Michael T Bailey
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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10
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Roy BC, Ahmed I, Ramalingam S, Jala V, Haribabu B, Ramamoorthy P, Ashcraft J, Valentino J, Anant S, Sampath V, Umar S. Co-localization of autophagy-related protein p62 with cancer stem cell marker dclk1 may hamper dclk1's elimination during colon cancer development and progression. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2340-2354. [PMID: 31040926 PMCID: PMC6481322 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy may play a critical role in colon cancer stem cells (CCSCs)-related cancer development. Here, we investigate whether accumulation of infection/injury-induced CCSCs due to impaired autophagy influences colon cancer development and progression. When Apc++ mice were infected with Citrobacter rodentium (CR; 109CFUs), we discovered presence of autophagosomes with increases in Beclin-1, LC3B and p62 staining during crypt hyperplasia. Apc1638N/+ mice when infected with CR or subjected to CR+AOM treatment, exhibited increased colon tumorigenesis with elevated levels of Ki-67, β-catenin, EZH2 and CCSC marker Dclk1, respectively. AOM/DSS treatment of Apc1638N/+ mice phenocopied CR+AOM treatment as colonic tumors exhibited pronounced changes in Ki-67, EZH2 and Dclk1 accompanied by infiltration of F4/80+ macrophages, CD3+ lymphocytes and CD3/β-catenin co-localization. Intestinal and colonic tumors also stained positive for migrating CSC markers CD110 and CDCP1 wherein, colonic tumors additionally exhibited stromal positivity. In tumors from CR-infected, CR+AOM or AOM/DSS-treated Apc1638N/+ mice and surgically-resected colon tumor/metastatic liver samples, significant accumulation of p62 and it's co-localization with LC3B and Dclk1 was evident. ApcMin/+ mice when infected with CR and BLT1−/−;ApcMin/+ mice, exhibited similar co-localization of p62 with LC3B and Dclk1 within the tumors. Studies in HCT116 and SW480 cells further confirmed p62/Dclk1 co-localization and Chloroquin/LPS-induced increases in Dclk1 promoter activity. Thus, co-localization of p62 with Dclk1 may hamper Dclk1's elimination to impact colon cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badal Chandra Roy
- Departments of Surgery and Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Ishfaq Ahmed
- Departments of Surgery and Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Satish Ramalingam
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bio-Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkatakrishna Jala
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Bodduluri Haribabu
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Prabhu Ramamoorthy
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - John Ashcraft
- Departments of Surgery and Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Joseph Valentino
- Departments of Surgery and Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Shrikant Anant
- Departments of Surgery and Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Venkatesh Sampath
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Shahid Umar
- Departments of Surgery and Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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11
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Zeng H, Umar S, Rust B, Lazarova D, Bordonaro M. Secondary Bile Acids and Short Chain Fatty Acids in the Colon: A Focus on Colonic Microbiome, Cell Proliferation, Inflammation, and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051214. [PMID: 30862015 PMCID: PMC6429521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary bile acids (BAs) and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), two major types of bacterial metabolites in the colon, cause opposing effects on colonic inflammation at chronically high physiological levels. Primary BAs play critical roles in cholesterol metabolism, lipid digestion, and host–microbe interaction. Although BAs are reabsorbed via enterohepatic circulation, primary BAs serve as substrates for bacterial biotransformation to secondary BAs in the colon. High-fat diets increase secondary BAs, such as deoxycholic acid (DCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA), which are risk factors for colonic inflammation and cancer. In contrast, increased dietary fiber intake is associated with anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. These effects may be due to the increased production of the SCFAs acetate, propionate, and butyrate during dietary fiber fermentation in the colon. Elucidation of the molecular events by which secondary BAs and SCFAs regulate colonic cell proliferation and inflammation will lead to a better understanding of the anticancer potential of dietary fiber in the context of high-fat diet-related colon cancer. This article reviews the current knowledge concerning the effects of secondary BAs and SCFAs on the proliferation of colon epithelial cells, inflammation, cancer, and the associated microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Zeng
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Surgery and University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Bret Rust
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
| | - Darina Lazarova
- Department of Medical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA 18509, USA.
| | - Michael Bordonaro
- Department of Medical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA 18509, USA.
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Ahmed I, Roy BC, Raach RMT, Owens SM, Xia L, Anant S, Sampath V, Umar S. Enteric infection coupled with chronic Notch pathway inhibition alters colonic mucus composition leading to dysbiosis, barrier disruption and colitis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206701. [PMID: 30383855 PMCID: PMC6211731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mucus layer disruption and gut microflora modification in conjunction with tight junction (TJ) changes can increase colonic permeability that allows bacterial dissemination and intestinal and systemic disease. We showed previously that Citrobacter rodentium (CR)-induced colonic crypt hyperplasia and/or colitis is regulated by a functional cross-talk between the Notch and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. In the current study, mucus analysis in the colons of CR-infected (108 CFUs) and Notch blocker Dibenzazepine (DBZ, i.p.; 10μmol/Kg b.w.)-treated mice revealed significant alterations in the composition of trace O-glycans and complex type and hybrid N-glycans, compared to CR-infected mice alone that preceded/accompanied alterations in 16S rDNA microbial community structure and elevated EUB338 staining. While mucin-degrading bacterium, Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) along with Enterobacteriaceae belonging to Proteobacteria phyla increased in the feces, antimicrobial peptides Angiogenin-4, Intelectin-1 and Intelectin-2, and ISC marker Dclk1, exhibited dramatic decreases in the colons of CR-infected/DBZ-treated mice. Also evident was a loss of TJ and adherens junction protein immuno-staining within the colonic crypts that negatively impacted paracellular barrier. These changes coincided with the loss of Notch signaling and exacerbation of mucosal injury. In response to a cocktail of antibiotics (Metronidazole/ciprofloxacin) for 10 days, there was increased survival that coincided with: i) decreased levels of Proteobacteria, ii) elevated Dclk1 levels in the crypt and, iii) reduced paracellular permeability. Thus, enteric infections that interfere with Notch activity may promote mucosal dysbiosis that is preceded by changes in mucus composition. Controlled use of antibiotics seems to alleviate gut dysbiosis but may be insufficient to promote colonic crypt regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishfaq Ahmed
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Badal C. Roy
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Rita-Marie T. Raach
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Owens
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lijun Xia
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Shrikant Anant
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Venkatesh Sampath
- Division of Neonatology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dclk1, a tumor stem cell marker, regulates pro-survival signaling and self-renewal of intestinal tumor cells. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:30. [PMID: 28148261 PMCID: PMC5286867 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0594-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 80% of intestinal neoplasia is associated with the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) mutation. Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (Dclk1), a kinase protein, is overexpressed in colorectal cancer and specifically marks tumor stem cells (TSCs) that self-renew and increased the tumor progeny in Apc Min/+ mice. However, the role of Dclk1 expression and its contribution to regulating pro-survival signaling for tumor progression in Apc mutant cancer is poorly understood. METHODS We analyzed DCLK1 and pro-survival signaling gene expression datasets of 329 specimens from TCGA Colon Adenocarcinoma Cancer Data. The network of DCLK1 and pro-survival signaling was analyzed utilizing the GeneMANIA database. We examined the expression levels of Dclk1 and other stem cell-associated markers, pro-survival signaling pathways, cell self-renewal in the isolated intestinal epithelial cells of Apc Min/+ mice with high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. To determine the functional role of Dclk1 for tumor progression, we knocked down Dclk1 and determined the pro-survival signaling pathways and stemness. We used siRNA technology to gene silence pro-survival signaling in colon cancer cells in vitro. We utilized FACS, IHC, western blot, RT-PCR, and clonogenic (self-renewal) assays. RESULTS We found a correlation between DCLK1 and pro-survival signaling expression. The expression of Dclk1 and stem cell-associated markers Lgr5, Bmi1, and Musashi1 were significantly higher in the intestinal epithelial cells of Apc Min/+ mice than in wild-type controls. Intestinal epithelial cells of Apc Min/+ mice showed increased expression of pro-survival signaling, pluripotency and self-renewal ability. Furthermore, the enteroids formed from the intestinal Dclk1+ cells of Apc Min/+ mice display higher pluripotency and pro-survival signaling. Dclk1 knockdown in Apc Min/+ mice attenuates intestinal adenomas and adenocarcinoma, and decreases pro-survival signaling and self-renewal. Knocking down RELA and NOTCH1 pro-survival signaling and DCLK1 in HT29 and DLD1 colon cancer cells in vitro reduced the tumor cells' ability to self-renew and survive. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that Dclk1 is essential in advancing intestinal tumorigenesis. Knocking down Dclk1 decreases tumor stemness and progression and is thus predicted to regulate pro-survival signaling and tumor cell pluripotency. This study provides a strong rationale to target Dclk1 as a treatment strategy for colorectal cancer.
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Chandrakesan P, May R, Weygant N, Qu D, Berry WL, Sureban SM, Ali N, Rao C, Huycke M, Bronze MS, Houchen CW. Intestinal tuft cells regulate the ATM mediated DNA Damage response via Dclk1 dependent mechanism for crypt restitution following radiation injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37667. [PMID: 27876863 PMCID: PMC5120335 DOI: 10.1038/srep37667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Crypt epithelial survival and regeneration after injury require highly coordinated complex interplay between resident stem cells and diverse cell types. The function of Dclk1 expressing tuft cells regulating intestinal epithelial DNA damage response for cell survival/self-renewal after radiation-induced injury is unclear. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) were isolated and purified and utilized for experimental analysis. We found that small intestinal crypts of VillinCre;Dclk1f/f mice were hypoplastic and more apoptotic 24 h post-total body irradiation, a time when stem cell survival is p53-independent. Injury-induced ATM mediated DNA damage response, pro-survival genes, stem cell markers, and self-renewal ability for survival and restitution were reduced in the isolated intestinal epithelial cells. An even greater reduction in these signaling pathways was observed 3.5 days post-TBI, when peak crypt regeneration occurs. We found that interaction with Dclk1 is critical for ATM and COX2 activation in response to injury. We determined that Dclk1 expressing tuft cells regulate the whole intestinal epithelial cells following injury through paracrine mechanism. These findings suggest that intestinal tuft cells play an important role in regulating the ATM mediated DNA damage response, for epithelial cell survival/self-renewal via a Dclk1 dependent mechanism, and these processes are indispensable for restitution and function after severe radiation-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathy Chandrakesan
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Randal May
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Nathaniel Weygant
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Dongfeng Qu
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - William L. Berry
- OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sripathi M. Sureban
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Naushad Ali
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Chinthalapally Rao
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Mark Huycke
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Michael S. Bronze
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Courtney W. Houchen
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- COARE Biotechnology, Inc., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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15
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Chandrakesan P, May R, Qu D, Weygant N, Taylor VE, Li JD, Ali N, Sureban SM, Qante M, Wang TC, Bronze MS, Houchen CW. Dclk1+ small intestinal epithelial tuft cells display the hallmarks of quiescence and self-renewal. Oncotarget 2016; 6:30876-86. [PMID: 26362399 PMCID: PMC4741574 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, no discrete genetic signature has been defined for isolated Dclk1+ tuft cells within the small intestine. Furthermore, recent reports on the functional significance of Dclk1+ cells in the small intestine have been inconsistent. These cells have been proposed to be fully differentiated cells, reserve stem cells, and tumor stem cells. In order to elucidate the potential function of Dclk1+ cells, we FACS-sorted Dclk1+ cells from mouse small intestinal epithelium using transgenic mice expressing YFP under the control of the Dclk1 promoter (Dclk1-CreER;Rosa26-YFP). Analysis of sorted YFP+ cells demonstrated marked enrichment (~6000 fold) for Dclk1 mRNA compared with YFP- cells. Dclk1+ population display ~6 fold enrichment for the putative quiescent stem cell marker Bmi1. We observed significantly greater expression of pluripotency genes, pro-survival genes, and quiescence markers in the Dclk1+ population. A significant increase in self-renewal capability (14-fold) was observed in in vitro isolated Dclk1+ cells. The unique genetic report presented in this manuscript suggests that Dclk1+ cells may maintain quiescence, pluripotency, and metabolic activity for survival/longevity. Functionally, these reserve characteristics manifest in vitro, with Dclk1+ cells exhibiting greater ability to self-renew. These findings indicate that quiescent stem-like functionality is a feature of Dclk1-expressing tuft cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathy Chandrakesan
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Stephenson Oklahoma Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Randal May
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Dongfeng Qu
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Nathaniel Weygant
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Vivian E Taylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - James D Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Naushad Ali
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Stephenson Oklahoma Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sripathi M Sureban
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Michael Qante
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, II. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Department of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael S Bronze
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Courtney W Houchen
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Stephenson Oklahoma Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,COARE Biotechnology, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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16
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Abd Allah ESH, Makboul R, Mohamed AO. Role of serotonin and nuclear factor-kappa B in the ameliorative effect of ginger on acetic acid-induced colitis. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2016; 23:35-42. [PMID: 26776295 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The current study was designed to investigate the role of serotonin (5-HT) and nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-κB) in the ameliorative effect of ginger on acetic acid (AA)-induced colitis rat model. Colitis was induced by intra-colonic instillation of 3% AA, preceded or followed by daily administration of ginger (400mg/kg) by gavage for 5 days. Colons were assessed macroscopically and microscopically and the expression of NF-κB was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Colonic tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), total peroxide (TP), and serum 5-HT levels were assessed. Administration of ginger ameliorated the effects of AA-induced colitis by plummeting colon weight-to-length ratio, macroscopic and microscopic scores. These effects were further supported by down-regulation of NF-κB and reduction of colonic TNF-α, IL-10, TP and serum 5-HT levels. Moreover, there were significant positive correlations between serum 5-HT and macroscopic, microscopic, immunoreactivity scores and colonic TNF-α level. In conclusion, ginger ameliorated AA-induced colitis not only through its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, but also through the reduction of 5-HT which may contribute to the down-regulation of NF-κB-dependent TNF-α expression and the reduction of lipid peroxidation and tissue damage. In addition, the therapeutic effect of ginger was more pronounced than its preventive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman S H Abd Allah
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Rania Makboul
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Amany O Mohamed
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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17
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Sureban SM, May R, Qu D, Chandrakesan P, Weygant N, Ali N, Lightfoot SA, Ding K, Umar S, Schlosser MJ, Houchen CW. Dietary Pectin Increases Intestinal Crypt Stem Cell Survival following Radiation Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135561. [PMID: 26270561 PMCID: PMC4536042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal damage is a devastating adverse effect of radiation therapy. We have recently reported that expression of Dclk1, a Tuft cell and tumor stem cell (TSC) marker, 24h after high dose total-body gamma-IR (TBI) can be used as a surrogate marker for crypt survival. Dietary pectin has been demonstrated to possess chemopreventive properties, whereas its radioprotective property has not been studied. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary pectin on ionizing radiation (IR)-induced intestinal stem cell (ISC) deletion, crypt and overall survival following lethal TBI. C57BL/6 mice received a 6% pectin diet and 0.5% pectin drinking water (pre-IR mice received pectin one week before TBI until death; post-IR mice received pectin after TBI until death). Animals were exposed to TBI (14 Gy) and euthanized at 24 and 84h post-IR to assess ISC deletion and crypt survival respectively. Animals were also subjected to overall survival studies following TBI. In pre-IR treatment group, we observed a three-fold increase in ISC/crypt survival, a two-fold increase in Dclk1+ stem cells, increased overall survival (median 10d vs. 7d), and increased expression of Dclk1, Msi1, Lgr5, Bmi1, and Notch1 (in small intestine) post-TBI in pectin treated mice compared to controls. We also observed increased survival of mice treated with pectin (post-IR) compared to controls. Dietary pectin is a radioprotective agent; prevents IR-induced deletion of potential reserve ISCs; facilitates crypt regeneration; and ultimately promotes overall survival. Given the anti-cancer activity of pectin, our data support a potential role for dietary pectin as an agent that can be administered to patients receiving radiation therapy to protect against radiation-induces mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sripathi M. Sureban
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- The Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CWH); (SMS)
| | - Randal May
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Dongfeng Qu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Parthasarathy Chandrakesan
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel Weygant
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Naushad Ali
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- The Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Stan A. Lightfoot
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Kai Ding
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, The University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | | | - Courtney W. Houchen
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- The Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CWH); (SMS)
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18
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Chandrakesan P, Weygant N, May R, Qu D, Chinthalapally HR, Sureban SM, Ali N, Lightfoot SA, Umar S, Houchen CW. DCLK1 facilitates intestinal tumor growth via enhancing pluripotency and epithelial mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget 2015; 5:9269-80. [PMID: 25211188 PMCID: PMC4253433 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (Dclk1) is overexpressed in many cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC) and it specifically marks intestinal tumor stem cells. However, the role of Dclk1 in intestinal tumorigenesis in Apc mutant conditions is still poorly understood. We demonstrate that Dclk1 expression and Dclk1+ cells are significantly increased in the intestinal epithelium of elderly ApcMin/+ mice compared to young ApcMin/+ mice and wild type mice. Intestinal epithelial cells of ApcMin/+ mice demonstrate increased pluripotency, self-renewing ability, and EMT. Furthermore, miRNAs are dysregulated, expression of onco-miRNAs are significantly increased with decreased tumor suppressor miRNAs. In support of these findings, knockdown of Dclk1 in elderly ApcMin/+ mice attenuates intestinal adenomas and adenocarcinoma by decreasing pluripotency, EMT and onco-miRNAs indicating that Dclk1 overexpression facilitates intestinal tumorigenesis. Knocking down Dclk1 weakens Dclk1-dependent intestinal processes for tumorigenesis. This study demonstrates that Dclk1 is critically involved in facilitating intestinal tumorigenesis by enhancing pluripotency and EMT factors in Apc mutant intestinal tumors and it also provides a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathy Chandrakesan
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Nathaniel Weygant
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Randal May
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Dongfeng Qu
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Harisha R Chinthalapally
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sripathi M Sureban
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Naushad Ali
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Stan A Lightfoot
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Courtney W Houchen
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Koroleva EP, Halperin S, Gubernatorova EO, Macho-Fernandez E, Spencer CM, Tumanov AV. Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis: A robust model to study mucosal immune responses in the gut. J Immunol Methods 2015; 421:61-72. [PMID: 25702536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is a natural mouse pathogen which reproducibly infects mice and causes intestinal disease. The C. rodentium model of infection is very useful for investigating host-pathogen immune interactions in the gut, and can also be used to understand the pathogenesis of several important human intestinal disorders, including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, dysbiosis and colon tumorigenesis. Both innate and adaptive immune responses play a critical role in protection against C. rodentium. Here, we summarize the role of immune components in protection against C. rodentium and describe techniques for the analysis of innate and adaptive mucosal immune responses, including setting up the infection, analysis of colonic hyperplasia and bacterial dissemination, evaluation of antibody responses, and purification and analysis of intestinal epithelial and lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexei V Tumanov
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY 12983, USA; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow, Russia.
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20
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Garcia AM, Wakeman D, Lu J, Rowley C, Geisman T, Butler C, Bala S, Swietlicki EA, Warner BW, Levin MS, Rubin DC. Tis7 deletion reduces survival and induces intestinal anastomotic inflammation and obstruction in high-fat diet-fed mice with short bowel syndrome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G642-54. [PMID: 25059825 PMCID: PMC4166722 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00374.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Effective therapies are limited for patients with parenteral nutrition-dependent short bowel syndrome. We previously showed that intestinal expression of the transcriptional coregulator tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate-induced sequence 7 (tis7) is markedly increased during the adaptive response following massive small bowel resection and tis7 plays a role in normal gut lipid metabolism. Here, we further explore the functional implications of tis7 deletion in intestinal lipid metabolism and the adaptive response following small bowel resection. Intestinal tis7 transgenic (tis7(tg)), tis7(-/-), and wild-type (WT) littermates were subjected to 50% small bowel resection. Mice were fed a control or a high-saturated-fat (42% energy) diet for 21 days. Survival, body weight recovery, lipid absorption, mucosal lipid analysis, and the morphometric adaptive response were analyzed. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to identify tis7 downstream gene targets. Postresection survival was markedly reduced in high-fat, but not control, diet-fed tis7(-/-) mice. Decreased survival was associated with anastomotic inflammation and intestinal obstruction postresection. High-fat, but not control, diet-fed tis7(-/-) mice had increased intestinal IL-6 expression. Intestinal lipid trafficking was altered in tis7(-/-) compared with WT mice postresection. In contrast, high-fat diet-fed tis7(tg) mice had improved survival postresection compared with WT littermates. High-fat diet feeding in the setting of tis7 deletion resulted in postresection anastomotic inflammation and small bowel obstruction. Tolerance of a calorie-rich, high-fat diet postresection may require tis7 and its target genes. The presence of luminal fat in the setting of tis7 deletion promotes an intestinal inflammatory response postresection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Garcia
- 2Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri;
| | - Derek Wakeman
- 3Department of Pediatric Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri;
| | - Jianyun Lu
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri;
| | - Christopher Rowley
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri;
| | - Taylor Geisman
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri;
| | - Catherine Butler
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri;
| | - Shashi Bala
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri;
| | - Elzbieta A. Swietlicki
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri;
| | - Brad W. Warner
- 3Department of Pediatric Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri;
| | - Marc S. Levin
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; ,4Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs St. Louis Health Care System; St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Deborah C. Rubin
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; ,5Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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21
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Deuring JJ, Fuhler GM, Konstantinov SR, Peppelenbosch MP, Kuipers EJ, de Haar C, van der Woude CJ. Genomic ATG16L1 risk allele-restricted Paneth cell ER stress in quiescent Crohn's disease. Gut 2014; 63:1081-91. [PMID: 23964099 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although genome wide association studies have partly uncovered the genetic basis of Crohn's disease (CD), it remains a challenge to link genetic polymorphisms to functional intestinal phenotypes. Paneth cells are specialised antimicrobial epithelial cells localised to the small-intestinal crypt-base. Here, we investigate whether genomic variations in ATG16L1 affect Paneth cell function. DESIGN Genomic variation of ATG16L1 (T300A, rs2241880) was determined in DNA from 78 patients with CD and 12 healthy controls. Paraffin-embedded ileal biopsies from patients with genotype AA (n=17), GA (n=38) and patients with the GG allele (n=23) were stained for GRP78, phospho-EIF2α, lysozyme, cleaved-caspase 3, phosphohistone H3, phospho-IκB, p65, phospho-p38MAPK and PHLDA1. Microbial composition of biopsies was assessed by PCR. Disease phenotype was scored. RESULTS In patients with quiescent disease but with an ATG16L1 risk allele, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers GRP78 and pEIF2α were highly expressed in Paneth cells. Other CD risk gene variations did not correlate with Paneth cell ER stress. Functionally, patients with ER-stressed Paneth cells showed no changes in intestinal epithelial cells proliferation or apoptosis, Paneth cell or stem cell numbers, p65, phospho-IκB and phospho-p38 staining. However, a significantly increased presence of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli was observed in biopsies from patients with ER-stressed Paneth cells. Phenotypically, patients with GRP78 positive Paneth cells have relatively less colonic disease over ileal disease (-21%, p=0.04), more fistulas (+21%, p=0.05) and an increased need for intestinal surgery (+38%, p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS The ATG16L1 T300A polymorphism defines a specific subtype of patients with CD, characterised by Paneth cell ER stress even during quiescent disease. Paneth cell ER stress correlates with bacterial persistence, and is thus likely to modulate antimicrobial functionality of this cell type in patients with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jasper Deuring
- Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gwenny M Fuhler
- Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sergey R Konstantinov
- Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J Kuipers
- Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colin de Haar
- Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Janneke van der Woude
- Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Greiner AK, Papineni RVL, Umar S. Chemoprevention in gastrointestinal physiology and disease. Natural products and microbiome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G1-15. [PMID: 24789206 PMCID: PMC4080166 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00044.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The human intestinal tract harbors a complex ecosystem of commensal bacteria that play a fundamental role in the well-being of their host. There is a general consensus that diet rich in plant-based foods has many advantages in relation to the health and well-being of an individual. In adults, diets that have a high proportion of fruit and vegetables and a low consumption of meat are associated with a highly diverse microbiota and are defined by a greater abundance of Prevotella compared with Bacteroides, whereas the reverse is associated with a diet that contains a low proportion of plant-based foods. In a philosophical term, our consumption of processed foods, widespread use of antibiotics and disinfectants, and our modern lifestyle may have forever altered our ancient gut microbiome. We may never be able to identify or restore our microbiomes to their ancestral state, but dietary modulation to manipulate specific gut microbial species or groups of species may offer new therapeutic approaches to conditions that are prevalent in modern society, such as functional gastrointestinal disorders, obesity, and age-related nutritional deficiency. We believe that this will become an increasingly important area of health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen K. Greiner
- 1Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Family Medicine Research Division, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas;
| | - Rao V. L. Papineni
- 1Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Family Medicine Research Division, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; ,2PACT and Health, Branford, Connecticut; and ,3Precision X-Ray Inc., North Branford, Connecticut
| | - Shahid Umar
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Family Medicine Research Division, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas;
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23
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Chandrakesan P, Jakkula LUMR, Ahmed I, Roy B, Anant S, Umar S. Differential effects of β-catenin and NF-κB interplay in the regulation of cell proliferation, inflammation and tumorigenesis in response to bacterial infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79432. [PMID: 24278135 PMCID: PMC3836902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Both β-catenin and NF-κB have been implicated in our laboratory as candidate factors in driving proliferation in an in vivo model of Citrobacter rodentium (CR)-induced colonic crypt hyper-proliferation and hyperplasia. Herein, we test the hypothesis that β-catenin and not necessarily NF-κB regulates colonic crypt hyperplasia or tumorigenesis in response to CR infection. When C57Bl/6 wild type (WT) mice were infected with CR, sequential increases in proliferation at days 9 and 12 plateaued off at day 19 and paralleled increases in NF-κB signaling. In Tlr4−/− (KO) mice, a sequential but sustained proliferation which tapered off only marginally at day 19, was associated with TLR4-dependent and independent increases in NF-κB signaling. Similarly, increases in either activated or total β-catenin in the colonic crypts of WT mice as early as day 3 post-infection coincided with cyclinD1 and c-myc expression and associated crypt hyperplasia. In KO mice, a delayed kinetics associated predominantly with increases in non-phosphorylated (active) β-catenin coincided with increases in cyclinD1, c-myc and crypt hyperplasia. Interestingly, PKCζ-catalyzed Ser-9 phosphorylation and inactivation of GSK-3β and not loss of wild type APC protein accounted for β-catenin accumulation and nuclear translocation in either strain. In vitro studies with Wnt2b and Wnt5a further validated the interplay between the Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB pathways, respectively. When WT or KO mice were treated with nanoparticle-encapsulated siRNA to β-catenin (si- β-Cat), almost complete loss of nuclear β-catenin coincided with concomitant decreases in CD44 and crypt hyperplasia without defects in NF-κB signaling. si-β-Cat treatment to ApcMin/+ mice attenuated CR-induced increases in β-catenin and CD44 that halted the growth of mutated crypts without affecting NF-κB signaling. The predominant β-catenin-induced crypt proliferation was further validated in a Castaneus strain (B6.CAST.11M) that exhibited significant crypt hyperplasia despite an attenuated NF-κB signaling. Thus, β-catenin and not necessarily NF-κB regulates crypt hyperplasia in response to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathy Chandrakesan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Laxmi Uma Maheswar Rao Jakkula
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Ishfaq Ahmed
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Badal Roy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Shrikant Anant
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Utility of a bacterial infection model to study epithelial-mesenchymal transition, mesenchymal-epithelial transition or tumorigenesis. Oncogene 2013; 33:2639-54. [PMID: 23752178 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
DCLK1 and Lgr5 have recently been identified as markers of quiescent and cycling stem cells in the small intestinal crypts, respectively. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key development program that is often activated during cancer invasion and metastasis, and also imparts a self-renewal capability to disseminating cancer cells. Utilizing the Citrobacter rodentium (CR)-induced transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia (TMCH) model, we observed a relative decrease in DCLK1 expression in the colonic crypts, with significant shift towards stromal staining at peak (12 days post infection) hyperplasia, whereas staining for Lgr5 and Msi-1 increased several fold. When hyperplasia was regressing (days 20-34), an expansion of DCLK1+ve cells in the CR-infected crypts compared with that seen in uninfected control was recorded. Purified colonic crypt cells exhibiting epigenetic modulation of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), Wnt and Notch pathways on 12 or 34 days post infection formed monolayers in vitro, and underwent trans-differentiation into fibroblast-like cells that stained positive for vimentin, fibronectin and DCLK1. These cells when trypsinized and regrown in soft agar, formed colonospheres/organoids that developed into crypt-like structures (colonoids) in Matrigel and stained positive for DCLK1. Mice exhibiting 12 or 34 days of TMCH were given azoxymethane once for 8 h (Gp1) or weekly for 3 weeks (Gp2), and subjected to crypt isolation. Crypt cells from Gp1 animals formed monolayers as well as colonospheres in soft agar and nodules/tumors in nude mice. Crypt cells isolated from Gp2 animals failed to form the monolayers, but developed into colonospheres in soft agar and nodules/tumors in nude mice. Thus, both hyperplasia and increased presence of DCLK1+ve cells promote cellular transformation in response to a second hit. The TMCH model, therefore, provides an excellent template to study how alterations in intestinal stem cells promote trans-differentiation, crypt regeneration or colon carcinogenesis following bacterial infection.
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25
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Ahmed I, Roy B, Chandrakesan P, Venugopal A, Xia L, Jensen R, Anant S, Umar S. Evidence of functional cross talk between the Notch and NF-κB pathways in nonneoplastic hyperproliferating colonic epithelium. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G356-70. [PMID: 23203159 PMCID: PMC3566617 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00372.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The Notch and NF-κB signaling pathways regulate stem cell function and inflammation in the gut, respectively. We investigate whether a functional cross talk exists between the two pathways during transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia (TMCH) caused by Citrobacter rodentium (CR). During TMCH, NF-κB activity and subunit phosphorylation in colonic crypts of NIH Swiss mice at days 6 and 12 were associated with increases in downstream target CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)-1/keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC) expression. Blocking Notch signaling acutely for 5 days with the Notch blocker dibenzazepine (DBZ) failed to inhibit crypt NF-κB activity or CXCL-1/KC expression. Chronic DBZ administration for 10 days, however, blocked Notch and NF-κB signaling in the crypts and abrogated hyperplasia. Intriguingly, chronic Notch inhibition was associated with significant increases in IL-1α, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, macrophage inflammatory protein 2, and KC in the crypt-denuded lamina propria or whole distal colon, with concomitant increases in myeloperoxidase activity. In core-3(-/-) mice, which are defective in intestinal mucin, DBZ administration replicated the results of NIH Swiss mice; in Apc(Min/+) mice, which are associated with CR-induced elevation of NF-κB-p65(276) expression, DBZ reversed the increase in NF-κB-p65(276), which may have blocked rapid proliferation of the mutated crypts. DBZ further blocked reporter activities involving the NF-κB-luciferase reporter plasmid or the Toll-like receptor 4/NF-κB/SEAPorter HEK-293 reporter cell line, while ectopic expression of Notch-N(ICD) reversed the inhibitory effect. Dietary bael (Aegle marmelos) extract (4%) and curcumin (4%) restored Notch and NF-κB cross talk in NIH Swiss mice, inhibited CR/DBZ-induced apoptosis in the crypts, and promoted crypt regeneration. Thus functional cross talk between the Notch and NF-κB pathways during TMCH regulates hyperplasia and/or inflammation in response to CR infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishfaq Ahmed
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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26
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Shin JS, Yun KJ, Chung KS, Seo KH, Park HJ, Cho YW, Baek NI, Jang D, Lee KT. Monotropein isolated from the roots of Morinda officinalis ameliorates proinflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 macrophages and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis via NF-κB inactivation. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 53:263-71. [PMID: 23261679 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that monotropein isolated from the roots of Morinda officinalis (Rubiaceae) has anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of monotropein in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model. Monotropein was found to inhibit the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Treatment with monotropein decreased the DNA binding activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Consistent with these findings, monotropein also suppressed phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitory κB-α (IκB-α), and consequently the translocations of NF-κB. In the DSS-induced colitis model, monotropein reduced disease activity index (DAI), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and inflammation-related protein expressions by suppressing NF-κB activation in colon mucosa. Taken together, these findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of monotropein are mainly related to the inhibition of the expressions of inflammatory mediators via NF-κB inactivation, and support its possible therapeutic role in colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Sun Shin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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27
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Abstract
Gut flora generally contributes to a healthy environment while both commensal and pathogenic bacteria that influence the innate and adaptive immune responses, can cause acute and/or chronic mucosal inflammation. Citrobacter rodentium (C. rodentium) is a member of the family of enteropathogens that provide an excellent in vivo model to investigate the host-pathogen interactions in real-time. It is the etiologic agent for transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia (TMCH) while inflammation following C. rodentium infection is dependent upon the genetic background. Ongoing and completed studies in this model have so far established that Wnt/β-catenin, Notch and PI3K pathways regulate colonic crypt hyperplasia while epithelial-stromal cross-talk, mediated by MEK/ERK/NF-κB signaling, regulates inflammation and/or colitis in susceptible strains. The C. rodentium-induced hyperplastic state also increases the susceptibility to either mutagenic insult or in mice heterozygous for Apc gene. The ability to modulate the host response to C. rodentium infection therefore provides an opportunity to delineate the mechanisms that determine mucosal hyperplasia, intestinal inflammation, and/or neoplasia as disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Umar
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
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28
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Critical roles of Notch and Wnt/β-catenin pathways in the regulation of hyperplasia and/or colitis in response to bacterial infection. Infect Immun 2012; 80:3107-21. [PMID: 22710872 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00236-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch and Wnt/β-catenin signals play essential roles in intestinal development and homeostasis. Citrobacter rodentium induces transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia (TMCH) and various degrees of inflammation, depending upon the genetic background. We aimed at delineating the role of the Notch and Wnt/β-catenin pathways in the regulation of colonic crypt hyperplasia and/or colitis following C. rodentium infection. During TMCH, relative levels of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) increased significantly, along with increases in Jagged-1 and Hes-1 coinciding with the progression and regression phases of hyperplasia. Blocking of Notch signaling with dibenzazepine (DBZ) for 5 days before the onset of hyperplasia also blocked Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Targeting the Notch pathway for 5 days after the onset of hyperplasia failed to inhibit Wnt/β-catenin-regulated crypt hyperplasia. Chronic DBZ administration for 10 days blocked both Notch and Wnt signaling, disrupted the intestinal barrier, and induced colitis. Core-3(-/-) mice, which are defective in mucin secretion and are susceptible to experimental triggers of colitis, also exhibited significant colitis in response to C. rodentium plus DBZ. Chronic DBZ administration in these mice did not result in depletion of the putative stem cell marker doublecortin-like kinase-1 (DCLK1) in the crypts. Dietary bael (Aegle marmelos) extract (4%) and curcumin (4%) restored signaling via the Notch and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, thereby promoting crypt regeneration, and also replenished the mucus layer, leading to amelioration of C. rodentium- and DBZ-induced colitis in NIH:Swiss mice. Thus, the balancing act between cell proliferation and mucus production to restore barrier integrity seems to depend upon the interplay between the Wnt/β-catenin and Notch pathways in the TMCH model.
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