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Hanas JS, Hocker JRS, Vannarath CA, Lerner MR, Blair SG, Lightfoot SA, Hanas RJ, Couch JR, Hershey LA. Distinguishing Alzheimer's Disease Patients and Biochemical Phenotype Analysis Using a Novel Serum Profiling Platform: Potential Involvement of the VWF/ADAMTS13 Axis. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050583. [PMID: 33946285 PMCID: PMC8145311 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to develop minimally invasive biomarker platforms to help in the identification and monitoring of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Assisting in the understanding of biochemical mechanisms as well as identifying potential novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets would be an added benefit of such platforms. This study utilizes a simplified and novel serum profiling platform, using mass spectrometry (MS), to help distinguish AD patient groups (mild and moderate) and controls, as well as to aid in understanding of biochemical phenotypes and possible disease development. A comparison of discriminating sera mass peaks between AD patients and control individuals was performed using leave one [serum sample] out cross validation (LOOCV) combined with a novel peak classification valuation (PCV) procedure. LOOCV/PCV was able to distinguish significant sera mass peak differences between a group of mild AD patients and control individuals with a p value of 10-13. This value became non-significant (p = 0.09) when the same sera samples were randomly allocated between the two groups and reanalyzed by LOOCV/PCV. This is indicative of physiological group differences in the original true-pathology binary group comparison. Similarities and differences between AD patients and traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients were also discernable using this novel LOOCV/PCV platform. MS/MS peptide analysis was performed on serum mass peaks comparing mild AD patients with control individuals. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that cell pathways/biochemical phenotypes affected in AD include those involving neuronal cell death, vasculature, neurogenesis, and AD/dementia/amyloidosis. Inflammation, autoimmunity, autophagy, and blood-brain barrier pathways also appear to be relevant to AD. An impaired VWF/ADAMTS13 vasculature axis with connections to F8 (factor VIII) and LRP1 and NOTCH1 was indicated and is proposed to be important in AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S. Hanas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.R.S.H.); (C.A.V.); (R.J.H.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.R.L.); (S.G.B.)
- Veterans Administration Hospital, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - James R. S. Hocker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.R.S.H.); (C.A.V.); (R.J.H.)
| | - Christian A. Vannarath
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.R.S.H.); (C.A.V.); (R.J.H.)
| | - Megan R. Lerner
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.R.L.); (S.G.B.)
| | - Scott G. Blair
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.R.L.); (S.G.B.)
| | | | - Rushie J. Hanas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.R.S.H.); (C.A.V.); (R.J.H.)
| | - James R. Couch
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.R.C.); (L.A.H.)
| | - Linda A. Hershey
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.R.C.); (L.A.H.)
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Hocker JR, Lerner M, Lightfoot SA, Peyton MD, Thompson JL, Deb S, Reinersman M, Hanas RJ, Postier RG, Edil BH, Burkhart HM, Hanas JS. Serum discrimination and phenotype assessment of coronary artery disease patents with and without type 2 diabetes prior to coronary artery bypass graft surgery. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234539. [PMID: 32756554 PMCID: PMC7527241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) accelerates coronary artery disease (CAD) and atherosclerosis, the causes of most heart attacks. The biomolecules involved in these inter-related disease processes are not well understood. This study analyzes biomolecules in the sera of patients with CAD, with and without type (T) 2DM, who are about to undergo coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. The goal is to develop methodology to help identify and monitor CAD patients with and without T2DM, in order to better understand these phenotypes and to glean relationships through analysis of serum biomolecules. Aorta, fat, muscle, and vein tissues from CAD T2DM patients display diabetic-related histologic changes (e.g., lipid accumulation, fibrosis, loss of cellularity) when compared to non-diabetic CAD patients. The patient discriminatory methodology utilized is serum biomolecule mass profiling. This mass spectrometry (MS) approach is able to distinguish the sera of a group of CAD patients from controls (p value 10−15), with the CAD group containing both T2DM and non-diabetic patients. This result indicates the T2DM phenotype does not interfere appreciably with the CAD determination versus control individuals. Sera from a group of T2DM CAD patients however are distinguishable from non-T2DM CAD patients (p value 10−8), indicating it may be possible to examine the T2DM phenotype within the CAD disease state with this MS methodology. The same serum samples used in the CAD T2DM versus non-T2DM binary group comparison were subjected to MS/MS peptide structure analysis to help identify potential biochemical and phenotypic changes associated with CAD and T2DM. Such peptide/protein identifications could lead to improved understanding of underlying mechanisms, additional biomarkers for discriminating and monitoring these disease conditions, and potential therapeutic targets. Bioinformatics/systems biology analysis of the peptide/protein changes associated with CAD and T2DM suggested cell pathways/systems affected include atherosclerosis, DM, fibrosis, lipogenesis, loss of cellularity (apoptosis), and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Hocker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Megan Lerner
- Department of Surgery The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Stan A. Lightfoot
- Department of Medicine The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Marvin D. Peyton
- Department of Surgery The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Jess L. Thompson
- Department of Surgery The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Subrato Deb
- Department of Surgery The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Mathew Reinersman
- Department of Surgery The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - R. Jane Hanas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Russel G. Postier
- Department of Surgery The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Barish H. Edil
- Department of Surgery The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Harold M. Burkhart
- Department of Surgery The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Jay S. Hanas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Keirns BH, Anderson KL, Ojo BA, Washburn KF, El-Rassi GD, Lightfoot SA, Carver BF, Lucas EA, Smith BJ. A Comparative Study of Modern and Heirloom Wheat on Indicators of Gastrointestinal Health. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:14027-14037. [PMID: 31771323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wheat consumption has declined amid growing concerns about gluten-sensitivity. To determine if genetic manipulation of wheat contributes to systemic and localized gut inflammation, we compared the effects of the modern variety Gallagher and a blend of two heirloom varieties, Turkey and Kharkof, on measures of gut inflammation, structural characteristics, and barrier integrity under normal and Western diet (WD) conditions in C57BL/6 mice. Indicators of gut inflammation, including lymphocyte infiltration and cytokine expression, were largely unaffected by WD or wheat, although WD elevated interferon-γ (Ifng) and heirloom varieties modestly reduced interleukin-17 (Il17) in the context of WD. WD negatively affected jejunal villi structure, while the modern variety improved villi structure in the ileum. Relative mRNA and tight junction proteins and serum lipopolysaccharide binding protein were unaltered by WD or wheat. These findings indicate that the modern variety did not compromise barrier function or contribute to gut inflammation compared to its heirloom predecessor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Stan A Lightfoot
- Department of Pathology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma 73104 , United States
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Hocker JR, Deb SJ, Li M, Lerner MR, Lightfoot SA, Quillet AA, Hanas RJ, Reinersman M, Thompson JL, Vu NT, Kupiec TC, Brackett DJ, Peyton MD, Dubinett SM, Burkhart HM, Postier RG, Hanas JS. Serum Monitoring and Phenotype Identification of Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients. Cancer Invest 2017; 35:573-585. [PMID: 28949774 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2017.1373120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) serum profiling platform is presented which is highly efficient and accurate. Test sensitivity (0.95) for stage I NSCLC is the highest reported so far. Test metrics are reported for discriminating stage I adenocarcinoma vs squamous cell carcinoma subtypes. Blinded analysis identified 23 out of 24 stage I NSCLC and control serum samples. Group-discriminating mass peaks were targeted for tandem mass spectrometry peptide/protein identification, and yielded a lung cancer phenotype. Bioinformatic analysis revealed a novel lymphocyte adhesion pathway involved with early-stage lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hocker
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, Stephenson Cancer Center , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BMSB 853, Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Subrato J Deb
- b Department of Surgery, Stephenson Cancer Center , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , P.O. Box Williams Pavilion Room 2140. Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Min Li
- b Department of Surgery, Stephenson Cancer Center , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , P.O. Box Williams Pavilion Room 2140. Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Megan R Lerner
- b Department of Surgery, Stephenson Cancer Center , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , P.O. Box Williams Pavilion Room 2140. Oklahoma City , OK , USA.,c Department of Veterans Affairs , Veterans Affairs Medical Center , 921 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Stan A Lightfoot
- c Department of Veterans Affairs , Veterans Affairs Medical Center , 921 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Aurelien A Quillet
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, Stephenson Cancer Center , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BMSB 853, Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - R Jane Hanas
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, Stephenson Cancer Center , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BMSB 853, Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Matthew Reinersman
- b Department of Surgery, Stephenson Cancer Center , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , P.O. Box Williams Pavilion Room 2140. Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Jess L Thompson
- b Department of Surgery, Stephenson Cancer Center , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , P.O. Box Williams Pavilion Room 2140. Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Nicole T Vu
- d Analytical Research Laboratories BioPharma , 840 Research Parkway, Ste. 546, Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Thomas C Kupiec
- d Analytical Research Laboratories BioPharma , 840 Research Parkway, Ste. 546, Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Daniel J Brackett
- c Department of Veterans Affairs , Veterans Affairs Medical Center , 921 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Marvin D Peyton
- b Department of Surgery, Stephenson Cancer Center , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , P.O. Box Williams Pavilion Room 2140. Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Stephen M Dubinett
- e David Geffen School of Medicine , University of California , 10833 Le Conte Ave. CHS 37-131, Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Harold M Burkhart
- b Department of Surgery, Stephenson Cancer Center , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , P.O. Box Williams Pavilion Room 2140. Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Russell G Postier
- b Department of Surgery, Stephenson Cancer Center , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , P.O. Box Williams Pavilion Room 2140. Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Jay S Hanas
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, Stephenson Cancer Center , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BMSB 853, Oklahoma City , OK , USA.,b Department of Surgery, Stephenson Cancer Center , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , P.O. Box Williams Pavilion Room 2140. Oklahoma City , OK , USA.,c Department of Veterans Affairs , Veterans Affairs Medical Center , 921 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City , OK , USA
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Kim TD, Oh S, Lightfoot SA, Shin S, Wren JD, Janknecht R. Upregulation of PSMD10 caused by the JMJD2A histone demethylase. Int J Clin Exp Med 2016; 9:10123-10134. [PMID: 28883898 PMCID: PMC5584593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PSMD10, also known as gankyrin, is associated with the proteasome and has been shown to be an oncoprotein in the liver. Here, we report that PSMD10 expression is stimulated by the histone demethylase JMJD2A/KDM4A and its interaction partner, the ETV1 transcription factor, in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Global analysis of expression patterns revealed that PSMD10 mRNA levels are positively correlated with those of both JMJD2A and ETV1. In human prostate tumors, PSMD10 is highly overexpressed at the protein level and correlates with JMJD2A overexpression; further, PSMD10 expression is enhanced in the prostates of transgenic JMJD2A mice. Moreover, PSMD10 is particularly overexpressed in high Gleason score prostate tumors. Downregulation of PSMD10 in LNCaP prostate cancer cells impaired their growth, indicating that PSMD10 may exert a pro-oncogenic function in the prostate. Lastly, we observed that PSMD10 expression is correlated to YAP1, a component of the Hippo signaling pathway and whose gene promoter is regulated by JMJD2A, and that PSMD10 can cooperate with YAP1 in stimulating LNCaP cell growth. Altogether, these data indicate that PSMD10 is a novel downstream effector of JMJD2A and suggest that inhibition of the JMJD2A histone demethylase by small molecule drugs may be effective to curtail the oncogenic activity of PSMD10 in various PSMD10-overexpressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Dong Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sangphil Oh
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Stan A Lightfoot
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sook Shin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Jonathan D Wren
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Ralf Janknecht
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Kim TD, Jin F, Shin S, Oh S, Lightfoot SA, Grande JP, Johnson AJ, van Deursen JM, Wren JD, Janknecht R. Histone demethylase JMJD2A drives prostate tumorigenesis through transcription factor ETV1. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:706-20. [PMID: 26731476 DOI: 10.1172/jci78132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone demethylase upregulation has been observed in human cancers, yet it is unknown whether this is a bystander event or a driver of tumorigenesis. We found that overexpression of lysine-specific demethylase 4A (KDM4A, also known as JMJD2A) was positively correlated with Gleason score and metastasis in human prostate tumors. Overexpression of JMJD2A resulted in the development of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in mice, demonstrating that JMJD2A can initiate prostate cancer development. Moreover, combined overexpression of JMJD2A and the ETS transcription factor ETV1, a JMJD2A-binding protein, resulted in prostate carcinoma formation in mice haplodeficient for the phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten) tumor-suppressor gene. Additionally, JMJD2A cooperated with ETV1 to increase expression of yes associated protein 1 (YAP1), a Hippo pathway component that itself was associated with prostate tumor aggressiveness. ETV1 facilitated the recruitment of JMJD2A to the YAP1 promoter, leading to changes in histone lysine methylation in a human prostate cancer cell line. Further, YAP1 expression largely rescued the growth inhibitory effects of JMJD2A depletion in prostate cancer cells, indicating that YAP1 is a downstream effector of JMJD2A. Taken together, these data reveal a JMJD2A/ETV1/YAP1 axis that promotes prostate cancer initiation and that may be a suitable target for therapeutic inhibition.
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Sureban SM, May R, Qu D, Chandrakesan P, Weygant N, Ali N, Lightfoot SA, Ding K, Umar S, Schlosser MJ, Houchen CW. Dietary Pectin Increases Intestinal Crypt Stem Cell Survival following Radiation Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135561. [PMID: 26270561 PMCID: PMC4536042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal damage is a devastating adverse effect of radiation therapy. We have recently reported that expression of Dclk1, a Tuft cell and tumor stem cell (TSC) marker, 24h after high dose total-body gamma-IR (TBI) can be used as a surrogate marker for crypt survival. Dietary pectin has been demonstrated to possess chemopreventive properties, whereas its radioprotective property has not been studied. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary pectin on ionizing radiation (IR)-induced intestinal stem cell (ISC) deletion, crypt and overall survival following lethal TBI. C57BL/6 mice received a 6% pectin diet and 0.5% pectin drinking water (pre-IR mice received pectin one week before TBI until death; post-IR mice received pectin after TBI until death). Animals were exposed to TBI (14 Gy) and euthanized at 24 and 84h post-IR to assess ISC deletion and crypt survival respectively. Animals were also subjected to overall survival studies following TBI. In pre-IR treatment group, we observed a three-fold increase in ISC/crypt survival, a two-fold increase in Dclk1+ stem cells, increased overall survival (median 10d vs. 7d), and increased expression of Dclk1, Msi1, Lgr5, Bmi1, and Notch1 (in small intestine) post-TBI in pectin treated mice compared to controls. We also observed increased survival of mice treated with pectin (post-IR) compared to controls. Dietary pectin is a radioprotective agent; prevents IR-induced deletion of potential reserve ISCs; facilitates crypt regeneration; and ultimately promotes overall survival. Given the anti-cancer activity of pectin, our data support a potential role for dietary pectin as an agent that can be administered to patients receiving radiation therapy to protect against radiation-induces mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sripathi M. Sureban
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- The Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CWH); (SMS)
| | - Randal May
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Dongfeng Qu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Parthasarathy Chandrakesan
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel Weygant
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Naushad Ali
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- The Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Stan A. Lightfoot
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Kai Ding
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, The University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | | | - Courtney W. Houchen
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- The Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CWH); (SMS)
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Chandrakesan P, Weygant N, May R, Qu D, Chinthalapally HR, Sureban SM, Ali N, Lightfoot SA, Umar S, Houchen CW. DCLK1 facilitates intestinal tumor growth via enhancing pluripotency and epithelial mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget 2015; 5:9269-80. [PMID: 25211188 PMCID: PMC4253433 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (Dclk1) is overexpressed in many cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC) and it specifically marks intestinal tumor stem cells. However, the role of Dclk1 in intestinal tumorigenesis in Apc mutant conditions is still poorly understood. We demonstrate that Dclk1 expression and Dclk1+ cells are significantly increased in the intestinal epithelium of elderly ApcMin/+ mice compared to young ApcMin/+ mice and wild type mice. Intestinal epithelial cells of ApcMin/+ mice demonstrate increased pluripotency, self-renewing ability, and EMT. Furthermore, miRNAs are dysregulated, expression of onco-miRNAs are significantly increased with decreased tumor suppressor miRNAs. In support of these findings, knockdown of Dclk1 in elderly ApcMin/+ mice attenuates intestinal adenomas and adenocarcinoma by decreasing pluripotency, EMT and onco-miRNAs indicating that Dclk1 overexpression facilitates intestinal tumorigenesis. Knocking down Dclk1 weakens Dclk1-dependent intestinal processes for tumorigenesis. This study demonstrates that Dclk1 is critically involved in facilitating intestinal tumorigenesis by enhancing pluripotency and EMT factors in Apc mutant intestinal tumors and it also provides a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathy Chandrakesan
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Nathaniel Weygant
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Randal May
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Dongfeng Qu
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Harisha R Chinthalapally
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sripathi M Sureban
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Naushad Ali
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Stan A Lightfoot
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Courtney W Houchen
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Whorton J, Sureban SM, May R, Qu D, Lightfoot SA, Madhoun M, Johnson M, Tierney WM, Maple JT, Vega KJ, Houchen CW. DCLK1 is detectable in plasma of patients with Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:509-13. [PMID: 25283374 PMCID: PMC8201417 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3347-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1), a putative tumor stem cell marker has been shown to be highly expressed in the stromal and epithelial compartments in colon and pancreatic cancer as well as Barrett's esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). AIM To prospectively investigate whether the immunohistochemical expression of DCLK1 was associated with detectable DCLK1 plasma expression in patients with existing BE and EAC. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded sections using DCLK1 antibody and scored based on staining intensity and tissue involvement. Purified human plasma samples were subjected to Western blot and ELISA analysis. RESULTS Forty (40) patients were enrolled: 10 controls (normal endoscopy) and 30 with BE/EAC (13 nondysplastic BE [NDBE], 9 dysplastic BE [DBE] and 8 EAC). Mean epithelial DCLK1 staining was as follows: controls = 0.11, NDBE = 3.83, DBE = 6.0, EAC = 7.17. Mean stromal DCLK1 staining was as follows: NDBE = 5.83, DBE = 5.375, EAC = 10.83. DCLK1 was detected by plasma Western blot in 1 control and in all patients with BE/EAC p < 0.0005. Plasma DCLK1 was elevated by ELISA in EAC compared to other groups, p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of DCLK1 was observed in the epithelium, stroma and plasma of patients with BE/EAC. Furthermore, the presence of detectable DCLK1 in plasma of BE/EAC patients may provide a less invasive, detection tool in those patients as well as represent a novel molecular marker distinguishing between normal esophageal mucosa and BE or EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Whorton
- Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sripathi M. Sureban
- Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA,OU Cancer Institute, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Randal May
- Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Dongfeng Qu
- Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Stan A. Lightfoot
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Mohammad Madhoun
- Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Milton Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - William M. Tierney
- Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - John T. Maple
- Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Vega
- Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Courtney W. Houchen
- Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA,OU Cancer Institute, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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10
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Hocker JR, Postier RG, Li M, Lerner MR, Lightfoot SA, Peyton MD, Deb SJ, Baker CM, Williams TL, Hanas RJ, Stowell DE, Lander TJ, Brackett DJ, Hanas JS. Discriminating patients with early-stage pancreatic cancer or chronic pancreatitis using serum electrospray mass profiling. Cancer Lett 2015; 359:314-24. [PMID: 25637792 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Blood tests are needed to aid in the early detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and monitoring pancreatitis development into malignancy especially in high risk patients. This study exhibits efforts and progress toward developing such blood tests, using electrospray-mass spectrometry (MS) serum profiling to distinguish patients with early-stage PDAC or pancreatitis from each other and from controls. Identification of significant serum mass peak differences between these individuals was performed using t tests and "leave one out" cross validation. Serum mass peak distributions of control individuals were distinguished from those of patients with chronic pancreatitis or early-stage PDAC with P values <10(-15), and patients with chronic pancreatitis were distinguished from those of patients with early-stage PDAC with a P value <10(-12). Sera from 12 out of 12 patients with PDAC stages I, IIA and IIB were blindly validated from controls. Tandem MS/MS identified a cancer phenotype with elements of PDAC involved in early-stage PDAC/control discrimination. These studies indicate electrospray-MS mass profiling can detect serum changes in patients with pancreatitis or early-stage pancreatic cancer. Such technology has the potential to aid in early detection of pancreatic cancer, biomarker development, and in monitoring development of pancreatitis into PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hocker
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Russell G Postier
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Min Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Megan R Lerner
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Stan A Lightfoot
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Marvin D Peyton
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Subrato J Deb
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Candace M Baker
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Travis L Williams
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Rushie Jane Hanas
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Donald E Stowell
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Theresa J Lander
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Daniel J Brackett
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Jay S Hanas
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.
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11
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Hanas JS, Peyton MD, Lerner MR, Lightfoot SA, Deb SJ, Hanas RJ, Vu NT, Kupiec TC, Stowell DE, Brackett DJ, Dubinett SM, Hocker JR. Distinguishing patients with stage I lung cancer versus control individuals using serum mass profiling. Cancer Invest 2014; 32:136-43. [PMID: 24579933 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2014.883528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Serum mass profiling can discern physiological changes associated with specific disease states and their progression. Sera (86 total) from control individuals and patients with stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer or benign small pulmonary nodules were discriminated retrospectively by serum changes discerned by mass profiling. Control individuals were distinguished from patients with Stage I lung cancer or benign nodules with test sensitivities of 89% and 83%. Lung cancer patients versus those with benign nodules were distinguished with 80% sensitivity. This study exhibits progress toward a minimally-invasive aid in early detection of lung cancer and monitoring small pulmonary nodules for malignancy.
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12
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Sureban SM, May R, Qu D, Weygant N, Chandrakesan P, Ali N, Lightfoot SA, Pantazis P, Rao CV, Postier RG, Houchen CW. DCLK1 regulates pluripotency and angiogenic factors via microRNA-dependent mechanisms in pancreatic cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73940. [PMID: 24040120 PMCID: PMC3767662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell pluripotency, angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) have been shown to be significantly upregulated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and many other aggressive cancers. The dysregulation of these processes is believed to play key roles in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis, and is contributory to PDAC being the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the US. The tumor suppressor miRNA miR-145 downregulates critical pluripotency factors and oncogenes and results in repressed metastatic potential in PDAC. Additionally, the miR-200 family regulates several angiogenic factors which have been linked to metastasis in many solid tumors. We have previously demonstrated that downregulation of DCLK1 can upregulate critical miRNAs in both in vitro and in vivo cancer models and results in downregulation of c-MYC, KRAS, NOTCH1 and EMT-related transcription factors. A recent report has also shown that Dclk1 can distinguish between normal and tumor stem cells in Apc (min/+) mice and that ablation of Dclk1(+) cells resulted in regression of intestinal polyps without affecting homeostasis. Here we demonstrate that the knockdown of DCLK1 using poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-encapsulated-DCLK1-siRNA results in AsPC1 tumor growth arrest. Examination of xenograft tumors revealed, (a) increased miR-145 which results in decreased pluripotency maintenance factors OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, KLF4 as well as KRAS and RREB1; (b) increased let-7a which results in decreased pluripotency factor LIN28B; and (c) increased miR-200 which results in decreased VEGFR1, VEGFR2 and EMT-related transcription factors ZEB1, ZEB2, SNAIL and SLUG. Specificity of DCLK1 post-transcriptional regulation of the downstream targets of miR-145, miR-200 and let-7a was accomplished utilizing a luciferase-based reporter assay. We conclude that DCLK1 plays a significant master regulatory role in pancreatic tumorigenesis through the regulation of multiple tumor suppressor miRNAs and their downstream pro-tumorigenic pathways. This novel concept of targeting DCLK1 alone has several advantages over targeting single pathway or miRNA-based therapies for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sripathi M. Sureban
- Department of Medicine, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- The Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Randal May
- Department of Medicine, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Dongfeng Qu
- Department of Medicine, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel Weygant
- Department of Medicine, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Parthasarathy Chandrakesan
- Department of Medicine, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Naushad Ali
- Department of Medicine, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- The Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Stan A. Lightfoot
- Department of Pathology, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Panayotis Pantazis
- COARE Biotechnology Inc., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Chinthalapally V. Rao
- Department of Medicine, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- The Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Russell G. Postier
- Department of Surgery, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Courtney W. Houchen
- Department of Medicine, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- The Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
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13
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Hocker JR, Mohammed A, Aston CE, Brewer M, Lightfoot SA, Rao CV, Hanas JS. Mass profiling of serum to distinguish mice with pancreatic cancer induced by a transgenic Kras mutation. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:2662-71. [PMID: 23712558 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has the unique ability to profile, in an easily accessible body tissue (peripheral blood/serum,) the sizes and relative amounts of a wide variety of biomolecules in a single platform setting. Using electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS, we distinguished individual serum from wild-type control mice from serum of mice containing an oncogenic Kras mutation, which leads to development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) similar to that observed in humans. Identification of differences in significant ESI-MS sera mass peaks between Kras-activated mice and control mice was performed using t tests and a "nested leave one out" cross-validation procedure. Peak distributions in serum of control mice from mice with Kras-mutant-dependent PDAC were distinguished from those of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions (p = 0.00024). In addition, Kras mutant mice with PDAC were distinguished from Kras mutant mice with PanIN alone (p = 0.0057). Test specificity, a measure of the false positives, was greater for the control vs. Kras mutated mice, and the test sensitivity, a measure of false negatives, was greater for the PDAC vs. PanIN containing mice. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve discriminatory values were 0.85 for both comparisons. These studies indicate ESI-MS serum mass profiling can detect physiological changes associated with pancreatic cancer initiation and development in a GEM (genetic engineered mouse) model that mimics pancreatic cancer development in humans. Such technology has the potential to aid in early detection of pancreatic cancer and in developing therapeutic drug interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hocker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, PC Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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Abstract
Overexpression of the ETS-related transcription factor ETV1 can initiate neoplastic transformation of the prostate. ETV1 activity is highly regulated by phosphorylation, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here we report that all 14-3-3 proteins, with the exception of the tumor suppressor 14-3-3σ, can bind to ETV1 in a condition manner dictated by its prominent phosphorylation site S216. Non-σ 14-3-3 proteins synergized with ETV1 to activate transcription of its target genes MMP-1 and MMP-7, which regulate extracellular matrix in the prostate tumor microenvironment. S216 mutation or 14-3-3τ downregulation was sufficient to reduce ETV1 protein levels in prostate cancer cells, indicating that non-σ 14-3-3 proteins protect ETV1 from degradation. Notably, S216 mutation also decreased ETV1-dependent migration and invasion in benign prostate cells. Downregulation of 14-3-3τ reduced prostate cancer cell invasion and growth in the same manner as ETV1 attenuation. Finally, we showed that 14-3-3τ and 14-3-3ε were overexpressed in human prostate tumors. Taken together, our results showed that non-σ 14-3-3 proteins are important modulators of ETV1 function that promote prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangphil Oh
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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15
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Berry WL, Shin S, Lightfoot SA, Janknecht R. Oncogenic features of the JMJD2A histone demethylase in breast cancer. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:1701-6. [PMID: 22948256 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) plays a pivotal role in the genesis of the majority of breast tumors. Consequently, endocrine therapy is now routinely utilized in the clinic for the treatment of ERα-positive breast cancer patients. However, how ERα activity becomes dysregulated in breast cancer cells remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to show that the histone demethylase JMJD2A, also known as KDM4A, is capable of forming a complex with ERα in vivo. Moreover, wild-type JMJD2A, but not a catalytically impaired mutant, was able to strongly coactivate ERα-mediated transcription. Consistently, the downregulation of JMJD2A in human T47D breast cancer cells led to a decreased expression of cyclin D1, a prominent ERα target gene and cell cycle regulator. The downregulation of JMJD2A induced a reduction in the growth of T47D cells. In addition, we found that JMJD2A is overexpressed in human breast tumors both at the mRNA and protein level. Taken together, these data indicate that the overexpression of JMJD2A may contribute to breast tumor formation by stimulating ERα activity and that JMJD2A may be a breast-relevant oncoprotein. As such, small molecule drugs targeting the catalytic center of JMJD2A might be useful in breast cancer adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Berry
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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16
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Vega KJ, May R, Sureban SM, Lightfoot SA, Qu D, Reed A, Weygant N, Ramanujam R, Souza R, Madhoun M, Whorton J, Anant S, Meltzer SJ, Houchen CW. Identification of the putative intestinal stem cell marker doublecortin and CaM kinase-like-1 in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27:773-80. [PMID: 21916995 PMCID: PMC3289765 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM In Barrett's esophagus (BE), the normal esophageal squamous epithelium is replaced with a specialized metaplastic columnar epithelium. BE is a premalignant lesion that can progress to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Currently, there are no early molecular indicators that would predict progression from BE to EAC. As the only permanent residents of the epithelium, stem cells have been implicated in this metaplastic progression. The aim of the present study was to determine the expression of doublecortin and CaM kinase-like-1 (DCAMKL-1) and other putative gastrointestinal stem cell markers in normal esophageal mucosa (NEM), BE, and EAC. METHODS Human NEM, BE, EAC, and multitissue microarrays were analyzed for DCAMKL-1, and immunohistochemically scored based on staining intensity and tissue involvement, with epithelia and stroma scored separately. Total RNA isolated from BE and paired NEM was subjected to real-time reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis for DCAMKL-1, leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor (LGR5), and Musashi-1 (Msi-1) mRNA expression. RESULTS DCAMKL-1 was minimally expressed in squamous NEM, but increased in BE (with and without dysplasia) and EAC tissues. In EAC, we found increased stromal DCAMKL-1 staining compared to adjacent epithelia. Within the submucosa of dysplastic BE tissues, an increase in the endothelial cell expression of DCAMKL-1 was observed. Finally, an upregulation of DCAMKL-1, LGR5, and Msi-1 mRNA was seen in BE compared to squamous NEM. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, we report the progressive increase of DCAMKL-1 expression in BE from dysplasia to EAC. Furthermore, there was an increase in putative stem cell markers DCAMKL-1, LGR5, and Msi-1 mRNA. Taken together, these data suggest that the regulation of resident stem cells might play an important role in the progression of BE to EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J. Vega
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Randal May
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Sripathi M. Sureban
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Stan A. Lightfoot
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Dongfeng Qu
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Alessandra Reed
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Nathaniel Weygant
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | | | - Rhonda Souza
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mohammad Madhoun
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Joshua Whorton
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | | | - Stephen J. Meltzer
- Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Courtney W. Houchen
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104,OU Cancer Institute, Oklahoma City, OK 73104,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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17
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Hocker JR, Bishop EA, Lightfoot SA, Lerner MR, Peyton MD, Brackett DJ, Hanas RJ, McMeekin DS, Walker JL, Hanas JS. Serum profiling to distinguish early- and late-stage ovarian cancer patients from disease-free individuals. Cancer Invest 2011; 30:189-97. [PMID: 22149058 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2011.636115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sera mass spectrometry (MS) peak differences were analyzed from 35 ovarian cancer patients and 16 disease-free individuals. "Leave one out" cross validation was used to assign "% cancer peaks" in control and ovarian cancer sera samples. Sera MS discriminated stage I/II and stage III/V ovarian cancer patients versus controls with ROC curve area values of 0.82 and 0.92. Test sensitivities for ovarian cancer stage I/II and III/V were 80% and 93% respectively. These results indicate that MS is useful for distinguishing sera from early-stage ovarian cancer patients, and has potential as a test for early detection of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hocker
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
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18
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Hocker JR, Peyton MD, Lerner MR, Lightfoot SA, Hanas RJ, Brackett DJ, Hanas JS. Distinguishing non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma patients from squamous cell carcinoma patients and control individuals using serum profiling. Cancer Invest 2011; 30:180-8. [PMID: 22149138 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2011.633294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Goals of this study were to analyze the ability of mass spectrometry serum profiling to distinguish non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma from squamous cell carcinoma patients and healthy controls. Sera were obtained from 19 adenocarcinoma patients, 24 squamous cell carcinoma patients, and 21 controls. Identifications of significant mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) peak differences between these groups were performed using t-tests. A "leave one out" cross-validation procedure yielded discriminatory lung adenocarcinoma versus squamous cell carcinoma p and ROC curve values of <.0001 and 0.92, respectively. Test sensitivity and specificity were 84% and 79%, respectively. This approach could aid in lung cancer diagnosis and sub-typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hocker
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
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19
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Hocker JR, Peyton MD, Lerner MR, Mitchell SL, Lightfoot SA, Lander TJ, Bates-Albers LM, Vu NT, Hanas RJ, Kupiec TC, Brackett DJ, Hanas JS. Serum discrimination of early-stage lung cancer patients using electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry. Lung Cancer 2011; 74:206-11. [PMID: 21529985 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) technology to distinguish sera of early-stage lung cancer patients from control individuals. ESI-MS m/z (mass divided by charge) data were generated from sera of 43 non-small cell lung cancer patients (pathological stages I and II) and 21 control individuals. Identifications of m/z peak area significances between cancer and control ESI-MS sera spectra were performed using t-tests. A "leave one out" cross validation procedure, which mimics blinded sera analysis and corrects for "over-fitting" of data, yielded discriminatory cancer versus control distribution p value and ROC curve area value of <0.001 and 0.87, respectively. Analysis without the "leave one out" cross validation procedure yielded a ROC curve area of 0.99 for discrimination of sera from lung cancer patients versus control individuals. Predictive value measurements revealed overall test efficiency and sensitivity for distinguishing sera from lung cancer patients from controls (using "leave one out" cross validation) of 80% and 84%, respectively. ESI-MS serum analysis between control individuals and lung cancer patients who smoked or did not smoke had p values in ranges indicating that smoking effects are not pronounced in our analysis. These studies indicate that ESI-MS analyses of sera from early stage non-small cell lung cancer patients were helpful in distinguishing these patients from control individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hocker
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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20
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Bishop EA, Lightfoot SA, Benbrook DM. Abstract 1341: Insulin directly induces endometrial cell proliferation and carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Diabetes and insulin resistance are strong risk factors for type 1 endometrial cancer. The mitogenic actions of insulin are well described, but less is known about the role insulin may play in carcinogenesis. It is unknown if insulin plays direct role in the carcinogensis of endometrial cells or if insulin promotes carcinogenesis through its overall physiological effects. Key pathways within the insulin signaling cascade, such as Ras-MAPK and PI3-K-mTOR, are also involved in the formation and progression of many cancers. The goal of this study was to determine if insulin exerted direct effects on normal endometrial cell proliferation and carcinogenesis.
Methods: The effects of varying doses of insulin on endometrial cells collected from human menstrual blood from healthy volunteers were measured using a standard MTS cytotoxicity assay. These cells were also grown in 3-D organotypic culture for 2 weeks and exposed to a known carcinogen, 7, 12-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene (DMBA), insulin, and the combination of both agents. Effects of insulin were evaluated by histological evaluation and quantified with anchorage independent growth assays.
Results: Insulin increased proliferation of endometrial cells in a dose dependent fashion. In the organotypic model, insulin caused the development of malignant features such as nuclear pleomorphism, hyperchromasia, and mitosis as a single agent and enhanced these malignant features in the DMBA treated cultures. Consistent with these findings, soft agar colony forming assays demonstrated significantly greater numbers of anchorage-independent colonies in cultures treated with insulin plus DMBA in comparison to cultures treated with DMBA alone.
Conclusions: Insulin exerts direct effects on endometrial cells by increasing their proliferation and enhancing their susceptibility to carcinogenesis. Western immunoblotting is now being performed to characterize the effects of insulin on the AKT and MAPK signaling pathways.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1341. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1341
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Sureban SM, May R, Lightfoot SA, Hoskins AB, Lerner M, Brackett DJ, Postier RG, Ramanujam R, Mohammed A, Rao CV, Wyche JH, Anant S, Houchen CW. DCAMKL-1 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human pancreatic cells through a miR-200a-dependent mechanism. Cancer Res 2011; 71:2328-38. [PMID: 21285251 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an exceptionally aggressive disease in great need of more effective therapeutic options. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a key role in cancer invasion and metastasis, and there is a gain of stem cell properties during EMT. Here we report increased expression of the putative pancreatic stem cell marker DCAMKL-1 in an established KRAS transgenic mouse model of pancreatic cancer and in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Colocalization of DCAMKL-1 with vimentin, a marker of mesenchymal lineage, along with 14-3-3 σ was observed within premalignant PanIN lesions that arise in the mouse model. siRNA-mediated knockdown of DCAMKL-1 in human pancreatic cancer cells induced microRNA miR-200a, an EMT inhibitor, along with downregulation of EMT-associated transcription factors ZEB1, ZEB2, Snail, Slug, and Twist. Furthermore, DCAMKL-1 knockdown resulted in downregulation of c-Myc and KRAS through a let-7a microRNA-dependent mechanism, and downregulation of Notch-1 through a miR-144 microRNA-dependent mechanism. These findings illustrate direct regulatory links between DCAMKL-1, microRNAs, and EMT in pancreatic cancer. Moreover, they demonstrate a functional role for DCAMKL-1 in pancreatic cancer. Together, our results rationalize DCAMKL-1 as a therapeutic target for eradicating pancreatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sripathi M Sureban
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
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22
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Hocker JR, Lerner MR, Mitchell SL, Lightfoot SA, Lander TJ, Quillet AA, Hanas RJ, Peyton MD, Postier RG, Brackett DJ, Hanas JS. Distinguishing Early-Stage Pancreatic Cancer Patients From Disease-Free Individuals Using Serum Profiling. Cancer Invest 2011; 29:173-9. [DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2010.543214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Zouwayhed M, John J, May RJ, Lightfoot SA, Houchen CW, Kinasewitz GT. DCAMLK-1 Expression in Lung Cancer. Chest 2010. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.10545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Hanas JS, Bruce Briggs G, Lerner MR, Lightfoot SA, Larabee JL, Karsies TJ, Epstein RB, Hanas RJ, Brackett DJ, Hocker JR. Systemic molecular and cellular changes induced in rats upon inhalation of JP-8 petroleum fuel vapor. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 20:204-12. [PMID: 20233090 DOI: 10.3109/15376511003681009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Limited information is available regarding systemic changes in mammals associated with exposures to petroleum/hydrocarbon fuels. In this study, systemic toxicity of JP-8 jet fuel was observed in a rat inhalation model at different JP-8 fuel vapor concentrations (250, 500, or 1000 mg/m(3), for 91 days). Gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry sequencing identified the alpha-2 microglobulin protein to be elevated in rat kidney in a JP-8 dose-dependent manner. Western blot analysis of kidney and lung tissue extracts revealed JP-8 dependent elevation of inducible heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). Tissue changes were observed histologically (hematoxylin and eosin staining) in liver, kidney, lung, bone marrow, and heart, and more prevalently at medium or high JP-8 vapor phase exposures (500-1000 mg/m(3)) than at low vapor phase exposure (250 mg/m(3)) or non-JP-8 controls. JP-8 fuel-induced liver alterations included dilated sinusoids, cytoplasmic clumping, and fat cell deposition. Changes to the kidneys included reduced numbers of nuclei, and cytoplasmic dumping in the lumen of proximal convoluted tubules. JP-8 dependent lung alterations were edema and dilated alveolar capillaries, which allowed clumping of red blood cells (RBCs). Changes in the bone marrow in response to JP-8 included reduction of fat cells and fat globules, and cellular proliferation (RBCs, white blood cells-WBCs, and megakaryocytes). Heart tissue from JP-8 exposed animals contained increased numbers of inflammatory and fibroblast cells, as well as myofibril scarring. cDNA array analysis of heart tissue revealed a JP-8 dependent increase in atrial natriuretic peptide precursor mRNA and a decrease in voltage-gated potassium (K+) ion channel mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Hanas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA.
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May R, Sureban SM, Lightfoot SA, Hoskins AB, Brackett DJ, Postier RG, Ramanujam R, Rao CV, Wyche JH, Anant S, Houchen CW. Identification of a novel putative pancreatic stem/progenitor cell marker DCAMKL-1 in normal mouse pancreas. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G303-10. [PMID: 20522640 PMCID: PMC2928534 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00146.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are critical in maintaining adult homeostasis and have been proposed to be the origin of many solid tumors, including pancreatic cancer. Here we demonstrate the expression patterns of the putative intestinal stem cell marker DCAMKL-1 in the pancreas of uninjured C57BL/6 mice compared with other pancreatic stem/progenitor cell markers. We then determined the viability of isolated pancreatic stem/progenitor cells in isotransplantation assays following DCAMKL-1 antibody-based cell sorting. Sorted cells were grown in suspension culture and injected into the flanks of athymic nude mice. Here we report that DCAMKL-1 is expressed in the main pancreatic duct epithelia and islets, but not within acinar cells. Coexpression was observed with somatostatin, NGN3, and nestin, but not glucagon or insulin. Isolated DCAMKL-1+ cells formed spheroids in suspension culture and induced nodule formation in isotransplantation assays. Analysis of nodules demonstrated markers of early pancreatic development (PDX-1), glandular epithelium (cytokeratin-14 and Ep-CAM), and isletlike structures (somatostatin and secretin). These data taken together suggest that DCAMKL-1 is a novel putative stem/progenitor marker, can be used to isolate normal pancreatic stem/progenitors, and potentially regenerates pancreatic tissues. This may represent a novel tool for regenerative medicine and a target for anti-stem cell-based therapeutics in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randal May
- 1Departments of Medicine, ,6Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;
| | - Sripathi M. Sureban
- 1Departments of Medicine, ,6Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;
| | - Stan A. Lightfoot
- 4Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; ,6Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shrikant Anant
- 1Departments of Medicine, ,3Cell Biology, and ,5OU Cancer Institute; and
| | - Courtney W. Houchen
- 1Departments of Medicine, ,5OU Cancer Institute; and ,6Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;
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May R, Sureban SM, Hoang N, Riehl TE, Lightfoot SA, Ramanujam R, Wyche JH, Anant S, Houchen CW. Doublecortin and CaM kinase-like-1 and leucine-rich-repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor mark quiescent and cycling intestinal stem cells, respectively. Stem Cells 2010; 27:2571-9. [PMID: 19676123 DOI: 10.1002/stem.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is thought that small intestinal epithelia (IE) undergo continuous self-renewal primarily due to their population of undifferentiated stem cells. These stem cells give rise to transit amplifying (daughter/progenitor) cells, which can differentiate into all mature cell types required for normal gut function. Identification of stem cells in IE is paramount to fully understanding this renewal process. One major obstacle in gastrointestinal stem cell biology has been the lack of definitive markers that identify small intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Here we demonstrate that the novel putative ISC marker doublecortin and CaM kinase-like-1 (DCAMKL-1) is predominantly expressed in quiescent cells in the lower two-thirds of intestinal crypt epithelium and in occasional crypt-based columnar cells (CBCs). In contrast, the novel putative stem cell marker leucine-rich-repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor (LGR5) is observed in rapidly cycling CBCs and in occasional crypt epithelial cells. Furthermore, functionally quiescent DCAMKL-1+ crypt epithelial cells retain bromo-deoxyuridine in a modified label retention assay. Moreover, we demonstrate that DCAMKL-1 is a cell surface expressing protein; DCAMKL-1+ cells, isolated from the adult mouse small intestine by fluorescence activated cell sorting, self-renew and ultimately form spheroids in suspension culture. These spheroids formed glandular epithelial structures in the flanks of athymic nude mice, which expressed multiple markers of gut epithelial lineage. Thus, DCAMKL-1 is a marker of quiescent ISCs and can be distinguished from the cycling stem/progenitors (LGR5+). Moreover, DCAMKL-1 can be used to isolate normal small intestinal stem cells and represents a novel research tool for regenerative medicine and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randal May
- Department of Medicine,The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
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27
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Kurella RR, Ancha HR, Ancha HB, Lightfoot SA, Guild RT, Harty RF. Obscure GI bleeding due to gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) diagnosed by capsule endoscopy. J Okla State Med Assoc 2008; 101:35-37. [PMID: 18361032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a submucosal tumor which is most commonly found in the stomach and less commonly in small bowel. Small bowel GIST can be difficult to diagnose by conventional imaging and endoscopy techniques. We report a case of obscure GI bleeding due to a stromal tumor (GIST) of the jejunum diagnosed by video capsule endoscopy.
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Kurella RR, Ancha HB, Ancha HR, Lightfoot SA, Guild RT, Harty RF. Obscure GI bleeding due to gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) diagnosed by capsule endoscopy. J Okla State Med Assoc 2007; 100:415-416. [PMID: 18183857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi R Kurella
- Department of Gastroenterology, 920 SL Young Blvd.-WP1360, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Smith BJ, Lightfoot SA, Lerner MR, Denson KD, Morgan DL, Hanas JS, Bronze MS, Postier RG, Brackett DJ. Induction of cardiovascular pathology in a novel model of low-grade chronic inflammation. Cardiovasc Pathol 2007; 18:1-10. [PMID: 18402801 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiological and clinical evidence indicate that inflammatory processes play a pivotal role in a number of conditions associated with aging, including osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate cardiovascular pathology and select inflammatory mediators of interest in a model of low-grade inflammation-induced osteopenia. METHODS Slow-release pellets were subcutaneously implanted in male rats to deliver 0, 3.3, or 33.3 microg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/day for 90 days. Tail blood was collected at 1, 2, and 3 months for differential white cell counts, and at the end of the study, hearts were harvested for histological and immunohistochemical evaluation. RESULTS The low-grade inflammatory response was characterized by elevated peripheral blood neutrophils and monocytes. Histological examination of heart cross sections revealed increased fibrous tissue, infiltration of lymphocytes, accumulation of mast cells, and roughened intimal borders within the arteries and arterioles, consistent with vascular disease. Inflammatory mediators (cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-1 beta) were up-regulated, and increased expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 and receptor activator for NF-kappaB ligand was localized to the microvasculature endothelium. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that inflammation induced by chronic exposure to LPS produces cardiovascular pathology in the smaller intramural arteries and arterioles and support the utility of this model for further mechanistic and therapeutic studies focused on the role of chronic inflammation in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda J Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Droke EA, Hager KA, Lerner MR, Lightfoot SA, Stoecker BJ, Brackett DJ, Smith BJ. Soy isoflavones avert chronic inflammation-induced bone loss and vascular disease. J Inflamm (Lond) 2007; 4:17. [PMID: 17825101 PMCID: PMC2034375 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-4-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Evidence from epidemiological, clinical and animal studies suggests a link may exist between low bone density and cardiovascular disease, with inflammatory mediators implicated in the pathophysiology of both conditions. This project examined whether supplementation with soy isoflavones (IF), shown to have anti-inflammatory properties, could prevent tissue expression of TNF-α and the development of skeletal pathology in an animal model of chronic inflammation. Methods Eight-week old, intact, female C57BL/6J mice were used. In Phase 1, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-dose response study (0, 0.133, 1.33 and 13.3 μg/d) was conducted to determine the LPS dose to use in Phase 2. The results indicated the 1.33 μg LPS/d dose produced the greatest decrease in lymphocytes and increase in neutrophils. Subsequently, in Phase 2, mice were randomly assigned to one of six groups (n = 12–13 per group): 0 or 1.33 μg LPS/d (placebo or LPS) in combination with 0, 126 or 504 mg aglycone equivalents of soy IF/kg diet (Control, Low or High dose IF). Mice were fed IF beginning 2 wks prior to the 30-d LPS study period. Results At the end of the study, no differences were detected in final body weights or uterine weights. In terms of trabecular bone microarchitecture, μCT analyses of the distal femur metaphysis indicated that LPS significantly decreased trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) and number (TbN), and increased separation (TbSp). Trabecular bone strength (i.e. total force) and stiffness were also compromised in response to LPS. The High IF dose provided protection against these detrimental effects on microarchitecture, but not biomechanical properties. No alterations in trabecular thickness (TbTh), or cortical bone parameters were observed in response to the LPS or IF. Immunohistomchemical staining showed that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was up-regulated by LPS in the endothelium of small myocardial arteries and arterioles as well as the tibial metaphysis and down-regulated by IF. Conclusion These results suggest IF may attenuate the negative effects of chronic inflammation on bone and cardiovascular health. Additional research is warranted to examine the anti-inflammatory properties of the soy isoflavones and the mechanisms underlying their prevention of chronic inflammation-induced bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Droke
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Hospitality, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006, USA
| | - Kelly A Hager
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Megan R Lerner
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
| | - Stan A Lightfoot
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
| | - Barbara J Stoecker
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Daniel J Brackett
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
| | - Brenda J Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
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Franklin M, Bu SY, Lerner MR, Lancaster EA, Bellmer D, Marlow D, Lightfoot SA, Arjmandi BH, Brackett DJ, Lucas EA, Smith BJ. Dried plum prevents bone loss in a male osteoporosis model via IGF-I and the RANK pathway. Bone 2006; 39:1331-42. [PMID: 16890505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previously, dietary supplementation with dried plums, a rich source of polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has been shown to improve bone density, microstructure and biomechanics in female animal models of osteopenia. We designed this study to determine the extent to which dried plum prevents skeletal deterioration in gonadal hormone deficient male animals and to begin to understand its mechanism of action. Sixty 6-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were either sham-operated (Sham = 1 group) or orchidectomized (ORX = 4 groups) and randomly assigned to dietary treatments: standard semi-purified diet (Control) with either LD = 5%, MD = 15%, or HD = 25% (w/w) dried plum for 90 days. At the end of the treatment period, both the MD and HD dried plum completely prevented the ORX-induced decrease in whole body, femur, and lumbar vertebra bone mineral density (BMD). Biomechanical testing indicated that the MD and HD of dried plum prevented the ORX-induced decrease in ultimate load of the cortical bone as well as the compressive force and stiffness of trabecular bone within the vertebrae. Analyses of trabecular microarchitecture of the distal femur metaphysis and vertebral body revealed that HD dried plum protected against the decrease in trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) induced by ORX. In the distal femur, all doses of dried plum improved trabecular number (TbN) and separation (TbSp) compared to the ORX-control group, while MD and HD dried plum prevented the ORX-induced changes in vertebral TbN and TbSp. At the end of the 90-day treatment, no remarkable changes in serum osteocalcin or alkaline phosphatase in any of the treatment groups were observed, while serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I was increased by dried plum. The ORX-induced increase in urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD) excretion was completely prevented by all doses of dried plum coinciding with down-regulation of gene expression for receptor activator of NFkappa-B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the bone. We conclude that dried plum prevents osteopenia in androgen deficient male rats, and these beneficial effects may be attributed in part to a decrease in osteoclastogenesis via down-regulation of RANKL and stimulation of bone formation mediated by IGF-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Franklin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Environmental Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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32
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Smith BJ, Lerner MR, Bu SY, Lucas EA, Hanas JS, Lightfoot SA, Postier RG, Bronze MS, Brackett DJ. Systemic bone loss and induction of coronary vessel disease in a rat model of chronic inflammation. Bone 2006; 38:378-86. [PMID: 16256450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Revised: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clinically, osteopenia or low bone mass has been observed in a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases, and elevated proinflammatory mediators have implicated this process. The purpose of this study was to develop an in vivo model of bone loss induced by chronic systemic inflammation. Time-release pellets designed to deliver one of three doses of LPS: Low (3.3 microg/day), High (33.3 microg/day), or Placebo over 90 days, were implanted subcutaneously in 3-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8/group). Neutrophil counts, indicative of ongoing inflammation, were elevated (P < 0.05) in both LPS groups at 30 days post-implant and remained significantly elevated in the High dose throughout the 90-day study period. At the end of the study, bone loss occurred in the femur as indicated by decreased bone mineral density (BMD) in both LPS-treated groups, but vertebral BMD was reduced in the High dose animals only. Microcomputed tomography revealed that trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) of the proximal tibial metaphysis tended to be reduced in the High dose LPS group. Deleterious effects on trabecular number (TbN) and trabecular separation (TbSp) were observed in both LPS-treated groups, but only the High dose group reached statistical significance. These alterations in trabecular microarchitecture resulted in compromised biomechanical properties. No changes in cortical thickness, porosity, or area of the tibia midshaft were evident at either dose of LPS. Up-regulation of the proinflammatory mediators, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, interleukin (IL)-1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was demonstrated in the metaphyseal region where the deleterious effects of LPS were observed. In addition to these alterations in bone, trichrome staining indicated changes in the coronary arterioles, consistent with vascular disease. Utilization of a LPS time-release pellet appears to provide an in vivo model of chronic inflammation-induced bone loss and a potentially novel system to study concurrent development of osteopenia and vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Smith
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA.
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Benbrook DM, Kamelle SA, Guruswamy SB, Lightfoot SA, Rutledge TL, Gould NS, Hannafon BN, Dunn ST, Berlin KD. Flexible heteroarotinoids (Flex-Hets) exhibit improved therapeutic ratios as anti-cancer agents over retinoic acid receptor agonists. Invest New Drugs 2005; 23:417-28. [PMID: 16133793 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-005-2901-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The anti-cancer activities and toxicities of retinoic acid (RA) and synthetic retinoids are mediated through nuclear RA receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) that act as transcription factors. Heteroarotinoids (Hets), which contain a heteroatom in the cyclic ring of an arotinoid structure, exhibit similar anti-cancer activities, but reduced toxicity in vivo, in comparison to parent retinoids and RA. A new class of Flexible Hets (Flex-Hets), which contain 3-atom urea or thiourea linkers, regulate growth and differentiation similar to RA, but do not activate RARs or RXRs. In addition, Flex-Hets induce potent apoptosis in ovarian cancer and in head and neck cancer cell lines through the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. In this study, 4 cervical cancer cell lines were growth inhibited by micromolar concentrations of Flex-Hets to greater extents than RAR/RXR active retinoids. The most potent Flex-Het (SHetA2) inhibited each cell line of the National Cancer Institute's human tumor cell line panel at micromolar concentrations. Oral administration of Flex-Hets (SHetA2 and SHetA4) inhibited growth of OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer xenografts to similar extents as administration of a RAR/RXR-panagonist (SHet50) and Fenretinide (4-HPR) in vivo. None of these compounds induced evidence of skin, bone or liver toxicity, or increased levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the treated mice. Topical application of Flex-Hets did not induce skin irritation in vivo, whereas a RAR/RXR-panagonist (NHet17) and a RARgamma-selective agonist (SHet65) induced similar irritancy as RA. In conclusion, Flex-Hets exhibit improved therapeutic ratios for multiple cancer types over RAR and/or RXR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris M Benbrook
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA.
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Larabee JL, Hocker JR, Lerner MR, Lightfoot SA, Cheung JY, Brackett DJ, Gallucci RM, Hanas JS. Stress induced in heart and other tissues by rat dermal exposure to JP-8 fuel. Cell Biol Toxicol 2005; 21:233-46. [PMID: 16323059 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-005-0007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Limited information is available regarding the development of systemic organ stress by dermal exposure to JP-8 fuel. In this study, the systemic stress potential of this fuel is evaluated in a rat model subjected to dermal applications of JP-8 for 7 days at 300 microl per day. Tissue histology indicated that JP-8 induces morphological alterations that suggest that tissue stress in the heart is more substantial than stress in the kidney and liver. Immunoblot analysis of tissues revealed increased levels of the inducible heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in the heart, kidney, and liver after this dermal JP-8 exposure. This exposure also leads to increased levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1/HSP3) in the liver. Additionally during this exposure, a negative regulator of inflammation, IkappaBalpha (inhibitor of NF-kappaB), was increased in the liver, slightly increased in the kidney, and not increased in the heart. Two regions of the rat brain were also examined and HSP70 and IkappaBalpha were increased in the cerebellum but not significantly increased in the cortex. This study indicates dermal JP-8 exposure causes systemic alterations that are associated with cytoprotective activities (e.g., in the liver) as well as potentially toxic mechanisms (heart and kidney).
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Larabee
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, 73104, USA
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35
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Manjeshwar S, Lerner MR, Zang XP, Branam DE, Pento JT, Lane MM, Lightfoot SA, Brackett DJ, Jupe ER. Expression of prohibitin 3' untranslated region suppressor RNA alters morphology and inhibits motility of breast cancer cells. J Mol Histol 2005; 35:639-46. [PMID: 15614618 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-004-2185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2003] [Revised: 02/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The prohibitin 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) belongs to a novel class of non-coding regulatory RNAs. It arrests cell cycle progression by blocking G1-S transition in breast and other cancers. Our previous studies comparing MCF7 derived clones constitutively expressing a common allelic form of prohibitin RNA (UTR/C) to various controls demonstrated that it functions as a tumor suppressor. Here, we further characterized the morphology and motility of these transgenic breast cancer cells when grown in cell culture and on nude mice. In contrast to empty vector (EV) cells, UTR/C cells were observed to grow in an organized manner with more cell-cell contact and differentiate into structures with a duct-like appearance. Computer assisted cytometry to evaluate differences in nuclear morphology was performed on UTR/C and EV tissues from nude mice. Receiver operator curve areas generated using a logistic regression model were 0.8, indicating the ability to quantitatively distinguish UTR/C from EV tissues. Keratinocyte growth factor-induced motility experiments showed that migration of UTR/C cells was significantly reduced (80-90%) compared to EV cells. Together, these data indicate that this novel 3'UTR influences not only the tumorigenic phenotype but also may play a role in differentiation and migration of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Manjeshwar
- InterGenetics, Inc. and Program in Immunobiology and Cancer, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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36
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Postier RG, Lerner MR, Lightfoot SA, Vannarath R, Lane MM, Hanas JS, Brackett DJ. DNA ploidy and markovian analysis of neoplastic progression in experimental pancreatic cancer. J Histochem Cytochem 2003; 51:303-9. [PMID: 12588958 DOI: 10.1177/002215540305100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Computer-assisted analysis of DNA ploidy and nuclear morphology were used to elucidate changes in the cell nucleus that occur during the development of experimental pancreatic cancer. Ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma was induced in 49 Syrian hamsters by SC injection of N-nitrosobis (2-oxopropyl) amine; twenty hamsters served as controls. Groups of animals were sacrificed every 4 weeks for 20 weeks and adjacent sections of pancreatic tissue were H&E and Feulgen-stained for light microscopy and computer assisted cytometry. Pancreatic ductal cells were classified as normal, atypical, or malignant; tissue inflammation (pancreatitis) was also noted when present. DNA ploidy and nuclear morphology evaluation (Markovian analysis) identified an atypical cell stage clearly distinguishable from either normal or malignant cells; pancreatitis preceded this atypia. The DNA ploidy histogram of these atypical cells revealed a major diploid peak and a minor aneuploid peak. The receiver operator characteristic curve areas for a logistic regression model of normal vs atypical cells was 0.94 and for atypical vs malignant was 0.98, numbers indicative of near-perfect discrimination among these three cell types. The ability to identify an atypical cell population should be useful in establishing the role of these cells in the progression of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Trachte AL, Suthers SE, Lerner MR, Hanas JS, Jupe ER, Sienko AE, Adesina AM, Lightfoot SA, Brackett DJ, Postier RG. Increased expression of alpha-1-antitrypsin, glutathione S-transferase pi and vascular endothelial growth factor in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg 2002; 184:642-7; discussion 647-8. [PMID: 12488200 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9610(02)01105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to investigate abnormalities in gene expression in ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas using cDNA arrays. METHODS Gene expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma was compared with normal pancreatic tissue controls. Specimens from 5 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma were taken fresh at operation and analyzed using commercially prepared cDNA arrays evaluating approximately 2,000 genes. Immunohistochemical staining was used to confirm protein expression of selected genes. RESULTS Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) and glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTP) were significantly up-regulated in all 5 tumors. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was up-regulated in 4 of the 5 patients. Immunohistochemical staining verified the overexpression of each of these genes. CONCLUSIONS A1AT, GSTP, and VEGF are overexpressed in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma specimens taken fresh at operation. To our knowledge, this is the first study of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma demonstrating the up-regulation of these genes using gene expression arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Trachte
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, P.O. Box 26901, Oklahoma City 73104, USA
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Hassan R, Lerner MR, Benbrook D, Lightfoot SA, Brackett DJ, Wang QC, Pastan I. Antitumor activity of SS(dsFv)PE38 and SS1(dsFv)PE38, recombinant antimesothelin immunotoxins against human gynecologic cancers grown in organotypic culture in vitro. Clin Cancer Res 2002; 8:3520-6. [PMID: 12429643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mesothelin, a cell surface glycoprotein overexpressed in ovarian cancer, mesotheliomas, and some squamous cell carcinomas, is an attractive candidate for targeted therapy because it is not shed in significant amounts into the bloodstream and is not present in significant amounts on normal human tissues except for mesothelial cells. The objective of this study was to determine the antitumor activity of SS1(dsFv)PE38, a recombinant antimesothelin immunotoxin, against human gynecologic tumors grown in short-term culture in vitro. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tumor cells obtained from primary cultures of five ovarian and one cervical tumor were mixed with an equal proportion of NIH-3T3 fibroblasts and plated inside collagen gels in tissue culture plates. After 4-7 days of growth, these organotypic cultures were treated with media alone, SS1(dsFv)PE38, and a control immunotoxin RFB4(dsFv)PE38, which targets the CD22 antigen not present on gynecologic tumors, every other day x 3. The organotypic culture gels were then formalin fixed, paraffin embedded, and evaluated for immunotoxin sensitivity using light microscopic examination of H&E-stained slides and also evaluated for apoptosis using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling assay. RESULTS Tumors expressing mesothelin showed a significant dose-dependent sensitivity to SS1(dsFv)PE38 even at concentrations as low as 1 ng/ml, whereas no antitumor activity was seen at 100 ng/ml in tumors that did not express mesothelin. This activity was specifically attributable to mesothelin targeting because RFB4 (dsFv)-PE38 had no activity against mesothelin-expressing tumors. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that ovarian and cervical tumor cells obtained from patients can be grown in short-term culture using an organotypic culture model. Our results also show low concentrations of an immunotoxin targeting mesothelin is cytotoxic to mesothelin-expressing human tumors by inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffit Hassan
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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Hanas JS, Hocker JR, Cheng YG, Lerner MR, Brackett DJ, Lightfoot SA, Hanas RJ, Madhusudhan KT, Moreland RJ. cDNA cloning, DNA binding, and evolution of mammalian transcription factor IIIA. Gene 2002; 282:43-52. [PMID: 11814676 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00796-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
cDNA for rat transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA) was cloned by degenerate PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends. This cDNA coded for a protein with nine Cys(2)His(2) zinc fingers and a non-finger C-terminal tail; 63% amino acid (aa) sequence identity was observed with the Xenopus TFIIIA zinc finger region. Recombinant rat protein containing only the nine fingers afforded DNase I protection of the identical nucleotides protected by Xenopus laevis native TFIIIA on the Xenopus 5S RNA gene internal control region. A putative mouse TFIIIA clone was identified in an expressed sequence tag database by sequence similarity to rat TFIIIA. Recombinant nine-finger protein from this clone afforded DNase I protection of the Xenopus 5S rRNA gene like the native frog protein as did a recombinant nine-finger form of a putative human TFIIIA clone. These DNA binding results demonstrate that these clones code for the respective mammalian TFIIIAs. Rodent and human TFIIIAs share about 87% aa sequence identity in their zinc finger regions and have evolved to about the same extent as X. laevis and Xenopus borealis TFIIIAs. A monoclonal antibody against human p53 tumor suppressor bound to rat and mouse TFIIIA but not to human TFIIIA in Western blots. The N-terminal regions of rodent and human TFIIIA do not contain the oocyte-specific initiating Met and accompanying conserved residues found in fish and amphibian TFIIIAs. In their non-finger C-terminal tails, mammalian and amphibian TFIIIAs share a conserved transcription activation domain as well as conserved nuclear localization and nuclear export signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Hanas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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Pighetti GM, Novosad W, Nicholson C, Hitt DC, Hansens C, Hollingsworth AB, Lerner ML, Brackett D, Lightfoot SA, Gimble JM. Therapeutic treatment of DMBA-induced mammary tumors with PPAR ligands. Anticancer Res 2001; 21:825-9. [PMID: 11396171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of troglitazone (a thiazolidinedione) and Wy-14,643 (a clofibrate) to inhibit progression of non-detectable and detectable mammary tumors in rats induced by 7,12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) when compared to those receiving no treatment or tamoxifen. Although not as effective as tamoxifen in decreasing overall tumor incidence, Wy-14,643 reduced the percentage and number of malignant tumors that developed when compared to both troglitazone and control. Treatment of detectable tumors with either Wy-14,643 or troglitazone induced regression or stasis of total tumor volume in 40-50% of the animals, compared to only 10% in control and 65% in tamoxifen treated animals. Moreover, each PPAR ligand was as effective as tamoxifen in preventing additional tumor development. In summary, both PPAR ligands were more effective than no treatment in preventing tumor progression once detected. However, only the PPAR-alpha activator, Wy-14,643 was able to reduce the development of malignant tumors when administered prior to detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Pighetti
- Department of Dairy and Animal Science, University of Tennessee, 114B McCord, 2640 Morgan Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Ren J, Gao J, Ojeas H, Lightfoot SA, Kida M, Brewer K, Harty RF. Involvement of capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons in stress-induced gastroduodenal mucosal injury in rats. Dig Dis Sci 2000; 45:830-6. [PMID: 10759257 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005424617101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of stress-induced gastroduodenal mucosal injury is complex and incompletely understood. The aim of this investigation was to examine the involvement of gastric and duodenal capsaicin-sensitive neurons in mucosal damage associated with water-restraint stress (WRS) in rats. Following WRS, gastroduodenal mucosal injury was quantitated by macroscopic and microscopic methods. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) content was measured by radioimmunoassay. WRS-induced mucosal erosive injury in the stomach and duodenum (40.9 +/- 4.2 and 5.1 +/- 0.6 mm2, respectively) was reduced significantly (by 88% and 67%, respectively) by acute intragastric capsaicin administration prior to WRS. In contrast, sensory denervation by chronic capsaicin significantly increased the area of gastric injury and duodenal damage. WRS alone caused a significant reduction (by 52% and -35%, respectively) in gastric and duodenal CGRP content, which was prevented by acute capsaicin treatment. The data suggest that gastric and duodenal sensory neurons and CGRP are involved in the pathogenesis of stress-induced mucosal injury to the stomach and duodenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ren
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, and Oklahoma City Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA
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Jett EA, Lerner MR, Lightfoot SA, Hanas JS, Brackett DJ, Hollingsworth AB. Prevention of rat mammary carcinoma utilizing leuprolide as an equivalent to oophorectomy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1999; 58:131-6. [PMID: 10674877 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006383701051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A clinical trial is currently under way to examine the effectiveness of leuprolide as a breast cancer chemopreventive agent and contraceptive. This trial, as well as similar proposed studies, is based on the assumption that leuprolide is as effective as surgical castration in preventing the onset of mammary tumors; however, this has not been well documented in the DMBA animal model. We directly compared leuprolide and oophorectomy in this model and examined a combined therapy of leuprolide/bromocriptine. Twenty-seven day old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into one of eight groups. All rats received a 20-mg dose of DMBA at the age of 55 days. Group 1 (n = 10), no treatment; Group 2 (n = 9), leuprolide (100 microg/kg/day) for eight weeks beginning four weeks prior to DMBA; Group 3 (n = 10), oophorectomy four weeks prior to DMBA with replacement estrogen beginning four weeks following DMBA. Estrogen replacement was achieved with a 0.05-mg estradiol tablet releasing 0.833 microg/day over a 60-day period. Group 4 (n = 10), leuprolide (100 microg/kg/day) initiated two weeks prior to DMBA and continuing for two weeks following DMBA; Group 5 (n = 9), oophorectomy two weeks prior to DMBA with 0.05 mg of estradiol in depot form, releasing 0.833 microg/day, beginning four weeks following DMBA and continuing until week 16 of the study; Group 6 (n = 10), leuprolide (100 microg/kg/day) beginning two weeks prior to DMBA and continuing for the duration of the experiment; Group 7 (n = 10), leuprolide (100 microg/kg/day) for eight weeks beginning two weeks prior to DMBA; Group 8 (n = 9), leuprolide (100 microg/kg/day) and bromocriptine (83 microg/day) for eight weeks beginning two weeks prior to DMBA. At nineteen weeks (15 weeks post DMBA), animals were sacrificed and autopsies performed. One hundred percent of untreated animals developed tumors. No animals undergoing oophorectomy four weeks prior to DMBA or receiving leuprolide four weeks prior to and simultaneously with DMBA developed tumors. In animals pretreated two weeks prior to DMBA with leuprolide or oophorectomy, each group had one animal with tumor development. No tumors developed in the animals receiving ongoing injections of leuprolide. However, one tumor developed in those receiving leuprolide for the first eight weeks beginning two weeks prior to DMBA administration. One animal receiving both leuprolide and bromocriptine developed one tumor. We conclude that chemical oophorectomy (with leuprolide) is as effective as surgical oophorectomy in inhibiting DMBA induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Jett
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, USA
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Hanas JS, Lerner MR, Lightfoot SA, Raczkowski C, Kastens DJ, Brackett DJ, Postier RG. Expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p53 tumor suppressor in dysplastic progression and adenocarcinoma in Barrett esophagus. Cancer 1999; 86:756-63. [PMID: 10463972 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19990901)86:5<756::aid-cncr9>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Barrett esophagus predisposes individuals to esophageal carcinoma, which develops from intermediate stages of tissue dysplasia primarily in the vicinity of the gastroesophageal junction. Understanding the cellular and molecular events in the progression of Barrett esophagus to adenocarcinoma may contribute to its early diagnosis and treatment. Mutation and overexpression of the tumor suppressor p53 have previously been observed in Barrett high grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. The expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CdK) inhibitor p21 can be up-regulated by p53, resulting in the down-regulation of cell division at the G(1)/S-phase transition. The current study examined the correlation between the expression of p21 and p53 by quantifying their levels during the progression of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in Barrett esophageal tissues. METHODS Barrett esophageal tissue samples that were negative or indefinite for dysplasia, contained dysplasia, and contained adenocarcinoma were examined by immunohistochemistry. Paraffin embedded sections of lining and glandular epithelia were adsorbed with primary murine antibodies against human p21 or p53 followed by horseradish peroxidase secondary antibody. An immunoreactivity score for each primary antibody and section was obtained by multiplying a staining intensity factor by the percent of positively stained cells. RESULTS Nuclear p21 expression was detectable immunohistochemically in Barrett esophagus that was negative for dysplasia, but it was significantly elevated (P </= 0.05) in tissues scored as indefinite for dysplasia, positive for low grade or high grade dysplasia, and positive for adenocarcinoma. Importantly, p53 expression did not parallel p21 expression. p53 levels were low in the early stages of Barrett dysplasia and were increased in high grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. There were no differences in p21 or p53 levels between glandular and lining epithelia in Barrett tissue throughout the histologic stages of neoplastic progression evaluated in this study. CONCLUSIONS p21 expression in Barrett tissue scored as indefinite for dysplasia or low grade dysplasia was significantly elevated relative to p53 expression. Elevated levels of p21 were also observed in high grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma, in which they do not appear to be effective in down-regulating cell division. Analysis of p21 and p53 expression may aid in the evaluation of tissue abnormalities in Barrett esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Hanas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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DiSilvestro PA, Lightfoot SA, Benbrook DM. Ki-67 Expression in a Cervical Cancer Organotypic Model Correlates with Growth and EGF-R Expression. J Low Genit Tract Dis 1999; 3:111-5. [PMID: 25950557 DOI: 10.1046/j.1526-0976.1999.08095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study objective was to measure the effects of retinoid treatment on Ki-67 expression in a cervical carcinoma organotypic culture model and to determine whether a correlation exists between retinoid effects on Ki-67 expression and effects on growth and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) expression. METHODS Organotypic cultures of the cervical carcinoma cell line were treated for 7 days with all-trans retinoic acid, 9-cis retinoic acid, or control solvent. Cultures were fixed and embedded in paraffin, and sections were stained with Ki-67 antibodies. Ki-67 expression was determined by light microscopy. RESULTS Ki-67 expression was inhibited 25% in the organotypic culture treated with 9-cis retinoic acid and 32% in the culture treated with all-frans retinoic acid. Previous data demonstrated a 45% and 44% inhibition of EGF-R expression and a 49% and 63% inhibition of growth, respectively. DISCUSSION The inhibition of Ki-67 expression by retinoids correlates with inhibition of EGF-R expression and growth as determined by a Pearson correlation (R = 0.88). Inhibition of Ki-67 and EGF-R demonstrates quantifiable effects of retinoids at both the membrane receptor and nuclear protein levels in our organotypic culture model.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A DiSilvestro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
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45
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Gimble JM, Pighetti GM, Lerner MR, Wu X, Lightfoot SA, Brackett DJ, Darcy K, Hollingsworth AB. Expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor mRNA in normal and tumorigenic rodent mammary glands. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 253:813-7. [PMID: 9918810 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) alpha, beta/delta, and gamma are novel nuclear hormone receptors activated by long chain fatty acids and synthetic ligands and which regulate lipid metabolism. Recent studies have detected PPARgamma mRNA in human mammary tumor cell lines. The current study examined the expression profile of PPAR mRNAs in normal and malignant rodent mammary tissues. Virgin murine mammary glands contained PPAR alpha, beta/delta, and gamma mRNAs based on northern blot analysis. The PPARgamma isoform was predominantly gamma2 based on quantitative PCR analysis. During pregnancy and lactation, the PPARalpha and gamma mRNAs decreased while the PPAR beta/delta mRNA remained relatively unchanged. NMuMG cells, an epithelial line derived from normal murine mammary gland, expressed PPAR alpha, beta/delta, and gamma mRNAs, independent of the presence or absence of compounds modifying PPAR activity. In rats, the physiologic expression pattern of PPARgamma mRNA paralleled the murine model; levels were detected in virgin but not lactating mammary glands. In addition, the PPARgamma mRNA was not detected in several histologically distinct 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced mammary tumors. These findings suggest that PPARs may regulate mammary epithelial and stromal cell function in response to physiologic or pathologic stimuli that profoundly alter lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Gimble
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Institute of Breast Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73190, USA
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Irwin RJ, Lerner MR, Bealer JF, Lightfoot SA, Brackett DJ, Tuggle DW. Global primary blast injury: a rat model. J Okla State Med Assoc 1998; 91:387-92. [PMID: 9793276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Blast wave injury from bombs cause a unique but poorly understood spectrum of injuries. Previous blast wave models involved high energy explosives detonated in an open field without the sophisticated monitoring of laboratory equipment. We characterized a rodent model that produces a global blast injury in a safe laboratory environment. Male rats, prospectively randomized to four groups of ten, were anesthetized and subjected to a blast at 2.0 cm, 2.5 cm, or 3.5 cm from the blast nozzle. The control group received no blast. Intensity of the blast (80-120 psi peak pressure, 1-2 msec duration) was controlled by varying the distance of the blast wave generator to the rat. The rats were monitored for three hours following the blast and then euthanized. Bradycardia was an immediate but transient response to blast injury. Mean arterial pressure was bimodal with severe hypotension occurring immediately after the blast and, again, two to three hours later. The characteristic injuries from a blast wave, such as pulmonary hemorrhage with increased lung weight, intestinal serosal hemorrhage, and hemoperitoneum, were found in the rats subjected to the blast pressure wave. In conclusion, our rodent model accurately reproduces the clinical spectrum of injuries seen in blast victims and will provide a powerful tool for studying the pathophysiology and potential treatments of bomb blast victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Irwin
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Oklahoma City 73190, USA
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Hollingsworth AB, Lerner MR, Lightfoot SA, Wilkerson KB, Hanas JS, McCay PB, Brackett DJ. Prevention of DMBA-induced rat mammary carcinomas comparing leuprolide, oophorectomy, and tamoxifen. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1998; 47:63-70. [PMID: 9493977 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005872132373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leuprolide, a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist, is currently being evaluated in a pilot study of premenopausal women for the prevention of breast cancer. However, little data is available regarding the efficacy of leuprolide in experimental animal models of carcinoma when administered prior to the carcinogen. In the present study the capacity of leuprolide to prevent tumor development was evaluated by comparing its pretreatment effects in the DMBA-induced rat mammary carcinoma model to pretreatment with tamoxifen and oophorectomy. Fifty-five day old, female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to one of four groups: 1) no treatment; 2) oophorectomy two weeks prior to DMBA; 3) leuprolide, 40 microg/kg/day; and 4) tamoxifen, 10 mg/kg/week. All animals received four 5 mg doses of DMBA for a total dose of 20 mg. Leuprolide and tamoxifen treatments began two weeks prior to DMBA and ended one week after DMBA administration. Animals were assessed weekly to determine palpable tumor onset, number, size, and volume. At the conclusion of the study (16 weeks), autopsies were performed and tumor tissue was collected for confirmation of malignancy. Seventy-eight percent of the untreated rats developed tumors. No tumors developed in the oophorectomy group, while the number of rats with tumors was significantly reduced (p<0.05) with both leuprolide (30%) and tamoxifen (21.9%) compared to controls (77.8%). There were no significant differences in the tumor number for each tumor-bearing rat or in tumor volume between treated and control groups. Using our dosage regimen, 'chemical oophorectomy' with leuprolide was not as effective as surgical oophorectomy in the prevention of chemical carcinogenesis by DMBA but was comparable to the results obtained with tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Hollingsworth
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73190, USA
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Lightfoot SA. Laryngeal tuberculosis masquerading as carcinoma. J Am Board Fam Pract 1997; 10:374-6. [PMID: 9297664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Two patients were cared for during a 3-month period. Both smoked at least 1 pack of cigarettes a day for many years. Both complained of hoarseness, which did not respond to antibiotics and did not resolve with time. In both cases, the initial diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Both patients had laryngeal tuberculosis, and when appropriate therapy was instituted, their symptoms and lesions cleared.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Lightfoot
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73190, USA
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Benbrook DM, Lu S, Flanagan C, Shen-Gunther J, Angros LH, Lightfoot SA. Biological assay for activity and molecular mechanism of retinoids in cervical tumor cells. Gynecol Oncol 1997; 66:114-21. [PMID: 9234931 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.1997.4736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The composition and response of the retinoid signaling pathway in a human cell line (CC-1), representative of a low grade cervical carcinoma, were evaluated. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis demonstrated expression of cytoplasmic retinol binding protein, CRBPI, cytoplasmic retinoic acid binding protein, CRABPII, and nuclear retinoic acid receptors, RAR alpha, RARgamma, RXR alpha, and RXRbeta, but not CRABPI or RARbeta. This pattern is similar to that of the ectocervix. Activation of endogenous nuclear receptors was evaluated in a reporter subline of CC-1, called CC-B, containing a reporter gene controlled by a retinoic acid responsive element (RARE) and thymidine kinase promoter. Retinoid treatment of CC-B resulted in dose-dependent increases in reporter gene expression. Retinoids inhibited growth at concentrations greater than 100 nM. 9-cis retinoic acid (1 nM) significantly stimulated growth. Immunohistochemical analysis of CC-B organotypic cultures demonstrated a high level of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) expression that was decreased by retinoids. The degree of RARE transactivation induced by retinoids significantly correlated with the degree of inhibition of growth (R = -0.96) and EGF-R expression (R = -0.92). The dose-dependent and retinoid-specific responses of CC-1 at the molecular and biological levels demonstrate the utility of this reporter cell line for evaluation of retinoid activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Benbrook
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73190, USA.
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Lightfoot SA. Surgeons make public policy. Bull Am Coll Surg 1994; 79:20-2. [PMID: 10132605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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