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Jackson SK, Parton J. Lysophospholipid acyltransferases in monocyte inflammatory responses and sepsis. Immunobiology 2005; 209:31-8. [PMID: 15481138 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2004.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Acyltransferases are important in the regulation of membrane phospholipid fatty acyl composition and together with phospholipase A2 enzymes control arachidonic acid incorporation and remodelling within phospholipids. In addition, monocyte and macrophage acyltransferase activity has been shown to respond to various inflammatory cytokines under conditions that can induce enhanced cellular responses. Work in our laboratory indicates that the enzyme lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase may mediate the priming reactions of monocytes to the cytokine interferon-gamma. Our recent studies suggest that this enzyme might also affect the responses of monocytes to the bacterial agent lipopolysaccharide that may be important in the development of sepsis. This article summarises the relationship between monocyte lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase, lipopolysaccharide and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon K Jackson
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK.
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Jackson SK, Darmani H, Stark JM, Harwood JL. Interferon-gamma increases macrophage phospholipid polyunsaturation: a possible mechanism of endotoxin sensitivity. Int J Exp Pathol 1992; 73:783-91. [PMID: 1493107 PMCID: PMC2002427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Incubation of murine macrophages or the macrophage-like cell line P388D with interferon-gamma in vitro induced a significant increase in the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of phosphatidylethanolamine. These increases were time and dose-dependent, being maximal at 12 hours and with 5000 U/ml interferon and were inhibited in the presence of anti-interferon-gamma monoclonal antibody. Interferon-gamma induced a significant increase in linoleate in peritoneal macrophages while in the cell line arachidonate was significantly increased. These results are of interest because such increases in the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of phosphatidylethanolamine were previously shown by us to be associated with increased sensitivity to endotoxin in mice in vivo. The implications for interferon-gamma sensitizing to endotoxin are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Jackson
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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Sakurai T, Hashimoto K, Suzuki I, Ohno N, Oikawa S, Masuda A, Yadomae T. Enhancement of murine alveolar macrophage functions by orally administered beta-glucan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1992; 14:821-30. [PMID: 1512075 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(92)90080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of orally administered SSG, a beta-1,3-glucan obtained from the culture filtrate of the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum IFO 9395, on alveolar macrophage (AM) functions of CDF1 mice was examined. SSG administered orally (20, 40, 80 or 160 mg/kg) for 10 consecutive days enhanced the lysosomal enzyme activity of AM. The greatest enhancing effect was observed at 80 mg/kg of SSG. Multiple oral administrations of SSG (10 consecutive days) were needed to induce significant enhancing effects. Phagocytic activity and interleukin-1 (IL-1) production of AM were also augmented by oral administration of SSG, and the kinetics of the activated state differed depending on the kind of activity. However, H2O2 production of AM was not affected by SSG. Orally administered SSG also (40 or 80 mg/kg, 10 consecutive days) increased the number of AM and the greatest increment was observed 14 days after the first administration. On the other hand, the supernatant of Peyer's patch (PP) cells from mice administered SSG (80 mg/kg) orally stimulated the lysosomal enzyme activity of AM in vitro, and enhanced colony stimulating activity (CSA) was detected from this supernatant. These results demonstrate that SSG given by the oral route can activate murine AM both qualitatively and quantitatively, and it would mediated, at least in part, by the activation of PP cells in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sakurai
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, Tokyo College of Pharmacy, Japan
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4
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Enhancement of lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor production in mice by carrageenan pretreatment. Infect Immun 1991; 59:679-83. [PMID: 1987084 PMCID: PMC257810 DOI: 10.1128/iai.59.2.679-683.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a cytokine which mediates endotoxin shock and causes multiple organ damage. It is thought that macrophage (MP) activation is necessary to increase lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF production and lethality. Carrageenan (CAR) is sulfated polygalactose which destroys MP; it is used as a MP blocker. We found that CAR pretreatment can increase both endotoxin-induced TNF production and the mortality rate in mice. The ddY mice (7 to 8 weeks old) were injected intraperitoneally with CAR (5-mg dose) and challenged intravenously with LPS 24 h later. Without CAR pretreatment, LPS doses of less than 10 micrograms did not induce TNF in sera. After pretreatment, however, about 3 x 10(3) to 4 x 10(4) U of TNF per ml was produced after LPS injection at doses of 0.1 to 10 micrograms, respectively. TNF production was significantly increased by CAR pretreatment at LPS doses of more than 10 micrograms. CAR pretreatment rendered the mice more sensitive to the lethal effect of LPS; 50% lethal doses of LPS in CAR-pretreated mice and nonpretreated mice were 26.9 and 227 micrograms, respectively. The mortality of the two groups was significantly different at doses of 50, 100, and 200 micrograms of LPS. CAR increased LPS-induced TNF production and mortality within 2 h, much earlier than MP activators, which needed at least 4 days. Our results made clear that TNF production is enhanced not only by a MP activator but also by a MP blocker.
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Egawa Y, Suzuki I, Nagi N, Yadomae T, Kawakita T, Kikuchi S, Nomoto K. Chai-ling-tang (Japanese name: sairei-to) as an oral adjuvant. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1991; 13:1031-6. [PMID: 1761348 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(91)90058-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Immunomodulating and anti-tumor activities of orally administered Chai-Ling-Tang (Japanese name: sairei-to, ST) were investigated. The oral administration of ST into mice augmented the antibody response to intraperitoneally administered 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyl-haptenated sheep red blood cells (TNP-SRBC). Orally administered ST showed also an enhancing effect on the antibody response to TNP-SRBC administered by the oral route. In addition, orally administered ST markedly activated the peritoneal macrophages to enhanced phagocytic and lysosomal enzyme activities. A significant inhibition of tumor growth was observed in a syngeneic tumor-mouse system when ST was administered orally. These results suggest that ST has an efficiency as an oral adjuvant or an oral biological response modifier (BRM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Egawa
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, Tokyo College of Pharmacy, Japan
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6
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Suzuki I, Tanaka H, Kinoshita A, Oikawa S, Osawa M, Yadomae T. Effect of orally administered beta-glucan on macrophage function in mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1990; 12:675-84. [PMID: 2272730 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(90)90105-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effect of orally administered SSG, a beta-1,3-glucan obtained from the culture filtrate of the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum IFO 9395, on the function of peritoneal macrophages in CDF1 mice was examined. Oral administration of SSG (20, 40, 80 or 160 mg/kg, daily for 10 consecutive days) enhanced the acid phosphatase activity of peritoneal macrophages. The greatest enhancing effect was observed at 80 mg/kg of SSG. Relatively long periods of administration (more than 10 consecutive days) were needed to induce significant enhancing effects. Phagocytic activity, candidacidal activity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production and interleukin-1 (IL-1) production of peritoneal macrophages were also enhanced after the administration of SSG by the oral route (80 or 160 mg/kg). However, the durations of the activated state after completion of administration differed depending on the activity. Enhanced activity of lysosomal enzyme (acid phosphatase) was also shown in peritoneal macrophages taken from C3H/HeJ mice, which is a nonresponder strain to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These results demonstrate that SSG given by the oral route can activate peritoneal macrophages in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Suzuki
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, Tokyo College of Pharmacy, Japan
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Nomoto K, Nagaoka M, Yokokura T, Mutai M. Augmentation of resistance of mice to bacterial infection by a polysaccharide-peptidoglycan complex (PSPG) extracted from Lactobacillus casei. BIOTHERAPY (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 1989; 1:169-77. [PMID: 2518375 DOI: 10.1007/bf02170886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A water-soluble polysaccharide-peptidoglycan complex (PSPG) was prepared from heat-killed Lactobacillus casei by digesting the bacteria with N-acetylmuramidase. The molecular weight of PSPG was over 30,000, and the polysaccharide portion of PSPG, its main component was composed of rhamnose, glucose, galactose, glucosamine and galactosamine. Mice pretreated intraperitoneally with PSPG survived after a lethal infection with Listeria monocytogenes or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The growth of infecting bacteria (L. monocytogenes, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli) in both the peritoneal cavity and the liver was inhibited markedly in the mice that had been treated with PSPG. It was suggested that macrophages may be the main effector for the anti-infectious effect of PSPG since treatment of mice with carrageenan, a selective macrophage blocker, markedly reduced the anti-infectious effect of PSPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nomoto
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Tokyo, Japan
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Jackson SK, Stark JM, Taylor S, Harwood JL. Changes in phospholipid fatty acid composition and triacylglycerol content in mouse tissues after infection with bacille Calmette-Guérin. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 1989; 70:435-41. [PMID: 2669926 PMCID: PMC2040568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the lipids of tissues from mice infected with bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) have been detected by gas-liquid chromatography. Infection with BCG resulted in (1) an increase in the polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio of phospholipids and (2) a decrease in the total triacylglycerol fatty acid content of spleen, liver and peritoneal macrophages. The alteration in fatty acid composition was significant in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction of the phospholipids. The relation of these findings to an increased sensitivity to bacterial endotoxins is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Jackson
- Department of Medical Microbiology University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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Suzuki I, Hashimoto K, Ohno N, Tanaka H, Yadomae T. Immunomodulation by orally administered beta-glucan in mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1989; 11:761-9. [PMID: 2599714 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(89)90130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Orally administered SSG, a beta-1,3-glucan obtained from the culture filtrate of the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum IFO 9395, was examined for effects on immune responses in mice. The proliferative responses of spleen cells from SSG-administered mice (40 or 80 mg/kg, daily for 5 or 10 consecutive days) to a T-cell mitogen, concanavalin A (Con A), or a B-cell mitogen, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), were higher than those from normal mice. Oral administration of SSG (80 mg/kg) to mice also enhanced the activities of both natural killer (NK) cells in spleen and the lysosomal enzyme of peritoneal macrophages. Furthermore, significant inhibition of tumor growth was observed in syngeneic tumor systems when SSG was administered directly after tumor implantation. The inhibiting effect required high doses of SSG (over 80 mg/kg). These results demonstrate that SSG can potentiate the immune response of mice following oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Suzuki
- Laboratory of Immunopharmcology of Microbial Products, Tokyo College of Pharmacy, Japan
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Jackson SK, Stark JM, Rowlands CC, Evans JC. Electron spin resonance detection of oxygen-centred radicals in murine macrophages stimulated with bacterial endotoxin. Free Radic Biol Med 1989; 7:165-70. [PMID: 2553544 DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(89)90008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The production of oxygen radicals by Bacille-Calmette-Guerin primed mouse macrophages stimulated with bacterial endotoxin has been investigated. Superoxide radicals were spin-trapped in this system with dimethylpyrroline-N-oxide after a lag period of 20-40 minutes. The electron spin resonance signals due to the superoxide radical adduct could be inhibited by superoxide dismutase but not by catalase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Jackson
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Health Park, Cardiff, U.K
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Jackson SK, James PE, Rowlands CC, Evans JC. Effects of E. coli 0111.B4 lipopolysaccharide on spin-labelled murine macrophage and hepatocyte membranes. FREE RADICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 1989; 8:47-53. [PMID: 2555285 DOI: 10.3109/10715768909087971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages and hepatocytes from normal and BCG-primed mice have been spin-labelled in their membranes with 5- and 16-doxyl stearic acid. Incubation of spin-labelled cells from BCG-primed animals with lipopolysaccharide from E. coli 0111.B4 produced a detectable and transient disturbance in the cell membranes as reflected by an increase in the order parameter measured from the electron spin resonance spectra of 5-doxyl-stearate. This membrane disturbance was maximal at 3-4 hours of incubation and was only detected with cells from mice primed with BCG. Spectra obtained from the 16-doxyl-stearate-labelled cells showed no change in order parameter on incubation with lipopolysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Jackson
- Dept Medical Microbiology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff
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12
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Stokes RW, Collins FM. Growth of Mycobacterium avium in activated macrophages harvested from inbred mice with differing innate susceptibilities to mycobacterial infection. Infect Immun 1988; 56:2250-4. [PMID: 3137164 PMCID: PMC259557 DOI: 10.1128/iai.56.9.2250-2254.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth of Mycobacterium avium in macrophages obtained from Mycobacterium bovis BCG-infected mice was compared with that in macrophages from uninfected mice. BCG vaccination resulted in substantial macrophage activation, measured as increased acid phosphatase and superoxide anion production, as well as enhanced leishmanicidal activity. However, the activated macrophages were only able to reduce the rate of intracellular growth by Listeria monocytogenes and M. avium in vivo and did not express detectable levels of mycobactericidal activity in vitro. Exposure of the macrophage monolayers to concanavalin A-stimulated spleen cell supernatant fluid and lipopolysaccharide did not further enhance the ability of the BCG-activated macrophages to control the intracellular replication of the M. avium. Macrophages from BCG-infected C57BL/6 (BCGs) mice were quantitatively better able to control the intracellular replication of the M. avium challenge than were similar phagocytes obtained from BCGr (A/J) mice. These findings have important implications with respect to the expression of acquired resistance to these atypical mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Stokes
- Trudeau Institute, Inc., Saranac Lake, New York 12983
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13
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Groeneveld PH, Claassen E, Kuper CF, Van Rooijen N. The role of macrophages in LPS-induced lethality and tissue injury. Immunology 1988; 63:521-7. [PMID: 2965101 PMCID: PMC1454743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study we investigated the role of mononuclear phagocytes in the pathogenesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lethality and tissue injury. Since hepatic and splenic macrophages are the primary sites of localization of i.v.-injected LPS, we selectively eliminated these macrophages using liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate (DMDP). After double DMDP-liposome treatment the phagocytic cells in the liver and spleen were completely eliminated, except for the macrophages in the white pulp of the spleen which were affected to a lesser extent by this treatment. An i.v. injection of LPS into DMDP- and saline-pretreated mice showed that the latter animals exhibited febrile-associated symptoms such as lethargy and ruffled fur, but that macrophage elimination abrogated these symptoms. Although after double saline- or DMDP-pretreatment the LD50 appears to be 1 mg and 630 micrograms, respectively, the differences in lethality between both groups of mice were not statistically significant. Therefore, we concluded that hepatic and splenic macrophages are not necessary for LPS-induced lethality. The role of macrophages in LPS-induced local tissue damage was studied by comparing the histopathological changes in hepatic and splenic tissue between DMDP- and saline-pretreated mice. A sublethal dose of LPS induced similar hepatic lesions in macrophage-depleted and saline-pretreated mice, whereas the histopathological changes in the spleen were much more pronounced after DMDP-pretreatment. Particularly in the inner periarteriolar lymphocyte sheath (PALS) of these mice, the number of T cells was considerably reduced and extensive cellular necrosis could be found. These data strongly suggest that the local tissue damage resulting from LPS injection may not be due to its localization in mononuclear phagocytes but rather to interaction with other cell types.
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14
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Wirsing von König CH, Heymer B, Finger H, Emmerling P, Hof H. Alteration of non-specific resistance to infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Infection 1988; 16 Suppl 2:S112-7. [PMID: 3138182 DOI: 10.1007/bf01639732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The experimental infection of murine hosts with Listeria monocytogenes is often used as a model for cell-mediated immunity. However, the natural immunity or non-specific resistance to listeriosis can be influenced by the parasite itself and also by a wide array of endogenous and exogenous host factors. The most important host factor in inbred mouse strains is their genetically determined susceptibility or resistance to Listeria monocytogenes. Secondly, the age of the mice is crucial for the outcome of infection. Resistance is only slowly developed by newborn mice, while aged mice possess an increased non-specific resistance as compared to young adult animals. Resistance is further influenced by the nutritional status, by pregnancy or by a simultaneous second antigenic stimulation. Regarding exogenous factors, macrophage blocking agents can totally abolish the resistance to listeriosis, while a lot of immunomodulating agents, such as BCG, killed Bordetella pertussis or Propionibacterium acnes organisms, lipopolysaccharides, suramin etc., can either increase or decrease the resistance. The mononuclear phagocyte system seems to be the main target of all these immunomodifiers. The timing between listeria infection and application of the immunomodulator determines the effect on non-specific resistance. A simultaneous injection of parasite and immunomodulator results in a decrease of resistance, while the application of immunoadjuvants several days before infection can dramatically increase the resistance to listeriosis. The delicate equilibrium of the mononuclear phagocyte system must therefore be taken into account, when infection with Listeria monocytogenes is used to test for immune-modifying agents, which are intended for use in humans or animals.
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Williams DL, Sherwood ER, Browder IW, McNamee RB, Jones EL, Di Luzio NR. Pre-clinical safety evaluation of soluble glucan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1988; 10:405-14. [PMID: 3262594 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(88)90127-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Soluble glucan, a beta-1,3-linked glucopyranose biological response modifier, is effective in the therapy of experimental neoplasia, infectious diseases and immune suppression. Currently, soluble glucan is undergoing phase I clinical trials. The present study describes the pre-clinical safety evaluation of soluble glucan in mice, rats, guinea pigs and rabbits. ICR/HSD mice and Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats received a single i.v. injection of soluble glucan in doses ranging from 40 to 1000 mg/kg. Soluble glucan administration did not induce mortality, appearance or behavioral changes in mice or rats. In subsequent studies, mice and guinea pigs were injected i.p. with glucan (250 mg/kg) for 7 consecutive days. ICR/HSD mice gained weight at the same rate as the saline-treated controls. In contrast, guinea pigs receiving i.p. injections of soluble glucan showed a significant (P less than 0.05) 10-13% decrease in weight gain over the 7 day period. No other toxicologic, behavioral or appearance changes were noted. To examine chronic toxicity, soluble glucan was administered twice weekly for a period of 30 or 60 days to ICR/HSD mice in the dose of 40, 200 or 1000 mg/kg. No deaths were observed in any group. Chronic glucan administration did not alter body weight, liver, lung or kidney weight. However, a significant splenomegaly was observed in both the 30 and 60 day study. Histopathologic examination showed no tissue alterations at 40 or 200 mg/kg. However, at 1000 mg/kg a mononuclear infiltrate was observed in the liver. Pyrogenicity testing, employing New Zealand white rabbits, revealed that parenteral glucan administration (5 mg/kg) did not significantly alter body temperature. These data indicate that the systemic administration of soluble glucan, over a wide dose range, does not induce mortality or significant toxicity, an important consideration in preparing soluble glucan for parenteral administration to human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Williams
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
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16
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Kuper CF, Groeneveld PH, Bloksma N. In vivo effects of toxic and detoxified endotoxin alone or in combination with muramyl dipeptide on lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells in the spleen of Meth A sarcoma-bearing mice. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY INCLUDING MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 1986; 51:341-51. [PMID: 2875559 DOI: 10.1007/bf02899043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study we confirmed that combinations of toxic or detoxified endotoxin with muramyl dipeptide (MDP) induced much more necrosis of transplanted Meth A sarcoma in mice than toxic endotoxin alone. Detoxified endotoxin and MDP alone had little antitumor effects. We investigated whether these divergent antitumor effects could be related to histopathological changes in the white pulp of the spleen of Meth A sarcoma-bearing mice. Toxic endotoxin reduced the T:B cell compartment ratio in the splenic white pulp by increasing the size of the B-cell compartment while leaving the size of the T-cell dependent inner PALS unaffected. The number of the T-lymphocytes in this area, however, was reduced. The border of B-lymphocytes in the marginal zone was markedly narrowed and the number of marginal metallophils along the inner border of the marginal sinus was decreased. None of these changes were observed after treatment with detoxified endotoxin or MDP. Addition of MDP to either endotoxin did not change their effects. The histopathological changes in the lymphoid and non-lymphoid compartments of the splenic white pulp are apparently exclusively induced by toxic endotoxin. As the antitumor activity of both toxic and detoxified endotoxin combined with MDP are about equal and more powerful than the activity of toxic endotoxin alone, it is concluded that these antitumor effects cannot be related to changes in the white pulp of the spleen.
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Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has been determined as an endogenous mediator for endotoxin-induced tumor necrosis. This macrophage product has been biochemically characterized and its protein structure defined by molecular cloning of the TNF gene. Experiments with antibodies to TNF demonstrated that TNF acts as an effector molecule of activated cytotoxic macrophages involved in tumor destruction. Purified TNF has been shown to exert direct necrotic activity against tumors in vivo. In addition, a number of similar effects in vivo and in vitro of TNF, endotoxin, and interleukin 1 (IL 1) have been observed. For example, in vivo the thermoregulatory activity of TNF is similar to IL 1. Since TNF was found to mediate other effects of endotoxin in modulating immune responses in addition to the tumor necrotic activity, it can be considered a true immunoregulator produced by macrophages after endotoxin stimulation.
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Abstract
Ethane has been identified and quantitated in air exhaled by mice following intraperitoneal injection of 20, 40, or 200 mg of Escherichia coli O111:B4 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) per kg. Significant increases in ethane concentration occurred within 1 to 5 h after LPS administration. In addition, increased concentrations of malondialdehyde were found in crude homogenates of livers obtained from mice 16 h after administration of 20 mg of LPS per kg. These results suggest that lipid peroxidation may be an important mechanism responsible for LPS toxicity.
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19
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Clark IA, Hunt NH, Cowden WB. Oxygen-derived free radicals in the pathogenesis of parasitic disease. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 1986; 25:1-44. [PMID: 3022568 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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20
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Urbaschek R, Urbaschek B. Induction of nonspecific resistance and stimulation of granulopoiesis by endotoxins and nontoxic bacterial cell wall components and their passive transfer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1985; 459:97-110. [PMID: 3913372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb20819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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Hart DA. Increased sensitivity of Corynebacterium parvum-treated mice to toxic effects of indomethacin and lipopolysaccharide. Infect Immun 1985; 47:408-14. [PMID: 3881348 PMCID: PMC263184 DOI: 10.1128/iai.47.2.408-414.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Female BALB/c and C3H/HeJ mice develop increased sensitivity to the toxic effects of indomethacin after injection of nonviable Corynebacterium parvum. The increased sensitivity developed within 4 days of intraperitoneal injection of the organisms and started to resolve 14 days after injection. The development of increased sensitivity was dependent on the quantity of organisms injected and the concentration of indomethacin utilized. The effect was not observed when C. parvum-treated animals were injected with aspirin. C. parvum-treated BALB/c mice also developed increased sensitivity to E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Although increased sensitivity to LPS and indomethacin paralleled each other in BALB/c mice, the experiments with the LPS-resistant C3H/HeJ mice indicated that the two phenomena could be separated. The pyridine extract residue of C. parvum was as effective as C. parvum whole cells in inducing indomethacin and LPS sensitivity. Therefore, activation of the reticuloendothelial system is probably a critical element in the induction of sensitivity to these agents.
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Abstract
Serum from mice infected with Babesia microti or Plasmodium vinckei petteri and given lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contained appreciable amounts of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF; Interleukin I) activity. These monokines were not noted in serum from uninfected mice given the same dose of LPS. This pattern was repeated when adherent peritoneal cells from normal or infected mice were exposed to LPS in vitro and the supernatants assayed for LAF. This indicates that the hyper-reactivity of malaria and Babesia-infected mice to LPS resides in their macrophages, and that infection with these haemoprotozoa provides the host's macrophages with the same priming stimulus for subsequent triggering of monokine release as does an injection of Bacillus Calmette Guerin.
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Wood PR, Andrus L, Clark IA. Production of lymphocyte activating factor in vivo. Immunol Suppl 1983; 50:637-44. [PMID: 6360852 PMCID: PMC1454379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mice injected with Propionibacterium acnes, when challenged with lipopolysaccharide release a range of soluble mediators into their serum. Included among these is lymphocyte activating factor (LAF, interleukin-1). The release of LAF in vivo was detected only when serum samples were assayed at high dilution because inhibitors of its activity in vitro were also present. The kinetics of release of LAF in vivo after injection of P. acnes was dependent on the mouse strain used. LAF was also detected in serum collected from nude mice, implying that the LAF activity measured in vitro was not due to contamination with T cell products, such as interleukin 2.
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24
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Yoshikai Y, Miake S, Sano M, Nomoto K. Increased susceptibility to Escherichia coli infection in mice pretreated with Corynebacterium parvum. Microbiol Immunol 1983; 27:273-82. [PMID: 6348489 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1983.tb03589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of activated macrophages to protection against Escherichia coli was studied in mice treated intravenously with Corynebacterium parvum 7 days before infection. C. parvum-treated mice showed increased phagocytic activity and enhanced resistance to Listeria infection. In contrast, these mice showed increased susceptibility to a subsequent challenge with E. coli that correlated closely with a reduction in the LD50 of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in these mice. The peritoneal macrophages obtained from C. parvum-treated mice had a strong ability to phagocytize and kill E. coli in in vitro experiments. A rapid decline in the number of bacteria in the liver of C. parvum-treated mice was observed in the early period of infection. However, the number of bacteria in liver and spleen increased progressively to a lethal dose from 6 hr after infection. At this time, a significant increase in beta-glucuronidase, a lysosomal acid hydrolase, was found in the serum of these mice. In vitro experiments revealed that the peritoneal macrophages from C. parvum-treated mice were highly susceptible to the cytotoxic effect of LPS after 6 hr of incubation with LPS. It is suggested that the hypersensitivity of activated macrophages to the cytotoxic effect of endotoxin derived from E. coli may be partly responsible for the increased susceptibility of C. parvum-treated mice to E. coli infection.
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25
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Rosenbaum JT, Mandell RB. The effect of endotoxin and endotoxin tolerance on inflammation induced by mycobacterial adjuvant. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 1983; 56:293-301. [PMID: 6670292 PMCID: PMC2589639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan, the substance in mycobacteria thought to be responsible for inducing adjuvant arthritis, and endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide or LPS) share many inflammatory properties. Since repeated administration of LPS produces tolerance, i.e., resistance to the toxic and inflammatory effects of LPS, we tested whether LPS and/or LPS tolerance might influence inflammation due to mycobacterial adjuvant. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with Escherichia coli LPS or saline intraperitoneally and then challenged with 100 micrograms killed Mycobacteria butyricum (adjuvant) in the footpad. A single dose of 100 micrograms LPS three or 24 hours before adjuvant markedly, but transiently, reduced the local footpad swelling that begins within hours of the adjuvant injection and histologically resembles a sterile abscess. Animals that received multiple doses of LPS and were therefore tolerant or animals that received LPS 72 hours before adjuvant demonstrated adjuvant-induced footpad swelling nearly equal to controls. The anti-inflammatory effect of LPS was transient since footpad swelling in all groups was nearly comparable six days after the adjuvant injection and LPS failed to inhibit consistently the arthritis that develops two or more weeks after adjuvant injection. These studies establish that LPS can markedly inhibit the prodrome of adjuvant arthritis (footpad swelling due to M. butyricum), that inhibition of this prodrome does not prevent the subsequent development of arthritis, and that LPS tolerance diminishes this anti-inflammatory effect of LPS.
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26
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Gauci R, Bennett D, Clark IA, Bryant C. The induction of tyrosine aminotransferase activity and its use as an indirect assay for endotoxin in mice infected with Plasmodium vinckei petteri. Int J Parasitol 1982; 12:279-84. [PMID: 6126456 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(82)90030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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27
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Urbaschek R, Urbaschek B. Aspects of beneficial endotoxin-mediated effects. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1982; 60:746-8. [PMID: 6750229 DOI: 10.1007/bf01716569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The status of hyperreactivity and hyporeactivity following the administration of endotoxin in a susceptible host represents phenomena which are of interest in an attempt to understand the role of endotoxins in pathophysiological events in general. Two experimental approaches designed to examine these events are reported herein; i.v. injection with minute concentrations of endotoxin (10 ng of a BOIVIN endotoxin from E. coli 0111) induces tolerance against lethal doses of endotoxin (0.5 microgram or 5.0 microgram) within 24 h in hyperreactive NMRI mice that were infected 14 days before with BCG. Transfer of post-endotoxin serum from BCG infected mice, which contains a myriad of macrophage mediators and which induces nonspecific resistance to X-irradiation, renders a strain of mice (C3H/HeJ) that is hyporeactive to endotoxins, susceptible to the lethal effect of endotoxin. Studies of the role of the macrophage and its mediators in the experimental models described here may contribute to a further understanding of the mechanisms underlying endotoxin-induced biological activities.
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Cahill J, Hopper KE. Immunoregulation by macrophages: differential secretion of prostaglandin E and interleukin 1 during infection with Salmonella enteritidis. Cell Immunol 1982; 67:229-40. [PMID: 6805961 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(82)90216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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29
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Vogel SN, Weedon LL, Wahl LM, Rosenstreich DL. BCG-induced enhancement of endotoxin sensitivity in C3H/HeJ mice. II. T cell modulation of macrophage sensitivity to LPS in vitro. Immunobiology 1982; 160:479-93. [PMID: 6802744 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(82)80010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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30
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Taverne J, Dockrell HM, Playfair JH. Endotoxin-induced serum factor kills malarial parasites in vitro. Infect Immun 1981; 33:83-9. [PMID: 7021427 PMCID: PMC350656 DOI: 10.1128/iai.33.1.83-89.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the possibility that malarial parasites may be killed by nonspecific soluble mediators, such as those in tumor necrosis serum, that are obtained from mice given macrophage-activating agents like Corynebacterium parvum or Mycobacterium bovis BCG, followed by endotoxin. Such sera killed parasites in vitro after overnight incubation; killing was measured directly by using an in vivo infectivity assay. Parasite infectivity was not decreased by incubation in sera from mice given C. parvum or BCG alone (no endotoxin) or by incubation in sera from normal mice given endotoxin. Plasmodium yoelii, its lethal variant, and Plasmodium berghei were equally susceptible to inactivation. Sera obtained from mice given endotoxin during the course of infection with these parasites also contained parasite-killing factor. The activity of this factor appeared to be proportional to parasitemia in that it was higher in the sera from mice infected with the lethal parasites than in the sera from mice with infections which resolved either spontaneously or after vaccination.
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31
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Smrkovski LL. Effect of route of Mycobacterium bovis BCG administration on induction of suppression of sporozoite immunity in rodent malaria. Infect Immun 1981; 31:408-12. [PMID: 7012001 PMCID: PMC351798 DOI: 10.1128/iai.31.1.408-412.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravenous immunization of mice with 16,000, 60Co--gamma-irradiated, attenuated sporozoites produced solid immunity to sporozoite-induced malaria when the mice were challenged 21 days after immunization. In contrast, mice injected by various routes with 10(7) viable units of Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) before immunization with irradiated sporozoites were not completely immune to challenge. The extent of reduced protection against viable sporozoites demonstrated with these animals was dependent upon the injection route mycobacteria. The intravenous administration of BCG induced the greatest degree of suppression, followed by the intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes. BCG injected intramuscularly before sporozoite immunization did not suppress development of immunity. In contrast, mice injected with BCG after immunization with attenuated sporozoites exhibited a lesser degree of suppression. In these animals, only the intravenous injection of mycobacteria reduced immunity.
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32
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Clark IA, Clouston WM. Effects of endotoxin on the histology of intact and athymic mice infected with Plasmodium vinckei petteri. J Pathol 1980; 131:221-33. [PMID: 7000990 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711310304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Apparently healthy intact and athymic mice with low to moderate parasitaemias of P. vinckei petteri are very susceptible to the harmful effects of Endotoxin (LPS). The histological changes seen in such mice after injection of a small dose of LPS closely resemble those seen in mice terminally infected with this parasite. Thus the onset of pathology could be hastened by giving a little LPS. Both groups of intact mice showed foci of hepatic necrosis, severe necrosis in the thymus, and light to moderate necrosis in the germinal centres of the splenic white pulp and Peyer's patches. In contrast liver necrosis was seen in very few of the terminally ill athymic mice and in none of the athymic mice given LPS. Our results imply that the lesions produced by LPS in the liver and lymphoid organs of apparently healthy mice with low to moderate parasitaemias would have eventually developed, without the help of extrinsic LPS, as the parasitaemia rose further and the infection ran its normal fatal course. This would be consistent with an intrinsic LPS-like activity in these terminally infected mice. One possible contributor to the liver necrosis seen in this infection is a T-dependent mediator reported to block enzyme induction. Any proposal for the mechanism of this damage must explain its rarity in athymic mice, its induction by LPS in intact but not athymic mice, and host differences in parasite density at which it occurs.
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33
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Parant MA, Parant FJ, Chedid LA. Enhancement of resistance to infections by endotoxin-induced serum factor from Mycobacterium bovis BCG-infected mice. Infect Immun 1980; 28:654-9. [PMID: 6772564 PMCID: PMC551000 DOI: 10.1128/iai.28.3.654-659.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrosis of a variety of transplanted murine tumors can be induced by serum from Mycobacterium bovis BCG-treated mice challenged with a lethal dose of endotoxin. Results reported here show that the tumor necrosis serum (TNS) enhances resistance to infections, protecting mice against two types of challenges, either with Klebsiella pneumoniae or with the intracellular parasite Listeria monocytogenes. Moreover, TNS activity was demonstrated in animals which are refractory to lipopolysaccharide and very susceptible to infections, such as 8-day-old mice and adult C3H/He mice. Protection passively transferred by TNS was not related to antibodies, since it was not decreased by absorption with homologous organisms.
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34
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Berendt MJ, Newborg MF, North RJ. Increased toxicity of endotoxin for tumor-bearing mice and mice responding to bacterial pathogens: macrophage activation as a common denominator. Infect Immun 1980; 28:645-7. [PMID: 7399683 PMCID: PMC550985 DOI: 10.1128/iai.28.2.645-647.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice bearing the syngeneic SA-1 sarcoma or treated with live Mycobacterium bovis BCG or Formalin-killed Corynebacterium parvum acquired a greatly increased susceptibility to the lethal effects of endotoxin. In all three experimental models, the acquisition of increased sensitivity to endotoxin was concordant with the generation of a systemically activated macrophage system.
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