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Domma AJ, Henderson LA, Nurdin JA, Kamil JP. Uncloaking the viral glycocalyx: How do viruses exploit glycoimmune checkpoints? Adv Virus Res 2024; 119:63-110. [PMID: 38897709 PMCID: PMC11192240 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The surfaces of cells and enveloped viruses alike are coated in carbohydrates that play multifarious roles in infection and immunity. Organisms across all kingdoms of life make use of a diverse set of monosaccharide subunits, glycosidic linkages, and branching patterns to encode information within glycans. Accordingly, sugar-patterning enzymes and glycan binding proteins play integral roles in cell and organismal biology, ranging from glycoprotein quality control within the endoplasmic reticulum to lymphocyte migration, coagulation, inflammation, and tissue homeostasis. Unsurprisingly, genes involved in generating and recognizing oligosaccharide patterns are playgrounds for evolutionary conflicts that abound in cross-species interactions, exemplified by the myriad plant lectins that function as toxins. In vertebrates, glycans bearing acidic nine-carbon sugars called sialic acids are key regulators of immune responses. Various bacterial and fungal pathogens adorn their cells in sialic acids that either mimic their hosts' or are stolen from them. Yet, how viruses commandeer host sugar-patterning enzymes to thwart immune responses remains poorly studied. Here, we review examples of viruses that interact with sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs), a family of immune cell receptors that regulate toll-like receptor signaling and govern glycoimmune checkpoints, while highlighting knowledge gaps that merit investigation. Efforts to illuminate how viruses leverage glycan-dependent checkpoints may translate into new clinical treatments that uncloak viral antigens and infected cell surfaces by removing or masking immunosuppressive sialoglycans, or by inhibiting viral gene products that induce their biosynthesis. Such approaches may hold the potential to unleash the immune system to clear long intractable chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Domma
- LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | | | - Jeffery A Nurdin
- LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Jeremy P Kamil
- LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States.
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Rodrigues ML, Alviano DS, Kneipp LF, Alviano CS, Barreto-Bergter E, Nimrichter L. Professor Luiz R. Travassos and the study of surface structures of fungal pathogens. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2571-2575. [PMID: 36720842 PMCID: PMC9889240 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00916-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Brazilian medical mycology considerably expanded in the last decades due to the efforts of several pioneers who started and expanded mycology during the twentieth century. In this manuscript, we highlight some of the contributions of one of these pioneers: Professor Luiz R. Travassos, who started his career in the field of microbiology in the 1960s. We will discuss his contributions to the areas of medical mycology and glycobiology, with a focus on glycosphingolipids, sialic acids, and surface enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio L Rodrigues
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil.
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Daniela S Alviano
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucimar F Kneipp
- Laboratório de Taxonomia, Bioquímica e Bioprospecção de Fungos (LTBBF), Instituto Oswaldo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Celuta S Alviano
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliana Barreto-Bergter
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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3
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Gómez-Gaviria M, Martínez-Duncker I, García-Carnero LC, Mora-Montes HM. Differential Recognition of Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa by Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages and Dendritic Cells. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:4817-4834. [PMID: 37520448 PMCID: PMC10386844 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s419629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sporotrichosis is a mycosis frequently caused by Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa. The cell wall is a species-specific fungal structure with a direct role in activating the host's immune response. The current knowledge about anti-Sporothrix immunity comes from studies using S. schenckii or S. brasiliensis and murine cells. Macrophages and dendritic cells detect and eliminate pathogens, and although the function of these cells links innate with adaptive immunity, little is known about their interaction with Sporothrix spp. Methods S. schenckii, S. brasiliensis, and S. globosa conidia or yeast-like cells were co-incubated with human monocyte-derived macrophages or dendritic cells, and the phagocytosis and cytokine stimulation were assessed. These interactions were also performed in the presence of specific blocking agents of immune receptors or fungal cells with altered walls to analyze the contribution of these molecules to the immune cell-fungus interaction. Results Both types of immune cells phagocytosed S. globosa conidia and yeast-like cells to a greater extent, followed by S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii. Furthermore, when the wall internal components were exposed, the phagocytosis level increased for S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis, in contrast to S. globosa. Thus, the cell wall components have different functions during the interaction with macrophages and dendritic cells. S. globosa stimulated an increased proinflammatory response when compared to the other species. In macrophages, this was a dectin-1-, mannose receptor-, and TLR2-dependent response, but dectin-1- and TLR2-dependent stimulation in dendritic cells. For S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis, cytokine production was dependent on the activation of TLR4, CR3, and DC-SIGN. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that these species are recognized by immune cells differently and that this may depend on both the structure and cell wall organization of the different morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gómez-Gaviria
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, GuanajuatoMéxico
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular; Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Laura C García-Carnero
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, GuanajuatoMéxico
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, GuanajuatoMéxico
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Nava-Pérez N, Neri-García LG, Romero-González OE, Terrones-Cruz JA, García-Carnero LC, Mora-Montes HM. Biological and Clinical Attributes of Sporothrix globosa, a Causative Agent of Sporotrichosis. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:2067-2090. [PMID: 35498634 PMCID: PMC9041366 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s362099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is an important subcutaneous mycosis with high prevalence and threat to human and animal health worldwide. Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa are the main etiological agents of this disease; and even though many efforts have been made recently to understand the Sporothrix-host interaction, little is known about S. globosa, an underestimated species. This organism shows the lowest virulence among the members of the Sporothrix pathogenic clade and represents an important pathogenic agent due to its global distribution. Here, we offer a review with all the known information about S. globosa, including its genome and proteomic information, and compare it with S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis, to explain the differences observed among these species, in terms of virulence, the host immune response, and the antifungal sensitivity. Also, we provide the gene prediction of some S. globosa putative virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nallely Nava-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
| | - Lisset G Neri-García
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
| | - Oscar E Romero-González
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
| | - Joshua A Terrones-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
| | - Laura C García-Carnero
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
- Correspondence: Laura C García-Carnero; Héctor M Mora-Montes, Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México, Tel +52 473-7320006 Ext. 8193, Fax +52 473-7320006 Ext. 8153, Email ;
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
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The Role of Macrophages in the Host's Defense against Sporothrix schenckii. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070905. [PMID: 34358055 PMCID: PMC8308788 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of immune cells associated with sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii is not yet fully clarified. Macrophages through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of Sporothrix, engulf it, activate respiratory burst, and secrete pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory biological mediators to control infection. It is important to consider that the characteristics associated with S. schenckii and/or the host may influence macrophage polarization (M1/M2), cell recruitment, and the type of immune response (1, 2, and 17). Currently, with the use of new monocyte-macrophage cell lines, it is possible to evaluate different host-pathogen interaction processes, which allows for the proposal of new mechanisms in human sporotrichosis. Therefore, in order to contribute to the understanding of these host-pathogen interactions, the aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the immune responses induced by macrophage-S. schenckii interactions, as well as the PRRs and PAMPs involved during the recognition of S. schenckii that favor the immune evasion by the fungus.
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Huang L, Zhang J, Du W, Liang Z, Li M, Wu R, Chen S, Hu X, Huang H. Chitin-rich heteroglycan from Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto potentiates fungal clearance in a mouse model of sporotrichosis and promotes macrophages phagocytosis. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:190. [PMID: 34171998 PMCID: PMC8228915 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02243-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fungal cell wall polysaccharides maintain the integrity of fungi and interact with host immune cells. The immunomodulation of fungal polysaccharides has been demonstrated in previous studies. However, the effect of chitin-rich heteroglycan extracted from Sporothrix schenckiisensu stricto on the immune response has not been investigated. Results In this study, chitin-rich heteroglycan was extracted from S. schenckiisensu stricto, and immunomodulation was investigated via histopathological analysis of skin lesions in a mouse model of sporotrichosis and evaluation of the phagocytic function and cytokine secretion of macrophages in vitro. The results showed that the skin lesions regressed and granulomatous inflammation was reduced in infected mice within 5 weeks. Moreover, heteroglycan promoted the fungal phagocytosis by macrophages and modulated the cytokine secretion. Heteroglycan upregulated TNF-α expression early at 24 h and IL-12 expression late at 72 h after incubation, which might result from moderate activation of macrophages and contribute to the subsequent adaptive immune response. Conclusions Chitin-rich heteroglycan extracted from S. schenckiisensu stricto potentiated fungal clearance in a mouse model of sporotrichosis. Moreover, chitin-rich heteroglycan promoted fungus phagocytosis by macrophages and modulated cytokines secretion. These results might indicate that chitin-rich heteroglycan could be considered as an immunomodulator used in the treatment of sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilin Huang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600# Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weian Du
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600# Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Zixian Liang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600# Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Meirong Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600# Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Rong Wu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600# Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Sanmei Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600# Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xuchu Hu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Huaiqiu Huang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600# Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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Sanches JM, Rossato L, Lice I, Alves de Piloto Fernandes AM, Bueno Duarte GH, Rosini Silva AA, de Melo Porcari A, de Oliveira Carvalho P, Gil CD. The role of annexin A1 in Candida albicans and Candida auris infections in murine neutrophils. Microb Pathog 2020; 150:104689. [PMID: 33307121 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Annexin A1 (AnxA1) is an anti-inflammatory protein expressed in various cell types, especially macrophages and neutrophils. Because neutrophils play important roles in infections and inflammatory processes and the relationship between AnxA1 and Candida spp. infections is not well-understood, our study examined whether AnxA1 can serve as a target protein for the regulation of the immune response during fungal infections. C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and AnxA1 knockout (AnxA1-/-) peritoneal neutrophils were coinfected with Candida albicans or Candida auris for 4 h. AnxA1-/- neutrophils exhibited a marked increase in cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), p-38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) levels after coinfection with both Candida spp. A lipidomics approach showed that AnxA1 deficiency produced marked differences in the supernatant lipid profiles of both control neutrophils and neutrophils coinfected with Candida spp. compared with WT cells, especially the levels of glycerophospholipids and glycerolipids. Our results showed that endogenous AnxA1 regulates the neutrophil response under fungal infection conditions, altering lipid membrane organization and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Marcos Sanches
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Luana Rossato
- Laboratório Especial de Micologia, Departamento de Medicina, UNIFESP, São Paulo, 04038-032, Brazil
| | - Izabella Lice
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, 04023-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alex Aparecido Rosini Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Multidisciplinar, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, 12916-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andreia de Melo Porcari
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Multidisciplinar, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, 12916-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Oliveira Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Multidisciplinar, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, 12916-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Damas Gil
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, 04023-900, Brazil.
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Rossato L, Santos SSD, Ferreira LG, de Almeida SR. The importance of Toll-like receptor 4 during experimental Sporothrix brasiliensis infection. Med Mycol 2019; 57:489-495. [PMID: 30085101 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we investigated the importance of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) in innate immune response to Sporothrix brasiliensis, a virulent fungus of Sporothrix spp. In vitro assays, using C57Bl/6 (wild type [WT]) bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), and TLR-4 knockout (TLR-4-/-) showed that the absence of TLR-4 resulted in impaired phagocytosis and lower levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and nitric oxide. In vivo assays were also performed, and the mice (WT and TLR-4-/-) were intraperitoneally infected with S. brasiliensis yeast ATCC MyA-4831 and euthanized on days 7, 14, and 28 postinfection, with the following parameters evaluated: fungal burden in liver, spleen, kidney, and brain, and the production of cytokines interferon γ (IFN-γ), TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10. The results demonstrate the macrophages dependency on TLR-4 for inflammatory activation and in the absence of TLR-4 during experimental S. brasiliensis infection enhanced dissemination occurred after 14 and 28 days. These data show that TLR-4 signals are important for the recognition of S. brasiliensis by macrophages, and their absence promotes the persistence of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Rossato
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suelen Silvana Dos Santos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Gonçalves Ferreira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro Rogério de Almeida
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bitencourt TA, Rezende CP, Quaresemin NR, Moreno P, Hatanaka O, Rossi A, Martinez-Rossi NM, Almeida F. Extracellular Vesicles From the Dermatophyte Trichophyton interdigitale Modulate Macrophage and Keratinocyte Functions. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2343. [PMID: 30356863 PMCID: PMC6190888 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of biomolecules critically affects all pathogens and their establishment of diseases. For the export of several biomolecules in diverse species, the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is considered to represent an alternative transport mechanism, but no study to date has investigated EVs from dermatophytes. Here, we describe biologically active EVs from the dermatophyte Trichophyton interdigitale, a causative agent of mycoses worldwide. EV preparations from T. interdigitale were examined using nanoparticle-tracking analysis, which revealed vesicular structures 20–380 nm in diameter. These vesicles induced the production of proinflammatory mediators by bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and keratinocytes in a dose-dependent manner, and an addition of the EVs to BMDMs also stimulated the transcription of the M1-polarization marker iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) and diminished the expression of the M2 markers arginase-1 and Ym-1. The observed M1 macrophages' polarization triggered by EVs was abolished in cells obtained from knockout Toll-like receptor-2 mice. Also, the EVs-induced productions of pro-inflammatory mediators were blocked too. Furthermore, the EVs from T. interdigitale enhanced the fungicidal activity of BMDMs. These results suggest that EVs from T. interdigitale can modulate the innate immune response of the host and influence the interaction between T. interdigitale and host immune cells. Our findings thus open new areas of investigation into the host-parasite relationship in dermatophytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Patini Rezende
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Otavio Hatanaka
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Fausto Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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2-(Benzylideneamino)phenol: A Promising Hydroxyaldimine with Potent Activity Against Dermatophytoses. Mycopathologia 2014; 179:243-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-014-9850-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Téllez MD, Batista-Duharte A, Portuondo D, Quinello C, Bonne-Hernández R, Carlos IZ. Sporothrix
schenckii complex biology: environment and fungal pathogenicity. Microbiology (Reading) 2014; 160:2352-2365. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.081794-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii is a complex of various species of fungus found in soils, plants, decaying vegetables and other outdoor environments. It is the aetiological agent of sporotrichosis in humans and several animals. Humans and animals can acquire the disease through traumatic inoculation of the fungus into subcutaneous tissue. Despite the importance of sporotrichosis, it being currently regarded as an emergent disease in several countries, the factors driving its increasing medical importance are still largely unknown. There have only been a few studies addressing the influence of the environment on the virulence of these pathogens. However, recent studies have demonstrated that adverse conditions in its natural habitats can trigger the expression of different virulence factors that confer survival advantages both in animal hosts and in the environment. In this review, we provide updates on the important advances in the understanding of the biology of Spor. schenckii and the modification of its virulence linked to demonstrated or putative environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. D. Téllez
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP Rua Expedicionarios do Brasil 1621-CEP : 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Oriente University, Ave Las Americas, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - A. Batista-Duharte
- Immunotoxicology Laboratory, Toxicology and Biomedicine Center (TOXIMED), Medical Science University, Autopista Nacional Km. 1 1/2 CP 90400, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP Rua Expedicionarios do Brasil 1621-CEP : 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - D. Portuondo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP Rua Expedicionarios do Brasil 1621-CEP : 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - C. Quinello
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP Rua Expedicionarios do Brasil 1621-CEP : 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - I. Z. Carlos
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP Rua Expedicionarios do Brasil 1621-CEP : 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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12
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Baltazar LDM, Santos PC, Paula TPD, Rachid MA, Cisalpino PS, Souza DG, Santos DA. IFN-γ impairs Trichophyton rubrum proliferation in a murine model of dermatophytosis through the production of IL-1β and reactive oxygen species. Med Mycol 2014; 52:293-302. [PMID: 24577006 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myt011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum is the main etiological agent of dermatophytosis, an infection of the skin that affects millions of people worldwide. In this study, we developed a murine model of the dermatophytosis caused by T. rubrum in which C57BL/6 wild-type, interleukin (IL)-12(-/-), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ(-/-)) mice were inoculated with 1 × 10(6) conidia/animal. The fungal burden, myeloperoxidase and N-acetylglucosaminidase activities, cytokine and chemokine profiles, and histopathology of the skin were evaluated on the seventh and fourteenth days post infection. Phagocytic indices, intracellular proliferation rates, and oxidative bursts generated by macrophages from WT and IFN-γ(-/-) mice were determined. On day 7 post infection, higher fungal burdens were observed comparison with burdens on day 14 post infection. The IL-12(-/-) and IFN-γ(-/-) mice showed higher fungal burdens on the skin and lower levels of IL-1β. Conversely, the WT mice showed lower fungal burdens with higher production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and chemokine ligand 1/keratinocyte chemoattractant (CXCL1/KC). The macrophages from WT mice proved to be more efficient at engulfing and killing T. rubrum conidia through the production of reactive oxygen species. The results show that our model is a useful tool for understanding the pathogenesis of dermatophytosis caused by T. rubrum and that IL-12 and IFN-γ are pivotal in controlling the infection through the recruitment and activation of neutrophils and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila de Matos Baltazar
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais
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13
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Yeung JHF, Telford JC, Shidmoossavee FS, Bennet AJ, Taylor GL, Moore MM. Kinetic and Structural Evaluation of Selected Active Site Mutants of the Aspergillus fumigatus KDNase (Sialidase). Biochemistry 2013; 52:9177-86. [DOI: 10.1021/bi401166f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Garry L. Taylor
- BSRC, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
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14
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Almeida CA, de Campos-Takaki GM, Portela MB, Travassos LR, Alviano CS, Alviano DS. Sialoglycoproteins in morphological distinct stages of Mucor polymorphosporus and their influence on phagocytosis by human blood phagocytes. Mycopathologia 2013; 176:183-9. [PMID: 23943428 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-013-9692-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The possible role of sialic acids in host cells-fungi interaction and their association with glycoproteins were evaluated using a clinical isolate of the dimorphic fungus Mucor polymorphosporus. Lectin-binding assays with spores and yeast cells denoted the presence of surface sialoglycoconjugates containing 2,3- and 2,6-linked sialylglycosyl groups. Western blotting with peroxidase-labeled Limulus polyphemus agglutinin revealed the occurrence of different sialoglycoprotein types in both cell lysates and cell wall protein extracts of mycelia, spores, and yeasts of M. polymorphosporus. Sialic acids contributed to the surface negative charge of spores and yeast forms as evaluated by adherence to a cationic substrate. Sialidase-treated spores were less resistant to phagocytosis by human neutrophils and monocytes from healthy individuals than control (untreated) fungal suspensions. The results suggest that sialic acids are terminal units of various glycoproteins of M. polymorphosporus, contributing to negative charge of yeasts and spore cells and protecting infectious propagules from destruction by host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Amancio Almeida
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, sala 050, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941-902, Brazil,
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15
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Negrini TDC, Ferreira LS, Alegranci P, Arthur RA, Sundfeld PP, Maia DCG, Spolidorio LC, Carlos IZ. Role of TLR-2 and fungal surface antigens on innate immune response against Sporothrix schenckii. Immunol Invest 2013; 42:36-48. [PMID: 23231043 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2012.719982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is an infection caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in immunity, since they bind to pathogen surface antigens and initiate the immune response. However, little is known about the role of TLR-2 and fungal surface antigens in the recognition of S. schenckii and in the subsequent immune response. This study aimed to evaluate the involvement of TLR-2 and fungal surface soluble (SolAg) and lipidic (LipAg) antigens in phagocytosis of S. schenckii and production of immune mediators by macrophages obtained from WT and TLR-2(-/-) animals. The results showed that TLR-2(-/-) animals had had statistical lower percentage of macrophages with internalized yeasts compared to WT. SolAg and LipAg impaired phagocytosis and immunological mediator production for both WT and TLR-2(-/-). The absence of TLR-2 led to lower production of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12 and IL-10 compared to WT animals. These results suggest a new insight in relation to how the immune system, through TLR-2, recognizes and induces the production of mediators in response to the fungus S. schenckii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais de C Negrini
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, SP, Brazil
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16
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Sassá MF, Ferreira LS, Ribeiro LCDA, Carlos IZ. Immune response against Sporothrix schenckii in TLR-4-deficient mice. Mycopathologia 2012; 174:21-30. [PMID: 22286932 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-012-9523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
For many fungal diseases, macrophages are the major cell population implicated in host protection, primarily by their ability to eliminate the invading fungal pathogen through phagocytosis. In sporotrichosis, this remains true, because of macrophages’ ability to recognize Sporothrix schenckii through specific receptors for some of the fungus’ cellular surface constituents. Further confirmation for macrophages’ pivotal role in fungal diseases came with the identification of toll-like receptors, and the subsequent numerous associations found between TLR-4 deficiency and host susceptibility to diverse fungal pathogens. Involvement of TLR-4 in immune response against sporotrichosis has been conducted to investigate how TLR-4 signaling could affect inflammatory response development through evaluation of H2O2 production and IL-1β, IL-6 and TGF-β release during the course of S. schenckii infection on TLR-4-deficient mice. The results showed that macrophages are largely dependent on TLR-4 for inflammatory activation and that in the absence of TLR-4 signaling, increased TGF-β release may be one of the contributing factors for the abrogated inflammatory activation of peritoneal exudate cells during mice sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheli Fernanda Sassá
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Guzman-Beltran S, Perez-Torres A, Coronel-Cruz C, Torres-Guerrero H. Phagocytic receptors on macrophages distinguish between different Sporothrix schenckii morphotypes. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:1093-101. [PMID: 22771955 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii is a human pathogen that causes sporotrichosis, a cutaneous subacute or chronic mycosis. Little is known about the innate immune response and the receptors involved in host recognition and phagocytosis of S. schenckii. Here, we demonstrate that optimal phagocytosis of conidia and yeast is dependent on preimmune human serum opsonisation. THP-1 macrophages efficiently ingested opsonised conidia. Competition with D-mannose, methyl α-D-mannopyranoside, D-fucose, and N-acetyl glucosamine blocked this process, suggesting the involvement of the mannose receptor in binding and phagocytosis of opsonised conidia. Release of TNF-α was not stimulated by opsonised or non-opsonised conidia, although reactive oxygen species (ROS) were produced, resulting in the killing of conidia by THP-1 macrophages. Heat inactivation of the serum did not affect conidia internalization, which was markedly decreased for yeast cells, suggesting the role of complement components in yeast uptake. Conversely, release of TNF-α and production of ROS were induced by opsonised and non-opsonised yeast. These data demonstrate that THP-1 macrophages respond to opsonised conidia and yeast through different phagocytic receptors, inducing a differential cellular response. Conidia induces a poor pro-inflammatory response and lower rate of ROS-induced cell death, thereby enhancing the pathogen's survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Guzman-Beltran
- Departamento de Microbiología en Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI, México DF, Mexico
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18
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de Lima Franco D, Nascimento RC, Ferreira KS, Almeida SR. Antibodies Against Sporothrix schenckii Enhance TNF-α Production and Killing by Macrophages. Scand J Immunol 2012; 75:142-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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19
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Lin JS, Huang JH, Hung LY, Wu SY, Wu-Hsieh BA. Distinct roles of complement receptor 3, Dectin-1, and sialic acids in murine macrophage interaction with Histoplasma yeast. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:95-106. [PMID: 20360401 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1109717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast cells of dimorphic fungal pathogen Histoplasma reside primarily within the macrophages of an infected host; the interaction between the yeast and macrophage has a profound impact on host defense against the fungus. We used blocking antibodies and saccharides to identify the receptors that participate in the phagocytosis of and the cytokine response to Histoplasma. The phagocytosis and cytokine response results show that sialic acids on the macrophages were involved in the interaction between macrophages and Histoplasma. CR3, although not the only receptor involved, was responsible for phagocytosis and cytokine response. It is unclear which receptors other than CR3 are responsible for phagocytosis, but we did rule out the participation of TLR2, TLR4, MR, DC-SIGN/SIGNR1, FcgammaR, VLA-5, and Dectin-1. Even though Dectin-1 did not participate in phagocytosis, it collaborated with CR3 in the cytokine response to Histoplasma, suggesting that in the presence of phagocytic receptors, Histoplasma triggers cytokine signals through Dectin-1. Moreover, macrophage phagocytosis of and cytokine response to Histoplasma are Syk kinase-dependent. Our study delineated the distinct roles of CR3, Dectin-1, and sialic acids in the interaction with Histoplasma and suggested that multiple receptor use might be important to host defense against Histoplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jr-Shiuan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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Nascimento RC, Espíndola NM, Castro RA, Teixeira PAC, Loureiro y Penha CV, Lopes-Bezerra LM, Almeida SR. Passive immunization with monoclonal antibody against a 70-kDa putative adhesin of Sporothrix schenckii induces protection in murine sporotrichosis. Eur J Immunol 2009; 38:3080-9. [PMID: 18991286 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cell-mediated and innate immunity are considered the most important mechanisms of host defense against fungus infections. However, recent studies demonstrated that specific antibodies show different degrees of protection against mycosis. In a previous study, antigens secreted by Sporothrix schenckii induced a specific humoral response in infected animals, mainly against the 70-kDa molecule, indicating a possible participation of antibodies to this antigen in infection control. In the present study, an IgG1 mAb was produced against a 70-kDa glycoprotein of S. schenckii in order to better understand the effect of passive immunization of mice infected with S. schenckii. Results showed a significant reduction in the number of CFU in organs of mice when the mAb was injected before and during S. schenckii infection. Similar results were observed when T-cell-deficient mice were used. Moreover, in a second schedule treatment, the mAb was injected after infection was established, and again we observed a significant reduction in CFU associated with an increase of IFN-gammaproduction. Also, the 70-kDa antigen is shown to be a putative adhesin present on the surface of this fungus. In conclusion, we report for the first time the protective effect of a specific antibody against S. schenckii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana C Nascimento
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP, Brazil
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21
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Tronchin G, Pihet M, Lopes-Bezerra LM, Bouchara JP. Adherence mechanisms in human pathogenic fungi. Med Mycol 2008; 46:749-72. [DOI: 10.1080/13693780802206435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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22
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Santos ALS, Palmeira VF, Rozental S, Kneipp LF, Nimrichter L, Alviano DS, Rodrigues ML, Alviano CS. Biology and pathogenesis of Fonsecaea pedrosoi, the major etiologic agent of chromoblastomycosis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2007; 31:570-91. [PMID: 17645522 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2007.00077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fonsecaea pedrosoi is the principal etiologic agent of chromoblastomycosis, a fungal disease whose pathogenic events are poorly understood. Treatment of the disease presents poor effectiveness and serious side effects. The disease is epidemiologically important in several regions, which has stimulated studies focused on the biology and pathogenic potential of its major causative agent. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the biological aspects of F. pedrosoi, including cell differentiation and pathogenic mechanisms during the interaction of fungi with different hosts' elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L S Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Bioquímica Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, IMPPG/Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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23
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ODA LEILAM, ALVIANO CELUTAS, FILHO FERNANDOCSILVA, ANGLUSTER JAYME, ROITMAN ISAAC, SOUZA WANDERLEYDE. Surface Anionic Groups in Symbiote-Bearing and Symbiote-Free Strains ofCrithidia deanei1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1984.tb04301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Hayakawa M, Ghosn EEB, da Gloria Teixeria de Sousa M, Ferreira KS, Almeida SR. Phagocytosis, Production of Nitric Oxide and Pro-inflammatory Cytokines by Macrophages in the Presence of Dematiaceus Fungi that Causes Chromoblastomycosis. Scand J Immunol 2006; 64:382-7. [PMID: 16970678 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chromoblastomycosis is characterized by the slow development of polymorphic skin lesions (nodules, verrucas, tumores, plaques and scar tissue). Inside the host, infectious propagules adhere to epithelial cells and differentiate into sclerotic forms, which effectively resist destruction by host effector cells and allow onset of chronic disease. A cellular immune response against fungi is essential to control infection. Amongst the cells of the immune system, macrophages play the most important role in controlling fungal growth. In this study, we show that the fungicidal characteristic of macrophages is dependent on the fungal species that causes chromoblastomycosis. We began by observing that the phagocytic index was higher for Fonsecaea pedrosoi and Rhinocladiella aquaspersa compared with that of other fungi. Complement-mediated phagocytosis was more important for Phialophora verrucosa and R. aquaspersa and was inhibited by mannan when F. pedrosoi and R. aquaspersa conidia were phagocytosed by macrophages. We showed that macrophages killed significantly only R. aquaspersa. We also found that the phagocytosis of fungi has functional consequences for macrophages as phagocytosis resulted in down-modulation of MHC-II and CD80 expression as well as in the inhibition of the basal liberation of NO. However, the inhibition of the basal liberation of NO nor the down-modulation of MHC and co-stimulatory molecules were observed in the presence of R. aquaspersa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hayakawa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Campos MRM, Russo M, Gomes E, Almeida SR. Stimulation, inhibition and death of macrophages infected with Trichophyton rubrum. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:372-9. [PMID: 16293438 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Revised: 06/22/2005] [Accepted: 07/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum is the most common pathogen causing dermatophytosis, accounting for approximately 80% of the reported cases of onychomycosis. Since 90% of the chronic dermatophyte infections are caused by T. rubrum, it is likely that this pathogen must have evolved mechanisms that evade or suppress cell-mediated immunity. Several reports have highlighted the participation of phagocytes in the immune defense against fungi; however, few studies have addressed the role of these cells in dermatophytosis. In this study, we investigated the interactions of resident and peritoneal macrophages with T. rubrum. We show here that the interaction of T. rubrum conidia with resident macrophages results in the production of TNF-alpha and IL-10 but not IL-12 and nitric oxide. Infected macrophages down-regulated the expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD54). We also show that phagocytosis of T. rubrum conidia is inhibited by the addition of fungal exoantigens or mannan. Cytotoxicity assays indicated that after 8 h of conidia ingestion macrophage viability decreased drastically. Electron microscopy revealed that the ingested conidia grow and differentiate into hyphae inside macrophages leading to rupture of the macrophage membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R M Campos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bloco 17, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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26
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Masuoka J. Surface glycans of Candida albicans and other pathogenic fungi: physiological roles, clinical uses, and experimental challenges. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17:281-310. [PMID: 15084502 PMCID: PMC387410 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.17.2.281-310.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although fungi have always been with us as commensals and pathogens, fungal infections have been increasing in frequency over the past few decades. There is a growing body of literature describing the involvement of carbohydrate groups in various aspects of fungal disease. Carbohydrates comprising the cell wall or capsule, or as a component of glycoproteins, are the fungal cell surface entities most likely to be exposed to the surrounding environment. Thus, the fungus-host interaction is likely to involve carbohydrates before DNA, RNA, or even protein. The interaction between fungal and host cells is also complex, and early studies using whole cells or crude cell fractions often produced seemingly conflicting results. What was needed, and what has been developing, is the ability to identify specific glycan structures and determine how they interact with immune system components. Carbohydrate analysis is complicated by the complexity of glycan structures and by the challenges of separating and detecting carbohydrates experimentally. Advances in carbohydrate chemistry have enabled us to move from the foundation of composition analysis to more rapid characterization of specific structures. This, in turn, will lead to a greater understanding of how fungi coexist with their hosts as commensals or exist in conflict as pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Masuoka
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0904, USA.
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27
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Esquenazi D, Rozental S, Alviano CS, Travassos LR, Schauer R. Sialic acids are absent from the dermatophytes Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum. Mycoses 2003; 46:197-202. [PMID: 12801362 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0507.2003.00873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were performed to determine whether sialic acids are expressed in two dermatophytes: Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes, similarly to other fungal pathogens. Chemical extraction of mycelia and microconidia followed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography and colorimetric assays were all negative for sialic acid. Incubation of dermatophytes in the presence of Limax flavus agglutinin, specific for sialic acid, was negative in a fluorescence staining test. We have also used other lectins that bind to sialic acid and/or other sugar residues, and these ligands coupled to fluorescein strongly stained these fungi. Such fluorescence staining was not abolished or reduced when fungi were pretreated with sialidase. Different strains of influenza virus which recognize sialic acid residues were also used, but no agglutination of the dermatophytes was observed. Based on these methods, which successfully revealed the presence of sialic acids in other fungal pathogens, we show that these monosaccharides do not occur in both dermatophyte species. Thus, sialic acids do not seem to play a role in the pathogenicity of these fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Esquenazi
- Instituto de Biofí sica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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28
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Rodrigues ML, Dobroff ASS, Couceiro JNDSS, Alviano CS, Schauer R, Travassos LR. Sialylglycoconjugates and sialyltransferase activity in the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Glycoconj J 2002; 19:165-73. [PMID: 12815227 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024245606607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen associated with systemic mycoses in up to 10% of AIDS patients. C. neoformans yeasts express sialic acids on the cell wall, where they play an anti-phagocytic role, and may represent a virulence factor at the initial phase of infection. Since the nature of the sialic acid-carrying components is undefined in C. neoformans, our aim in the present work was to identify sialylated molecules in this fungus and study the sialylation process. C. neoformans yeast forms were cultivated in a chemically defined medium free of sialic acids, to search for autologous sialylglycoconjugates. Sialylated glycolipids were not detected. Two glycoproteins with molecular masses of 38 and 67 kDa were recognized by Sambucus nigra agglutinin, an alpha2,6-sialic acid-specific lectin. The 67 kDa glycoprotein also interacted with Influenza C virus, but not with Limax flavus agglutinin, suggesting the presence of the 9-O-acetylated sialic acid derivative as a constituent of the oligosaccharide chains. A partially purified protein fraction from cryptococcal yeast forms was able to transfer sialic acid from CMP-Neu5Ac to both N-(acetyl-1-(14)C)-lactosamine and asialofetuin. Additional evidence for a sialyltransferase in C. neoformans was obtained through the reactivity of fungal proteins with rabbit anti-rat alpha2,6 sialyltransferase polyclonal antibody. Our results indicate that sialic acids in C. neoformans are linked to glycoproteins, which are sialylated by the action of a fungal sialyltransferase. This is the first demonstration of this biosynthetic step in pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio L Rodrigues
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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29
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da Silva AC, Bezerra LM, Aguiar TS, Tavares D, Araujo LM, Pinto CE, Ribeiro OG. Effect of genetic modificationsby selection for immunological toleranceon fungus infection in mice. Microbes Infect 2001; 3:215-22. [PMID: 11358715 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(01)01373-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two strains of mice genetically selected for extreme phenotypes of immunological tolerance to ovalbumin, susceptible (TS) and resistant (TR), were experimentally infected with Sporothrix schenckii. The objective was to observe whether the genetic modifications produced by the selection might be associated with interstrain differences in adaptive immune and innate responses to infection. Therefore, we evaluated the LD(50), CFU, phagocytic index, fungicidal activity, pro-inflammatory cytokines, specific antibody titres, and the delayed-type hypersensitivity reactivity. TR mice were tenfold more susceptible to infection than TS mice, as shown by LD(50) (5 x 10(6) conidia i.v.). In TS mice, the resistance was a consequence of the tissue fungal load reduction, consistent specific T-cell-mediated immunity, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha activity at onset of infection. In TR mice, these responses were not precociously detected. Therefore, the absence of CD4(+) T-cell response in the first week of infection might explain the non-clearance of pathogen in TR mice. However, TR mice did show an increase in TNF level and delayed-type hypersensitivity response after the first week post-infection; there was also expansion and increase in granulomatous foci and CFU in the spleen. The expansion of granulomatous foci and the increase in TNF-alpha and tissue fungal load to damaging levels induced severe tissue destruction, general failure of the organs, cachexy and death in TR mice. The results show that genetic selection for extreme phenotypes of immunological tolerance also modified the responses to S. schenckii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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30
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Romero-Martinez R, Wheeler M, Guerrero-Plata A, Rico G, Torres-Guerrero H. Biosynthesis and functions of melanin in Sporothrix schenckii. Infect Immun 2000; 68:3696-703. [PMID: 10816530 PMCID: PMC97661 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.6.3696-3703.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii is a human pathogen that causes sporotrichosis, an important cutaneous mycosis with a worldwide distribution. It produces dark-brown conidia, which infect the host. We found that S. schenckii synthesizes melanin via the 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene pentaketide pathway. Melanin biosynthesis in the wild type was inhibited by tricyclazole, and colonies of the fungus were reddish brown instead of black on tricyclazole-amended medium. Two melanin-deficient mutant strains were analyzed in this study: an albino that produced normal-appearing melanin on scytalone-amended medium and a reddish brown mutant that accumulated and extruded melanin metabolites into its medium. Scytalone and flaviolin obtained from cultures of the reddish brown mutant were identified by thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and UV spectra. Transmission electron microscopy showed an electron-dense granular material believed to be melanin in wild-type conidial cell walls, and this was absent in conidial walls of the albino mutant unless the albino was grown on a scytalone-amended medium. Melanized cells of wild-type S. schenckii and the albino grown on scytalone-amended medium were less susceptible to killing by chemically generated oxygen- and nitrogen-derived radicals and by UV light than were conidia of the mutant strains. Melanized conidia of the wild type and the scytalone-treated albino were also more resistant to phagocytosis and killing by human monocytes and murine macrophages than were unmelanized conidia of the two mutants. These results demonstrate that melanin protects S. schenckii against certain oxidative antimicrobial compounds and against attack by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Romero-Martinez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, CP 04510, Mexico City D.F. 04510, Mexico
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Soares RM, de A Soares RM, Alviano DS, Angluster J, Alviano CS, Travassos LR. Identification of sialic acids on the cell surface of Candida albicans. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1474:262-8. [PMID: 10742607 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(00)00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The cell-surface expression of sialic acids in two isolates of Candida albicans was analyzed by thin-layer and gas chromatography, binding of lectins, colorimetry, sialidase treatment and flow cytofluorimetry with fluorescein-labeled lectins. N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) was the only derivative found in both strains of C. albicans grown in a chemically defined medium. Its identification was confirmed by mass spectrometry in comparison with an authentic standard. The density of sialic acid residues per cell ranged from 1. 6x10(6) to 2.8x10(6). The surface distribution of sialic acids over the entire C. albicans was inferred from labeling with fluorescein-Limulus polyphemus and Limax flavus agglutinins and directly observed by optical microscopy with (FITC)-Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA), abrogated by previous treatment of yeasts with bacterial sialidase. Sialidase-treated yeasts generated beta-galactopyranosyl terminal residues that reacted with peanut agglutinin. In C. albicans N-acetyl-neuraminic acids are alpha2,6- and alpha2,3-linked as indicated by yeast binding to SNA and Maackia amurensis agglutinin. The alpha2,6-linkage clearly predominated in both strains. We also investigated the contribution of sialic acids to the electronegativity of C. albicans, an important factor determining fungal interactions in vivo. Adhesion of yeast cells to a cationic solid phase substrate (poly-L-lysine) was mediated in part by sialic acids, since the number of adherent cells was significantly reduced after treatment with bacterial sialidase. The present evidence adds C. albicans to the list of pathogenic fungi that synthesize sialic acids, which contribute to the negative charge of fungal cells and have a role in their specific interaction with the host tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Soares
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS Bloco I, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Abstract
The increasing number of reports on the presence of sialic acids in fungi (N-acetyl-, N-glycolyl- and 5,9-N,O-diacetylneuraminic acids) based on direct and indirect evidence warrants the present review. Formerly suggested as sialidase-sensitive sources of anionic groups at the cell surface of fungal species grown in chemically defined media (e.g., Fonsecaea pedrosoi), sialic acids have also been found in Sporothrix schenckii, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Cryptococcus neoformans and recently, in Candida albicans. Methods used involved adequate hydrolysis and extraction procedures, HPTLC, gas-chromatography, colorimetry, mass spectroscopy, lectin and influenza virus binding. Apart from protecting fungal cells against phagocytosis (S. schenckii, C. neoformans) and playing a cellular structural role (F. pedrosoi), other biological functions of sialic acids are still being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Alviano
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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WEINFELD I, BIRMAN EG, PAULA CR. Macrophage phagocytosis of Candida albicans. An in vitro study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-06631999000300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Considering the role of macrophages in relation to fungi and the various utilized methodologies, the authors established an in vitro model to evaluate macrophage phagocytosis of Candida albicans. Activated macrophages were obtained from the peritoneal cavity of isogenic mice (A/Sn). Two different strains of Candida albicans serotype A and serotype B with different levels of pathogenicity in vivo and other similar characteristics were utilized in the study. Several microscopic fields containing about 200 macrophages were counted. The percentage of macrophages phagocytizing at least one viable or nonviable yeast cell determined an average number of phagocytized yeasts. Neutral red and fluorescein diacetate plus ethidium bromide were used for staining. It is possible to conclude that this is an efficient model related to the used methodology. The average number of yeasts in both strains were similar when inside macrophages, and there was a higher percentage of C. albicans serotype A phagocytosis, which was not experimentally pathogenic in vivo.
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Almeida SR, Unterkircher CS, Camargo ZP. Involvement of the major glycoprotein (gp43) of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in attachment to macrophages. Med Mycol 1998; 36:405-11. [PMID: 10206751 DOI: 10.1080/02681219880000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast form of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the causative agent of a deep mycosis in humans, is known to be phagocytized by, and to multiply inside, macrophages. In this work we describe the involvement of gp43, a major antigenic protein of P. brasiliensis, in the initial steps of attachment of the fungus to macrophages. Anti-gp43 F(ab) polyclonal fragments were capable of inhibiting phagocytosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Sheep red blood cells sensitized with purified gp43 were more endocytized than SRBC alone, and this process was also inhibited by anti-gp43 F(ab) fragments. Inhibition tests indicated the involvement of fucose and mannose residues in the phagocytosis of the fungus and of SRBC-gp43 by macrophages. Taken together, these results suggest that gp43 may be involved in the adherence and uptake of the fungus by murine peritoneal macrophages, and that this binding may be dependent on monosaccharide residues that are part of the gp43 glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Almeida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP, Brazil
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Soares RMA, Silva-Filho FC, Rozental S, Angluster J, de Souza W, Alviano CS, Travassos LR. Anionogenic groups and surface sialoglycoconjugate structures of yeast forms of the human pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1998; 144 ( Pt 2):309-314. [PMID: 9493368 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-144-2-309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The surface anionogenic groups and sialoglycoconjugate structures of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast forms were analysed by cell microelectrophoresis, binding assays with lectins and viral particles, ultrastructural cytochemistry, enzymic digestion and flow cytofluorimetry. P. brasiliensis yeast forms, particularly the budding primordia, reacted strongly with cationized ferritin. Binding assays showed that the reaction with sialic-acid-specific Limax flavus lectin (LFA) was distributed over the entire P. brasiliensis cell wall. Treatment of yeast forms with neuraminidase significantly reduced their negative surface charge and LFA labelling, which suggests that sialic acid residues are major anionogenic groups exposed on the P. brasiliensis surface. Furthermore, after neuraminidase treatment, labelling with Arachis hypogaea (peanut) agglutinin increased due to unmasking of subterminal beta-D-galactopyranosyl residues. The sialic acid linkages to galactose are alpha 2,6 and alpha 2,3 as assessed, respectively, by fungal attachment to M1/5 and M1/5 HS8 strains of influenza A virus and binding of Sambucus niger and Maackia amurensis agglutinins. The alpha 2,6 linkage clearly predominated in both experiments. Flow cytofluorimetry analysis revealed the heterogenicity of P. brasiliensis yeast cell populations, which comprised young and mature budding yeasts. Both express binding sites to LFA and Limulus polyphemus agglutinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina M A Soares
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, UFRJ, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Sonia Rozental
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-970, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jayme Angluster
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, UFRJ, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Centro de Biociěcias e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, 28015-620, Campos, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-970, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Celuta S Alviano
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, UFRJ, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luiz R Travassos
- Disciplina de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04023-062, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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36
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Rodrigues ML, Rozental S, Couceiro JN, Angluster J, Alviano CS, Travassos LR. Identification of N-acetylneuraminic acid and its 9-O-acetylated derivative on the cell surface of Cryptococcus neoformans: influence on fungal phagocytosis. Infect Immun 1997; 65:4937-42. [PMID: 9393779 PMCID: PMC175712 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.12.4937-4942.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids from sialoglycoconjugates present at the cell surface of Cryptococcus neoformans yeast forms were analyzed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography, binding of influenza A and C virus strains, enzymatic treatment, and flow cytofluorimetry with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled lectins. C. neoformans yeast forms grown in a chemically defined medium contain N-acetylneuraminic acid and its 9-O-acetylated derivative. A density of 3 x 10(6) residues of sialic acid per cell was found in C. neoformans. Sialic acids in cryptococcal cells are glycosidically linked to galactopyranosyl units as inferred from the increased reactivity of neuraminidase-treated yeasts with peanut agglutinin. N-Acetylneuraminic acids are alpha-2,6 and alpha-2,3 linked, as indicated by using virus strains M1/5 and M1/5 HS8, respectively, as agglutination probes. The alpha-2,6 linkage markedly predominated. These findings were essentially confirmed by the interaction of cryptococcal cells with the lectins Sambucus nigra agglutinin and Maackia amurensis agglutinin. We also investigated whether the sialyl residues present in C. neoformans are involved in the fungal interaction with a cationic solid-phase substrate and with mouse resident macrophages. Adhesion of yeast cells to poly-L-lysine was mediated, in part, by sialic acid residues, since the number of adherent cells was markedly reduced after treatment with bacterial neuraminidase. The enzymatic removal of sialic acids also made C. neoformans yeast cells more susceptible to endocytosis by macrophages. The results show that sialic acids are components of the cryptococcal cell surface that contribute to its negative charge and protect yeast forms against phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Rodrigues
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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37
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Schauer R, Kamerling JP. Chemistry, biochemistry and biology of sialic acids ☆. NEW COMPREHENSIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 29. [PMCID: PMC7147860 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schauer
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechls-Universität zu Kiel, Germany
| | - Johannis P. Kamerling
- Bijuoet Center, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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38
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Abstract
Human fungal pathogens have become an increasingly important medical problem with the explosion in the number of immunocompromised patients as a result of cancer, steroid therapy, chemotherapy, and AIDS. Additionally, the globalization of travel and expansion of humankind into previously undisturbed habitats have led to the reemergence of old fungi and new exposure to previously undescribed fungi. Until recently, relatively little was known about virulence factors for the medically important fungi. With the advent of molecular genetics, rapid progress has now been made in understanding the basis of pathogenicity for organisms such as Aspergillus species and Cryptococcus neoformans. The twin technologies of genetic transformation and "knockout" deletion construction allowed for genetic tests of virulence factors in these organisms. Such knowledge will prove invaluable for the rational design of antifungal therapies. Putative virulence factors and attributes are reviewed for Aspergillus species, C. neoformans, the dimorphic fungal pathogens, and others, with a focus upon a molecular genetic approach. Candida species are excluded from coverage, having been the subject of numerous recent reviews. This growing body of knowledge about fungal pathogens and their virulence factors will significantly aid efforts to treat the serious diseases they cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Hogan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Medical School, USA.
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39
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Lopes-Alves LM, Mendonça-Previato L, Fournet B, Degand P, Previato JO. O-glycosidically linked oligosaccharides from peptidorhamnomannans of Sporothrix schenckii. Glycoconj J 1994; 9:75-81. [PMID: 1344711 DOI: 10.1007/bf00731702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
beta-Elimination of peptidorhamnomannans purified from yeast-like and mycelial phases of Sporothrix schenckii released neutral and acidic reduced oligosaccharides that were O linked to serine and/or threonine. Man-(alpha 1-2)Man-ol, Rha(alpha 1-3)Man(alpha 1-2)Man-ol, Rha(alpha 1-4)GlcA(alpha 1-2)Man(alpha 1-2)Man-ol, and Rha(alpha 1-4)[Rha(alpha 1-2)] GlcA(alpha 1-2)Man(alpha 1-2)Man-ol were characterized based on methylation analysis, proton magnetic resonance and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry.
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40
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Soares RM, Alviano CS, Angluster J, Travassos LR. Identification of sialic acids on the cell surface of hyphae and yeast forms of the human pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Fiorini JE, Roitman I, Angluster J, Alviano CS, Silva-Filho FCE, de Souza W. Herpetomonas megaseliae: Effect of lipopolysaccharide on cell-surface anionogenic groups. Parasitol Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00935422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
The incidence of infection with the pathogenic fungi continues to escalate, especially in the era of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. To the clinician, this heterogeneous group of organisms poses both a diagnostic and a therapeutic challenge. Consequently, growing numbers of investigators are seeking to elucidate the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in disease caused by medically important fungi. In this review, many of the recent scientific advances that have been made in the immunological aspects of the pathogenesis of fungal infections are presented. The topics covered include 1) the receptors for fungi on the surface of professional phagocytes; 2) the mechanisms for killing and growth inhibition of fungi by phagocytes; 3) the means by which fungi evade host defenses; 4) the role of humoral immunity in fungal infection; 5) immunoregulation in fungal infections; and 6) the influence of cytokines on host defenses against pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Deepe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio 45267
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44
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Lopes AH, Costa e Silva Filho F, Alviano CS, Jurkiewicz A, Angluster J, de Souza W. Changes in cell surface anionogenic groups induced by propranolol in Herpetomonas muscarum muscarum. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1989; 36:231-7. [PMID: 2543816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1989.tb05354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of propranolol (10(-3) mM) on the surface anionic groups of Herpetomonas muscarum muscarum were analysed by cell electrophoresis, by ultrastructural cytochemistry and by identification of sialic acids using paper chromatography. Differentiation of H. muscarum muscarum induced by propranolol treatment caused a significant increase in the net negative surface charge. Binding of cationized ferritin (CF) and colloidal iron hydroxide particles was observed at the cell surface of both untreated and propranolol-treated cells. In cells incubated in the presence of the drug the CF particles were distributed in all membrane regions. However, there were small areas where the particles were absent. In H. muscarum muscarum exposed to propranolol the density of residues of sialic acid per cell was higher, and the agglutinating activity with Sendai virus was more intense. However, the pattern of sialic acid, characterized by the presence of N-acetylneuraminic acid derivative, was not modified upon cell interaction with the drug. Treatment of both control and propranolol-treated protozoa with neuraminidase significantly reduced the surface charge. These findings suggest that sialic acid residues are the major anionogenic groups exposed on the surface of H. muscarum muscarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Lopes
- Instituto de Microbiologia, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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45
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de Araujo Soares RM, Alviano CS, Esteves MJ, Angluster J, Costa e Silva-Filho F, de Souza W. Changes in cell surface anionogenic groups during differentiation of Herpetomonas samuelpessoai mediated by dimethylsulfoxide. CELL BIOPHYSICS 1988; 13:29-41. [PMID: 2456150 DOI: 10.1007/bf02797363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The surface anionic groups of untreated or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-treated Herpetomonas samuelpessoai cells were analyzed by cell electrophoresis, ultrastructural cytochemistry, and identification of sialic acids using thin-layer chromatography. Differentiation of H. samuelpessoai induced by DMSO treatment caused a significant increase in the net negative surface charge. In flagellates exposed to DMSO, more cationized ferritin, colloidal iron hydroxide, and sendai virus particles bound to the cell surface. Treatment of both untreated and DMSO-treated flagellates with neuraminidase decreased markedly the EPM of cells to the cathodic pole. These findings suggest that sialic acid residues are the major anionogenic groups exposed on the surface of H. samuelpessoai. Thin-layer chromatography showed that N-acetyl and N,O-diacylneuraminic acids, in equal proportions, were present in H. samuelpessoai. However, N-acetylneuraminic acid predominates in DMSO-treated cells.
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Dias Filho BP, Alviano CS, de Souza W, Angluster J. Polysaccharide and glycolipid composition in Tritrichomonas foetus. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 20:329-35. [PMID: 3356298 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(88)90360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
1. The polysaccharide and glycolipid composition in Tritrichomonas foetus was studied by paper, thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatographic analysis. 2. The carbohydrate components of the polysaccharide were glucose (47%), galactose (34%) and mannose (19%). N-acetylneuraminic acid was the sialic acid derivative characterized in the flagellate whole cells. 3. The sialic acid density was estimated as 2.7 x 10(7) residues/cell. 4. The long-chain base dihydrosphingosine, the carbohydrates galactose (67%), glucose (21%) and mannose (12%) as well as the fatty acids myristic (48%) and palmitic (52%) acids were characterized as components of the total glycolipids of T. foetus. 5. Total glycolipids were fractionated: a galactocerebroside and a ganglioside were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Dias Filho
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Hiruma M, Kagawa S. Effects of hyperthermia on phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Sporothrix schenckii by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Mycopathologia 1986; 95:93-100. [PMID: 3762663 DOI: 10.1007/bf00437167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of hyperthermia on phagocytosis and killing of Sporothrix schenckii by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were investigated in order to clarify the mechanism of local thermotherapy for sporotrichosis. Yeast cells of S. schenckii, PMNs and serum were incubated at 37 degrees C or 40 degrees C for 2 or 4 hours. Rate of phagocytosis and killing rate (rate of germination) were estimated, and their processes were observed by transmission electron microscopy. There was no effect of hyperthermia on the phagocytosis rate, but the killing rate increased significantly at 40 degrees C. Electron microscopic examination showed an increase of granularity in the yeast cytoplasm, elongation and fragmentation of the cell membrane. The ultrastructural changes were basically identical under both temperatures, but the degree of these changes was higher at 40 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. Although both intact and degenerated yeasts were found in the same conditions, their transient forms were few, suggesting that the PMN-killing process was completed promptly.
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48
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Suzuki K, Tokoro A, Okawa Y, Suzuki S, Suzuki M. Effect of N-acetylchito-oligosaccharides on activation of phagocytes. Microbiol Immunol 1986; 30:777-87. [PMID: 3784930 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1986.tb03004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Four N-acetylchito-oligosaccharides, from tetra-N-acetylchitotetraose (NACOS-4) to hepta-N-acetylchitoheptaose (NACOS-7), were found to increase the number of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) in male BALB/c mice after 3 hr intraperitoneal administration of 50 mg/kg of each oligosaccharide. The number of attracted cells, consisting largely of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), was proportional to the molecular weights of the administered oligosaccharides, except for NACOS-7 which displayed the same activity as NACOS-6. In an in vitro chemotaxis assay using normal mouse leukocytes, it was found that NACOS-6 displayed stronger effects than muramyl dipeptide. The PEC from NACOS-6 treated mice showed a higher active oxygen-generating activity. PMN from normal mouse peripheral blood were also shown to have enhanced active oxygen-generating activity in vitro. PEC from NACOS-6 treated mice were shown to possess strong candidacidal activity in vitro.
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49
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Souza ET, Silva-Filho FC, De Souza W, Alviano CS, Angluster J, Travassos LR. Identification of sialic acids on the cell surface of hyphae and conidia of the human pathogen Fonsecaea pedrosoi. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND VETERINARY MYCOLOGY : BI-MONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR HUMAN AND ANIMAL MYCOLOGY 1986; 24:145-54. [PMID: 3723289 DOI: 10.1080/02681218680000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sialic acids were characterized on the cell surface of conidia and hyphae of Fonsecaea pedrosoi, one of the agents of chromoblastomycosis. Neuraminidase-treated conidia had a reduced negative electrophoretic mobility and, in comparison with untreated cells, bound fewer particles of colloidal iron hydroxide and of cationized ferritin. Sialic acid residues in conidia are linked to galactopyranosyl units as indicated by the increased reactivity of neuraminidase-treated cells with peanut agglutinin. N-acetylneuraminic acid was the only derivative found in the mycelium whereas conidia contained both N-glycolyl- and N-acetylneuraminic acids.
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50
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Abstract
We investigated the effect of both immune and normal sera on the binding of free Plasmodium berghei by resident and activated macrophages. Resident macrophages bound plasmodia to a greater extent than did activated macrophages, regardless of treatment. Resident macrophages bound free plasmodia, predominantly trophozoites, in the presence of normal serum by a mechanism inhibited by N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmannosamine. Macrophages activated through treatment with Propionibacterium acnes ("Corynebacterium parvum"), on the other hand, did not bind free plasmodia in the presence of normal serum through systems inhibited by N-acetylmannosamine or N-acetylglucosamine. The binding of free plasmodia by activated macrophages was greatest in the presence of immune serum and could be inhibited by immune complexes but not by N-acetylmannosamine or N-acetylglucosamine. These results suggest that a receptor for a carbohydrate component of a normal serum opsonin mediates initial adherence of plasmodial antigen onto resident macrophages, triggering both the immunological cascade and macrophage activation. After activation, the macrophages no longer have the carbohydrate-specific receptor but do have functional Fc receptors which mediate the adherence of immune-serum-opsonized plasmodia.
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