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Wang Y, Chen W, Ding S, Wang W, Wang C. Pentraxins in invertebrates and vertebrates: From structure, function and evolution to clinical applications. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 149:105064. [PMID: 37734429 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is divided into two broad categories, consisting of innate and adaptive immunity. As recognition and effector factors of innate immunity and regulators of adaptive immune responses, lectins are considered to be important defense chemicals against microbial pathogens, cell trafficking, immune regulation, and prevention of autoimmunity. Pentraxins, important members of animal lectins, play a significant role in protecting the body from pathogen infection and regulating inflammatory reactions. They can recognize and bind to a variety of ligands, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and their complexes, and protect the host from pathogen invasion by activating the complement cascade and Fcγ receptor pathways. Based on the primary structure of the subunit, pentraxins are divided into short and long pentraxins. The short pentraxins are comprised of C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid P (SAP), and the most important member of the long pentraxins is pentraxin 3 (PTX3). The CRP and SAP exist in both vertebrates and invertebrates, while the PTX3 may be present only in vertebrates. The major ligands and functions of CRP, SAP and PTX3 and three activation pathways involved in the complement system are summarized in this review. Their different characteristics in various animals including humans, and their evolutionary trees are analyzed. The clinical applications of CRP, SAP and PTX3 in human are reviewed. Some questions that remain to be understood are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, People's Republic of China; Yantai Productivity Promotion Center, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, People's Republic of China
| | - Changliu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, People's Republic of China.
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Infection and Immunity. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818006-8.00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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3
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Bello-Perez M, Pereiro P, Coll J, Novoa B, Perez L, Falco A. Zebrafish C-reactive protein isoforms inhibit SVCV replication by blocking autophagy through interactions with cell membrane cholesterol. Sci Rep 2020; 10:566. [PMID: 31953490 PMCID: PMC6969114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, the mechanisms involved in the recently reported antiviral activity of zebrafish C-reactive protein-like protein (CRP1-7) against the spring viraemia of carp rhabdovirus (SVCV) in fish are explored. The results neither indicate blocking of the attachment or the binding step of the viral replication cycle nor suggest the direct inhibition of G protein fusion activity or the stimulation of the host’s interferon system. However, an antiviral state in the host is induced. Further results showed that the antiviral protection conferred by CRP1-7 was mainly due to the inhibition of autophagic processes. Thus, given the high affinity of CRPs for cholesterol and the recently described influence of the cholesterol balance in lipid rafts on autophagy, both methyl-β-cyclodextrin (a cholesterol-complexing agent) and 25-hydroxycholesterol (a cholesterol molecule with antiviral properties) were used to further describe CRP activity. All the tested compounds exerted antiviral activity by affecting autophagy in a similar manner. Further assays indicate that CRP reduces autophagy activity by initially disturbing the cholesterol ratios in the host cellular membranes, which in turn negatively affects the intracellular regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increases lysosomal pH as a consequence. Ultimately, here we propose that such pH changes exert an inhibitory direct effect on SVCV replication by disrupting the pH-dependent membrane-fusogenic ability of the viral glycoprotein G, which allows the release of the virus from endosomes into cytoplasm during its entry phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bello-Perez
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Elche, 03202, Spain
| | - Patricia Pereiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, 36208, Spain
| | - Julio Coll
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Tecnologías Agrarias y Alimentarias (INIA), Dpto. Biotecnología, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, 36208, Spain
| | - Luis Perez
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Elche, 03202, Spain.
| | - Alberto Falco
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Elche, 03202, Spain.
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Kanchan K, Pati SS, Mohanty S, Mishra SK, Sharma SK, Awasthi S, Venkatesh V, Habib S. Polymorphisms in host genes encoding NOSII, C-reactive protein, and adhesion molecules thrombospondin and E-selectin are risk factors for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in India. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:2029-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Du Clos TW. Pentraxins: structure, function, and role in inflammation. ISRN INFLAMMATION 2013; 2013:379040. [PMID: 24167754 PMCID: PMC3791837 DOI: 10.1155/2013/379040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The pentraxins are an ancient family of proteins with a unique architecture found as far back in evolution as the Horseshoe crab. In humans the two members of this family are C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P. Pentraxins are defined by their sequence homology, their pentameric structure and their calcium-dependent binding to their ligands. Pentraxins function as soluble pattern recognition molecules and one of the earliest and most important roles for these proteins is host defense primarily against pathogenic bacteria. They function as opsonins for pathogens through activation of the complement pathway and through binding to Fc gamma receptors. Pentraxins also recognize membrane phospholipids and nuclear components exposed on or released by damaged cells. CRP has a specific interaction with small nuclear ribonucleoproteins whereas SAP is a major recognition molecule for DNA, two nuclear autoantigens. Studies in autoimmune and inflammatory disease models suggest that pentraxins interact with macrophage Fc receptors to regulate the inflammatory response. Because CRP is a strong acute phase reactant it is widely used as a marker of inflammation and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W. Du Clos
- The Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service 151, 1501 San Pedro SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
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Mueller I, Galinski MR, Tsuboi T, Arevalo-Herrera M, Collins WE, King CL. Natural acquisition of immunity to Plasmodium vivax: epidemiological observations and potential targets. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2013; 81:77-131. [PMID: 23384622 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407826-0.00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Population studies show that individuals acquire immunity to Plasmodium vivax more quickly than Plasmodium falciparum irrespective of overall transmission intensity, resulting in the peak burden of P. vivax malaria in younger age groups. Similarly, actively induced P. vivax infections in malaria therapy patients resulted in faster and generally more strain-transcending acquisition of immunity than P. falciparum infections. The mechanisms behind the more rapid acquisition of immunity to P. vivax are poorly understood. Natural acquired immune responses to P. vivax target both pre-erythrocytic and blood-stage antigens and include humoral and cellular components. To date, only a few studies have investigated the association of these immune responses with protection, with most studies focussing on a few merozoite antigens (such as the Pv Duffy binding protein (PvDBP), the Pv reticulocyte binding proteins (PvRBPs), or the Pv merozoite surface proteins (PvMSP1, 3 & 9)) or the circumsporozoite protein (PvCSP). Naturally acquired transmission-blocking (TB) immunity (TBI) was also found in several populations. Although limited, these data support the premise that developing a multi-stage P. vivax vaccine may be feasible and is worth pursuing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Mueller
- Walter + Eliza Hall Institute, Infection & Immunity Division, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Aggrey AA, Srivastava K, Ture S, Field DJ, Morrell CN. Platelet induction of the acute-phase response is protective in murine experimental cerebral malaria. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4685-91. [PMID: 23536632 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are most recognized as the cellular mediator of thrombosis, but they are increasingly appreciated for their immunomodulatory roles, including responses to Plasmodium infection. Platelet interactions with endothelial cells and leukocytes contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). Recently, it has been suggested that platelets not only have an adverse role in cerebral malaria, but platelets may also be protective in animal models of uncomplicated malaria. We now demonstrate that these diverse and seemingly contradictory roles for platelets extend to cerebral malaria models and are dependent on the timing of platelet activation during infection. Our data show that platelets are activated very early in ECM and have a central role in initiation of the acute-phase response to blood-stage infection. Unlike platelet depletion or inhibition postinfection, preinfection platelet depletion or treatment with a platelet inhibitor is not protective. Additionally, we show that platelet-driven acute-phase responses have a major role in protecting mice from ECM by limiting parasite growth. Our data now suggest that platelets have a complex role in ECM pathogenesis: platelets help limit parasite growth early postinfection, but with continued platelet activation as the disease progresses, platelets contribute to ECM-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela A Aggrey
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Li Y, Robins JH, Ye J, Huang Z, Wen Q, Zhang G. Adaptive diversity of innate immune receptor family short pentraxins in Murinae. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:798-803. [PMID: 22306119 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The short pentraxins C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid P component (SAP) constitute a group of innate immune receptors that trigger immune activation by detecting molecules of the microbial cell wall. Here, we examined the evolution of short pentraxins in Murinae lineages. By molecular evolutionary analysis, CRP and SAP have been experiencing rapid diversification, driven by adaptive selection. Further, our protein modeling demonstrates that adaptively selected amino acids lie in the ligand-binding region and contact region between subunits. Our findings suggest that rapid diversification of these regions could contribute to the determinants of recognizing specificity and the interaction between subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agriculture University, Yaan, Sichuan, PR China.
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Depinay N, Franetich JF, Grüner AC, Mauduit M, Chavatte JM, Luty AJF, van Gemert GJ, Sauerwein RW, Siksik JM, Hannoun L, Mazier D, Snounou G, Rénia L. Inhibitory effect of TNF-α on malaria pre-erythrocytic stage development: influence of host hepatocyte/parasite combinations. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17464. [PMID: 21394207 PMCID: PMC3048870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The liver stages of malaria parasites are inhibited by cytokines such as interferon-γ or Interleukin (IL)-6. Binding of these cytokines to their receptors at the surface of the infected hepatocytes leads to the production of nitric oxide (NO) and radical oxygen intermediates (ROI), which kill hepatic parasites. However, conflicting results were obtained with TNF-α possibly because of differences in the models used. We have reassessed the role of TNF-α in the different cellular systems used to study the Plasmodium pre-erythrocytic stages. Methods and Findings Human or mouse TNF-α were tested against human and rodent malaria parasites grown in vitro in human or rodent primary hepatocytes, or in hepatoma cell lines. Our data demonstrated that TNF-α treatment prevents the development of malaria pre-erythrocytic stages. This inhibitory effect however varies with the infecting parasite species and with the nature and origin of the cytokine and hepatocytes. Inhibition was only observed for all parasite species tested when hepatocytes were pre-incubated 24 or 48 hrs before infection and activity was directed only against early hepatic parasite. We further showed that TNF-α inhibition was mediated by a soluble factor present in the supernatant of TNF-α stimulated hepatocytes but it was not related to NO or ROI. Treatment TNF-α prevents the development of human and rodent malaria pre-erythrocytic stages through the activity of a mediator that remains to be identified. Conclusions Treatment TNF-α prevents the development of human and rodent malaria pre-erythrocytic stages through the activity of a mediator that remains to be identified. However, the nature of the cytokine-host cell-parasite combination must be carefully considered for extrapolation to the human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadya Depinay
- Institut Cochin, Département d'Immunologie, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- INSERM, U567, Paris, France
| | - Jean Francois Franetich
- INSERM UMRS 945, Paris, France
- Université Pierre & Marie Curie, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Anne Charlotte Grüner
- Institut Cochin, Département d'Immunologie, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- INSERM, U567, Paris, France
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marjorie Mauduit
- Institut Cochin, Département d'Immunologie, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- INSERM, U567, Paris, France
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jean-Marc Chavatte
- Equipe Parasitologie Comparée et Modèles Expérimentaux USM0307, CNRS IFR101, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Adrian J. F. Luty
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan van Gemert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert W. Sauerwein
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Michel Siksik
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Hépato-Bilio-Pancréatique et Transplantation Hépatique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Hannoun
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Hépato-Bilio-Pancréatique et Transplantation Hépatique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Mazier
- INSERM UMRS 945, Paris, France
- Université Pierre & Marie Curie, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- AP HP, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Georges Snounou
- INSERM UMRS 945, Paris, France
- Université Pierre & Marie Curie, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Equipe Parasitologie Comparée et Modèles Expérimentaux USM0307, CNRS IFR101, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- AP HP, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Institut Cochin, Département d'Immunologie, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- INSERM, U567, Paris, France
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Perlaza BL, Sauzet JP, Brahimi K, BenMohamed L, Druilhe P. Interferon-γ, a valuable surrogate marker of Plasmodium falciparum pre-erythrocytic stages protective immunity. Malar J 2011; 10:27. [PMID: 21303495 PMCID: PMC3046914 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunity against the pre-erythrocytic stages of malaria is the most promising, as it is strong and fully sterilizing. Yet, the underlying immune effectors against the human Plasmodium falciparum pre-erythrocytic stages remain surprisingly poorly known and have been little explored, which in turn prevents any rational vaccine progress. Evidence that has been gathered in vitro and in vivo, in higher primates and in humans, is reviewed here, emphasizing the significant role of IFN-γ, either as a critical immune mediator or at least as a valuable surrogate marker of protection. One may hope that these results will trigger investigations in volunteers immunized either by optimally irradiated or over-irradiated sporozoites, to quickly delineate better surrogates of protection, which are essential for the development of a successful malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca-Liliana Perlaza
- Malaria Vaccine Development Laboratory, Pasteur Institute, 25-28 Rue du Dr, Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
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11
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Israelsson E, Ekström M, Nasr A, Dolo A, Kearsley S, Arambepola G, Homann MV, Maiga B, Doumbo OK, Elghazali G, Giha HA, Troye-Blomberg M, Berzins K, Tornvall P. Marked differences in CRP genotype frequencies between the Fulani and sympatric ethnic groups in Africa. Malar J 2009; 8:136. [PMID: 19545442 PMCID: PMC2713259 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase protein that can activate various immune cells and bind to certain Fcγ receptors. The latter may compete with the binding of IgG antibodies to these receptors and could thereby interfere with the antigen-specific immune response. Polymorphisms in the promoter region of the CRP gene have been strongly associated with the plasma concentration of CRP. The known lower susceptibility to malaria in the Fulani ethnic group, as compared to their sympatric neighbours in Africa, has been linked to different genetic backgrounds. The present study was performed to investigate if polymorphisms in the CRP gene could contribute to the lower susceptibility to malaria seen in the Fulani ethnic group. Methods The CRP -717 T>C, -286 C>T>A, and +1444 C>T polymorphisms were analysed in asymptomatic Fulani and non-Fulani individuals from Mali and Sudan using Pyrosequencing T and TaqMan r MGB probes. Results The rare -286 A allele, previously shown to be associated with increased CRP expression and plasma levels, was shown to be more frequent in the non-Fulani ethnic groups as compared to the sympatric Fulani ethnic group both in Mali and Sudan. The common -717 T allele was more prevalent in the non-Fulani ethnic group compared to the sympatric Fulani ethnic group, but only in Mali. The parasite prevalence was increased for the -286 A allele, but not for the -717 T allele. No differences regarding genotype frequency or parasite prevalence were seen for +1444 C>T. Conclusion This study indicate that CRP may play an important role in the immune responses to malaria, and that the -286 C/T/A CRP polymorphism may be a contributing factor to the lower susceptibility to malaria seen in the Fulani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Israelsson
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Agrawal A, Singh PP, Bottazzi B, Garlanda C, Mantovani A. Pattern Recognition by Pentraxins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 653:98-116. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0901-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Suchitra S, Anbu KA, Rathore DK, Mahawar M, Singh BP, Joshi P. Haemonchus contortus calreticulin binds to C-reactive protein of its host, a novel survival strategy of the parasite. Parasite Immunol 2008; 30:371-4. [PMID: 18422872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2008.01028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CalR), a Ca(2+) binding multifunctional protein, is secreted by the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. We have earlier observed binding of this protein to a 24-kDa polypeptide (p24) present in an enriched preparation of prothrombin. In the present study, the identity of p24 was established as a C-reactive protein (CRP) by several criteria. CalR binding to CRP is an elegant strategy devised by the parasite to survive in the host. The secreted CalR may achieve this either by limiting the free concentration of CRP, which has antiparasite activity or inhibit the activation of the classical complement pathway triggered on binding of CRP to C1q protein. CalR binding to CRP would also ensure a check on the procoagulant activity of the CRP enabling parasite to feed on the host blood. Thus, targeting CalR could be a novel strategy to tackle this parasite, which has developed resistance to many anthelmintics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Suchitra
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, India
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Abstract
Abs (antibodies) are complex glycoproteins that play a crucial role in protective immunity to malaria, but their effectiveness in mediating resistance can be enhanced by genetically engineered modifications that improve on nature. These Abs also aid investigation of immune mechanisms operating to control the disease and are valuable tools in developing neutralization assays for vaccine design. This review explores how this might be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Shi
- Institute of Genetics, School of Biology, University of Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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Mulholland K. Commentary: Comorbidity as a factor in child health and child survival in developing countries. Int J Epidemiol 2005; 34:375-7. [PMID: 15764692 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyi028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Mulholland
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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McGuinness DH, Dehal PK, Pleass RJ. Pattern recognition molecules and innate immunity to parasites. Trends Parasitol 2003; 19:312-9. [PMID: 12855382 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4922(03)00123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent pioneering advances in understanding how plants, insects and worms eliminate pathogens has led to the realization that innate immunity plays a vital role in protecting humans from infection. This comprehensive review examines the molecules involved in innate immune responses, how they act to control parasites and if their engagement can explain many immune features characteristic of parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H McGuinness
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pathology, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, DD1 9SY, Dundee, UK
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Agrawal A, Simpson MJ, Black S, Carey MP, Samols D. A C-reactive protein mutant that does not bind to phosphocholine and pneumococcal C-polysaccharide. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:3217-22. [PMID: 12218140 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.6.3217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP), the major human acute-phase plasma protein, binds to phosphocholine (PCh) residues present in pneumococcal C-polysaccharide (PnC) of Streptococcus pneumoniae and to PCh exposed on damaged and apoptotic cells. CRP also binds, in a PCh-inhibitable manner, to ligands that do not contain PCh, such as fibronectin (Fn). Crystallographic data on CRP-PCh complexes indicate that Phe(66) and Glu(81) contribute to the formation of the PCh binding site of CRP. We used site-directed mutagenesis to analyze the contribution of Phe(66) and Glu(81) to the binding of CRP to PCh, and to generate a CRP mutant that does not bind to PCh-containing ligands. Five CRP mutants, F66A, F66Y, E81A, E81K, and F66A/E81A, were constructed, expressed in COS cells, purified, and characterized for their binding to PnC, PCh-BSA, and Fn. Wild-type and F66Y CRP bound to PnC with similar avidities, while binding of E81A and E81K mutants to PnC was substantially reduced. The F66A and F66A/E81A mutants did not bind to PnC. Identical results were obtained with PCh-BSA. In contrast, all five CRP mutants bound to Fn as well as did wild-type CRP. We conclude that Phe(66) is the major determinant of CRP-PCh interaction and is critical for binding of CRP to PnC. The data also suggest that the binding sites for PCh and Fn on CRP are distinct. A CRP mutant incapable of binding to PCh provides a tool to assess PCh-inhibitable interactions of CRP with its other biologically significant ligands, and to further investigate the functions of CRP in host defense and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Agrawal
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Abstract
Recent studies in transgenic mice confirmed that C-reactive protein is protective against microbial pathogens. This is consistent with its ability in vitro to bind microbes, activate the complement classical pathway, and engage FcgammaRI and FcgammaRII. However, in transgenic mice protection also requires the alternative pathway of complement, and FcgammaRI is dispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Szalai
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0006, USA.
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Hacham M, Argov S, White RM, Segal S, Apte RN. Distinct patterns of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta organ distribution--a possible basis for organ mechanisms of innate immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2000; 479:185-202. [PMID: 10897420 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46831-x_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Hacham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Soroka Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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20
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Balmer P, McMonagle F, Alexander J, Stephen Phillips R. Experimental erythrocytic malaria infection induces elevated serum amyloid P production in mice. Immunol Lett 2000; 72:147-52. [PMID: 10880833 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(00)00180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Experimental blood-stage malaria infection of NIH mice was observed to induce an acute phase response (APR). Infection of mice with either P. chabaudi, P. vinckei (both non-lethal) or P. berghei (lethal infection) resulted in elevated serum amyloid P (SAP) production, the major acute phase protein in mice. Peak production occurred at the peak of the parasitaemia (approximately day 10 post infection). SAP isolated from the serum of P. chabaudi infected mice was shown to inhibit the growth of intra-erythrocytic malaria parasites in vitro. Furthermore, isolated SAP suppressed the proliferative response of splenocytes taken from a naïve mouse to concanavalin A. To assess if SAP had a protective role in vivo during experimental blood-stage infection, IL-6 deficient mice, which have a significantly reduced APR, were infected with P. chabaudi. A significant extension to the primary parasitaemia was observed in IL-6 deficient mice compared to infected wild type mice. These observations demonstrate that blood-stage malaria infection induces a systemic APR and that this may contribute to the immune response to infection in an anti-parasitic or immunomodulatory manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Balmer
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, G61 1QH, Glasgow, UK.
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21
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Pied S, Roland J, Louise A, Voegtle D, Soulard V, Mazier D, Cazenave PA. Liver CD4-CD8- NK1.1+ TCR alpha beta intermediate cells increase during experimental malaria infection and are able to exhibit inhibitory activity against the parasite liver stage in vitro. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:1463-9. [PMID: 10640763 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.3.1463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Experimental infection of C57BL/6 mice by Plasmodium yoelii sporozoites induced an increase of CD4-CD8- NK1.1+ TCR alpha beta int cells and a down-regulation of CD4+ NK1.1+ TCR alpha beta int cells in the liver during the acute phase of the infection. These cells showed an activated CD69+, CD122+, CD44high, and CD62Lhigh surface phenotype. Analysis of the expressed TCRV beta segment repertoire revealed that most of the expanded CD4-CD8- (double-negative) T cells presented a skewed TCRV beta repertoire and preferentially used V beta 2 and V beta 7 rather than V beta 8. To get an insight into the function of expanded NK1.1+ T cells, experiments were designed in vitro to study their activity against P. yoelii liver stage development. P. yoelii-primed CD3+ NK1.1+ intrahepatic lymphocytes inhibited parasite growth within the hepatocyte. The antiplasmodial effector function of the parasite-induced NK1.1+ liver T cells was almost totally reversed with an anti-CD3 Ab. Moreover, IFN-gamma was in part involved in this antiparasite activity. These results suggest that up-regulation of CD4-CD8- NK1.1+ alpha beta T cells and down-regulation of CD4+ NK1.1+ TCR alpha beta int cells may contribute to the early immune response induced by the Plasmodium during the prime infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Ly
- Antigens, Surface
- CD4 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD8 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Cells, Cultured
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Lectins, C-Type
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/parasitology
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Diseases, Parasitic/immunology
- Liver Diseases, Parasitic/metabolism
- Liver Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Malaria/immunology
- Malaria/metabolism
- Malaria/parasitology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Plasmodium yoelii/growth & development
- Plasmodium yoelii/immunology
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Proteins
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/parasitology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/parasitology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pied
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U313, Immunobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Infections Parasitaires, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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22
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Taylor-Robinson AW. Increased production of acute-phase proteins corresponds to the peak parasitaemia of primary malaria infection. Parasitol Int 2000; 48:297-301. [PMID: 10725693 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5769(99)00029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have implicated non-specific mediators associated with CD4+ T cells of the T helper 1 subset in resistance to experimental malarias. As part of continuing studies into the multifactorial role of nitric oxide and other contributors to the innate immune response in control of acute-phase malaria infection, the production of the acute-phase proteins, caeruloplasmin and serum amyloid P, following infection of naive mice with blood stages of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium chabaudi was investigated. Levels of both acute-phase proteins in the serum of infected mice were significantly elevated on days 7-12 post-infection compared both to other times of infection, and to background levels detected in uninfected control mice. These times corresponded to the ascending and peak primary parasitaemia, when production of interferon-gamma, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and nitric oxide is known to be raised. Although it is not apparent whether the production of caeruloplasmin and serum amyloid P has a causal effect in reducing parasitaemia or is simply a by-product of innate immunity, the detection of increased levels of circulating acute-phase proteins may act as a useful surrogate marker of high level parasitaemia, and therefore, of blood-borne malaria pathology.
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23
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Ramasamy R. Molecular basis for evasion of host immunity and pathogenesis in malaria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1406:10-27. [PMID: 9545516 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(97)00078-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The article relates the ability of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum to avoid a protective immune response, and to induce pathological changes, to the properties of specific parasite molecules. Cytoadherence and rosetting are important features of cerebral malaria and involve proteins located on the surface of the infected red blood cell. Proinflammatory cytokines, particularly tumour necrosis factor (TNF), play a role in protective immunity and in inducing pathology. Glycophosphatidyl inositol membrane anchors of parasite proteins possess insulin like activity and induce TNF synthesis. People subject to repeated infections in malaria endemic areas rarely develop complete or sterile immunity to malaria. They frequently carry small numbers of parasites in the blood, with little symptoms of the disease, illustrating a phenomenon termed semi-immunity. The basis for semi-immunity is incompletely understood. Malaria parasites are susceptible to several immunological effector mechanisms. The presence of extensive repetitive regions is a feature of many P. falciparum proteins. Available evidence suggests that the structural characteristics of the repeats and their location on the surface of parasite proteins promote immunogenicity. The repeats may help the parasite evade host immunity by (i) exhibiting sequence polymorphism, (ii) preventing the normal affinity and isotype maturation of an immune response, (iii) functioning possibly as B cell superantigens, (iv) generating predominantly thymus independent antibody responses, and (v) acting as a sink for binding protective antibodies. Sequence diversity in non-repetitive regions and antigenic variation in parasite molecules located on the surface of infected red blood cells also play a role in immune evasion. Some sequence homologies between parasite and human proteins may be due to molecular mimicry. Homologies in other instances can cause autoimmune responses. The immune evasion mechanisms of the parasite need to be considered in developing vaccines. Protective immunity and pathology may be delicately balanced in malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ramasamy
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
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24
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Kremsner PG, Winkler S, Wildling E, Prada J, Bienzle U, Graninger W, Nüssler AK. High plasma levels of nitrogen oxides are associated with severe disease and correlate with rapid parasitological and clinical cure in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1996; 90:44-7. [PMID: 8730311 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(96)90476-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma levels of nitrogen oxide (NO), neopterin and C-reactive protein (CRP) were compared in 3 groups of Gabonese patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria before and after therapy: adults with uncomplicated malaria, children with uncomplicated malaria, and children with severe malaria. Plasma levels of all 3 molecules were significantly higher in severe malaria than in uncomplicated malaria. High levels of neopterin and CRP during the acute phase of malaria significantly correlated with slow parasitological and clinical cure after therapy. In contrast, high NO plasma levels during the acute phase of malaria predicted accelerated cure. These findings provide further evidence for the protective role of NO in malaria. However, as NO levels were highest in severe disease, overproduction may be harmful for the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Kremsner
- International Research Laboratory, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon
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25
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Vreden SG, Van den Broek MF, Oettinger MC, Boers W, Van-Rooijen N, Meuwissen JH, Sauerwein RW. Susceptibility to Plasmodium berghei infection in rats is modulated by the acute phase response. Parasite Immunol 1995; 17:445-50. [PMID: 8552412 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1995.tb00913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Brown Norway (BN) and Sprague Dawley (SD) rats are known to differ in their susceptibility to infection with sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei, as measured by the density of liver schizonts. Because of the known inhibitory effect of non-specific immunomodulators on schizont development, we compared some aspects of the acute phase response in these two rat strains. LPS induced IL-6 production was measured in supernatants of spleen cells and peritoneal macrophages of both strains. SD rats, which are the least susceptible to P. berghei sporozoites, showed significantly higher IL-6 production by macrophages from both sources. When LPS was administered in vivo, SD rats also had a significantly higher IL-6 response. Hepatocytes from both strains were cultured in the presence of IL-6. After three days of culture, alpha 2-Macroglobulin concentrations in the supernatants of SD hepatocytes were much higher than those from BN rats. Kupffer cell depletion in both BN and SD rats was correlated with a significant increase in liver schizont density, but did not abrogate the difference in susceptibility. From these results we conclude that the higher cytokine production capacity of SD rats compared to BN rats, may contribute to the difference in susceptibility to P. berghei sporozoites between these strains, but that other yet unknown factors are also involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Vreden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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26
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Mellouk S, Hoffman SL, Liu ZZ, de la Vega P, Billiar TR, Nussler AK. Nitric oxide-mediated antiplasmodial activity in human and murine hepatocytes induced by gamma interferon and the parasite itself: enhancement by exogenous tetrahydrobiopterin. Infect Immun 1994; 62:4043-6. [PMID: 8063424 PMCID: PMC303065 DOI: 10.1128/iai.62.9.4043-4046.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase has been shown to inhibit the development of several pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, parasites, and viruses. However, there is still controversy as to whether this effector mechanism can inhibit the development of human pathogens. We now report that gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) induces the elimination of Plasmodium falciparum-infected primary human hepatocytes from cultures and that the antimalarial activity is dependent on NO. Infection with the parasite alone in the absence of added IFN-gamma caused a 10-fold increase in NO formation. Both spontaneous inhibition and IFN-gamma-induced inhibition of Plasmodium yoelii-infected murine hepatocytes were increased with the addition of the NO synthase cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin, or sepiapterin, which is converted to tetrahydrobiopterin. These results indicate that under in vitro conditions the parasite itself provides a signal that triggers induction of the NO pathway in human and murine hepatocytes and that NO formation in infected hepatocytes is limited by tetrahydrobiopterin availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mellouk
- Malaria Program, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20889-5607
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27
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Liu TY, Minetti CA, Fortes-Dias CL, Liu T, Lin L, Lin Y. C-reactive proteins, limunectin, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, and coagulin. Molecules with lectin and agglutinin activities from Limulus polyphemus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 712:146-54. [PMID: 8192328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb33569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In 1964, Levin and Bang discovered that gram-negative bacterial endotoxin could rapidly induce gelation of Limulus amebocyte lysate. This observation has led to the development of the most sensitive and specific method for the detection of bacterial endotoxin in pharmaceuticals and drugs intended for human use. Over 10 years ago, Bang injected endotoxin into young horseshoe crabs and observed a time and dose-dependent coagulation of the whole hemolymph. Limunectin, LEBP-PI, and Limulus CRP are found together with coagulin as part of the hemolymph clot at the time of endotoxin-induced exocytosis of amebocytes. In this manner, these molecules with agglutinin/lectin activities could work in concert to assist in the recognition and eventual removal of invading microorganisms from the circulating system. Although the mechanism of endotoxin-induced clot formation is to a large extent understood, the mechanism of clot dissolution and removal in the Limulus hemolymph remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Y Liu
- Division of Allergenic Products and Parasitology, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland 20852-1448
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28
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Vreden SG. The role of Kupffer cells in the clearance of malaria sporozoites from the circulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994; 10:304-8. [PMID: 15275428 DOI: 10.1016/0169-4758(94)90084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, one of the most intriguing subjects in understanding the mechanism of malaria infection has been explanation of the role of Kupffer cells. These liver cells, which play an important part in the body's defense against infection, seemed to have on essential supportive role in the homing o f sporozoites. Do Kupffer cells favor the establishment of primary malaria infection? Extensive research has revealed much, but still not everything we need to know about the sporozoite-Kupffer cell affair.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Vreden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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29
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Vreden SG, Sauerwein RW, Verhave JP, Van Rooijen N, Meuwissen JH, Van Den Broek MF. Kupffer cell elimination enhances development of liver schizonts of Plasmodium berghei in rats. Infect Immun 1993; 61:1936-9. [PMID: 8386704 PMCID: PMC280786 DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.5.1936-1939.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the development of exoerythrocytic forms (EEF) of Plasmodium berghei in livers of normal and macrophage-depleted Brown Norway rats. Macrophages were depleted by use of liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate. Upon inoculation of sporozoites, macrophage-depleted rats had significantly larger numbers of EEF than untreated rats. We also investigated the effect of macrophage impairment by silica treatment on the development of EEF and confirmed that silica induces a significant reduction of EEF development. Intravenous administration of silica induced high levels of interleukin-6 in plasma within a few hours. The seemingly contradictory results for EEF development may be explained by our previous observation that interleukin-6 strongly inhibits sporozoite penetration and EEF development in vivo. We conclude that in experimental infections with sporozoites, Kupffer cells inhibit rather than enhance EEF development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Vreden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Nijmegen University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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30
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Lin L, Liu T. Isolation and characterization of C-reactive protein (CRP) cDNA and genomic DNA from Xenopus laevis. A species representing an intermediate stage in CRP evolution. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53321-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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31
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Rénia L, Xia D, Samols D, Nussenzweig V. Transgenic mice expressing C-reactive protein are susceptible to infection with Plasmodium yoelii sporozoites. Infect Immun 1993; 61:348-9. [PMID: 8418060 PMCID: PMC302728 DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.1.348-349.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human and rat C-reactive proteins, major acute-phase reactants, bind to sporozoites and inhibit their in vitro development in hepatocytes (A. Nussler, S. Pied, M. Pontet, F. Miltgen, L. Renia, M. Gentilini, and D. Mazier, Exp. Parasitol. 72:1-7, 1991, and S. Pied, A. Nussler, M. Pontet, F. Miltgen, H. Matile, P.-H. Lambert, and D. Mazier, Infect. Immun. 57:278-282, 1989). We show here that rabbit C-reactive protein has identical properties. Nevertheless, infection by Plasmodium yoelii sporozoites was not prevented in transgenic mice engineered to express rabbit C-reactive protein following induction of gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rénia
- Michael Heidelberger Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016-6402
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32
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Vreden SG, van den Broek MF, Oettinger MC, Verhave JP, Meuwissen JH, Sauerwein RW. Cytokines inhibit the development of liver schizonts of the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei in vivo. Eur J Immunol 1992; 22:2271-5. [PMID: 1516619 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830220914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of induction of an acute-phase response and its mediators on the development of liver schizonts of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei was investigated in Brown Norway rats. Subcutaneous injection of turpentine oil 24 h or 5 min before inoculation of sporozoites resulted in 80% and 35% reduction of schizont development, respectively. Turpentine oil induced high plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6). Intraperitoneal administration of IL-1, IL-6 or both, significantly reduced liver schizont development. This reduction was also present if IL-6 had been administered 24 h after sporozoite inoculation. Inhibition induced by IL-1 could be prevented by simultaneous administration of polyclonal anti-IL-6. Administration of polyclonal anti-IL-6 without IL-1 resulted in a 40% increase of liver schizonts compared to control animals. We conclude that induction of an acute-phase response during experimental Plasmodium berghei infections in Brown Norway rats, strongly inhibits liver schizont development and that IL-6 is a key mediator in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Vreden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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33
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Harpaz R, Edelman R, Wasserman SS, Levine MM, Davis JR, Sztein MB. Serum cytokine profiles in experimental human malaria. Relationship to protection and disease course after challenge. J Clin Invest 1992; 90:515-23. [PMID: 1644922 PMCID: PMC443129 DOI: 10.1172/jci115889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum cytokine profiles were evaluated in immunized and nonimmunized human volunteers after challenge with infectious Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. Three volunteers had been immunized with x-irradiated sporozoites and were fully protected from infection. Four nonimmune volunteers all developed symptomatic infection at which time they were treated. Sera from all volunteers were collected at approximately 20 time points during the 28-d challenge period; levels of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-2, IFN-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-4, IL-6, granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor, and soluble CD4, CD8, and IL-2 receptor (sCD4, sCD8, and sIL-2R, respectively) were determined by ELISA. C-reactive protein (CRP) was assayed by radial immunodiffusion. Parasitemic subjects developed increases in CRP and IFN-gamma, with less marked increases in sIL-2R and sCD8; the other cytokines tested did not change. CRP increases were abrupt and occurred at the onset of fever (day 14 after challenge). IFN-gamma increases were also abrupt, preceding those of fever and CRP by one day. Increases in sIL-2R and sCD8 were more gradual. Increases in fever, CRP, IFN-gamma, and sCD8 were concordant in each volunteer. Early IL-6 increases were noted in the protected vaccinees. Thus, after challenge with virulent P. falciparum, unique systemic cytokine profiles were detectable both in immunized, nonparasitemic volunteers and in unvaccinated, parasitemic subjects. The contrasting cytokine profiles in the two groups may relate to mechanisms of protection and immunopathology in experimental human malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Harpaz
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201
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34
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Rénia L, Marussig MS, Grillot D, Pied S, Corradin G, Miltgen F, Del Giudice G, Mazier D. In vitro activity of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from mice immunized with a synthetic malaria peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:7963-7. [PMID: 1680235 PMCID: PMC52425 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.18.7963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous work, a T-helper epitope was mapped within the circumsporozoite protein of the murine malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii. A 21-mer synthetic peptide corresponding to this epitope (amino acid positions 59-79; referred to as Py1) induced a specific T-cell proliferation in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice and provided help for the production of antibodies to peptides from the repetitive region, (Gln-Gly-Pro-Gly-Ala-Pro)n, of the P. yoelii circumsporozoite protein when mice were immunized with the Py1 peptide conjugated to the repetitive peptide. Experiments were then designed to study the in vitro antiparasite efficacy of T cells elicited in vivo by peptide immunization. T-cell activity was evaluated on cultured hepatic stages of P. yoelii. Peptide immunizations led to the preferential activation of CD8+ T cells in BALB/c mice and of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in C57BL/6 mice. Parasite elimination was mediated directly by these cells and did not seem to be dependent on lymphokine secretion. These data suggest that peptide-primed CD4+ T cells as well as CD8+ T cells could be cytolytic for the hepatic phase of malaria parasites. The fact that the same peptide could activate different lymphocyte populations, depending on the strain of mouse, highlights the importance of a better understanding of the fine mechanisms behind the immune responses to synthetic peptides being tested for malaria vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rénia
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Département de Parasitologie, Paris, France
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35
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Mazier D, Mattei D. Parasite heat-shock proteins and host responses: the balance between protection and immunopathology. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1991; 13:37-53. [PMID: 1723224 DOI: 10.1007/bf01225277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Mazier
- INSERM U 313, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpetrière, Paris, France
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36
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Titus RG, Sherry B, Cerami A. The involvement of TNF, IL-1 and IL-6 in the immune response to protozoan parasites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0169-4758(91)90022-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Titus RG, Sherry B, Cerami A. The involvement of TNF, IL-1 and IL-6 in the immune response to protozoan parasites. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1991; 12:A13-6. [PMID: 1712592 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(05)80005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
One early reaction of the host to infection with protozoan parasites is the secretion of an array of potent cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL-1) and IL-6. The combined action of these cytokines causes fever, leukocytosis and the production of acute phase proteins such as C-reactive protein (CRP). These early responses contribute significantly to the outcome of infection by influencing the course of infection directly and by regulating the specific immune response to the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Titus
- Dept of Tropical Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
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38
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Pied S, Rénia L, Nüssler A, Miltgen F, Mazier D. Inhibitory activity of IL-6 on malaria hepatic stages. Parasite Immunol 1991; 13:211-7. [PMID: 2052407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1991.tb00276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Addition of recombinant interleukin-6 (IL-6) to Plasmodium yoelii hepatic cultures resulted in a specific dose-dependent inhibition of parasite development. Time course experiments showed that, without any direct effect on free sporozoites, IL-6 exerts its action during both the early phase of infection and during the subsequent maturation of the schizonts. Elicitation of the oxidative burst appears to be one mechanism by which IL-6 interferes with the development of hepatic phase. Catalase and superoxide dismutase, two scavengers of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anions, reversed the IL-6 mediated parasiticidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pied
- INSERM U 313, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtriére, Paris, France
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39
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Abstract
In the acquisition of protection against malaria, the role played by nonspecific factors, some being part of the cascade effect of cytokines, has to be considered. The C-reactive protein, a major acute phase reactant secreted by interleukin-1 stimulated hepatocytes, has an effect on the hepatic development of Plasmodia, both by preventing penetration of the sporozoite into the hepatocyte and by blocking parasite division through an antibody-like effect. This latter effect confirms the potential interest of targeting the uninuclear form of the parasite. Nevertheless, C-reactive Protein alone does not account for all the effects of the inflammatory response, other reactants from both serum and hepatocytes are also involved.
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Nüssler A, Drapier JC, Rénia L, Pied S, Miltgen F, Gentilini M, Mazier D. L-arginine-dependent destruction of intrahepatic malaria parasites in response to tumor necrosis factor and/or interleukin 6 stimulation. Eur J Immunol 1991; 21:227-30. [PMID: 1991487 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830210134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that cytokines (interleukin [IL] 1, IL 6, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]) directly or indirectly interfere with the intrahepatic development of malaria parasites. Recent work in our laboratory clearly showed that TNF can affect the hepatic development of parasites via IL 6 secreted by liver nonparenchymal cells. The possible participation of an L-arginine-dependent effector mechanism has been studied to explain the TNF/IL 6-induced inhibition. We thus investigated if NGmonomethyl-L-arginine and N omega-nitro-L-arginine, two specific inhibitors of inorganic nitrogen oxide synthesis from L-arginine, were able to affect the inhibitory effect of TNF and/or IL 6 in co-cultures. At 0.1 and 0.5 mM both L-arginine analogues reversed the inhibitory effect of these cytokines. An interesting observation is that L-arginine analogues enhance schizont development in the absence of prior cytokine contact. This result indicates an hepatic basal L-arginine-dependent anti-parasitic activity which might explain the existence of self-degenerating hepatic forms as previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nüssler
- INSERM U-313, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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41
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Suhrbier A, Raynes JG, Walby MI, McAdam KP, Sinden RE. C-reactive protein and the liver stage of Plasmodium vivax and P. berghei. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1990; 84:781. [PMID: 2096504 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(90)90076-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Suhrbier
- Department of Biology, Imperial College, London, UK
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42
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Li SP, Liu TY, Goldman ND. cis-acting elements responsible for interleukin-6 inducible C-reactive protein gene expression. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39713-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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