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Springer S, Theuß T, Toth I, Szogyenyi Z. Invasion inhibition effects and immunogenicity after vaccination of SPF chicks with a Salmonella Enteritidis live vaccine. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2021; 49:249-255. [PMID: 34425613 PMCID: PMC8382381 DOI: 10.1055/a-1520-1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective
Meat and eggs from chickens infected with
Salmonella
Enteritidis,
Salmonella
Typhimurium and
Salmonella
Infantis are considered to be an important source of
Salmonella
infections for humans. In order to control
Salmonella
infections in chickens, basic biosecurity measures are taken in combination with inactivated or attenuated live vaccines. Apart from an adaptive immune response, some live vaccines also induce innate immune mechanisms that prevent or inhibit systemic invasion with homologous
Salmonella
serovars. It is unknown whether these invasion inhibition effects are also directed against heterologous
Salmonella
serovars. Furthermore, it is unclear whether the adaptive immune response after vaccination with a
Salmonella
Enteritidis phage type 4 live vaccine is also directed against other phage types of
Salmonella
Enteritidis and Typhimurium.
Material and methods
Specific pathogen-free day-old chicks were vaccinated orally with a commercially available
Salmonella
Enteritidis live vaccine. To test the invasion inhibition effect, the animals were challenged orally with a labelled
Salmonella
Typhimurium or
Salmonella
Infantis strain 1 day after vaccination. To demonstrate the adaptive immune response against non-phage type 4
Salmonella
Enteritidis strains and a monophasic
Salmonella
Typhimurium strain, the chickens were challenged with
Salmonella
Enteritidis strains of phage types 1, 8 and 21 and a monophasic
Salmonella
Typhimurium strain (Definitive Type 193). After challenge, the abundance of the challenge strain in liver and cecal tissue was enumerated and compared with a corresponding control group.
Results
Findings showed that the live
Salmonella
Enteritidis vaccine inhibits systemic invasion after early infection with
Salmonella
Typhimurium and
Salmonella
Infantis. Furthermore, adaptive immunity against the tested non-phage type 4
Salmonella
Enteritidis strains and the monophasic
Salmonella
Typhimurium strain was demonstrated.
Conclusion and clinical relevance
The results of this study demonstrate that vaccination with the
Salmonella
Enteritidis phage type 4 live vaccine significantly inhibits the invasion of
Salmonella
Typhimurium and Infantis. Furthermore, an adaptive immune response was also detected against non-phage type 4
Salmonella
Enteritidis strains and a monophasic
Salmonella
Typhimurium strain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Imre Toth
- Ceva Phylaxia Veterinary Biologicals co. Ltd
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2
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Crouch CF, Pugh C, Patel A, Brink H, Wharmby C, Watts A, van Hulten MCW, de Vries SPW. Reduction in intestinal colonization and invasion of internal organs after challenge by homologous and heterologous serovars of Salmonella enterica following vaccination of chickens with a novel trivalent inactivated Salmonella vaccine. Avian Pathol 2020; 49:666-677. [PMID: 32907345 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1814200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel inactivated vaccine, comprising three serovars of Salmonella enterica (Enteritidis, serogroup O:9; Typhimurium, serogroup O:4; Infantis, serogroup O:7) grown under conditions of iron restriction and adjuvanted with aluminium hydroxide, was evaluated for efficacy following challenge by homologous and heterologous serovars. Chickens were vaccinated at 6 and 10 weeks of age by the intramuscular route and challenged 4 to 9 weeks after the second vaccination with serovars belonging to serogroup O:9 (Enteritidis), O:4 (Typhimurium and Heidelberg), O:7 (Infantis and Virchow), and O:8 (Hadar). All vaccinated birds produced a marked systemic antibody response against each of the component vaccine antigens by the time of challenge. Significant reductions in both colonization of the intestinal tract and invasion of internal organs were observed in vaccinated birds compared with non-vaccinated controls, irrespective of the challenge serovar. The findings suggest that broad serovar protection within the constitutive serogroups of an inactivated multi-valent vaccine is possible and could, therefore, play an important role in future Salmonella control programmes. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Novel inactivated trivalent Salmonella chicken vaccine was developed and tested. Vaccine induced marked systemic antibody response against all vaccine antigens. Significant reductions in intestinal tract colonization and internal organ invasion. Vaccine efficacy demonstrated against homologous and heterologous serovars.
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3
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Crouch CF, Nell T, Reijnders M, Donkers T, Pugh C, Patel A, Davis P, van Hulten MCW, de Vries SPW. Safety and efficacy of a novel inactivated trivalent Salmonella enterica vaccine in chickens. Vaccine 2020; 38:6741-6750. [PMID: 32888739 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Food poisoning in humans caused by Salmonella enterica remains a significant global public health concern, with the majority of infections associated with the consumption of contaminated eggs or poultry products. The safety and efficacy of a novel inactivated trivalent Salmonella enterica vaccine containing in addition to Salmonella serovars Enteritidis (O:9, serogroup D) and Typhimurium (O:4, serogroup B) also serovar Infantis (O:7, serogroup C1) formulated with an aluminium hydroxide-gel adjuvant was evaluated under field conditions. A total of 10,229 broiler breeder pullets, housed under commercial conditions, were vaccinated at 10 and 17 weeks of age by the intramuscular route in the breast muscle. The vaccine was safe with no local or systemic reactions or adverse effects on bird performance related to the vaccine detected. Vaccination resulted in notable increases in serovar specific antibodies that were maintained until at least 56 weeks of age. Vaccinated birds subjected to homologous challenges around onset of lay showed significantly reduced faecal shedding and organ invasion. Following heterologous challenge with S. Hadar (O:8, serogroup C2) faecal shedding was significantly reduced. These results demonstrate that this novel vaccine could play a significant role in a comprehensive Salmonella control programme intended to reduce both the incidence of food poisoning in humans and the use of antibiotics during poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin F Crouch
- MSD Animal Health, Walton Manor, Milton Keynes MK7 7AJ, UK
| | - Tom Nell
- MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, 5831 AN Boxmeer, Netherlands
| | - Martine Reijnders
- MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, 5831 AN Boxmeer, Netherlands
| | - Ton Donkers
- MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, 5831 AN Boxmeer, Netherlands
| | - Chris Pugh
- MSD Animal Health, Walton Manor, Milton Keynes MK7 7AJ, UK
| | - Amit Patel
- MSD Animal Health, Walton Manor, Milton Keynes MK7 7AJ, UK
| | - Phil Davis
- MSD Animal Health, Walton Manor, Milton Keynes MK7 7AJ, UK
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4
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Müştak İB, Yardımcı H. Construction and in vitro characterisation of aroA defective (aroAΔ) mutant Salmonella Infantis. Arch Microbiol 2019; 201:1277-1284. [PMID: 31240343 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01694-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Poultry vaccine programs are important for control of Salmonella infections. Although there are vaccines for Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Typhi, there are no vaccines for Salmonella Infantis which has an increased rate in the world. In this study, it was aimed to generate aroA gene deleted mutant bacteria for the constitution of S. Infantis vaccine prototype and the in vitro characterisation of this bacterium. S. Infantis auxotrophic mutant which has a block at any step of chorismate pathway has been constituted for the first time in the world and it was determined that this bacterium gets susceptibility against some antibiotics and antimicrobial substances. It was also observed that the adhesion and invasion rate of mutant strain tenfold decreased in comparison with the field strain in cell culture assay. It is understood from the in vitro evaluation of this mutant strain that it can be used as a vaccine candidate in further vaccine development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- İnci Başak Müştak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Şehit Ömer Halisdemir Bulv. Dışkapı, 06110, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Hakan Yardımcı
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Şehit Ömer Halisdemir Bulv. Dışkapı, 06110, Ankara, Turkey
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5
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Muniz EC, Verdi R, Leão JA, Back A, Nascimento VPD. Evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of a genetically modified live vaccine in broilers challenged with Salmonella Heidelberg. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:676-682. [PMID: 28660788 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1348598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellosis ranks among the major diseases of commercial poultry, and its presence in poultry flocks is responsible for economic losses and risks related to public health. Vaccines are an important tool within integrated programmes to control salmonellosis. The purpose of this study was to assess cross-protection provided by the Poulvac® ST vaccine in the control of Salmonella Heidelberg in experimentally challenged 3- and 21-day-old birds. Eighty birds were identified and separated into four treatments (T1: vaccinated and challenged at 3 days of age, T2: unvaccinated and challenged at 3 days of age, T3: vaccinated and challenged at 21 days of age, and T4: unvaccinated and challenged at 21 days of age). The inoculum was produced from a Brazilian field strain of SH. At the end of the experiment, caecum and liver/spleen samples were collected for quantitative and qualitative analysis of SH, respectively. Analysis of the liver/spleen showed that Poulvac® ST significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced the percentage of SH positivity in the group challenged at 3 days of age, while in the group challenged at 21 days this difference was almost considered significant (P = 0.1818). On the other hand, there was no statistically significant difference in SH count in the caecum (CFU/g) in the group challenged at 3 days, but for the group challenged at 21 days the SH counts were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower in the vaccinated group when compared to the positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renato Verdi
- a Zoetis Indústria de Produtos Veterinários Ltda , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | | | - Alberto Back
- b Mercolab Laboratórios Ltda , Cascavel , PR , Brazil
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6
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Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is the predominant cause of the food-borne salmonellosis in humans, in part because this serotype has the unique ability to contaminate chicken eggs without causing discernible illness in the infected birds. Attempts to develop effective vaccines and eradicate SE from chickens are undermined by significant limitations in our current understanding of the genetic basis of pathogenesis of SE in this reservoir host. In this chapter, we summarize the infection kinetics and provide an overview of the current understanding of genetic factors underlying SE infection in the chicken host. We also discuss the important knowledge gaps that, if addressed, will improve our understanding of the complex biology of SE in young chickens and in egg laying hens.
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7
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Woodward MJ, Mappley L, Le Roy C, Claus SP, Davies P, Thompson G, La Ragione RM. Drinking water application of Denagard® Tiamulin for control of Brachyspira pilosicoli infection of laying poultry. Res Vet Sci 2015; 103:87-95. [PMID: 26679801 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Avian intestinal spirochaetosis (AIS) caused by Brachyspira spp., and notably Brachyspira pilosicoli, is common in layer flocks and reportedly of increasing incidence in broilers and broiler breeders. Disease manifests as diarrhoea, increased feed consumption, reduced growth rates and occasional mortality in broilers and these signs are shown in layers also associated with a delayed onset of lay, reduced egg weights, faecal staining of eggshells and non-productive ovaries. Treatment with Denagard® Tiamulin has been used to protect against B. pilosicoli colonisation, persistence and clinical presentation of AIS in commercial layers, but to date there has been no definitive study validating efficacy. Here, we used a poultry model of B. pilosicoli infection of layers to compare the impact of three doses of Denagard® Tiamulin. Four groups of thirty 17 week old commercial pre-lay birds were all challenged with B. pilosicoli strain B2904 with three oral doses two days apart. All birds were colonised within 2 days after the final oral challenge and mild onset of clinical signs were observed thereafter. A fifth group that was unchallenged and untreated was also included for comparison as healthy birds. Five days after the final oral Brachypira challenge three groups were given Denagard® Tiamulin in drinking water made up following the manufacturer's recommendations with doses verified as 58.7 ppm, 113 ppm and 225 ppm. Weight gain body condition and the level of diarrhoea of birds infected with B. pilosicoli were improved and shedding of the organism reduced significantly (p=0.001) following treatment with Denagard® Tiamulin irrespective of dose given. The level and duration of colonisation of organs of birds infected with B. pilosicoli was also reduced. Confirming previous findings we showed that the ileum, caeca, colon, and both liver and spleen were colonised and here we demonstrated that treatment with Denagard® Tiamulin resulted in significant reduction in the numbers of Brachyspira found in each of these sites and dramatic reduction in faecal shedding (p<0.001) to approaching zero as assessed by culture of cloacal swabs. Although the number of eggs produced per bird and the level of eggshell staining appeared unaffected, egg weights of treated birds were greater than those of untreated birds for a period of approximately two weeks following treatment. These data conclusively demonstrate the effectiveness of Denagard® Tiamulin in reducing B. pilosicoli infection in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Woodward
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights Parks, P.O. Box 226, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Luke Mappley
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights Parks, P.O. Box 226, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Caroline Le Roy
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights Parks, P.O. Box 226, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Sandrine P Claus
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights Parks, P.O. Box 226, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Paul Davies
- Animal Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Gavin Thompson
- Animal Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Roberto M La Ragione
- Animal Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
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8
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La Ragione RM, Woodward MJ, Kumar M, Rodenberg J, Fan H, Wales AD, Karaca K. Efficacy of a Live AttenuatedEscherichia coliO78∶K80 Vaccine in Chickens and Turkeys. Avian Dis 2013; 57:273-9. [DOI: 10.1637/10326-081512-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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9
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Genome sequence of the invasive Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype enteritidis strain LA5. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:2387-8. [PMID: 22493198 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00256-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Enteritidis is one of the major causes of gastroenteritis in humans due to consumption of poultry derivatives. Here we report the whole-genome sequence and annotation, including the virulence plasmid, of S. Enteritidis LA5, which is a chicken isolate used by numerous laboratories in virulence studies.
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10
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Lee BM, Han YW, Kim SB, Rahman MM, Uyangaa E, Kim JH, Roh YS, Kim B, Han SB, Hong JT, Kim K, Eo SK. Enhanced protection against infection with transmissible gastroenteritis virus in piglets by oral co-administration of live attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing swine interferon-α and interleukin-18. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 34:369-80. [PMID: 21719106 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enhanced effect of cytokine combinations has been assessed empirically, based on their immunobiological mechanisms. However, far less is known of the enhanced protection of practical cytokine combinations against viral infection in the livestock industry, due to cost and production issues associated with mass administration. This study demonstrates the enhanced protection of oral co-administration of swine interferon-α (swIFN-α) and interleukin-18 (swIL-18) against infection with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) in piglets using attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium as carrier of cytokine proteins. A single oral co-administration of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing swIFN-α and swIL-18 induced enhanced alleviation of the severity of diarrhea caused by TGEV infection, compared to piglets administered S. enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing swIFN-α or swIL-18 alone. This enhancement was further observed by the reduction of TGEV shedding and replication, and the expression of IFN-stimulated gene products in the intestinal tract. The results suggest that the combined administration of the swIFN-α and swIL-18 cytokines using attenuated S. enterica serovar Typhimurium as an oral carrier provides enhanced protection against intestinal tract infection with TGEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Min Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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11
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Dibb-Fuller M, Woodward MJ. Contribution of fimbriae and flagella ofSalmonella enteritidisto colonization and invasion of chicks. Avian Pathol 2010; 29:295-304. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450050118412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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12
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Sillankorva S, Pleteneva E, Shaburova O, Santos S, Carvalho C, Azeredo J, Krylov V. Salmonella Enteritidis bacteriophage candidates for phage therapy of poultry. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 108:1175-86. [PMID: 19796092 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Salmonella is a worldwide foodborne pathogen causing acute enteric infections in humans. In the recent years, the use of bacteriophages has been suggested as a possible tool to combat this zoonotic pathogen in poultry farms. This work aims to isolate and perform comparative studies of a group of phages active against a collection of specific Salmonella Enteritidis strains from Portugal and England. Also, suitable phage candidates for therapy of poultry will be selected. METHODS AND RESULTS The Salm. Enteritidis strains studied were shown to have a significantly high occurrence of defective (cryptic) prophages; however, no live phages were found in the strains. Bacteriophages isolated from different environments lysed all except one of the tested Salm. Enteritidis strains. The bacteriophages studied were divided into different groups according to their genetic homology, RFLP profiles and phenotypic features, and most of them showed no DNA homology with the bacterial hosts. The bacteriophage lytic efficacy proved to be highly dependent on the propagation host strain. CONCLUSIONS Despite the evidences shown in this work that the Salm. Enteritidis strains used did not produce viable phages, we have confirmed that some phages, when grown on particular hosts, behaved as complexes of phages. This is most likely because of the presence of inactive phage-related genomes (or their parts) in the bacterial strains which are capable of being reactivated or which can recombine with lytic phages. Furthermore, changes of the bacterial hosts used for maintenance of phages must be avoided as these can drastically modify the parameters of the phage preparations, including host range and lytic activity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work shows that the optimal host and growth conditions must be carefully studied and selected for the production of each bacteriophage candidate for animal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sillankorva
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
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13
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Moro CV, Fravalo P, Amelot M, Chauve C, Zenner L, Salvat G. Colonization and organ invasion in chicks experimentally infected with Dermanyssus gallinae contaminated by Salmonella Enteritidis. Avian Pathol 2007; 36:307-11. [PMID: 17620177 DOI: 10.1080/03079450701460484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) is the most important and common ectoparasite of laying hens in Europe. This haematophagous mite has been experimentally demonstrated to be a vector of Salmonella Enteritidis by acquiring bacteria through the blood meal or cuticular contact. We have evaluated another route of infection by orally inoculating chicks with mites previously infected by S. Enteritidis. Two methods of infecting the mites were tested: mites contaminated by cuticular contact or during the blood meal. After the washing of mites with paraformaldehyde, groups of 10 Salmonella-contaminated mites were inoculated individually into 1-day-old chicks. The titre of the inoculum suspension was evaluated by crushing mites and followed by bacteriological counting. It was 3x10(4) colony-forming units/chick and 2.7x10(6) colony-forming units/chick, respectively, for cuticular contact and orally mediated contamination of mites. Each bird was found to be positive 12 days post-inoculation. Salmonella colonized the intestinal tracts and invaded the livers and spleens. The caecal content concentration reached a mean level of S. Enteritidis of 8.5x10(4) most probable number (MPN) Salmonella/g. This experiment demonstrated the ability of mites to orally infect 1-day-old chicks with subsequent colonization and multiplication of Salmonella. Consequently, mites infected by S. Enteritidis constitute potential reservoir hosts of this bacterium, allowing it to persist in the poultry house as a source of infection for newly introduced animals. If contaminated mites are found in poultry facilities, effective red mite control should be performed before new batches are introduced into the facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Valiente Moro
- UMR 958 ENVL/INRA Protozoaires Entéricoles et Parasites des Volailles, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
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14
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Abstract
Salmonella enterica in poultry remains a major political issue. S. enterica serovar Enteritidis, particularly, remains a world-wide problem. Control in poultry by immunity, whether acquired or innate, is a possible means of containing the problem. Widespread usage of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This problem has indicated an increasing requirement for effective vaccines to control this important zoonotic infection. An attempt is made in the present review to explain the relatively poor success in immunizing food animals against these non-host-specific Salmonella serotypes that usually produce food-poisoning, compared with the success obtained with the small number of serotypes that more typically produce systemic "typhoid-like" diseases. New examinations of old problems such as the carrier state and vertical transmission, observed with S. Pullorum, is generating new information of relevance to immunity. Newer methods of attenuation are being developed. Live vaccines, if administered orally, demonstrate non-specific and rapid protection against infection that is of biological and practical interest. However, from the point of view of consumer safety, there is a school of thought that considers inactivated or sub-unit vaccines to be the safest. The benefits of developing effective killed or sub-unit vaccines over the use of live vaccines are enormous. Recently, there have been significant advances in the development of adjuvants (e.g. microspheres) that are capable of potent immuno-stimulation, targeting different arms of the immune system. The exploitation of such technology in conjunction with the ongoing developments in identifying key Salmonella virulence determinants should form the next generation of Salmonella sub-unit vaccines for the control of this important group of pathogens. There are additional areas of concern associated with the use of live vaccines, particularly if these are generated by genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Barrow
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham. Loughborough, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK.
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15
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Randall LP, Cooles SW, Coldham NC, Stapleton KS, Piddock LJV, Woodward MJ. Modification of enrofloxacin treatment regimens for poultry experimentally infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 to minimize selection of resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:4030-7. [PMID: 17030564 PMCID: PMC1694010 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00525-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 07/02/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that higher doses of fluoroquinolones for a shorter duration could maintain efficacy (as measured by reduction in bacterial count) while reducing selection in chickens of bacteria with reduced susceptibility. Chicks were infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 and treated 1 week later with enrofloxacin at the recommended dose for 5 days (water dose adjusted to give 10 mg/kg of body weight of birds or equivalence, i.e., water at 50 ppm) or at 2.5 or 5 times the recommended dose for 2 days or 1 day, respectively. The dose was delivered continuously (ppm) or pulsed in the water (mg/kg) or by gavage (mg/kg). In vitro in sera, increasing concentrations of 0.5 to 8 microg/ml enrofloxacin correlated with increased activity. In vivo, the efficacy of the 1-day treatment was significantly less than that of the 2- and 5-day treatments. The 2-day treatments showed efficacy similar to that of the 5-day treatment in all but one repeat treatment group and significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the Salmonella counts. Dosing at 2.5x the recommended dose and pulsed dosing both increased the peak antibiotic concentrations in cecal contents, liver, lung, and sera as determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. There was limited evidence that shorter treatment regimens (in particular the 1-day regimen) selected for fewer strains with reduced susceptibility. In conclusion, the 2-day treatment would overall require a shorter withholding time than the 5-day treatment and, in view of the increased peak antibiotic concentrations, may give rise to improved efficacy, in particular for treating respiratory and systemic infections. However, it would be necessary to validate the 2-day regimen in a field situation and in particular against respiratory and systemic infections to validate or refute this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke P Randall
- Department of Food and Environmental Safety, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
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16
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Isogai E, Makungu C, Yabe J, Sinkala P, Nambota A, Isogai H, Fukushi H, Silungwe M, Mubita C, Syakalima M, Hang'ombe BM, Kozaki S, Yasuda J. Detection of Salmonella invA by isothermal and chimeric primer-initiated amplification of nucleic acids (ICAN) in Zambia. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 28:363-70. [PMID: 16293310 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The isothermal and chimeric primer-initiated amplification of nucleic acids (ICAN) is a new isothermal DNA amplification method composed of exo Bca DNA polymerase, RNaseH and DNA-RNA chimeric primers. We detected invA of Salmonella from chicken carcasses, egg yolk and cattle fecal samples. Fifty-three of 59 isolates were invA-positive in ICAN-chromatostrip detection. The result was consistent with those obtained by standard PCR. Salmonella invA was detected in 12 of 14 carcass rinses by ICAN, while in 7 of 14 rinses by standard PCR. These results indicate that ICAN is an efficient, sensitive and simple system to detect invA of Salmonella species in developing countries such as Zambia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Isogai
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu 1757, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan.
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17
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Randall LP, Eaves DJ, Cooles SW, Ricci V, Buckley A, Woodward MJ, Piddock LJV. Fluoroquinolone treatment of experimental Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 infections in chickens selects for both gyrA mutations and changes in efflux pump gene expression. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 56:297-306. [PMID: 15956100 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dki189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the efficacy of enrofloxacin (Baytril) in chickens in eradicating three different resistance phenotypes of Salmonella enterica and to examine the resistance mechanisms of resulting mutants. METHODS In two separate replicate experiments (I and II), three strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 [strain A, fully antibiotic-sensitive strain; strain B, isogenic multiple antibiotic-resistant (MAR) derivative of A; strain C, veterinary penta-resistant phenotype strain containing GyrA Phe-83], were inoculated into day-old chicks at approximately 10(3) cfu/bird. At day 10, groups of chicks (n =10) were given either enrofloxacin at 50 ppm in their drinking water for 5 days or water alone (control). Caecal contents were monitored for presence of Salmonella and colonies were replica plated to media containing antibiotics or overlaid with cyclohexane to determine the proportion of isolates with reduced susceptibility. The MICs of antibiotics and cyclohexane tolerance were determined for selected isolates from the chicks. Mutations in topoisomerase genes were examined by DHPLC and expression of marA, soxS, acrB, acrD and acrF by RT-PCR. RESULTS In experiment I, but not II, enrofloxacin significantly reduced the numbers of strain A compared with the untreated control group. In experiment II, but not I, enrofloxacin significantly reduced the numbers of strain B. Shedding of strain C was unaffected by enrofloxacin treatment. Birds infected with strains A and B gave rise to isolates with decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility. Isolates derived from strain A or B requiring >128 mg/L nalidixic acid for inhibition contained GyrA Asn-82 or Phe-83. Isolates inhibited by 16 mg/L nalidixic acid were also less susceptible to antibiotics of other chemical classes and became cyclohexane-tolerant (e.g. MAR). CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate that recommended enrofloxacin treatment of chicks rapidly selects for strains with reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility from fully sensitive and MAR strains. It can also select for MAR isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke P Randall
- Department of Food and Environmental Safety, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
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18
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Betancor L, Schelotto F, Fernandez M, Pereira M, Rial A, Chabalgoity JA. An attenuated Salmonella Enteritidis strain derivative of the main genotype circulating in Uruguay is an effective vaccine for chickens. Vet Microbiol 2005; 107:81-9. [PMID: 15795080 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Revised: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported that Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) strains circulating in Uruguay, are unevenly distributed among different genetic subtypes, with a predominant genotype that is a common contaminant of poultry-derived food and that accounts for the vast majority of human cases of food-borne disease. Herein, we describe the construction of a genetically-defined aroC derivative (LVR02) of a local strain of S. Enteritidis belonging to the major genetic type. We demonstrated the attenuation and the immunogenicity of that strain in a mouse model, and evaluated it as a vaccine for commercial layer chickens. LVR02 proved to be stable, attenuated, innocuous, immunogenic and to induce protective immunity against a S. Enteritidis challenge when used for oral vaccination. A single oral dose of LVR02 administered to newly hatched chickens induced protection against oral challenge with the parental virulent strain, preventing systemic and persistent intestinal infection and significantly reducing the shedding of the challenge strain in birds' feces. A second vaccine dose at 15 days post-hatching boosted the immunogenicity of the vaccine, and strengthened the protection achieved with a single dose. This strain may represent the basis of a live vaccine to be included in national control programs to reduce circulation of this pathogen in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Betancor
- Laboratory for Vaccine Research, Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay. Av. Alfredo Navarro 3051, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
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19
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Toro H, Price SB, McKee AS, Hoerr FJ, Krehling J, Perdue M, Bauermeister L. Use of Bacteriophages in Combination with Competitive Exclusion to Reduce Salmonella from Infected Chickens. Avian Dis 2005; 49:118-24. [PMID: 15839424 DOI: 10.1637/7286-100404r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella-spedfic bacteriophages (BP) and competitive exclusion (CE) were used to reduce Salmonella colonization in experimentally infected chickens. A "cocktail" of distinct phage (i.e., phage showing different host ranges and inducing different types of plaques on Salmonella Typhimurium [ST] cultures) was developed. The killing activity of the selected BPs on ST cultures differed significantly, as determined in in vitro killing assays. BPs were administered orally to the chickens several days prior and after ST challenge but not simultaneously. BPs were readily isolated from the feces of the BP-treated chickens approximately 48 hr after administration. A CE product consisting of a defined culture of seven different microbial species was used either alone or in combination with BP treatment. CE was administered orally at hatch. Salmonella counts in intestine, ceca, and a pool of liver/spleen were evaluated in Salmonella-challenged chickens treated with BP or with BP and CE. In both trials 1 and 2, a beneficial effect of the phage treatment on weight gain performance was evident. A reduction in Salmonella counts was detected in cecum and ileum of BP-, CE-, and BP+CE-treated chickens as compared with nontreated birds. In trial 1, BP treatment reduced ST counts to marginal levels in the ileum and reduced counts sixfold in the ceca. A reduction of Salmonella counts with BP, CE, and BP+CE treatments was evident in chickens from trial 2. Both CE and BP treatments showed differences in the reduction of Salmonella counts after challenge between spedmens obtained at days 4 and 14 postchallenge in ceca, liver/spleen, and ileum. The preliminary data presented in this report show that isolation and characterization of Salmonella-specific BP is uncomplicated and feasible on a larger scale. Results indicate a protective effect of both Salmonella-specific BPs and a defined competitive exclusion product against Salmonella colonization of experimentally infected chickens. These results are encouraging for further work on the use of BP as an effective alternative to antibiotics to reduce Salmonella infections in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Toro
- Department of Pathobiology, 264 Greene Hall, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
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20
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Virlogeux-Payant I, Mompart F, Velge P, Bottreau E, Pardon P. Low persistence of a large-plasmid-cured variant of Salmonella enteritidis in ceca of chicks. Avian Dis 2003; 47:163-8. [PMID: 12713172 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086(2003)047[0163:lpoalp]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In order to estimate the contribution of Salmonella in the persistence of this bacterium in chicks, we compared the persistence of a Salmonella enteritidis strain and its plasmid-cured variant in a chicken asymptomatic carrier state model. After oral inoculation, colonization with the plasmid-cured strain was significantly reduced (P < 0.001) in the ceca of chicks from the third week postinoculation and persisted for a shorter period than the wild-type strain. Moreover, numbers of S. enteriditis-infected livers were also significantly lower (P < 0.01) for the plasmid-cured strain compared with the wild-type strain from the third to the seventh week postinoculation. No difference in spleen colonization was observed. These results did not correlate with any in vitro difference in attachment, entry to, or intracellular multiplication of bacteria within intestinal or macrophage avian cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Virlogeux-Payant
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Tours-Nouzilly, Pathologie Infectieuse et Immunologie, 37380 Monnaie, France
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21
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Woodward MJ, Gettinby G, Breslin MF, Corkish JD, Houghton S. The efficacy of Salenvac, a Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serotype Enteritidis iron-restricted bacterin vaccine, in laying chickens. Avian Pathol 2002; 31:383-92. [PMID: 12396340 DOI: 10.1080/03079450220141660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The protective effect of two vaccination regimes using Salenvac, a commercially available iron-restricted Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serotype Enteritidis PT4 bacterin vaccine, was verified in laying birds. Immunization was intramuscular at 1 day old and again at 4 weeks of age (V2), or at 1 day and 4 weeks with a third dose at 18 weeks of age (V3). Challenge S. Enteritidis (5 to 7.5); x 10(7) colony forming units) was given intravenously at 8, 17, 23, 30 and 59 weeks of age. For all age groups, both vaccination regimes reduced significantly the number of tissues and faecal samples that were culture positive for the challenge strain. For laying birds, fewer eggs (P < 0.001) were culture positive for S. Enteritidis after challenge from vaccinated laying birds (56/439 batches of eggs) than unvaccinated birds (99/252 batches). The data give compelling evidence that the vaccine is efficacious and may contribute to the reduction of layer infection and egg contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Woodward
- Department of Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
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22
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Aabo S, Christensen JP, Chadfield MS, Carstensen B, Olsen JE, Bisgaard M. Quantitative comparison of intestinal invasion of zoonotic serotypes of Salmonella enterica in poultry. Avian Pathol 2002; 31:41-7. [PMID: 12425791 DOI: 10.1080/03079450120106615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the invasion of selected zoonotic Salmonella serotypes of poultry in an in vivo chicken intestinal loop model and also in vitro in epithelial cell cultures. Invasion was measured relative to a reference strain, Salmonella Typhimurium 4/74 invH201::TnphoA. Two serotypes demonstrated intracellular log(10) counts that differed significantly from all other serotypes tested: Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 being 1.5 log(10) colony forming units (CFU) (31-fold) higher, and Salmonella Tennessee being 0.7 log(10) CFU (fivefold) lower than the reference strain (P < or = 0.0001). A group of serotypes, which can be vertically transmitted, showed significantly higher intracellular counts (fourfold to eightfold) than the reference strain. The group included S. Typhimurium 4/74, S. Typhimurium DT104 (poultry and porcine isolates), S. Enteritidis PT1, S. Enteritidis PT6, S. Enteritidis PT8, and Salmonella Berta. The serotypes Salmonella Hadar, Salmonella Virchow, S. 4,12:b:-, S. Typhimurium DT41, and Salmonella Infantis, most of which are considered horizontally transmitted, did not show significantly different intracellular counts from the reference strain. Results from the cell culture invasion studies agreed with the in vivo data, with the exception of S. Berta and the poultry isolate of S. Typhimurium DT104.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aabo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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23
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Shams H, Poblete F, Rüssmann H, Galán JE, Donis RO. Induction of specific CD8+ memory T cells and long lasting protection following immunization with Salmonella typhimurium expressing a lymphocytic choriomeningitis MHC class I-restricted epitope. Vaccine 2001; 20:577-85. [PMID: 11672924 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown the potential of Salmonella typhimurium as a vector for delivery of heterologous proteins for vaccination against other pathogens. Earlier studies showed that the inefficient elicitation of MHC class I-restricted responses could limit the use of S. typhimurium as a heterologous antigen delivery vector for vaccination. We recently developed an approach to overcome this limitation by using a bacterial-encoded specialized protein secretion system, termed type III, to deliver proteins into the class I antigen presenting pathways. Thus, peptides of interest fused to proteins bearing the type III secretion signal, which can elicit protective CTL responses. Because protective immunity is usually assessed a few weeks after vaccination, there is a paucity of information regarding duration of protective immunity induced by this system. We show here that mice immunized orally with S. typhimurium vectors expressing a MHC class I-restricted epitope of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) nucleoprotein developed specific antiviral CTL responses. CD8+ T cells were found to be necessary for this CTL activity against targets presenting the LCMV epitope. The survival of mice challenged with lethal doses of LCMV 60 or 135 days after vaccination was as complete as the survival of mice challenged 2 weeks after immunization with the same vectors. By demonstrating their ability to induce prolonged protective immunity after oral delivery, S. typhimurium vectors have met an essential requirement in support of their development as vectors for heterologous vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shams
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0905, USA
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24
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van der Wielen PW, Biesterveld S, Lipman LJ, van Knapen F. Inhibition of a glucose-limited sequencing fed-batch culture of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis by volatile fatty acids representative of the ceca of broiler chickens. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:1979-82. [PMID: 11282661 PMCID: PMC92825 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.4.1979-1982.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2000] [Accepted: 02/05/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of concentrations of volatile fatty acids on an anaerobic, glucose-limited, and pH-controlled growing culture of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis were studied. Suddenly increasing volatile fatty acids to the concentrations representative of the ceca of 15-day-old broiler chickens caused washout of serovar Enteritidis. In contrast, a sudden increase to the volatile fatty acid concentrations representative of the ceca of younger broiler chickens caused a reduction in the biomass but not washout. Gradually increasing volatile fatty acids caused a gradual decrease in the biomass of serovar Enteritidis. We conclude that the concentrations of volatile fatty acids present in the ceca of broilers with a mature microflora can cause washout of serovar Enteritidis in an in vitro system mimicking cecal ecophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W van der Wielen
- Centre for Veterinary Public Health and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80175, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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25
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La Ragione RM, Coles KE, Jørgensen F, Humphrey TJ, Woodward MJ. Virulence in the chick model and stress tolerance of Salmonella enterica serovar Orion var. 15+. Int J Med Microbiol 2001; 290:707-18. [PMID: 11310449 DOI: 10.1016/s1438-4221(01)80011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Three Salmonella enterica serovar Orion var. 15+ isolates of distinct provenance were tested for survival in various stress assays. All were less able to survive desiccation than a virulent S. Enteritidis strain, with levels of survival similar to a rpoS mutant of the S. Enteritidis strain, whereas one isolate (F3720) was significantly more acid tolerant. The S. Orion var. 15+ isolates were motile by flagellae and elaborated type-1 and curli-like fimbriae; surface organelles that are considered virulence determinants in Salmonella pathogenesis. Each adhered and invaded HEp-2 tissue culture cells with similar proficiency to the S. Enteritidis control but were significantly less virulent than S. Enteritidis in the one-day-old and seven-day-old chick model. Given an oral dose of 1 x 10(3) cfu to one-day-old chicken, S. Orion var. 15+ isolates colonised 25% of liver and spleens examined at 24 h whereas S. Enteritidis colonised 100% of organs by the same with the same dose. Given an oral dose of 1 x 10(7) cfu at seven-day old, S. Orion var. 15+ failed to colonise livers and spleens in any bird examined at 24 h whereas S. Enteritidis colonised 50% of organs by the same with the same dose. Based on the number of internal organs colonised, one of the three S. Orion var. 15+ isolates tested (strain F3720) was significantly more invasive than the other two (B1 and B7). Also, strain F3720 was shed less than either B1 or B7 supporting the concept that there may be an inverse relationship between the ability to colonise deep tissues and to persist in the gut. These data are discussed in the light that S. Orion var. 15+ is associated with sporadic outbreaks of human infection rather than epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M La Ragione
- Department of Bacterial Diseases, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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26
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Mastroeni P, Chabalgoity JA, Dunstan SJ, Maskell DJ, Dougan G. Salmonella: immune responses and vaccines. Vet J 2001; 161:132-64. [PMID: 11243685 DOI: 10.1053/tvjl.2000.0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella infections are a serious medical and veterinary problem world-wide and cause concern in the food industry. Vaccination is an effective tool for the prevention of Salmonella infections. Host resistance to Salmonella relies initially on the production of inflammatory cytokines leading to the infiltration of activated inflammatory cells in the tissues. Thereafter T- and B-cell dependent specific immunity develops allowing the clearance of Salmonella microorganisms from the tissues and the establishment of long-lasting acquired immunity to re-infection. The increased resistance that develops after primary infection/ vaccination requires T-cells cytokines such as IFNgamma TNFalpha and IL12 in addition to opsonising antibody. However for reasons that are not fully understood seroconversion and/or the presence of detectable T-cell memory do not always correlate with the development of acquired resistance to infection.Whole-cell killed vaccines and subunit vaccines are used in the prevention of Salmonella infection in animals and in humans with variable results. A number of early live Salmonella vaccines derived empirically by chemical or u.v. mutagenesis proved to be immunogenic and protective and are still in use despite the need for repeated parenteral administration. Recent progress in the knowledge of the genetics of Salmonella virulence and modern recombinant DNA technology offers the possibility to introduce multiple defined attenuating and irreversible mutations into the bacterial genome. This has recently allowed the development of Salmonella strains devoid of significant side effects but still capable of inducing solid immunity after single oral administration. Live attenuated Salmonella vaccines have been used for the expression of heterologous antigens/proteins that can be successfully delivered to the immune system. Furthermore Salmonella can transfer plasmids encoding foreign antigens under the control of eukaryotic promoters (DNA vaccines) to antigen-presenting cells resulting in targeted delivery of DNA vaccines to these cells. Despite the great recent advances in the development of Salmonella vaccines a large proportion of the work has been conducted in laboratory rodents and more research in other animal species is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mastroeni
- Centre for Veterinary Science, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OES, UK.
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27
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Homchampa P, Strugnell RA, Adler B. Cross protective immunity conferred by a marker-free aroA mutant of Pasteurella multocida. Vaccine 1997; 15:203-8. [PMID: 9066039 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(96)00139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The aroA gene from Pasteurella multocida serotype A:1 (X-73) was cloned by complementation of the Escherichia coli aroA mutant AB2829 with a DNA library constructed in pUC18. The cloned aroA gene was inactivated by deletion of a 300 bp internal sequence and reintroduced by homologous recombination into the chromosome of X-73 and P-1059 (serotype A:3) using a Pasteurella-E. coli shuttle vector pPBA1100. By subjecting the transformed cells to repeated subculturing in the presence of antibiotic selection coupled with auxotrophic enrichment, marker-free aroA mutants of X-73 and of P-1059 were isolated and designated PMP1 and PMP3, respectively. PMP1 and PMP3 were highly attenuated and capable of conferring complete protection against subsequent lethal challenge infection in a mouse model. Moreover, PMP3-immunized mice were protected against heterologous challenge infection with serotype A:1 or A:4.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Homchampa
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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28
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Woodward MJ, Allen-Vercoe E, Redstone JS. Distribution, gene sequence and expression in vivo of the plasmid encoded fimbrial antigen of Salmonella serotype Enteritidis. Epidemiol Infect 1996; 117:17-28. [PMID: 8760946 PMCID: PMC2271688 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800001084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The pefA gene which encoded the serotype associated plasmid (SAP) mediated fimbrial major subunit antigen of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium shared genetic identity with 128 of 706 salmonella isolates as demonstrated by dot (colony) hybridization. Seventy-seven of 113 isolates of Typhimurium and individual isolates of serotypes Bovis-morbificans, Cholerae-suis and Enteritidis phage type 9b hybridized pefA strongly, whereas 48 isolates of Enteritidis hybridized pefA weakly and one Enteritidis isolate of phage type 14b failed to hybridize. Individual isolates of 294 serotypes and 247 individual isolates of serotype Dublin did not hybridize pefA. Southern hybridization of plasmids extracted from Enteritidis demonstrated that the pefA gene probe hybridized strongly an atypical SAP of 80 kb in size harboured by one Enteritidis isolate of phage-type 9b, whereas the typical SAP of 58 kb in size harboured by 48 Enteritidis isolates hybridized weakly. One Enteritidis isolate of phage type 14b which failed to hybridize pefA in dot (colony) hybridization experiments was demonstrated to be plasmid free. A cosmid library of Enteritidis phage type 4 expressed in Escherichia coli K12 was screened by hybridization for the presence of pef sequences. Recombinant clones which were deduced to harbour the entire pef operon elaborated a PEF-like fimbrial structure at the cell surface. The PEF-like fimbrial antigen was purified from one cosmid clone and used in western blot experiments with sera from chickens infected with Enteritidis phage-type 4. Seroconversion to the fimbrial antigen was observed which indicated that the Enteritidis PEF-like fimbrial structure was expressed at some stage during infection. Nucleotide sequence analysis demonstrated that the pefA alleles of Typhimurium and Enteritidis phage-type 4 shared 76% DNA nucleotide and 82% deduced amino acid sequence identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Woodward
- Bacteriology Department, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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29
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Hormaeche CE, Mastroeni P, Harrison JA, Demarco de Hormaeche R, Svenson S, Stocker BA. Protection against oral challenge three months after i.v. immunization of BALB/c mice with live Aro Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis vaccines is serotype (species)-dependent and only partially determined by the main LPS O antigen. Vaccine 1996; 14:251-9. [PMID: 8744548 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(95)00249-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The role of the main LPS O antigen in the specificity of protection as mediated by systemic mechanisms following immunization with live attenuated Aro Salmonella vaccines was studied in mice. Innately Salmonella-susceptible (Itys) BALB/c mice were immunized intravenously with a single dose of either Salmonella typhimurium SL3261 aroA (LPS O4,5,12) or Salmonella enteritidis Se795aroA (LPS O1,9,12), and challenged orally 2-3 months later with either S. typhimurium C5 or S. enteritidis Thirsk. Nearly isogenic transductants of the two challenge strains expressing either their own LPS or that of the other serotype (S. typhimurium C5 O4 or O9, and S. enteritidis Thirsk O9 or O4) were also used. Both vaccines conferred similar high protection against the virulent strain of the homologous serotype expressing its own LPS. There was no protection against the heterologous serotype expressing its own LPS. However, when vaccinated mice were challenged with either the same serotype as the vaccine but expressing the heterologous LPS, or with the heterologous serotype expressing the LPS of the vaccine, protection was always lower than protection against the fully homologous serotype. Anti-smooth LPS antibodies showed higher titres against the homologous LPS, but with significant crossreactivity with the heterologous LPS. Antibodies to O-rough S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis LPS were present following immunization with either of the two vaccine strains. The LPS alone cannot fully account for the specificity of protection in this model; other (protein) antigens may be responsible. It remains to be seen whether there is a T-cell mediated component to the specificity of protection conferred by live Salmonella vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Hormaeche
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Newcastle, UK
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