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Saidu AS, Singh M, Kumar A, Mahajan NK, Mittal D, Chhabra R, Joshi VG, Musallam II, Sadiq U. Studies on intra-ocular vaccination of adult cattle with reduced dose Brucella abortus strain-19 vaccine. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08937. [PMID: 35243062 PMCID: PMC8881662 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella abortus vaccines play a central role in bovine brucellosis control with tremendous success worldwide for decades. The study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of reduced dose (5.0 × 10 9 cfu) of S19 vaccine in adult cattle and its shedding in the milk of vaccinated cattle using molecular techniques. The OIE recommended tests (RBPT, SAT, and iELISA) for brucellosis screening in cattle were used. Seronegative cattle (n = 90) of different age groups (young, old heifers & milking cows, n = 30 each) were selected for the vaccine trials. Antibody titers were recorded at 7th, 21st, 30th, 60th, 90th and 120th days post-vaccination (DPV) to monitor the immune responses following vaccination and at 150th, 180th, 210th and 240th DPB following booster-dose to an intraocular group. The humoral immune responses observed by RBPT and ELISA, proved that antibody titers persisted in s/c group compared to the i/o group in all categories. The IFN-γ stimulation (CMI) due to reduced dose vaccination was noticed early as 30th in all groups and declined after 90th DPV, with higher IFN-γ stimulation among the s/c group. The Bcsp31 and IS711 targeted PCR detected the presence of Brucella DNA in milk samples (n = 120) from the vaccinated cows (n = 30) and confirmed by qPCR (TaqMan assay) at 30th, 60th, 90th and 120th DPV. A Significant number, 70% (7/10) was detected in s/c by qPCR. BCSP31 sequence was deposited at NCBI GenBank (accession no. MK881173-6). PCR and qPCR techniques could provide a reliable diagnosis of brucellosis from milk. The intraocular route remains the safer route for vaccinating adult cattle than subcutaneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Saidu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B., 1069, Maiduguri, 600230, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Mahavir Singh
- College Central Laboratory, College of Veterinary Sciences, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - N K Mahajan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Dinesh Mittal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Rajesh Chhabra
- College Central Laboratory, College of Veterinary Sciences, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Vinay G Joshi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Imadidden I Musallam
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Usman Sadiq
- Northwick Park Hospital, Radiology Department, Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom
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Kazemi S, Mirzaei R, Sholeh M, Karampoor S, Keramat F, Saidijam M, Alikhani MY. microRNAs in human brucellosis: A promising therapeutic approach and biomarker for diagnosis and treatment. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2021; 9:1209-1218. [PMID: 34449979 PMCID: PMC8589381 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Human brucellosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease with up to 500,000 new cases each year. The major evasion mechanisms from the host immune system by Brucella are restraint of complement pathway and Toll‐like receptors signaling pathways, interference with efficient antigen presentation to CD4‐positive T lymphocytes, selective subversion of autophagy pathways, inhibition of dendritic cell stimulation, inhibition of autophagolysosomal fusion, and macrophage apoptosis. Many molecular and cellular pathways contribute to brucellosis that microRNAs have a vital function in the immunopathogenesis of this disease. In this regard, these molecules apply for their roles by modulating various events like inflammatory reactions and immune defense. Recently, in the case of immunity to human brucellosis, it has been shown that microRNAs play an important role in immunity against these bacteria. Methods and Results In this study, we tried to review the immune defense and immunopathogenesis of Brucella infection and highlight the current knowledge of the microRNAs in infected cells by Brucella pathogens. The recent findings suggest that the regulation of microRNAs expression is impaired during brucellosis infection, which may contribute to disease progression or inhibition by modulating immune responses against this pathogen. Conclusions The interplay between miRNAs and Brucella pathogens and the underlying process required comprehensive examination to unravel the novel therapeutic or diagnostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Kazemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sholeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Keramat
- Brucellosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Massoud Saidijam
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Alikhani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Brucellosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Kumar DR, Sivalingam J, Mishra SK, Kumar A, Vineeth MR, Chaudhuri P, Kataria RS, Niranjan SK. Differential expression of cytokines in PBMC of Bos indicus and Bos taurus × Bos indicus cattle due to Brucella abortus S19 antigen. Anim Biotechnol 2019; 31:148-154. [PMID: 30717621 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2018.1555167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is the most dreadful disease among bovines, although breed differences have been observed in prevalence of disease, worldwide. In present study, antibody response and relative expression of proinflammatory cytokines was compared in Bos indicus (zebu) and Bos taurus × Bos indicus (crossbred) cattle vaccinated by live attenuated Brucella abortus S19 antigen. Six female calves (4-6 months age) of both groups were vaccinated with B.abortus S19 strain. Blood samples were collected before vaccination (0d) and 7th (7d), 14th (14d) and 28th (28d) days after vaccination. Indirect ELISA showed high (p < .05) anti-Brucella antibody level after vaccination; with no significant difference between the groups. During Real-time expression, IFNγ, TNFα, IL6 and IL10 genes initially showed down regulation followed by upregulation in both the groups; however, the trend was much prominent in crossbreds. The expressions of IFNγ, TNFα and IL6, proinflammatory molecules important for initial containment of the Brucella were significantly (p < .01) higher in crossbred. The study showed that the Sahiwal cattle were less responsive to B.abortus S19 antigen than crossbreds, indicating its lower sensitivity to the Brucella, comparatively. In contrary, higher expression of the proinflammatory molecules in crossbreds could be important for containment of the organism during initial stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ravi Kumar
- Animal Genetics Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, India.,ICAR-Animal Genetics and Breeding National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Jayakumar Sivalingam
- Animal Genetics Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Shailendra K Mishra
- Animal Genetics Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Anshuman Kumar
- ICAR-Animal Genetics and Breeding National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - M R Vineeth
- ICAR-Animal Genetics and Breeding National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Pallab Chaudhuri
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R S Kataria
- Animal Genetics Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - S K Niranjan
- Animal Genetics Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, India
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Galdiero M, Pisciotta MG, Gorga F, Petrillo G, Marinelli A, Galdiero E. Modulation of Costimulatory Molecules CD80/CD86 on B Cells and Macrophages by Stress Proteins GroEL, GroES and DnaK. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 18:637-44. [PMID: 16388710 DOI: 10.1177/039463200501800404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Heat Shock Proteins GroES, GroEL and DnaK on the expression of the costimulatory molecules CD80/CD86 in B cells and macrophages. The interactions among these molecules are able to highly influence the immune response through the regulation of cytokine liberation which, on their own, are able to regulate the immunological response by a feedback mechanism. Our results showed that, on B cells, GroES and GroEL stimulated the expression of CD86 but did not induce the increase of the CD80 expression. CD86 peak expression showed a peak after 24–48 h of culture and decreaseed 60h after the stimulation. GroES and GroEL also stimulated the expression of CD80 and CD86 on macrophages. The same HSPs did not modify the expression of CD80 and CD86 on cells having characteristics of activated macrophages, the A-THP-1 cell line. DnaK did not induce any increase in the expression of CD80 and CD86 on lymphocytes or macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Galdiero
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Microbiologia e Microbiologia Clinica, Seconda Universitá degli Studi di Napoli, Italy.
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Expression of cytokine and apoptosis-related genes in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with Brucella abortus recombinant proteins. Vet Res 2016; 47:30. [PMID: 26864657 PMCID: PMC4750197 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0311-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a clinically and economically important disease. Therefore, eradication programs of the disease have been implemented in several countries. One hurdle in these programs is the detection of infected animals at the early stage. Although the protein antigens as diagnostic antigens have recently received attention, the exact mechanisms at the beginning of immune responses are not yet known. Therefore, genes encoding five B. abortus cellular proteins were cloned and the expressed recombinant proteins were purified. The expression of several cytokine genes (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12p40, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and iNOS) was analyzed in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (bPBMC) after stimulation with the recombinant proteins. Three apoptosis-related genes, Bax, Bcl-2, and TLR4, were also included in the analysis to find out the adverse effects of the proteins to the cells. Each protein induced different patterns of cytokine expression depending on the stimulation time and antigen dose. Expression of IL-6, IL-12p40, and IFN-γ was induced with all of the proteins while IL-1β, IL-4, TNF-α, and iNOS gene expression was not. Expression of apoptosis-related genes was not altered except TLR4. These results suggest that the cellular antigens of B. abortus induce both humoral and cellular immunity via the production of IL-6, IL-12p40, and IFN-γ in bPBMC without exerting any adverse effects on the cells.
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Adrenal steroids modulate the immune response during Brucella abortus infection by a mechanism that depends on the regulation of cytokine production. Infect Immun 2015; 83:1973-82. [PMID: 25733519 DOI: 10.1128/iai.03090-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human brucellosis is a protean disease with a diversity of clinical signs and symptoms resulting from infection with Brucella species. Recent reports suggest a cross-regulation between adrenal steroids (cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA]) and the immune system. Monocytes and macrophages are the main replication niche for Brucella. Therefore, we investigated the role of adrenal hormones on the modulation of the immune response mediated by macrophages in B. abortus infection. Cortisol treatment during B. abortus infection significantly inhibits cytokine, chemokine, and MMP-9 secretion. In contrast, DHEA treatment had no effect. However, DHEA treatment increases the expression of costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD86), the adhesion molecule CD54, and major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and MHC-II expression on the surface of B. abortus-infected monocytes. It is known that B. abortus infection inhibits MHC-I and MHC-II expression induced by gamma interferon (IFN-γ) treatment. DHEA reverses B. abortus downmodulation of the MHC-I and -II expression induced by IFN-γ. Taken together, our data indicate that DHEA immune intervention may positively affect monocyte activity during B. abortus infection.
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TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways are required for recombinant Brucella abortus BCSP31-induced cytokine production, functional upregulation of mouse macrophages, and the Th1 immune response in vivo and in vitro. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 11:477-94. [PMID: 24769793 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella abortus is a zoonotic Gram-negative pathogen that causes brucelosis in ruminants and humans. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize Brucella abortus and initiate antigen-presenting cell activities that affect both innate and adaptive immunity. In this study, we focused on recombinant Brucella cell-surface protein 31 (rBCSP31) to determine its effects on mouse macrophages. Our results demonstrated that rBCSP31 induced TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12p40 production, which depended on the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) by stimulating the rapid phosphorylation of p38 and JNK and the activation of transcription factor NF-κB in macrophages. In addition, continuous exposure (>24 h) of RAW264.7 cells to rBCSP31 significantly enhanced IFN-γ-induced expression of MHC-II and the ability to present rBCSP31 peptide to CD4(+) T cells. Furthermore, we found that rBCSP31 could interact with both TLR2 and TLR4. The rBCSP31-induced cytokine production by macrophages from TLR2(-/-) and TLR4(-/-) mice was lower than that from C57BL/6 macrophages, and the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs was attenuated in macrophages from TLR2(-/-) and TLR4(-/-) mice. In addition, CD4(+) T cells from C57BL/6 mice immunized with rBCSP31 produced higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-2 compared with CD4(+) T cells from TLR2(-/-) and TLR4(-/-) mice. Macrophages from immunized C57BL/6 mice produced higher levels of IL-12p40 than those from TLR2(-/-) and TLR4(-/-) mice. Furthermore, immunization with rBCSP31 provided better protection in C57BL/6 mice than in TLR2(-/-) and TLR4(-/-) mice after B. abortus 2308 challenge. These results indicate that rBCSP31 is a TLR2 and TLR4 agonist that induces cytokine production, upregulates macrophage function and induces the Th1 immune response.
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Weinhold M, Eisenblätter M, Jasny E, Fehlings M, Finke A, Gayum H, Rüschendorf U, Renner Viveros P, Moos V, Allers K, Schneider T, Schaible UE, Schumann RR, Mielke ME, Ignatius R. The Attenuated Brucella abortus Strain 19 Invades, Persists in, and Activates Human Dendritic Cells, and Induces the Secretion of IL-12p70 but Not IL-23. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65934. [PMID: 23805193 PMCID: PMC3689767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial vectors have been proposed as novel vaccine strategies to induce strong cellular immunity. Attenuated strains of Brucella abortus comprise promising vector candidates since they have the potential to induce strong CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell mediated immune responses in the absence of excessive inflammation as observed with other Gram-negative bacteria. However, some Brucella strains interfere with the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), which is essential for antigen-specific T-cell priming. In the present study, we investigated the interaction of human monocyte-derived DCs with the smooth attenuated B. abortus strain (S) 19, which has previously been employed successfully to vaccinate cattle. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We first looked into the potential of S19 to hamper the cytokine-induced maturation of DCs; however, infected cells expressed CD25, CD40, CD80, and CD86 to a comparable extent as uninfected, cytokine-matured DCs. Furthermore, S19 activated DCs in the absence of exogeneous stimuli, enhanced the expression of HLA-ABC and HLA-DR, and was able to persist intracellularly without causing cytotoxicity. Thus, DCs provide a cellular niche for persisting brucellae in vivo as a permanent source of antigen. S19-infected DCs produced IL-12/23p40, IL-12p70, and IL-10, but not IL-23. While heat-killed bacteria also activated DCs, soluble mediators were not involved in S19-induced activation of human DCs. HEK 293 transfectants revealed cellular activation by S19 primarily through engagement of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Thus, as an immunological prerequisite for vaccine efficacy, B. abortus S19 potently infects and potently activates (most likely via TLR2) human DCs to produce Th1-promoting cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Weinhold
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infection Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Eisenblätter
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infection Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edith Jasny
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infection Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Fehlings
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infection Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Hermine Gayum
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infection Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Rüschendorf
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infection Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pablo Renner Viveros
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infection Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Moos
- Medical Clinic I, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Allers
- Medical Clinic I, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Medical Clinic I, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich E. Schaible
- Research Center Borstel, Department of Molecular Infection Research, Borstel, Germany
| | - Ralf R. Schumann
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infection Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Ignatius
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infection Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Giambartolomei GH, Scian R, Acosta-Rodríguez E, Fossati CA, Delpino MV. Brucella abortus-infected macrophages modulate T lymphocytes to promote osteoclastogenesis via IL-17. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:887-96. [PMID: 22901753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic mechanisms of bone loss caused by Brucella species have not been completely deciphered. Although T lymphocytes (LTs) are considered important to control infection, the mechanism of Brucella-induced T-cell responses to immunopathological features is not known. We present in vitro and in vivo evidence showing that Brucella abortus-induced inflammatory response leads to the activation of LTs, which further promote osteoclastogenesis. Pre-activated murine LTs treated with culture supernatant from macrophages infected with B. abortus induced bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMMs) to undergo osteoclastogenesis. Furthermore, osteoclastogenesis was mediated by CD4(+) T cells. Although B. abortus-activated T cells actively secreted the pro-osteoclastogenic cytokines RANKL and IL-17, osteoclastogenesis depended on IL-17, because osteoclast generation induced by Brucella-activated T cells was completely abrogated when these cells were cultured with BMMs from IL-17 receptor knockout mice. Neutralization experiments indicated that IL-6, generated by Brucella infection, induced the production of pro-osteoclastogenic IL-17 from LTs. By using BMMs from tumor necrosis factor receptor p55 knockout mice, we also demonstrated that IL-17 indirectly induced osteoclastogenesis through the induction of tumor necrosis factor-α from osteoclast precursors. Finally, extensive and widespread osteoclastogenesis was observed in the knee joints of mice injected with Brucella-activated T cells. Our results indicate that activated T cells, elicited by B. abortus-infected macrophages and influenced by the inflammatory milieu, promote the generation of osteoclasts, leading to bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo H Giambartolomei
- Institute for the Study of Humoral Immunity, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Delpino MV, Barrionuevo P, Macedo GC, Oliveira SC, Genaro SD, Scian R, Miraglia MC, Fossati CA, Baldi PC, Giambartolomei GH. Macrophage-elicited osteoclastogenesis in response to Brucella abortus infection requires TLR2/MyD88-dependent TNF-α production. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 91:285-98. [PMID: 22075930 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.04111185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarticular complications are common in human brucellosis, but the pathogenic mechanisms involved are largely unknown. In this manuscript, we described an immune mechanism for inflammatory bone loss in response to infection by Brucella abortus. We established a requirement for MyD88 and TLR2 in TNF-α-elicited osteoclastogenesis in response to B. abortus infection. CS from macrophages infected with B. abortus induced BMM to undergo osteoclastogenesis. Although B. abortus-infected macrophages actively secreted IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, osteoclastogenesis depended on TNF-α, as CS from B. abortus-infected macrophages failed to induce osteoclastogenesis in BMM from TNFRp55⁻/⁻ mice. CS from B. abortus-stimulated MyD88⁻/⁻ and TLR2⁻/⁻ macrophages failed to express TNF-α, and these CS induced no osteoclast formation compared with that of the WT or TLR4⁻/⁻ macrophages. Omp19, a B. abortus lipoprotein model, recapitulated the cytokine production and subsequent osteoclastogenesis induced by the whole bacterium. All phenomena were corroborated using human monocytes, indicating that this mechanism could play a role in human osteoarticular brucellosis. Our results indicate that B. abortus, through its lipoproteins, may be involved in bone resorption through the pathological induction of osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Victoria Delpino
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Haidari M, Hajilooi M, Rezazadeh M, Rafiei A, Alavi SA, Keramat F. Polymorphism in the Promoter Region of the CD14 Gene and Susceptibility to Brucellosis. Immunol Invest 2009; 35:239-45. [PMID: 16698680 DOI: 10.1080/08820130600634568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of the CD14 gene at position 159 has been implicated in susceptibility to infectious diseases. We sought to determine the association between CD14 C-159 T functional promoter polymorphism and brucellosis in Western Iranian population where the disease is endemic. The CD14 genotype was determined in 228 patients with brucellosis from a rural area and 129 healthy volunteers from the same area. The prevalence of genotype TT was significantly higher in the patients while the controls showed higher prevalence of genotype CC (34.5% vs 15.5%, 15.4% vs 25.6%, P = 0.009). Multiple logistic regression analysis after adjustment for gender demonstrated that the patients who were homozygous for allele T of promoter of CD14 gene had a significantly higher risk for developing brucellosis with odds ratio of 3.03 (95% CI, 5.2, 1.75 P = 0.0004). The existence of homozygous genotype of allele T of CD14 was an independent determinant for occurrence of arthritis among the patients with brucellosis (odds ratio of 3.92 (95% CI, 2.93, 5.88, P = 0.001).Our findings provide suggestive evidence of association of the CD14 gene polymorphism with susceptibility to development of brucellosis in Iranian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haidari
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Torres de Heens GL, Kikkert R, Aarden LA, van der Velden U, Loos BG. Effects of smoking on theex vivocytokine production in periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2009; 44:28-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chronic brucellosis patients retain low frequency of CD4+ T-lymphocytes expressing CD25 and CD28 after Escherichia coli LPS stimulation of PHA-cultured PBMCs. Clin Dev Immunol 2009; 2008:327346. [PMID: 19190764 PMCID: PMC2630417 DOI: 10.1155/2008/327346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chronic brucellosis patients display a defective Th1 response to PHA. We have previously shown that heat-killed B. abortus (HKBA) can downregulate the PHA-induced increase of CD4+/CD25+ and CD14+/CD80+ cells of brucellosis patients. In the present study, we investigate the effect of E. coli LPS, as a potent stimulant of monocytes and autologous T-lymphocytes, on the PHA-cultured PBMCs of the same groups of patients. Thirteen acute brucellosis (AB) patients, 22 chronic brucellosis (CB) patients, 11 “cured” subjects, and 15 healthy volunteers were studied. The percentage of CD4+/CD25+ and CD4+/CD28+ T-lymphocytes as well as CD14+/CD80+ monocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry after PBMCs culture with PHA plus E. coli LPS. A significant decrease in the percentage of CD4+/CD25+ and CD4+/CD28+ T-lymphocytes was observed in CB compared to AB. In HKBA cultures, compared to E. coli LPS-cultures, there was a significant reduction of CD4+/CD25+ T-lymphocytes in all groups and CD14+/CD80+ in patients groups. We suggest that Brucella can modulate host immune response, leading to T-cell anergy and chronic infection.
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Skendros P, Boura P, Kamaria F, Raptopoulou-Gigi M. CD80/CD28 co-stimulation in human brucellosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 146:400-8. [PMID: 17100758 PMCID: PMC1810400 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite treatment, 10-30% of brucellosis patients develop chronic disease, characterized by atypical clinical picture and/or relapses. A defective T helper 1 (Th1) response and a low [corrected] percentage of CD4(+)/CD25(+) cells have been described in chronic brucellosis patients. CD80/CD28 co-stimulation is critical for an efficient Th1 response and has not been studied previously in human brucellosis. In order to investigate the role of CD80/CD28 co-stimulation, 13 acute brucellosis patients (AB), 22 chronic brucellosis patients (CB, 12/22 relapsing type-CB1 and 10/22 atypical type-CB2), 11 'cured' subjects and 15 healthy volunteers (controls) were studied. The percentage of CD4(+)/CD28(+) T lymphocytes and CD14(+)/CD80(+) monocytes were analysed by flow cytometry both ex vivo and after phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulation with or without heat-killed Brucella abortus (HkBA). Ex vivo analysis showed no differences between all groups studied. PHA stimulation up-regulated the percentage of CD80(+) monocytes in AB compared to 'cured' subjects and controls (P < 0.001), although the proportion of CD4(+)/CD28(+) cells did not alter. A higher percentage of CD80(+) monocytes was observed in the CB1 subgroup, compared to AB, 'cured' subjects and controls (P = 0.042, < 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively). CB2 was characterized by a lower percentage of CD80(+) monocytes in comparison to CB1 (P = 0.020). HkBA in PHA cultures down-regulated the percentage of CD80(+) monocytes compared to PHA alone in all groups, especially in AB and CB patients (P < 0.001 and P = 0.007, respectively). In conclusion, the diminished percentage of CD4(+)/CD25(+) T cells in CB is not associated with inadequate CD80/CD28 co-stimulation. We speculate that differential frequency of CD80(+) monocytes after PHA stimulation could serve as a qualitative parameter of disease status, related to the different clinical forms of chronic brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Skendros
- Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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15
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Cardoso PG, Macedo GC, Azevedo V, Oliveira SC. Brucella spp noncanonical LPS: structure, biosynthesis, and interaction with host immune system. Microb Cell Fact 2006; 5:13. [PMID: 16556309 PMCID: PMC1435926 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-5-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella spp. are facultative intracellular pathogens that have the ability to survive and multiply in professional and non-professional phagocytes, and cause abortion in domestic animals and undulant fever in humans. Several species are recognized within the genus Brucella and this classification is mainly based on the difference in pathogenicity and in host preference. Brucella strains may occur as either smooth or rough, expressing smooth LPS (S-LPS) or rough LPS (R-LPS) as major surface antigen. This bacterium possesses an unconventional non-endotoxic lipopolysaccharide that confers resistance to anti-microbial attacks and modulates the host immune response. The strains that are pathogenic for humans (B. abortus, B. suis, B. melitensis) carry a smooth LPS involved in the virulence of these bacteria. The LPS O-chain protects the bacteria from cellular cationic peptides, oxygen metabolites and complement-mediated lysis and it is a key molecule for Brucella survival and replication in the host. Here, we review i) Brucella LPS structure; ii) Brucella genome, iii) genes involved in LPS biosynthesis; iv) the interaction between LPS and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Gomes Cardoso
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gilson Costa Macedo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Department of General Biology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Sergio Costa Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-Minas Gerais, Brazil
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16
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Paranavitana C, Zelazowska E, Izadjoo M, Hoover D. Interferon-gamma associated cytokines and chemokines produced by spleen cells from Brucella-immune mice. Cytokine 2005; 30:86-92. [PMID: 15804600 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2004.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Revised: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is known that interferon (IFN)-gamma plays a critical role in protection against brucellosis. In this study we have investigated several cytokines and chemokines that are associated with IFN-gamma for potential in vitro correlates of protection. We cultured spleen cells in vitro from mice immunized orally with a live, attenuated Brucella melitensis vaccine candidate (WR201) and stimulated these cells with a lysate of B. melitensis. Differential gene expression of several cytokines and chemokines in stimulated spleen cells was analysed by real-time PCR, and secreted proteins were determined by ELISA. Immunized mice produced higher levels of both protein and gene transcripts for IFN-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-18 and MIP1-alpha. Immunized mice also had elevated gene expression levels for IL12-p40, IL23-p19, IP-10, MIG and MCP-1 when compared to normal mice. In this study we have identified new cytokines and chemokines as potential immune correlates in responses to protection in Brucella-vaccinated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi Paranavitana
- Department of Bacterial Diseases, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Bldg 503, Room 3E10, Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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Giambartolomei GH, Zwerdling A, Cassataro J, Bruno L, Fossati CA, Philipp MT. Lipoproteins, not lipopolysaccharide, are the key mediators of the proinflammatory response elicited by heat-killed Brucella abortus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:4635-42. [PMID: 15383598 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.7.4635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark of brucellosis. Although Brucella abortus, one of the disease's etiologic agents, possesses cytokine-stimulatory properties, the mechanism by which this bacterium triggers a proinflammatory response is not known. We examined the mechanism whereby heat-killed B. abortus (HKBA), as well as its LPS, induces production of inflammatory cytokines in monocytes/macrophages. Polymyxin B, a specific inhibitor of LPS activity, did not inhibit the production of TNF-alpha- and IL-6-induced HKBA in the human monocytic cell line THP-1. HKBA induced the production of these cytokines in peritoneal macrophages of both C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeN mice, whereas B. abortus LPS only stimulated cells from C3H/HeN mice. Anti-TLR2 Ab, but not anti-TLR4 Ab, blocked HKBA-mediated TNF-alpha and IL-6 production in THP-1 cells. Because bacterial lipoproteins, a TLR2 ligand, have potent inherent stimulatory properties, we investigated the capacity of two B. abortus lipoproteins, outer membrane protein 19 (Omp19) and Omp16, to elicit a proinflammatory response. Lipidated (L)-Omp16 and L-Omp19, but not their unlipidated forms, induced the secretion of TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12 in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. Preincubation of THP-1 cells with anti-TLR2 Ab blocked L-Omp19-mediated TNF-alpha and IL-6 production. Together, these results entail a mechanism whereby B. abortus can stimulate cells from the innate immune system and induce cytokine-mediated inflammation in brucellosis. We submit that LPS is not the cause of inflammation in brucellosis; rather, lipoproteins of this organism trigger the production of proinflammatory cytokines, and TLR2 is involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo H Giambartolomei
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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18
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Dornand J, Lafont V, Oliaro J, Terraza A, Castaneda-Roldan E, Liautard JP. Impairment of intramacrophagic Brucella suis multiplication by human natural killer cells through a contact-dependent mechanism. Infect Immun 2004; 72:2303-11. [PMID: 15039355 PMCID: PMC375199 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.4.2303-2311.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella spp. are facultative intracellular bacteria that can establish themselves and cause chronic disease in humans and animals. NK cells play a key role in host defense. They are implicated in an early immune response to a variety of pathogens. However, it was shown that they do not control Brucella infection in mice. On the other hand, NK cell activity is impaired in patients with acute brucellosis, and recently it was demonstrated that human NK cells mediate the killing of intramacrophagic Mycobacterium tuberculosis in in vitro infection. Therefore, we have analyzed the behavior of Brucella suis infecting isolated human macrophages in the presence of syngeneic NK cells. We show that (i) NK cells impair the intramacrophagic development of B. suis, a phenomenon enhanced by NK cell activators, such as interleukin-2; (ii) NK cells cultured in the presence of infected macrophages are highly activated and secrete gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha; (iii) impairment of bacterial multiplication inside infected cells is marginally associated with the cytokines produced during the early phase of macrophage-NK cell cocultures; (iv) direct cell-to-cell contact is required for NK cells to mediate the inhibition of B. suis development; and (v) inhibition of B. suis development results from an induction of NK cell cytotoxicity against infected macrophages. Altogether, these findings show that NK cells could participate early in controlling the intramacrophagic development of B. suis in humans. It seems thus reasonable to hypothesize a role for NK cells in the control of human brucellosis. However, by impairing the activity of these cells in the acute phase of the illness, the pathogen should avoid this control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Dornand
- INSERM U431, Université de Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier, France.
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Hamajima K, Kojima Y, Matsui K, Toda Y, Jounai N, Ozaki T, Xin KQ, Strong P, Okuda K. Chitin Micro-Particles (CMP): a useful adjuvant for inducing viral specific immunity when delivered intranasally with an HIV-DNA vaccine. Viral Immunol 2004; 16:541-7. [PMID: 14733740 DOI: 10.1089/088282403771926355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hamajima
- Department of Bacteriology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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20
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Campos MA, Rosinha GMS, Almeida IC, Salgueiro XS, Jarvis BW, Splitter GA, Qureshi N, Bruna-Romero O, Gazzinelli RT, Oliveira SC. Role of Toll-like receptor 4 in induction of cell-mediated immunity and resistance to Brucella abortus infection in mice. Infect Immun 2004; 72:176-86. [PMID: 14688095 PMCID: PMC344000 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.1.176-186.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Initial host defense to bacterial infection is executed by innate immunity, and therefore the main goal of this study was to examine the contribution of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) during Brucella abortus infection. CHO reporter cell lines transfected with CD14 and TLRs showed that B. abortus triggers both TLR2 and TLR4. In contrast, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipid A derived from Brucella rough (R) and smooth (S) strains activate CHO cells only through TLR4. Consistently, macrophages from C3H/HePas mice exposed to R and S strains and their LPS produced higher levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-12 compared to C3H/HeJ, a TLR4 mutant mouse. The essential role of TLR4 for induction of proinflammatory cytokines was confirmed with diphosphoryl lipid A from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Furthermore, to determine the contribution of TLR2 and TLR4 in bacterial clearance, numbers of Brucella were monitored in the spleen of C3H/HeJ, C3H/HePas, TLR2 knockout, and wild-type mice at 1, 3, and 6 weeks following B. abortus infection. Interestingly, murine brucellosis was markedly exacerbated at weeks 3 and 6 after infection in animals that lacked functional TLR4 (C3H/HeJ) compared to C3H/HePas that paralleled the reduced gamma interferon production by this mouse strain. Finally, by mass spectrometry analysis we found dramatic differences on the lipid A profiles of R and S strains. In fact, S lipid A was shown to be more active to trigger TLR4 than R lipid A in CHO cells and more effective in inducing dendritic cell maturation. In conclusion, these results indicate that TLR4 plays a role in resistance to B. abortus infection and that S lipid A has potent adjuvant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Campos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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21
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Galdiero M, Pisciotta MG, Galdiero E, Carratelli CR. Porins and lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella typhimurium regulate the expression of CD80 and CD86 molecules on B cells and macrophages but not CD28 and CD152 on T cells. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003; 9:1104-11. [PMID: 14616726 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-0691.2003.00728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of porins from Salmonella typhimurium on costimulatory molecules such as CD80/CD86 and CD28/CD152. The interactions between these molecules are able to influence the immune response through the regulation of cytokines release which, on their own, are able to regulate the immunological response by a feedback mechanism. METHODS S. typhimurium strain SH5014 (a rough lipopolysaccharide (LPS) producing strain) was used as the source of porins and LPS. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from healthy adult donors. THP1 cells were obtained from ATCC (Rockville, MD, USA). Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were performed using a FACS IV (Becton-Dickinson, Mountain View, CA, USA). RESULTS Our results show that porins of S. typhimurium increase the expression of CD86 and the expression of CD80 both on B lymphocytes and macrophages, while the expression of CD28 and CD152 on T lymphocytes was unaltered. The expression of CD80 and CD86 is dose-dependent and starts after 24 h post treatment, peaks at 48 h and goes back to the basal value after 72 h. CONCLUSIONS S. typhimurium porins are able to induce a high expression of costimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) on lymphocytes and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Galdiero
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
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22
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Ko J, Splitter GA. Molecular host-pathogen interaction in brucellosis: current understanding and future approaches to vaccine development for mice and humans. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003; 16:65-78. [PMID: 12525425 PMCID: PMC145300 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.16.1.65-78.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis caused by Brucella spp. is a major zoonotic disease. Control of brucellosis in agricultural animals is a prerequisite for the prevention of this disease in human beings. Recently, Brucella melitensis was declared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to be one of three major bioterrorist agents due to the expense required for the treatment of human brucellosis patients. Also, the economic agricultural loss due to bovine brucellosis emphasizes the financial impact of brucellosis in society. Thus, vaccination might efficiently solve this disease. Currently, B. abortus RB51 and B. melitensis REV.1 are used to immunize cattle and to immunize goats and sheep, respectively, in many countries. However, these genetically undefined strains still induce abortion and persistent infection, raising questions of safety and efficiency. In fact, the REV.1 vaccine is quite virulent and apparently unstable, creating the need for improved vaccines for B. melitensis. In addition, Brucella spp. may or may not provide cross-protection against infection by heterologous Brucella species, hampering the acceleration of vaccine development. This review provides our current understanding of Brucella pathogenesis and host immunity for the development of genetically defined efficient vaccine strains. Additionally, conditions required for an effective Brucella vaccine strain as well as the future research direction needed to investigate Brucella pathogenesis and host immunity are postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyung Ko
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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23
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Kariminia A, Kavoossy G, Khatami S, Zowghi E, Ardestani SK. Study of interleukin-10 and interleukin-12 productions in response to lipopolysaccharides extracted from two different Brucella strains. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 25:85-93. [PMID: 11848132 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-9571(01)00029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to investigate the cytokines induction by smooth lipopolysaccharides (S-LPS) extracted from Brucella melitensis (Rev1 vaccine strain) and Brucella abortus (a field isolate). These lipopolysaccharides were used to induce inflammatory cytokines production in peripheral blood cell culture of healthy individuals. Secretion of IL-10 and IL-12 (p70) were measured by means of specific Elisa. In addition, intracellular expression of IL-12 was assessed in CD14+ cells by flow cytometry. It was shown that Brucella LPS is a potent inducer of IL-10. However interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) priming was able to significantly decrease the production of IL-10. Flow cytometry studies showed that LPS alone was not able to induce intracellular IL-12 expression in CD14+ cells. Nevertheless, IFN-gamma priming significantly increased the percentage of CD14+ IL-12+ cells. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that the Brucella LPS could be a potent inducer of IL-10 and induction of IL-12 production needs the most favorable conditions.
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24
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Baldwin CL, Roop RM. Brucella Infections and Immunity. OPPORTUNISTIC INTRACELLULAR BACTERIA AND IMMUNITY 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46809-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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25
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Pasquali P, Adone R, Gasbarre LC, Pistoia C, Ciuchini F. Mouse cytokine profiles associated with Brucella abortus RB51 vaccination or B. abortus 2308 infection. Infect Immun 2001; 69:6541-4. [PMID: 11553603 PMCID: PMC98794 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.10.6541-6544.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2001] [Accepted: 07/25/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study indicated that mice immunized with Brucella abortus RB51 bacteria and subsequently challenged with B. abortus 2308 were protected from reinfection. After vaccination, both Th1 and Th2 cytokine patterns were observed. Of those, the early production of gamma interferon seems to have the prominent role in inducing an immunologically based protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pasquali
- Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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26
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Huang LY, Reis e Sousa C, Itoh Y, Inman J, Scott DE. IL-12 induction by a TH1-inducing adjuvant in vivo: dendritic cell subsets and regulation by IL-10. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:1423-30. [PMID: 11466361 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.3.1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 induction is critical for immune responses against many viruses and intracellular bacterial pathogens. Recent studies suggest that IL-12-secreting dendritic cells (DC) are potent Th1-inducing APC. However, controversy exists concerning the function of DC subsets. Murine studies have suggested that CD8(+) DC preferentially induce Th1 responses, whereas CD8(-) DC induce Th2 development; in this model, different DC subsets prime different responses. Alternatively, the propensity of DC subsets to prime a Th1 response could depend upon the type of initial stimulus. We used a prototypic Th1-inducing adjuvant, heat-killed Brucella abortus (HKBA) to assess stimulation of DC subsets, relationship between Ag burden and IL-12 production, and down-regulation of DC subset IL-12 production by IL-10. In this study, we show that DC were sole producers of IL-12, although most HKBA uptake was by splenic macrophages and granulocytes. More CD8(-) than CD8(+) DC produced IL-12 after HKBA challenge, whereas only CD8(+) DC produced IL-12 after injection of another Th1-promoting microbial substance, soluble Toxoplasma gondii Ags. Studies in IL-10-deficient mice revealed that IL-10 down-regulates frequency and duration of IL-12 production by both DC subsets. In the absence of IL-10, IL-12 expression is enabled in CD11c(low) cells, but not in macrophages or granulocytes. These findings support the concept of DC as the major IL-12 producers in spleens, but challenge the notion that CD8(+) and CD8(-) DC are destined to selectively induce Th1 or Th2 responses, respectively. Thus, the nature of the stimulating substance is important in determining which DC subsets are activated to produce IL-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Huang
- Laboratory of Plasma Derivatives, Division of Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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27
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Zaitseva M, King LR, Manischewitz J, Dougan M, Stevan L, Golding H, Golding B. Human peripheral blood T cells, monocytes, and macrophages secrete macrophage inflammatory proteins 1alpha and 1beta following stimulation with heat-inactivated Brucella abortus. Infect Immun 2001; 69:3817-26. [PMID: 11349047 PMCID: PMC98399 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.6.3817-3826.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-killed Brucella abortus (HBa) has been proposed as a carrier for therapeutic vaccines for individuals with immunodeficiency, due to its abilities to induce interleukin-2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) in both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and to upregulate antigen-presenting cell functions (including IL-12 production). In the current study, we investigated the ability of HBa or lipopolysaccharide isolated from HBa (LPS-Ba) to elicit beta-chemokines, known to bind to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coreceptor CCR5 and to block viral cell entry. It was found that human peripheral blood mononuclear cells secreted beta-chemokines following stimulation with HBa, and this effect could not be blocked by anti-IFN-gamma neutralizing antibodies. Among purified T cells, macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha and 1beta (MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta, respectively) secretion was observed primarily in human CD8(+) T cells. The kinetics of beta-chemokine induction in T cells were slow (3 to 4 days). The majority of beta-chemokine-producing CD8(+) T cells also produced IFN-gamma following HBa stimulation, as determined by triple-color intracellular staining. A significant number of CD8(+) T cells contained stored MIP-1beta that was released after HBa stimulation. Both HBa and LPS-Ba stimulated high levels of MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta production in elutriated monocytes and even higher levels in macrophages. In these cells, beta-chemokine mRNA was upregulated within 30 min and proteins were secreted within 4 h of stimulation. The monocyte- and macrophage-derived beta-chemokines were sufficient to block CCR5-dependent HIV-1 envelope-mediated cell fusion. These data suggest that, in addition to the ability of HBa to elicit antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses, HBa-conjugated HIV-1 proteins or peptides would also generate innate chemokines with antiviral activity that could limit local viral spread during vaccination in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zaitseva
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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28
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Golding B, Scott DE, Scharf O, Huang LY, Zaitseva M, Lapham C, Eller N, Golding H. Immunity and protection against Brucella abortus. Microbes Infect 2001; 3:43-8. [PMID: 11226853 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(00)01350-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Brucella abortus is an intracellular pathogen that causes disease in cattle and in humans. The response against B. abortus involves the whole gamut of the immune system, from innate to adaptive immunity resulting from stimulation of antigen-presenting cells, NK cells, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Golding
- Division of Hematology, Office of Blood and Blood Research, Center for Biologics Research and Review, Food and Drug Administration, 1401 Woodmont, Rockville Pike, MD 20852, USA.
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Goestch L, Plotnicky-Gilquin H, Champion T, Beck A, Haeuw JF, Nguyen T, Bonnefoy JY, Corvaïa N. Influence of live respiratory syncytial virus priming on the immune response generated by a recombinant vaccine candidate, BBG2Na. Vaccine 2000; 18:2648-55. [PMID: 10781850 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus is one of the major respiratory pathogens for infants and immunocompromized children. With the exception of young children, all the population has encountered RSV and is seropositive. Recent reports have demonstrated however that the virus also affects the elderly and represents a major cause of illness associated with an excess of morbidity and mortality. We have generated a recombinant RSV vaccine, BBG2Na, which is highly protective in rodents against RSV infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of the vaccine to increase anti-RSV protection in RSV-primed mice and to characterize the induced immune responses. Immunization with BBG2Na increased the anti-RSV-A serum antibody titers of RSV-primed mice with induction of both IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies attesting for a mixed Th response. Moreover, the level of the induced anti-G2Na antibodies was greater in seropositive mice. Finally, sera from RSV-primed mice displayed a higher protective efficacy after transfer into naive mice following subsequent immunization with BBG2Na than sera of mice immunized with RSV-A only. Our results demonstrate that BBG2Na is immunogenic and increases the protective efficacy of serum antibodies in RSV-primed mice; they support the possibility of performing clinical trials in the seropositive human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Goestch
- Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 5 Av. Napoléon III, 74164 St Julien en Genevois, France
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Gross A, Terraza A, Ouahrani-Bettache S, Liautard JP, Dornand J. In vitro Brucella suis infection prevents the programmed cell death of human monocytic cells. Infect Immun 2000; 68:342-51. [PMID: 10603407 PMCID: PMC97140 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.1.342-351.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the complex interaction between an infectious agent and a host organism, the pathogen can interfere with the host cell's programmed death to its own benefit. Induction or prevention of host cell apoptosis appears to be a critical step for determining the infection outcome. Members of the gram-negative bacterial genus Brucella are intracellular pathogens which preferentially invade monocytic cells and develop within these cells. We investigated the effect of Brucella suis infection on apoptosis of human monocytic phagocytes. The present study provides evidence that Brucella infection inhibited spontaneously occurring apoptosis in human monocytes. Prevention of monocyte apoptosis was not mediated by Brucella lipopolysaccharide and required bacterial survival within infected cells. Both invaded and noninvaded cells were protected, indicating that soluble mediators released during infection were involved in the phenomenon. Analysis of Brucella-infected monocytes revealed specific overexpression of the A1 gene, a member of the bcl-2 family implicated in the survival of hematopoietic cells. Brucella infection also rendered macrophage-like cells resistant to Fas ligand- or gamma interferon-induced apoptosis, suggesting that Brucella infection protected host cells from several cytotoxic processes occurring at different steps of the immune response. The present data clearly show that Brucella suis modulated the monocyte/macrophage's apoptotic response to the advantage of the pathogen, thus preventing host cell elimination. This might represent a strategy for Brucella development in infected hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gross
- INSERM U431, IFR Eugène Bataillon, Université de Montpellier II, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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31
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Lee IK, Olsen SC, Kehrli M, Bolin CA. The adjuvant effect of a single dose of interleukin-12 on murine immune responses to live or killed Brucella abortus strain RB51. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 1999; 63:284-7. [PMID: 10534009 PMCID: PMC1189566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine if a single 0.5 microg administration of recombinant murine interleukin-12 (IL-12) would influence immune responses of mice vaccinated with live or killed Brucella abortus strain RB51 (SRB51). Mice were vaccinated intraperitoneally with 5 x 10(8) cfu of live or gamma-irradiated SRB51 bacteria alone, or in combination with 0.5 microg of IL-12. Control mice received saline or 0.5 microg of IL-12. Serologic responses and spleen weights after vaccination were greater in mice vaccinated with live SRB51 when compared to mice receiving killed SRB51 or control treatments. Administration of a single dose of IL-12 as a vaccine adjuvant did not influence immune responses, clearance of live SRB51, or resistance against B. abortus strain 2308 (S2308) challenge. The results of this study suggest that a single administration of 0.5 microg of IL-12 at the time of vaccination does not have significant adjuvant effects on vaccine-induced immune responses against live or killed Brucella.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Lee
- National Animal Disease Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
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Agranovich I, Scott DE, Terle D, Lee K, Golding B. Down-regulation of Th2 responses by Brucella abortus, a strong Th1 stimulus, correlates with alterations in the B7.2-CD28 pathway. Infect Immun 1999; 67:4418-26. [PMID: 10456882 PMCID: PMC96760 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.9.4418-4426.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Down-regulation of the Th2-like response induced by ovalbumin-alum (OVA/alum) immunization by heat-killed Brucella abortus was not reversed by anti-IL-12 antibody treatment or in gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) knockout mice, suggesting that induction of Th1 cytokines was not the only mechanism involved in the B. abortus-mediated inhibition of the Th2 response to OVA/alum. The focus of this study was to determine whether an alternative pathway involves alteration in expression of costimulatory molecules. First we show that the Th2-like response to OVA/alum is dependent on B7.2 interaction with ligand since it can be abrogated by anti-B7.2 treatment. Expression of costimulatory molecules was then studied in mice immunized with OVA/alum in the absence or presence of B. abortus. B7.2, but not B7.1, was up-regulated on mouse non-T and T cells following immunization with B. abortus. Surprisingly, B. abortus induced down-regulation of CD28 and up-regulation of B7.2 on murine CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. These effects on T cells were maximal for CD28 and B7.2 at 40 to 48 h and were not dependent on interleukin-12 (IL-12) or IFN-gamma. On the basis of these results, we propose that the IL-12/IFN-gamma-independent inhibition of Th2 responses to OVA/alum is secondary to the effects of B. abortus on expression of costimulatory molecules on T cells. We suggest that down-regulation of CD28 following activation inhibits subsequent differentiation of Th0 into Th2 cells. In addition, decreased expression of CD28 and increased expression of B7.2 on T cells would favor B7.2 interaction with CTLA-4 on T cells, and this could provide a negative signal to developing Th2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Agranovich
- Laboratory of Plasma Derivatives, Division of Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA
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Subauste CS, Wessendarp M, Sorensen RU, Leiva LE. CD40-CD40 Ligand Interaction Is Central to Cell-Mediated Immunity Against Toxoplasma gondii: Patients with Hyper IgM Syndrome Have a Defective Type 1 Immune Response That Can Be Restored by Soluble CD40 Ligand Trimer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.11.6690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Cell-mediated immunity that results in IL-12/IFN-γ production is essential to control infections by intracellular organisms. Studies in animal models revealed contrasting results in regard to the importance of CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) signaling for induction of a type 1 cytokine response against these pathogens. We demonstrate that CD40-CD40L interaction in humans is critical for generation of the IL-12/IFN-γ immune response against Toxoplasma gondii. Infection of monocytes with T. gondii resulted in up-regulation of CD40. CD40-CD40L signaling was required for optimal T cell production of IFN-γ in response to T. gondii. Moreover, patients with hyper IgM (HIGM) syndrome exhibited a defect in IFN-γ secretion in response to the parasite and evidence compatible with impaired in vivo T cell priming after T. gondii infection. Not only was IL-12 production in response to T. gondii dependent on CD40-CD40L signaling, but also, patients with HIGM syndrome exhibited deficient in vitro secretion of this cytokine in response to the parasite. Finally, in vitro incubation with agonistic soluble CD40L trimer enhanced T. gondii-triggered production of IFN-γ and, through induction of IL-12 secretion, corrected the defect in IFN-γ production observed in HIGM patients. Our results are likely to explain the susceptibility of patients with HIGM syndrome to infections by opportunistic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S. Subauste
- *Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 46267; and
| | - Matthew Wessendarp
- *Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 46267; and
| | - Ricardo U. Sorensen
- †Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Children’s Hospital, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Lily E. Leiva
- †Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Children’s Hospital, New Orleans, LA 70112
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Schaible UE, Collins HL, Kaufmann SH. Confrontation between intracellular bacteria and the immune system. Adv Immunol 1999; 71:267-377. [PMID: 9917916 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- U E Schaible
- Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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35
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Weynants V, Walravens K, Didembourg C, Flanagan P, Godfroid J, Letesson JJ. Quantitative assessment by flow cytometry of T-lymphocytes producing antigen-specific gamma-interferon in Brucella immune cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 66:309-20. [PMID: 9880107 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(98)00205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from cattle infected with Brucella secreted gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) after antigen-specific stimulation with Brucellergene, which is a mixture of cytoplasmic proteins of rough Brucella melitensis B115. Following the depletion of the monocyte-macrophages from the PBMC, the enriched lymphocyte populations stimulated with Brucellergene did not produce IFN-gamma. Two-colour immunofluorescence staining of intracellular IFN-gamma and bovine cell surface molecules identified the cells producing IFN-gamma among the PBMC stimulated with Brucellergene. Moreover, this method could be used to estimate the number of T-cells specifically producing IFN-gamma. For a given animal, there is a significant correlation (p < 0.05) between the production of IFN measured by an ELISA of the supernatant of whole blood stimulated with Brucellergene and the number of T-cells producing IFN-gamma after in vitro stimulation with Brucellergene. The development of the immunofluorescence staining technique provides a new tool for analysing and for measuring the T-cell immune response in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Weynants
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie-Microbiologie, U.R. Biologie Moléculaire, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, Namur, Belgium
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- G Trinchieri
- Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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37
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Jiang GZ, Kato Y, Sugiyama T, Koide N, Chakravortty D, Kawai M, Fukada M, Yoshida T, Yokochi T. Role of CD86 (B7-2) in triggering of antigen-specific IgE antibody response by lipopolysaccharide. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1998; 21:303-11. [PMID: 9753003 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1998.tb01178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of CD86 in triggering of ascaris extract-specific IgE antibody response by lipopolysaccharide was studied. The simultaneous administration of anti-CD86 antibody with ascaris extract and lipopolysaccharide prevented the production of IgE antibody response to ascaris extract. CD86+ cells were detected in peritoneal cavities and spleens of mice injected intraperitoneally with lipopolysaccharide. CD86+ cells appeared in peritoneal cavities and spleens eight hours after lipopolysaccharide injection, and they were detectable for a week. CD86+ cells in peritoneal cavities and spleens were mainly surface Ig-positive B-cells and some Ig-negative cells. It was suggested that lipopolysaccharide induced the expression of CD86 mainly on B-cells, and that CD86+ cells induced by lipopolysaccharide injection might play an important role as antigen-presenting cells on triggering of ascaris extract-specific IgE antibody response by lipopolysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Z Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Disease, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
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38
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Fernando GJ, Stewart TJ, Tindle RW, Frazer IH. Vaccine-induced Th1-type responses are dominant over Th2-type responses in the short term whereas pre-existing Th2 responses are dominant in the longer term. Scand J Immunol 1998; 47:459-65. [PMID: 9627130 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1998.00327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of adjuvant on induction of human papillomavirus type 16 E7 protein-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and immunoglobulin G (IgG)2a antibody was studied in C57BL/6 J mice immunized with various adjuvants and E7 protein. Quil-A adjuvant, but not complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or Algammulin, induced a T-helper 1 (Th1)-type response to E7, which was characterized by CTL activity against a tumour cell line transfected with E7 protein and by E7-specific IgG2a. All tested adjuvants elicited comparable levels of E7-specific IgG1. The longest duration and greatest magnitude of CTL response was seen following two immunizations with the highest dose of E7 and Quil-A. Simultaneous immunization with a Th1 and a T helper 2 (Th2)-promoting adjuvant gave a Th1-type response. However, E7 and Quil-A were unable to induce a Th1-type response (as measured by the inability to generate anti-E7 IgG2a antibody) in animals with a pre-existing Th2-type response to E7. These results suggest that saponin adjuvants may be suitable for immunotherapy in humans where a Th1-type response is sought, provided that there is no pre-existing Th2-type response to the antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Fernando
- Centre for Immunology & Cancer Research, University of Queensland, Department of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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39
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Subauste CS, de Waal Malefyt R, Fuh F. Role of CD80 (B7.1) and CD86 (B7.2) in the Immune Response to an Intracellular Pathogen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.4.1831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The costimulatory ligands CD80 and CD86 play a crucial role in the initiation and maintenance of an immune response. We demonstrate that whereas infection of human monocytes with viable tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii resulted in rapid induction of expression of CD80 and up-regulation of expression of CD86, incubation with killed organisms failed to alter the levels of expression of these costimulatory ligands. The T. gondii-mediated changes in levels of expression of these molecules are critical to the T cell response to the parasite. Proliferation of resting T cells in response to parasite-infected cells was dependent on both CD80 and CD86. More importantly, early production of IFN-γ in response to T. gondii by T cells from T. gondii-seronegative individuals occurred only after stimulation with monocytes that exhibited increased expression of CD80 and CD86 (monocytes infected with viable parasites) and was almost completely ablated by the combination of anti-CD80 plus anti-CD86 mAb. Moreover, proliferation and IFN-γ production by CD4+ CD45RA+ T cells from unexposed individuals were dependent on both CD80 and CD86. These data indicate that pathogen-monocyte interaction influences the ensuing T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S. Subauste
- *Research Institute, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA 94301
- †Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267; and
| | - Rene de Waal Malefyt
- ‡DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Franklin Fuh
- *Research Institute, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA 94301
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40
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Oliveira SC, Harms JS, Rech EL, Rodarte RS, Bocca AL, Goes AM, Splitter GA. The role of T cell subsets and cytokines in the regulation of intracellular bacterial infection. Braz J Med Biol Res 1998; 31:77-84. [PMID: 9686182 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x1998000100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular immune responses are a critical part of the host's defense against intracellular bacterial infections. Immunity to Brucella abortus crucially depends on antigen-specific T cell-mediated activation of macrophages, which are the major effectors of cell-mediated killing of this organism. T lymphocytes that proliferate in response to B. abortus were characterized for phenotype and cytokine activity. Human, murine, and bovine T lymphocytes exhibited a type 1 cytokine profile, suggesting an analogous immune response in these different hosts. In vivo protection afforded by a particular cell type is dependent on the antigen presented and the mechanism of antigen presentation. Studies using MHC class I and class II knockout mice infected with B. abortus have demonstrated that protective immunity to brucellosis is especially dependent on CD8+ T cells. To target MHC class I presentation we transfected ex vivo a murine macrophage cell line with B. abortus genes and adoptively transferred them to BALB/c mice. These transgenic macrophage clones induced partial protection in mice against experimental brucellosis. Knowing the cells required for protection, vaccines can be designed to activate the protective T cell subset. Lastly, as a new strategy for priming a specific class I-restricted T cell response in vivo, we used genetic immunization by particle bombardment-mediated gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
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Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a potent immunoregulatory cytokine that is crucially involved in a wide range of infectious diseases. In several experimental models of bacterial, parasitic, viral, and fungal infection, endogenous IL-12 is required for early control of infection and for generation and perhaps maintenance of acquired protective immunity, directed by T helper type 1 (Th1) cells and mediated by phagocytes. Although the relative roles of IL-12 and gamma interferon in Th1-cell priming may be to a significant extent pathogen dependent, common to most infections is that IL-12 regulates the magnitude of the gamma interferon response at the initiation of infection, thus potentiating natural resistance, favoring Th1-cell development; and inhibiting Th2 responses. Treatment of animals with IL-12, either alone or as a vaccine adjuvant, has been shown to prevent disease by many of the same infectious agents, by stimulating innate resistance or promoting specific reactivity. Although IL-12 may enhance protective memory responses in vaccination or in combination with antimicrobial chemotherapy, it is yet unclear whether exogenous IL-12 can alter established responses in humans. Continued investigation into the possible application of IL-12 therapy to human infections is warranted by the role of the cytokine in inflammation, immunopathology, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy.
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42
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Probst P, Skeiky YA, Steeves M, Gervassi A, Grabstein KH, Reed SG. A Leishmania protein that modulates interleukin (IL)-12, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production and expression of B7-1 in human monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:2634-42. [PMID: 9368620 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830271024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
LeIF, a gene homologue of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4A was first described as a leishmanial antigen that induced a Th1-type T cell response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from leishmaniasis patients. Moreover, the interferon (IFN)-gamma production by PBMC was found to be interleukin (IL)-12 dependent. Herein, we characterize the effects of LeIF on cytokine production and expression of surface molecules by normal human monocytes as well as by monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells (MoDC). LeIF was a strong inducer of IL-12 and, to a lesser extent, of IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in macrophages and MoDC. IL-12 production did not require CD40 triggering, confirming that the ability of LeIF to induce IL-12 was not mediated through an effect on T cells. However, addition of soluble CD40 ligand (L) synergistically augmented IL-12 production in macrophages and MoDC. The cytokine-inducing activity of LeIF is located in the N-terminal portion of the molecule and was both proteinase K sensitive and polymyxin B resistant. LeIF, lipopolysaccharide and fixed Staphylococcus aureus all induced comparable amounts of IL-12, validating the potent cytokine-inducing effects of LeIF. Moreover, of these stimuli, LeIF had the highest IL-12/IL-10 and IL-12/TNF-alpha ratio demonstrating the preference of LeIF for IL-12 induction. Studies investigating the expression of surface molecules showed that LeIF up-regulated B7-1 and CD54 (ICAM-1) on macrophages and MoDC. To our knowledge this is the first report describing IL-12 production, up-regulation of co-stimulatory and intercellular adhesion molecules by monocytic antigen-presenting cells in response to a protein from a pathogenic microorganism. These immunomodulatory characteristics of LeIF might be excellent properties for a Th1-type adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Probst
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
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