1
|
Agbayani G, Clark K, Sad S, Murphy SP, Krishnan L. Roles of natural resistance-associated macrophage protein-1 in modulating bacterial distribution and immune responses during Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in murine pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2022; 88:e13599. [PMID: 35851978 PMCID: PMC9509426 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S.Tm) infection in Nramp1+/+ mice during pregnancy can lead to profound bacterial growth in the feto-placental unit and adverse pregnancy outcomes, including fetal loss, maternal illness and death. The kinetics and mechanisms by which S.Tm gains entry within individual feto-placental unit, and disseminates through tissues leading to placental resorption and fetal demise remain unclear. METHOD OF STUDY Mice were systemically infected with S.Tm. Bacterial burden within spleen and individual placentas, and placental/fetal resorptions were quantified. Flow cytometric analysis of immune cell types in the spleen and individual placentas was performed. Cytokine expression in maternal serum was determined through cytometric bead array. RESULTS Systemic infection with S.Tm resulted in preferential bacterial proliferation in placentas compared to the spleen in Nramp1+/+ mice. At 24 h post-infection, the mean infection rate of individual placentas per mouse was ∼50%, increasing to >75% by 72 h post-infection, suggesting that initial infection in few sites progresses to rapid spread of infection through the uterine milieu. This correlated with a steady increase in placental/fetal resorption rates. Placental infection was associated with local increased neutrophil percentages, whereas numbers and percentages in the spleen remained unchanged, suggesting dichotomous modulation of inflammation between the systemic compartment and the feto-maternal interface. Reduced survival rates of pregnant mice during infection correlated with decreased serum IFN-γ but increased IL-10 levels relative to non-pregnant controls. CONCLUSION Pregnancy compromises host resistance conferred by Nramp1 against S.Tm through compartment-specific regulation of maternal and placental cellular responses, and modulation of systemic cytokine expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Agbayani
- Division of Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristina Clark
- Division of Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Subash Sad
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn P Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- Division of Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Whole-Genome Comparative and Pathogenicity Analysis of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Rissen. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:2159-2170. [PMID: 32358017 PMCID: PMC7341144 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella are a type of bacteria known to cause food-borne illness. Their host range varies widely, and their susceptibility to the host determines its pathogenicity. Salmonella enterica serovar Rissen (S. Rissen) is a widely distributed serotype; however, its virulence and pathogenicity are poorly understood. In this study, the pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance of a representative S. Rissen isolate were investigated. The cell model results showed that S. Rissen preferred to replicate in human macrophage cells U937 compared to murine macrophage cells RAW264.7, suggesting that it has a level of host adaptability. Genome sequencing and comparison analysis revealed that the distribution and nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms of virulence factors in S. Rissen were similar to those in S. Typhi rather than to those in S. Typhimurium. Taken together, our results suggest that although S. Rissen is a common serotype distributed in swine herds, pork and chicken products, it has strong ability to infect humans.
Collapse
|
3
|
Yadav J, Dikshit N, Ismaeel S, Qadri A. Innate Activation of IFN-γ-iNOS Axis During Infection With Salmonella Represses the Ability of T Cells to Produce IL-2. Front Immunol 2020; 11:514. [PMID: 32269573 PMCID: PMC7109407 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Salmonella serovars are a major cause of enteric illness in humans and animals, and produce clinical manifestations ranging from localized gastroenteritis to systemic disease. T cells are a critical component of immunity against this intracellular pathogen. The mechanisms by which Salmonella modulates T-cell—mediated immune responses in order to establish systemic infection are not completely understood. We show that infection of mice with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) suppresses IL-2 and increases IFN-γ and IL-17 production from T cells activated in vivo or ex vivo through the T cell receptor. Infection with S. Typhimurium brings about recruitment of CD11b+Gr1+ suppressor cells to the spleen. Ex vivo depletion of these cells restores the ability of activated T cells to produce IL-2 and brings secretion of IFN-γ and IL-17 from these cells back to basal levels. The reduction in IL-2 secretion is not seen in IFN-γ−/− and iNOS−/− mice infected with Salmonella. Our findings demonstrate that sustained innate activated IFN-γ production during progression of infection with Salmonella reduces IL-2—secreting capability of T cells through an iNOS-mediated signaling pathway that can adversely affect long term immunity against this pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Yadav
- Hybridoma Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Neha Dikshit
- Hybridoma Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sana Ismaeel
- Hybridoma Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ayub Qadri
- Hybridoma Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Suwandi A, Galeev A, Riedel R, Sharma S, Seeger K, Sterzenbach T, García Pastor L, Boyle EC, Gal-Mor O, Hensel M, Casadesús J, Baines JF, Grassl GA. Std fimbriae-fucose interaction increases Salmonella-induced intestinal inflammation and prolongs colonization. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007915. [PMID: 31329635 PMCID: PMC6675130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of ABO and Lewis histo-blood group antigens by the gastrointestinal epithelium is governed by an α-1,2-fucosyltransferase enzyme encoded by the Fut2 gene. Alterations in mucin glycosylation have been associated with susceptibility to various bacterial and viral infections. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a food-borne pathogen and a major cause of gastroenteritis. In order to determine the role of Fut2-dependent glycans in Salmonella-triggered intestinal inflammation, Fut2+/+ and Fut2-/- mice were orally infected with S. Typhimurium and bacterial colonization and intestinal inflammation were analyzed. Bacterial load in the intestine of Fut2-/- mice was significantly lower compared to Fut2+/+ mice. Analysis of histopathological changes revealed significantly lower levels of intestinal inflammation in Fut2-/- mice compared to Fut2+/+ mice and measurement of lipocalin-2 level in feces corroborated histopathological findings. Salmonella express fimbriae that assist in adherence of bacteria to host cells thereby facilitating their invasion. The std fimbrial operon of S. Typhimurium encodes the π-class Std fimbriae which bind terminal α(1,2)-fucose residues. An isogenic mutant of S. Typhimurium lacking Std fimbriae colonized Fut2+/+ and Fut2-/- mice to similar levels and resulted in similar intestinal inflammation. In vitro adhesion assays revealed that bacteria possessing Std fimbriae adhered significantly more to fucosylated cell lines or primary epithelial cells in comparison to cells lacking α(1,2)-fucose. Overall, these results indicate that Salmonella-triggered intestinal inflammation and colonization are dependent on Std-fucose interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhadi Suwandi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
| | - Alibek Galeev
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
| | - René Riedel
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Genomics, Plön, Germany and Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Samriti Sharma
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
| | - Katrin Seeger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
| | - Torsten Sterzenbach
- Division of Microbiology and CellNanOs–Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Lucía García Pastor
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Erin C. Boyle
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ohad Gal-Mor
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael Hensel
- Division of Microbiology and CellNanOs–Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Josep Casadesús
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - John F. Baines
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Genomics, Plön, Germany and Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Guntram A. Grassl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Goldberg MF, Roeske EK, Ward LN, Pengo T, Dileepan T, Kotov DI, Jenkins MK. Salmonella Persist in Activated Macrophages in T Cell-Sparse Granulomas but Are Contained by Surrounding CXCR3 Ligand-Positioned Th1 Cells. Immunity 2018; 49:1090-1102.e7. [PMID: 30552021 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica (Se) bacteria cause persistent intracellular infections while stimulating a robust interferon-γ-producing CD4+ T (Th1) cell response. We addressed this paradox of concomitant infection and immunity by tracking fluorescent Se organisms in mice. Se bacteria persisted in nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-producing resident and recruited macrophages while inducing genes related to protection from nitric oxide. Se-infected cells occupied iNOS+ splenic granulomas that excluded T cells but were surrounded by mononuclear phagocytes producing the chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10, and Se epitope-specific Th1 cells expressing CXCR3, the receptor for these chemokines. Blockade of CXCR3 inhibited Th1 occupancy of CXCL9/10-dense regions, reduced activation of the Th1 cells, and led to increased Se growth. Thus, intracellular Se bacteria survive in their hosts by counteracting toxic products of the innate immune response and by residing in T cell-sparse granulomas, away from abundant Th1 cells positioned via CXCR3 in a bordering region that act to limit infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Goldberg
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Roeske
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lauren N Ward
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Thomas Pengo
- University of Minnesota Informatics Institute, Office of the Vice President for Research, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Thamotharampillai Dileepan
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Dmitri I Kotov
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Animal Models for Salmonellosis: Applications in Vaccine Research. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:746-56. [PMID: 27413068 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00258-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Salmonellosis remains an important cause of human disease worldwide. While there are several licensed vaccines for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, these vaccines are generally ineffective against other Salmonella serovars. Vaccines that target paratyphoid and nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars are very much in need. Preclinical evaluation of candidate vaccines is highly dependent on the availability of appropriate scientific tools, particularly animal models. Many different animal models exist for various Salmonella serovars, from whole-animal models to smaller models, such as those recently established in insects. Here, we discuss various mouse, rat, rabbit, calf, primate, and insect models for Salmonella infection, all of which have their place in research. However, choosing the right model is imperative in selecting the best vaccine candidates for further clinical testing. In this minireview, we summarize the various animal models that are used to assess salmonellosis, highlight some of the advantages and disadvantages of each, and discuss their value in vaccine development.
Collapse
|
7
|
Evaluation of protective immune response against fowl typhoid in chickens vaccinated with the attenuated strain Salmonella Gallinarum ΔcobSΔcbiA. Res Vet Sci 2016; 107:220-227. [PMID: 27473999 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (SG) causes fowl typhoid in chickens, a septicemic infection which results in high mortality rates. This disease causes high economic impact to the poultry industry worldwide because of the mortality or elimination of positive flocks to control bacterial dissemination. Live vaccines are used in the fields, however the characterization of immune mechanisms important for protection are being studied to improve the efficacy of vaccination schemes. In this study, we evaluated the immune response in brown layer-hens, vaccinated or not, during the most critical period of infection. Cellular and humoral immunity were extensively evaluated until 7 days post-infection (DPI), by flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. Furthermore, we evaluated the expression of important pro-inflammatory cytokines after infection of bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) with the live attenuated SG vaccine and with the wild SG strain. The results showed an increasing production of IgG and IgM during the first week post-infection, in vaccinated layer-hens, which was absent in unvaccinated birds. The population of CD8(+)CD44(+) and CD4(+)CD44(+) T cells in spleen and cecal tonsils constantly decreased in unvaccinated birds in comparison with vaccinated layers. The expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α in BMDMs was induced by both SG strains (attenuated and wild) at similar levels (p>0.05). Vaccination with live SG vaccine reduced systemic infection by challenge strain of SG and prevented the mortality rate of 85% that occurred in unvaccinated layer-hens during 30 dpi. Furthermore, the immunization enhanced the proliferation of effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells after challenge.
Collapse
|
8
|
Sang Y, Ren J, Ni J, Tao J, Lu J, Yao YF. Protein Acetylation Is Involved in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Virulence. J Infect Dis 2016; 213:1836-45. [PMID: 26810370 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella causes a range of diseases in different hosts, including enterocolitis and systemic infection. Lysine acetylation regulates many eukaryotic cellular processes, but its function in bacteria is largely unexplored. The acetyltransferase Pat and NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase CobB are involved in the reversible protein acetylation in Salmonella Typhimurium. Here, we used cell and animal models to evaluate the virulence of pat and cobB deletion mutants in S. Typhimurium and found that pat is critical for bacterial intestinal colonization and systemic infection. Next, to understand the underlying mechanism, genome-wide transcriptome was analyzed. RNA sequencing data showed that the expression of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) is partially dependent on pat In addition, we found that HilD, a key transcriptional regulator of SPI-1, is a substrate of Pat. The acetylation of HilD by Pat maintained HilD stability and was essential for the transcriptional activation of HilA. Taken together, these results suggest that a protein acetylation system regulates SPI-1 expression by controlling HilD in a posttranslational manner to mediate S. Typhimurium virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sang
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences
| | - Jie Ren
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences
| | - Jinjing Ni
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences
| | - Jing Tao
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Yu-Feng Yao
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The interaction betweenSalmonella and its host is complex and dynamic: the host mounts an immune defense against the pathogen, which in turn acts to reduce, evade, or exploit these responses to successfully colonize the host. Although the exact mechanisms mediating protective immunity are poorly understood, it is known that T cells are a critical component of immunity to Salmonella infection, and a robust T-cell response is required for both clearance of primary infection and resistance to subsequent challenge. B-cell functions, including but not limited to antibody production, are also required for generation of protective immunity. Additionally, interactions among host cells are essential. For example, antigen-presenting cells (including B cells) express cytokines that participate in CD4+ T cell activation and differentiation. Differentiated CD4+ T cells secrete cytokines that have both autocrine and paracrine functions, including recruitment and activation of phagocytes, and stimulation of B cell isotype class switching and affinity maturation. Multiple bacterium-directed mechanisms, including altered antigen expression and bioavailability and interference with antigen-presenting cell activation and function, combine to modify Salmonella's "pathogenic signature" in order to minimize its susceptibility to host immune surveillance. Therefore, a more complete understanding of adaptive immune responses may provide insights into pathogenic bacterial functions. Continued identification of adaptive immune targets will guide rational vaccine development, provide insights into host functions required to resist Salmonella infection, and correspondingly provide valuable reagents for defining the critical pathogenic capabilities of Salmonella that contribute to their success in causing acute and chronic infections.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The best-characterized mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), and also the most relevant for this review, is the gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). The review reviews our understanding of the importance of mucosal immune responses in resisting infections caused by E. coli and Salmonella spp. It focuses on the major human E. coli infections and discusses whether antigen-specific mucosal immune responses are important for resistance against primary infection or reinfection by pathogenic E. coli. It analyzes human data on mucosal immunity against E. coli, a growing body of data of mucosal responses in food production animals and other natural hosts of E. coli, and more recent experimental studies in mice carrying defined deletions in genes encoding specific immunological effectors, to show that there may be considerable conservation of the effective host mucosal immune response against this pathogen. The species Salmonella enterica contains a number of serovars that include pathogens of both humans and animals; these bacteria are frequently host specific and may cause different diseases in different hosts. Ingestion of various Salmonella serovars, such as Typhimurium, results in localized infections of the small intestine leading to gastroenteritis in humans, whereas ingestion of serovar Typhi results in systemic infection and enteric fever. Serovar Typhi infects only humans, and the review discusses the mucosal immune responses against serovar Typhi, focusing on the responses in humans and in the mouse typhoid fever model.
Collapse
|
11
|
Pham OH, McSorley SJ. Protective host immune responses to Salmonella infection. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:101-10. [PMID: 25598340 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi are the causative agents of human typhoid fever. Current typhoid vaccines are ineffective and are not widely used in endemic areas. Greater understanding of host-pathogen interactions during Salmonella infection should facilitate the development of improved vaccines to combat typhoid and nontyphoidal Salmonellosis. This review will focus on our current understanding of Salmonella pathogenesis and the major host immune components that participate in immunity to Salmonella infection. In addition, recent findings regarding host immune mechanisms in response to Salmonella infection will be also discussed, providing a new perspective on the utility of improved tools to study the immune response to Salmonella infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oanh H Pham
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Marchelletta RR, Gareau MG, Okamoto S, Guiney DG, Barrett KE, Fierer J. Salmonella-induced Diarrhea Occurs in the Absence of IL-8 Receptor (CXCR2)-Dependent Neutrophilic Inflammation. J Infect Dis 2014; 212:128-36. [PMID: 25538271 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastroenteritis is the most common manifestation of nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica infections, but little is known about the pathogenesis of diarrhea in this infection METHODS To determine whether polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are required for diarrhea for Salmonella colitis, we infected kanamycin-pretreated interleukin 8R (IL-8R) mutant mice and controls, both with nonmutant Slc11a1 (Nramp1, ItyR). We compared the 2 mouse strains for increases in fecal water content (diarrhea) 3 days after infection, changes in expression of ion transporters in colonic epithelial cells, proliferation of epithelial cells, and severity of infection as measured by colony-forming units (CFUs). RESULTS The IL-8R knockout mice had fewer PMNs in the colon but the other variables we measured were unaffected except for an increase in CFUs in the colon. The pathologic changes in the cecum were similar in both groups except for the lack of PMNs in the IL-8R knockout mice. There was minimal damage to the colon more distally. CONCLUSIONS In the early stage of Salmonella colitis, PMNs are not required for diarrhea or for the decrease in expression of colonic epithelial cell apical ion transporters. They contribute to defense against infection in the cecum but not extracolonically at this stage of Salmonella colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sharon Okamoto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - Donald G Guiney
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | | | - Joshua Fierer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla Division of VA San Diego Healthcare System
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cellular requirements for systemic control of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infections in mice. Infect Immun 2014; 82:4997-5004. [PMID: 25225248 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02192-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rational design of vaccines requires an understanding of the contributions of individual immune cell subsets to immunity. With this understanding, targeted vaccine delivery approaches and adjuvants can be developed to maximize vaccine efficiency and to minimize side effects (S. H. E. Kaufmann et al., Immunity 33:555-577, 2010; T. Ben-Yedidia and R. Arnon, Hum. Vaccines 1:95-101, 2005). We have addressed the contributions of different immune cell subsets and their ability to contribute to the control and clearance of the facultative intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) in a murine model. Using a systematic and reproducible model of experimental attenuated S. Typhimurium infection, we show that distinct lymphocyte deficiencies lead to one of four different infection outcomes: clearance, chronic infection, early death, or late death. Our study demonstrates a high level of functional redundancy in the ability of different lymphocyte subsets to provide interferon gamma (IFN-γ), a critical cytokine in Salmonella immunity. Whereas early control of the infection was entirely dependent on IFN-γ but not on any particular lymphocyte subset, clearance of the infection critically required CD4(+) T cells but appeared to be independent of IFN-γ. These data reinforce the idea of a bimodal immune response against Salmonella: an early T cell-independent but IFN-γ-dependent phase and a late T cell-dependent phase that may be IFN-γ independent.
Collapse
|
14
|
Patel S, McCormick BA. Mucosal Inflammatory Response to Salmonella typhimurium Infection. Front Immunol 2014; 5:311. [PMID: 25071772 PMCID: PMC4082011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human intestinal epithelium consists of a single layer of epithelial cells that forms a barrier against food antigens and the resident microbiota within the lumen. This delicately balanced organ functions in a highly sophisticated manner to uphold the fidelity of the intestinal epithelium and to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms. On the luminal side, this barrier is fortified by a thick mucus layer, and on the serosal side exists the lamina propria containing a resident population of immune cells. Pathogens that are able to breach this barrier disrupt the healthy epithelial lining by interfering with the regulatory mechanisms that govern the normal balance of intestinal architecture and function. This disruption results in a coordinated innate immune response deployed to eliminate the intruder that includes the release of antimicrobial peptides, activation of pattern-recognition receptors, and recruitment of a variety of immune cells. In the case of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (S. typhimurium) infection, induction of an inflammatory response has been linked to its virulence mechanism, the type III secretion system (T3SS). The T3SS secretes protein effectors that exploit the host’s cell biology to facilitate bacterial entry and intracellular survival, and to modulate the host immune response. As the role of the intestinal epithelium in initiating an immune response has been increasingly realized, this review will highlight recent research that details progress made in understanding mechanisms underlying the mucosal inflammatory response to Salmonella infection, and how such inflammatory responses impact pathogenic fitness of this organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| | - Beth A McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hedges JF, Kimmel E, Snyder DT, Jerome M, Jutila MA. Solute carrier 11A1 is expressed by innate lymphocytes and augments their activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4263-73. [PMID: 23509347 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Solute carrier 11A1 (SLC11A1) is a divalent ion transporter formerly known as the natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP1) and the Bcg/Lsh/Ity locus. SLC11A1 was thought to be exclusively expressed in monocyte/macrophages and to have roles in phagosome maturation and cell activation. We characterized the expression of SLC11A1 in the majority of human and bovine γδ T cells and NK cells and in human CD3(+)CD45RO(+) T cells. Consistent with a role for iron-dependent inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases, SLC11A1(+) lymphocytes were more prone to activation and retained tyrosine phosphorylation. Transfection of SLC11A1 into a human γδ T cell-like line rendered the cells more prone to activation. Nonadherent splenocytes from wild-type mice expressed significantly greater IFN-γ compared with cells from Sv/129 (SLC11A1(-/-)) mice. Our data suggest that SLC11A1 has a heretofore unknown role in activation of a large subset of innate lymphocytes that are critical sources of IFN-γ. SLC11A1(+) animals have enhanced innate IFN-γ expression in response to Salmonella infection compared with SLC11A1(-) mice, which include commonly used inbred laboratory mice. Expression of SLC11A1 in innate lymphocytes and its role in augmenting their activation may account for inconsistencies in studies of innate lymphocytes in different animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jodi F Hedges
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Holderness J, Hedges JF, Ramstead A, Jutila MA. Comparative biology of γδ T cell function in humans, mice, and domestic animals. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2013; 1:99-124. [PMID: 25387013 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-031412-103639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a functionally heterogeneous population and contribute to many early immune responses. The majority of their activity is described in humans and mice, but the immune systems of all jawed vertebrates include the γδ T cell lineage. Although some aspects of γδ T cells vary between species, critical roles in early immune responses are often conserved. Common features of γδ T cells include innate receptor expression, antigen presentation, cytotoxicity, and cytokine production. Herein we compare studies describing these conserved γδ T cell functions and other, potentially unique, functions. γδ T cells are well documented for their potential immunotherapeutic properties; however, these proposed therapies are often focused on human diseases and the mouse models thereof. This review consolidates some of these studies with those in other animals to provide a consensus for the current understanding of γδ T cell function across species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Holderness
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717; , , ,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ross EA, Coughlan RE, Flores-Langarica A, Bobat S, Marshall JL, Hussain K, Charlesworth J, Abhyankar N, Hitchcock J, Gil C, López-Macías C, Henderson IR, Khan M, Watson SP, MacLennan ICM, Buckley CD, Cunningham AF. CD31 is required on CD4+ T cells to promote T cell survival during Salmonella infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1553-65. [PMID: 21734076 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic cells constitutively express CD31/PECAM1, a signaling adhesion receptor associated with controlling responses to inflammatory stimuli. Although expressed on CD4(+) T cells, its function on these cells is unclear. To address this, we have used a model of systemic Salmonella infection that induces high levels of T cell activation and depends on CD4(+) T cells for resolution. Infection of CD31-deficient (CD31KO) mice demonstrates that these mice fail to control infection effectively. During infection, CD31KO mice have diminished numbers of total CD4(+) T cells and IFN-γ-secreting Th1 cells. This is despite a higher proportion of CD31KO CD4(+) T cells exhibiting an activated phenotype and an undiminished capacity to prime normally and polarize to Th1. Reduced numbers of T cells reflected the increased propensity of naive and activated CD31KO T cells to undergo apoptosis postinfection compared with wild-type T cells. Using adoptive transfer experiments, we show that loss of CD31 on CD4(+) T cells alone is sufficient to account for the defective CD31KO T cell accumulation. These data are consistent with CD31 helping to control T cell activation, because in its absence, T cells have a greater propensity to become activated, resulting in increased susceptibility to become apoptotic. The impact of CD31 loss on T cell homeostasis becomes most pronounced during severe, inflammatory, and immunological stresses such as those caused by systemic Salmonella infection. This identifies a novel role for CD31 in regulating CD4 T cell homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewan A Ross
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Johanns TM, Law CY, Kalekar LA, O'Donnell H, Ertelt JM, Rowe JH, Way SS. Early eradication of persistent Salmonella infection primes antibody-mediated protective immunity to recurrent infection. Microbes Infect 2010; 13:322-30. [PMID: 21134485 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Typhoid fever is a systemic, persistent infection caused by host-specific strains of Salmonella. Although the use of antibiotics has reduced the complications associated with primary infection, recurrent infection remains an important cause of ongoing human morbidity and mortality. Herein, we investigated the impacts of antibiotic eradication of primary infection on protection against secondary recurrent infection. Using a murine model of persistent Salmonella infection, we demonstrate protection against recurrent infection is sustained despite early eradication of primary infection. In this model, protection is not mediated by CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells because depletion of these cells either alone or in combination prior to rechallenge does not abrogate protection. Instead, infection followed by antibiotic-mediated clearance primes robust levels of Salmonella-specific antibody that can adoptively transfer protection to naïve mice. Thus, eradication of persistent Salmonella infection primes antibody-mediated protective immunity to recurrent infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanner M Johanns
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Center for Infectious Disease and Microbiology Translational Research, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Early interferon-γ production in human lymphocyte subsets in response to nontyphoidal Salmonella demonstrates inherent capacity in innate cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13667. [PMID: 21048923 PMCID: PMC2965112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nontyphoidal Salmonellae frequently cause life-threatening bacteremia in sub-Saharan Africa. Young children and HIV-infected adults are particularly susceptible. High case-fatality rates and increasing antibiotic resistance require new approaches to the management of this disease. Impaired cellular immunity caused by defects in the T helper 1 pathway lead to intracellular disease with Salmonella that can be countered by IFNγ administration. This report identifies the lymphocyte subsets that produce IFNγ early in Salmonella infection. Methodology Intracellular cytokine staining was used to identify IFNγ production in blood lymphocyte subsets of ten healthy adults with antibodies to Salmonella (as evidence of immunity to Salmonella), in response to stimulation with live and heat-killed preparations of the D23580 invasive African isolate of Salmonella Typhimurium. The absolute number of IFNγ-producing cells in innate, innate-like and adaptive lymphocyte subpopulations was determined. Principal Findings Early IFNγ production was found in the innate/innate-like lymphocyte subsets: γδ-T cells, NK cells and NK-like T cells. Significantly higher percentages of such cells produced IFNγ compared to adaptive αβ-T cells (Student's t test, P<0.001 and ≤0.02 for each innate subset compared, respectively, with CD4+- and CD8+-T cells). The absolute numbers of IFNγ-producing cells showed similar differences. The proportion of IFNγ-producing γδ-T cells, but not other lymphocytes, was significantly higher when stimulated with live compared with heat-killed bacteria (P<0.0001). Conclusion/Significance Our findings indicate an inherent capacity of innate/innate-like lymphocyte subsets to produce IFNγ early in the response to Salmonella infection. This may serve to control intracellular infection and reduce the threat of extracellular spread of disease with bacteremia which becomes life-threatening in the absence of protective antibody. These innate cells may also help mitigate against the effect on IFNγ production of depletion of Salmonella-specific CD4+-T lymphocytes in HIV infection.
Collapse
|
20
|
Seibert SA, Mex P, Köhler A, Kaufmann SHE, Mittrücker HW. TLR2-, TLR4- and Myd88-independent acquired humoral and cellular immunity against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Immunol Lett 2009; 127:126-34. [PMID: 19895846 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are central to pathogen recognition by the innate immune system. However, their role in the generation of acquired immunity is less clear. Using experimental Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) infection of mice, we determined the role of TLR2, TLR4 and of the TLR adaptor protein Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) in the generation of specific T- and B-cell responses against this pathogen. When infected with an attenuated ST strain, mice deficient in TLR4, TLR2 plus TLR4 or MyD88 suffered from exacerbated bacterial burden and delayed clearance. However, all mutant mice not only survived infection but also generated normal antibody responses. Compared to wild-type mice, TLR2+4 deficient mice displayed even enhanced CD4(+) T(H)1 and CD8(+) T cell responses. In contrast, T-cell responses in TLR2 deficient and MyD88 deficient mice were similar to those observed in wild-type controls. Overall, T- and B-cell responses were functional and provided protection against a challenge infection with virulent ST. Our results demonstrate that in the ST infection model, MyD88 as well as TLR2 and TLR4 were largely dispensable for the induction of protective acquired immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine A Seibert
- Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Over the last decade, significant advances have been made in the methodology for studying immune responses in vivo. It is now possible to follow almost every aspect of pathogen-specific immunity using in vivo models that incorporate physiological infectious doses and natural routes of infection. This new ability to study immunity in a relevant physiological context will greatly expand our understanding of the dynamic interplay between host and pathogen. Visualizing the resolution of primary infection and the development of long-term immunological memory should also aid the development of new vaccines and therapeutics for infectious diseases. In this review, we will describe the application of in vivo visualization technology to Salmonella infection, describe our current understanding of Salmonella-specific immunity, and discuss some unanswered questions that remain in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James J. Moon
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
| | - Stephen J. McSorley
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
- Center for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Torii I, Oka S, Hotomi M, Benjamin WH, Takai T, Kearney JF, Briles DE, Kubagawa H. PIR-B-deficient mice are susceptible to Salmonella infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:4229-39. [PMID: 18768880 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.6.4229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Paired Ig-like receptors of activating (PIR-A) and inhibitory (PIR-B) isoforms are expressed by many hematopoietic cells, including B lymphocytes and myeloid cells. To determine the functional roles of PIR-A and PIR-B in primary bacterial infection, PIR-B-deficient (PIR-B(-/-)) and wild-type (WT) control mice were injected i.v. with an attenuated strain of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (WB335). PIR-B(-/-) mice were found to be more susceptible to Salmonella infection than WT mice, as evidenced by high mortality rate, high bacterial loads in the liver and spleen, and a failure to clear bacteria from the circulation. Although blood levels of major cytokines and Salmonella-specific Abs were mostly comparable in the two groups of mice, distinct patterns of inflammatory lesions were found in their livers at 7-14 days postinfection: diffuse spreading along the sinusoids in PIR-B(-/-) mice vs nodular restricted localization in WT mice. PIR-B(-/-) mice have more inflammatory cells in the liver but fewer B cells and CD8(+) T cells in the spleen than WT mice at 14 days postinfection. PIR-B(-/-) bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMphi) failed to control intracellular replication of Salmonella in vitro, in part due to inefficient phagosomal oxidant production, when compared with WT BMMphi. PIR-B(-/-) BMMphi also produced more nitrite and TNF-alpha upon exposure to Salmonella than WT BMMphi did. These findings suggest that the disruption of PIR-A and PIR-B balance affects their regulatory roles in host defense to bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Torii
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-3300, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
De Franco M, Carneiro PDS, Peters LC, Vorraro F, Borrego A, Ribeiro OG, Starobinas N, Cabrera WK, Ibañez OM. Slc11a1 (Nramp1) alleles interact with acute inflammation loci to modulate wound-healing traits in mice. Mamm Genome 2007; 18:263-9. [PMID: 17486412 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-007-9012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lines of mice were obtained by selective breeding for maximum (AIRmax) or minimum (AIRmin) acute inflammation. They present distinct neutrophil influx and show frequency disequilibrium of the solute carrier family 11a member 1 (Slc11a1) alleles. This gene is involved in ion transport at the endosomes within macrophages and neutrophils, interfering in their activation. Homozygous AIRmax and AIRmin sublines for the Slc11a1 gene were produced to examine the interaction of this gene with the acute inflammatory loci. The present work investigated wound-healing traits in AIRmax and AIRmin mice, in F(1) and F(2) intercrosses, and in Slc11a1 sublines. Two-millimeter ear punches were made in the mice and hole closure was measured during 40 days. AIRmax mice demonstrated significant tissue repair while AIRmin mice did not. Significant differences between the responses of male and female mice were also observed. Wound-healing traits demonstrated a correlation with neutrophil influx in F(2) populations. AIRmax( SS )showed higher ear-wound closure than AIRmax( RR ) mice, suggesting that the Slc11a1 S allele favored ear tissue repair. QTL analysis has detected two inflammatory loci modulating ear wound healing on chromosomes 1 and 14. These results suggest the involvement of the acute inflammation modifier QTL in the wound-healing phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo De Franco
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Peters LC, Jensen JR, Borrego A, Cabrera WHK, Baker N, Starobinas N, Ribeiro OG, Ibañez OM, De Franco M. Slc11a1 (formerly NRAMP1) gene modulates both acute inflammatory reactions and pristane-induced arthritis in mice. Genes Immun 2006; 8:51-6. [PMID: 17122779 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mice selected for the maximum acute inflammatory reaction (AIRmax) are highly susceptible to pristane-induced arthritis (PIA), whereas mice selected for the minimum response (AIRmin) are resistant. These lines show distinct patterns of leukocyte infiltration and R and S allele frequency disequilibrium of the solute carrier family 11a member 1 (Slc11a1) gene. In order to study the interactions of the Slc11a1 R and S alleles with the inflammation modulating Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) during PIA development, homozygous AIRmax(RR), AIRmax(SS), AIRmin(RR) and AIRmin(SS) lines were produced by genotype-assisted breedings. These mice received two intraperitoneal injections of 0.5 ml pristane at 60-day intervals, and the subsequent development of arthritis was assessed for 210 days. Cytokine-secreting cell profiles were investigated using enzyme-linked immunospot. Arthritis incidence in AIRmax(RR) mice reached 29%, whereas PIA incidence in AIRmax(SS) mice was 70% by day 180. AIRmin(RR) mice were resistant, whereas 13.3% of AIRmin(SS) mice became arthritic. The presence of the defective S allele also increased arthritis severity, although acute inflammation was higher in mice bearing the R allele. A predominant Th0/Th2-type response in Slc11a1(SS) mice was observed. These results indicate that Slc11a1 is a strong candidate for the QTL modulating acute inflammation and for PIA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Peters
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Borrego A, Peters LC, Jensen JR, Ribeiro OG, Koury Cabrera WH, Starobinas N, Seman M, Ibañez OM, De Franco M. Genetic determinants of acute inflammation regulate Salmonella infection and modulate Slc11a1 gene (formerly Nramp1) effects in selected mouse lines. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:2766-71. [PMID: 17035062 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Revised: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two lines of mice selected to produce maximal (AIRmax) or minimal (AIRmin) acute inflammatory reactions (AIR) differ in their susceptibility to infection by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). The LD(50) for AIRmax mice is 1000 times higher than that observed for AIRmin mice, and higher frequencies of Slc11a1 alleles (known to confer either resistance (R) or high susceptibility (S) to S. Typhimurium) were consistently found in AIRmax and AIRmin mouse lines, respectively. In order to evaluate the effect of the quantitative trait loci (QTL) segregated in AIRmax and AIRmin mice on Slc11a1 dependent susceptibility to S. Typhimurium, the R and S alleles were fixed in homozygosity in AIRmax and AIRmin backgrounds by genotype assisted breedings. These new lines were named AIRmax(RR), AIRmax(SS), AIRmin(RR), and AIRmin(SS). Acute inflammation of Slc11a1(RR) animals was more severe in comparison to their Slc11a1(SS) counterparts, implicating Slc11a1 (or other linked genes) in AIR regulation. The LD(50) of S. Typhimurium was 800-times higher for AIRmax(SS) than for AIRmin(SS), demonstrating that AIR QTL can act as modifiers of the Slc11a1(SS) susceptibility gene. Four microsatellite markers for S. Typhimurium susceptibility QTL described in other mouse lines showed specific allele fixation in AIRmax or AIRmin mice, suggesting that these chromosomal regions also segregate with inflammatory phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Borrego
- Laboratório de Imunogenética - Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Raupach B, Peuschel SK, Monack DM, Zychlinsky A. Caspase-1-mediated activation of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-18 contributes to innate immune defenses against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. Infect Immun 2006; 74:4922-6. [PMID: 16861683 PMCID: PMC1539628 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00417-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspase-1 (Casp-1) mediates the processing of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-18 to their mature forms. Casp-1-deficient mice succumb more rapidly to Salmonella challenge than do wild-type animals. Both Casp-1 substrates, IL-18 and IL-1beta, are relevant for control of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. We used IL-18-/- and IL-1beta-/- mice in addition to administration of recombinant IL-18 to Casp-1-/- mice to demonstrate that IL-18 is important for resistance to the systemic infection but not for resistance to the intestinal phase of the infection. This suggests that IL-1beta is critical for the intestinal phase of the disease. Thus, we show that Casp-1 is essential for host innate immune defense against S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and that Casp-1 substrates are required at distinct times and anatomical sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bärbel Raupach
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max-Planck-Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Schumannstrasse 21/22, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Johansson C, Ingman M, Jo Wick M. Elevated neutrophil, macrophage and dendritic cell numbers characterize immune cell populations in mice chronically infected with Salmonella. Microb Pathog 2006; 41:49-58. [PMID: 16782300 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The present study characterizes immune cell populations in mice chronically infected with Salmonella. Mice were characterized as chronically infected based on persistently high titers of Salmonella-reactive immunoglobulins in the serum >6 months after a single oral dose of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium. These mice had a visibly enlarged spleen but not liver, while both organs harbored bacteria and had increased total cellularity up to 11 months post-infection. Flow cytometry analysis revealed significantly elevated numbers of neutrophils, dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages in the spleen of chronically infected mice. In contrast, no significant increase in the absolute number of T and B cells was apparent in the spleen and DX5+ cells, which includes NK cells, some NK T cells and possibly some activated T cells, appears to correlate with chronic Salmonella infection in the liver but not the spleen. In situ analyses revealed that CD8alpha+ DC and Gr-1+ cells (neutrophils) increased in the splenic red pulp of chronically infected mice. In addition, Gr-1+ cells, CD68+ cells and CD11c+ cells (DC), the latter lacking detectable staining for CD8alpha and CD4, accumulated around hepatic blood vessels and in the hepatic network in the liver of mice chronically harboring bacteria. These data provide insight into changes that occur within immune cell populations, most notably within splenic and hepatic phagocytic cell populations, that accompany chronic infection with the intracellular bacterium Salmonella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Johansson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Section for Immunology, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bergman MA, Cummings LA, Alaniz RC, Mayeda L, Fellnerova I, Cookson BT. CD4+-T-cell responses generated during murine Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection are directed towards multiple epitopes within the natural antigen FliC. Infect Immun 2005; 73:7226-35. [PMID: 16239517 PMCID: PMC1273846 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.11.7226-7235.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The flagellar filament protein FliC is a natural antigen recognized by memory CD4+ T cells recovered from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium-infected humans and mice. To further investigate T-cell responses to FliC, we derived FliC-specific CD4+-T-cell clones from mice of two different haplotypes following oral S. enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. Using C-terminal truncations of MalE-FliC recombinant fusion proteins, we mapped antigenic activity to four different regions of FliC; three of the four epitope-containing regions were present in both FliC and the alternate flagellin subunit FljB. We determined that two novel FliC epitopes were also present in flagellins from several gram-negative enteric bacterial species: E(k)-restricted FliC 80-94 (amino acids 80 to 94) and A(b)-restricted FliC 455-469. Further mapping confirmed the presence of two previously identified FliC epitopes: A(k)-restricted FliC 339-350 and A(b)-restricted FliC 428-442. Therefore, like the recognition site of the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 5, three of four FliC epitopes recognized by CD4+ T cells colocalize in the D0/D1 domains of FliC. Salmonella-infected macrophages and dendritic cells stimulated epitope-specific CD4+-T-cell proliferation; infected dendritic cells also activated T cells to produce gamma interferon. These data demonstrate that Salmonella infection generates murine CD4+-T-cell responses to multiple epitopes in the natural antigen FliC and that recognition of infected phagocytes by FliC-specific CD4+ T cells triggers effector functions known to be essential for protective immunity. Together, these data suggest that FliC-specific CD4+ T cells may contribute to cell-mediated host defenses against Salmonella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Bergman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Box 357110, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ravindran R, McSorley SJ. Tracking the dynamics of T-cell activation in response to Salmonella infection. Immunology 2005; 114:450-8. [PMID: 15804280 PMCID: PMC1782102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the current availability of Salmonella vaccines, typhoid fever remains a significant public health problem in developing countries. A greater understanding of T-cell activation and the development of immunological memory during Salmonella infection should lead to the development of more effective prophylactic intervention. Here, we review recent literature on the initiation, expansion and memory development of T-cell responses using the mouse model of typhoid. We pay particular attention to strategies for tracking T-cell responses in vivo and ex vivo, and suggest models to integrate some these studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Ravindran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhan Y, Brown LE, Deliyannis G, Seah S, Wijburg OL, Price J, Strugnell RA, O'Connell PJ, Lew AM. Responses against complex antigens in various models of CD4 T-cell deficiency: surprises from an anti-CD4 antibody transgenic mouse. Immunol Res 2005; 30:1-14. [PMID: 15258307 DOI: 10.1385/ir:30:1:001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The most common models of CD4 T-cell deficiency are mice exogenously injected with anti-CD4 antibody (Ab), CD4 knockout (CD4-/-) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II knockout (class II-/-) mice. We recently described the anti-CD4 Ab transgenic mouse (GK) as an improved CD4 cell-deficient model. This review compares this new GK mouse model with the widely available class II-/- and CD4-/- mice, when exposed to complex antigens (foreign grafts and during bacterial or viral infection). We highlight here the cytometric and functional differences (including Ab isotype, viral or bacterial clearance, and graft survival) among these CD4 cell-deficient models. For example, whereas grafts are generally rejected in class II-/- and CD4-/- mice as quickly as in wild-type mice, they survive longer in GK mice. Also, CD4-/- mice produce IgG against both simple model and complex antigens, but class II-/- and GK mice produce small amounts of IgG2a against complex antigens but not simple model antigens. These differences harbinger the caveats in the use of these various mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhan
- Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Melbourne 3050, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Monack DM, Bouley DM, Falkow S. Salmonella typhimurium persists within macrophages in the mesenteric lymph nodes of chronically infected Nramp1+/+ mice and can be reactivated by IFNgamma neutralization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 199:231-41. [PMID: 14734525 PMCID: PMC2211772 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20031319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Host-adapted strains of Salmonella are capable of establishing a persistent infection in their host often in the absence of clinical disease. The mouse model of Salmonella infection has primarily been used as a model for the acute systemic disease. Therefore, the sites of long-term S. typhimurium persistence in the mouse are not known nor are the mechanisms of persistent infection clearly understood. Here, we show that S. typhimurium can persist for as long as 1 yr in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) of 129sv Nramp1+/+ (Slc11a1+/+) mice despite the presence of high levels of anti–S. typhimurium antibody. Tissues from 129sv mice colonized for 60 d contain numerous inflammatory foci and lesions with features resembling S. typhi granulomas. Tissues from mice infected for 365 d have very few organized inflammatory lesions, but the bacteria continue to persist within macrophages in the MLN and the animals generally remain disease-free. Finally, chronically infected mice treated with an interferon-γ neutralizing antibody exhibited symptoms of acute systemic infection, with evidence of high levels of bacterial replication in most tissues and high levels of fecal shedding. Thus, interferon-γ, which may affect the level of macrophage activation, plays an essential role in the control of the persistent S. typhimurium infection in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Monack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Davies A, Lopez-Briones S, Ong H, O'Neil-Marshall C, Lemonnier FA, Nagaraju K, Metcalf ES, Soloski MJ. Infection-induced expansion of a MHC Class Ib-dependent intestinal intraepithelial gammadelta T cell subset. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:6828-37. [PMID: 15153501 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.11.6828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella species invade the host via the intestinal epithelium. Hence, intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIELs) are potentially the first element of the immune system to encounter Salmonella during infection. In this study, we demonstrate, in a mouse model, the expansion of a CD8alphabeta(+)CD94(-)TCRgammadelta(+) T cell subset within the iIEL population in response to oral infection with virulent or avirulent Salmonella. This population can be detected 3 days following infection, represents up to 15% of the TCRgammadelta(+) iIELs, and is dependent on the MHC class Ib molecule T23 (Qa-1). Qa-1 is expressed by intestinal epithelial cells and thus accessible for iIEL recognition. Such cells may play a role in the early immune response to Salmonella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Davies
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Raupach B, Kurth N, Pfeffer K, Kaufmann SHE. Salmonella typhimurium strains carrying independent mutations display similar virulence phenotypes yet are controlled by distinct host defense mechanisms. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:6133-40. [PMID: 12794143 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.12.6133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of Salmonella infection in the mammalian host favors whoever succeeds best in disturbing the equilibrium between coordinate expression of bacterial (virulence) genes and host defense mechanisms. Intracellular persistence in host cells is critical for pathogenesis and disease, because Salmonella typhimurium strains defective in this property are avirulent. We examined whether similar host defense mechanisms are required for growth control of two S. typhimurium mutant strains. Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2) and virulence plasmid-cured Salmonella mutants display similar virulence phenotypes in immunocompetent mice, yet their gene loci participate in independent virulence strategies. We determined the role of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma as well as different T cell populations in infection with these Salmonella strains. After systemic infection, IFN-gamma was essential for growth restriction of plasmid-cured S. typhimurium, while SPI2 mutant infections were controlled in the absence of IFN-gamma. TNFRp55-deficiency restored systemic virulence to both Salmonella mutants. After oral inoculation, control of plasmid-cured bacteria substantially relied on both IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha signaling while control of SPI2 mutants did not. However, for both mutants, ultimate clearance of bacteria from infected mice depended on alphabeta T cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunocompromised Host/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Intracellular Fluid/immunology
- Intracellular Fluid/microbiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutation
- Phenotype
- Plasmids
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/genetics
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/immunology
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/microbiology
- Salmonella typhimurium/genetics
- Salmonella typhimurium/growth & development
- Salmonella typhimurium/immunology
- Salmonella typhimurium/pathogenicity
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/microbiology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
- Virulence
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bärbel Raupach
- Department of Immunology, Max-Planck-Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. typhi) causes human typhoid fever, a serious and widespread disease in developing countries. Other Salmonella serovars are associated with food-borne infections. The recent emergence of multi-drug-resistant Salmonella strains highlights the need for better preventive measures, including vaccination. The available vaccines against Salmonella infection do not confer optimal protection. The design of new Salmonella vaccines must be based on the identification of suitable virulence genes and on knowledge of the immunological mechanisms of resistance to the disease. Control and clearance of a vaccine strain rely on the phagocyte oxidative burst, reactive nitrogen intermediates, inflammatory cytokines and CD4(+) TCR-alphabeta(+) T cells and are controlled by genes including NRAMP1 and MHC class II. Vaccine-induced resistance to reinfection requires the presence of Th1-type immunological memory and anti-Salmonella antibodies. The interaction between T and B cells is essential for the development of resistance following vaccination. The identification of immunodeficiencies that render individuals more susceptible to salmonellosis must be taken into consideration when designing and testing live attenuated Salmonella vaccines. An ideal live Salmonella vaccine should therefore be safe, regardless of the immunological status of the vaccinee, but still immunogenic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Mastroeni
- Bacterial Infection Group, Centre for Veterinary Science, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Nathalie Ménager
- Bacterial Infection Group, Centre for Veterinary Science, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Khan SA, Stratford R, Wu T, Mckelvie N, Bellaby T, Hindle Z, Sinha KA, Eltze S, Mastroeni P, Pickard D, Dougan G, Chatfield SN, Brennan FR. Salmonella typhi and S typhimurium derivatives harbouring deletions in aromatic biosynthesis and Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-2 (SPI-2) genes as vaccines and vectors. Vaccine 2003; 21:538-48. [PMID: 12531654 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The S. typhimurium strain (TML deltaaroC deltassaV) WT05, harbouring defined deletions in genes involved in both the aromatic biosynthesis pathway (aroC) and the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-2 (SPI-2) (ssaV) was shown to be significantly attenuated in C57 BL/6 interferon gamma knockout mice following oral inoculation. Similarly, the S. typhi strain (Ty2 deltaaroC deltassaV) ZH9 harbouring the aroC and ssaV mutations propagated less efficiently than wild type in human macrophages. These studies demonstrated the attractive safety profile of the aroC ssaV mutant combination. Strains S. typhimurium (TML deltaaroC deltassaV ) WT05 and S. typhi (Ty2 deltaaroC deltassaV) ZH9 were subsequently tested as vaccine vectors to deliver E. coli heat-labile toxin (LT-B) mucosally to mice. Mice inoculated orally with S. typhimurium (TML deltaaroC deltassaV) WT05 expressing LT-B (WT05/LT-B) elicited high titres of both LT-specific serum IgG and intestinal IgA, although no specific IgA was detected in the vagina. Similarly, intranasal inoculation of mice with S. typhi (Ty2 deltaaroC deltassaV) ZH9 expressing LT-B (ZH9/LT-B) elicited even higher titres of LT-specific serum antibody as well as LT-specific Ig in the vagina. We conclude that deltaaroC deltassaV strains of Salmonella are highly attenuated and are promising candidates both as human typhoid vaccines and as vaccine vectors for the delivery of heterologous antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahid A Khan
- Microscience Limited, 545 Eskdale Road, Winnersh Triangle, Wokingham, Berkshire RG41 5TU, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Trezena AG, Souza CM, Borrego A, Massa S, Siqueira M, De Franco M, Sant'Anna OA. Co-localization of quantitative trait loci regulating resistance to Salmonella typhimurium infection and specific antibody production phenotypes. Microbes Infect 2002; 4:1409-15. [PMID: 12475631 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(02)00023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacteria that induces systemic infection in mice. Resistance to this pathogen is under polygenic control in which Nramp1 is the major gene involved. Lines of mice obtained by selective breeding for high (HIII) or low (LIII) antibody response to flagellar antigens of salmonellae showed significant susceptibility differences, although both the lines display Nramp1(R) alleles. The HIII line was extremely susceptible to infection, while the LIII line was resistant. In order to examine the cellular and genetic mechanisms involved in this distinct pattern of resistance, HIII and LIII mice were analyzed for IFNgamma and IL4 production and screened for quantitative trait loci involved in S. typhimurium infection, using several polymorphic microsatellites. In the present work, HIII mice showed an IFNgamma downregulation in the early phase of infection when compared with LIII animals. No interline differences in IL4 production were verified. The loci screening was performed on immunized F2 intercrosses obtained from HIII and LIII mice. Three antibody-controlling chromosomal regions were coincident, and another was mapped near one of the four loci known to affect susceptibility to S. typhimurium. These results indicate a major role of IFNgamma in our model, and suggest the co-localization of quantitative trait loci modulating both infection and antibody production phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aryene Goes Trezena
- Laboratório de Vacinas Anaeróbicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Koebernick H, Grode L, David JR, Rohde W, Rolph MS, Mittrücker HW, Kaufmann SHE. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) plays a pivotal role in immunity against Salmonella typhimurium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:13681-6. [PMID: 12271144 PMCID: PMC129741 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.212488699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) exerts a multitude of biological functions. Notably, it induces inflammation at the interface between the immune system and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal stress axis. The role of MIF in infectious diseases is not understood completely. Here, we show that MIF-deficient (MIF(-/-)) knockout mice fail to control an infection with wild-type Salmonella typhimurium. Increased susceptibility was accompanied by a reduced Th1 response, demonstrated by decreased levels of IL-12, IFNgamma, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. In Salmonella-infected MIF(-/-) mice, levels of IL-1beta were markedly increased. Additionally, infected MIF(-/-) mice showed elevated serum levels of nitric oxide and corticosterone as compared with control mice. Our results point to MIF as a key mediator in the host response to S. typhimurium. MIF not only promotes development of a protective Th1 response but ameliorates disease by altering levels of reactive nitrogen intermediates and corticosteroid hormones, which both exert immunosuppressive functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Koebernick
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Schumannstrasse 20/21, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Fierer J, Swancutt MA, Heumann D, Golenbock D. The role of lipopolysaccharide binding protein in resistance to Salmonella infections in mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:6396-403. [PMID: 12055258 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and LPS-binding protein (LBP) are both components of the innate immune system. LBP is a plasma protein that binds to lipid A and enhances the biological activity of LPS 100- to 1000-fold. Recently it was reported that LBP-deficient mice are more susceptible to Salmonella typhimurium infection. Here we report that LBP KO mice are more susceptible to Salmonella peritonitis, but not to oral or i.v. infection. LBP knockout (KO) mice responded normally to i.p. injections of Staphylococcus aureus and casein, but not to i.p. injection of S. typhimurium or Salmonella LPS. Mice with a mutation in Toll-like receptor 4 (C3H/HeJ) have a similar defect in PMN chemotaxis. In normal mice S. typhimurium stimulated production of the CXC chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant, but levels of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 were greatly reduced in the LBP KO mice. LBP KO mice pretreated with casein to attract PMN in an LBP-independent manner were more resistant to Salmonella infection, but neutropenic mice were not protected by casein. Splenic TNF-alpha mRNA levels were also lower in LBP KO than in control mice infected with Salmonella. Since TNF-alpha can activate PMN, LBP KO mice may have both fewer and less active PMN in the first few hours after Salmonella are injected, making LBP KO mice more susceptible. This work confirms the importance of PMN in resistance to Salmonella infections and shows that this is facilitated by LBP.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acute-Phase Proteins
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Ascitic Fluid/immunology
- Ascitic Fluid/pathology
- Carrier Proteins/biosynthesis
- Carrier Proteins/blood
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/physiology
- Enteritis/genetics
- Enteritis/immunology
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Injections, Intravenous
- Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Neutropenia/genetics
- Neutropenia/immunology
- Peritonitis/genetics
- Peritonitis/immunology
- Peritonitis/pathology
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/genetics
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/immunology
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/mortality
- Salmonella typhimurium/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Fierer
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Raupach B, Kaufmann SH. Bacterial virulence, proinflammatory cytokines and host immunity: how to choose the appropriate Salmonella vaccine strain? Microbes Infect 2001; 3:1261-9. [PMID: 11755414 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(01)01486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella infection in its mammalian host can be dissected into two main components. The co-ordinate expression of bacterial virulence genes which are designed to evade, subvert or circumvent the host response on the one hand, and the host defence mechanisms which are designed to restrict bacterial survival and replication on the other hand. The outcome of infection is determined by the one which succeeds in disturbing this equilibrium more efficiently. This delicate balance between Salmonella virulence and host immunity/inflammation has important implications for vaccine development or therapeutic intervention. Novel Salmonella vaccine candidates and live carriers for heterologous antigens are attenuated strains with defined genetic modifications of metabolic or virulence functions. Although genetic defects of different gene loci can lead to similar degrees of attenuation, effects on the course of infection may vary, thereby altering the quality of the elicited immune response. Studies with gene-deficient animals indicate that Salmonella typhimurium strains with mutations in aroA, phoP/phoQ or ssrA/ssrB invoke different immune responses and that a differential repertoire of pro-inflammatory cytokines is required for clearance. Consequently, Salmonella mutants defective in distinct virulence functions offer the potential to specifically modulate the immune response for defined medical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Raupach
- Department of Immunology, Max-Planck-Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Schumannstrasse 21/22, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yrlid U, Svensson M, Håkansson A, Chambers BJ, Ljunggren HG, Wick MJ. In vivo activation of dendritic cells and T cells during Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. Infect Immun 2001; 69:5726-35. [PMID: 11500449 PMCID: PMC98689 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.9.5726-5735.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was initiated to gain insight into the interaction between splenic dendritic cells (DC) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in vivo. Splenic phagocytic cell populations associated with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing bacteria and the bacterium-specific T-cell response were evaluated in mice given S. enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing GFP and ovalbumin. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that GFP-positive splenic DC (CD11c+ major histocompatibility complex class II-positive [MHC-II+] cells) were present following bacterial administration, and confocal microscopy showed that GFP-expressing bacteria were contained within CD11c+ MHC-II+ splenocytes. Furthermore, splenic DC and T cells were activated following Salmonella infection. This was shown by increased surface expression of CD86 and CD40 on CD11c+ MHC-II+ cells and increased CD44 and CD69 expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Salmonella-specific gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-producing cells in both of these T-cell subsets, as well as cytolytic effector cells, were also generated in mice given live bacteria. The frequency of Salmonella-specific CD4+ T cells producing IFN-gamma was greater than that of specific CD8+ T cells producing IFN-gamma in the same infected animal. This supports the argument that the predominant source of IFN-gamma production by cells of the specific immune response is CD4+ T cells. Finally, DC that phagocytosed live or heat-killed Salmonella in vitro primed bacterium-specific IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as cytolytic effector cells following administration into naïve mice. Together these data suggest that DC are involved in priming naïve T cells to Salmonella in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Yrlid
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Section for Immunology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mastroeni P, Chabalgoity JA, Dunstan SJ, Maskell DJ, Dougan G. Salmonella: immune responses and vaccines. Vet J 2001; 161:132-64. [PMID: 11243685 DOI: 10.1053/tvjl.2000.0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella infections are a serious medical and veterinary problem world-wide and cause concern in the food industry. Vaccination is an effective tool for the prevention of Salmonella infections. Host resistance to Salmonella relies initially on the production of inflammatory cytokines leading to the infiltration of activated inflammatory cells in the tissues. Thereafter T- and B-cell dependent specific immunity develops allowing the clearance of Salmonella microorganisms from the tissues and the establishment of long-lasting acquired immunity to re-infection. The increased resistance that develops after primary infection/ vaccination requires T-cells cytokines such as IFNgamma TNFalpha and IL12 in addition to opsonising antibody. However for reasons that are not fully understood seroconversion and/or the presence of detectable T-cell memory do not always correlate with the development of acquired resistance to infection.Whole-cell killed vaccines and subunit vaccines are used in the prevention of Salmonella infection in animals and in humans with variable results. A number of early live Salmonella vaccines derived empirically by chemical or u.v. mutagenesis proved to be immunogenic and protective and are still in use despite the need for repeated parenteral administration. Recent progress in the knowledge of the genetics of Salmonella virulence and modern recombinant DNA technology offers the possibility to introduce multiple defined attenuating and irreversible mutations into the bacterial genome. This has recently allowed the development of Salmonella strains devoid of significant side effects but still capable of inducing solid immunity after single oral administration. Live attenuated Salmonella vaccines have been used for the expression of heterologous antigens/proteins that can be successfully delivered to the immune system. Furthermore Salmonella can transfer plasmids encoding foreign antigens under the control of eukaryotic promoters (DNA vaccines) to antigen-presenting cells resulting in targeted delivery of DNA vaccines to these cells. Despite the great recent advances in the development of Salmonella vaccines a large proportion of the work has been conducted in laboratory rodents and more research in other animal species is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Mastroeni
- Centre for Veterinary Science, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OES, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Berndt A, Methner U. Gamma/delta T cell response of chickens after oral administration of attenuated and non-attenuated Salmonella typhimurium strains. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001; 78:143-61. [PMID: 11182154 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(00)00264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Poultry represents an important source of Salmonella infection in man. Despite intensive research on immunity, little is known about the involvement of T cell sub-populations in the immunological response of chickens against infection with non-host-adapted Salmonella (S.) serovars. In this study, the T cell composition of blood lymphocytes (CD4(+)CD8(+); CD4(+)CD8(-); CD4(-)CD8(+); CD8(+)TcR1(+); CD8(-)TcR1(+), CD8(+)TcR1(-)) after oral administration of the non-attenuated S. typhimurium wild-type strain 421 (infection) or the attenuated vaccine strain Salmonella vac((R)) T (immunization) to day-old chicks was investigated and compared with non-treated chickens by flow cytofluorometry. Additionally, the occurrence of T cell sub-populations (CD4(+); CD8(+); TcR1(+)(gammadelta); TcR2(+)(alphabeta(1))) in ceca, spleen and bursa of Fabricius of the birds was studied immunohistologically. Blood samples and tissues were examined between days 1 and 12 of age. Chicks inoculated with S. typhimurium 421 or Salmonella vac((R)) T showed significantly elevated percentages of CD8(+)TcR1(+) in blood on days 7, 8 and 9, or on day 8 in comparison to control animals. The CD4 to CD8 cell ratio was about 3:1 in infected animals on day 5 of age. In the organs of treated chicks the numbers of CD8(+)(gammadelta) and TcR1(+)(gammadelta) cells had markedly increased on days 4 and 5 in ceca, 8 and 9 in the bursa and 9 and 12 in the spleen. Moreover, infected or vaccinated birds revealed larger quantities of CD4(+) and TcR2(+) T cells in ceca on days 4 and 5. As shown by double staining, the TcR1(+) cells in the organs of infected animals additionally carried the CD8 antigen. In conclusion, immunization of day-old chicks with the attenuated Salmonella live vaccine strain resulted in the same changes in T cell composition as seen after infection with the non-attenuated Salmonella wild-type strain, but at a lower level. The remarkable increase of CD8(+)TcR1(+)(gammadelta) double positive cells in treated birds indicates an important role of this cell sub-population in the immunological defense of chickens against Salmonella exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Berndt
- Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine, Division 4, Naumburger Strasse 96a, D-07743, Jena, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
McSorley SJ, Jenkins MK. Antibody is required for protection against virulent but not attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. Infect Immun 2000; 68:3344-8. [PMID: 10816483 PMCID: PMC97596 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.6.3344-3348.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resolution of infection with attenuated Salmonella is an active process that requires CD4(+) T cells. Here, we demonstrate that costimulation via the surface molecule CD28, but not antibody production by B cells, is required for clearance of attenuated aroA Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. In contrast, specific antibody is critical for vaccine-induced protection against virulent bacteria. Therefore, CD28(+) CD4(+) T cells are sufficient for clearance of avirulent Salmonella in naive hosts, whereas CD4(+) T cells and specific antibodies are required for protection from virulent Salmonella in immune hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J McSorley
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Naiki Y, Nishimura H, Itohara S, Yoshikai Y. gammadelta T cells may dichotomously modulate infection with avirulent Salmonella choleraesuis via IFN-gamma and IL-13 in mice. Cell Immunol 2000; 202:61-9. [PMID: 10873307 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.2000.1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the roles of gammadelta T cells in Salmonella infection, we examined the resolution of an intraperitoneal infection with avirulent Salmonella choleraesuis 31N-1 in mice lacking T-cell-receptor (TCR) alphabeta T cells by disruption of the TCRbeta chain gene (TCRbeta(-/-)). The bacteria in TCRbeta(-/-) mice decreased with kinetics similar to that seen in control mice (TCRbeta(+/+)) after infection. The number of natural killer (NK) cells in the peritoneal cavity increased on day 6 after infection and thereafter decreased in both TCRbeta(-/-) and TCRbeta(+/+) mice, whereas the number of gammadelta T cells, in place of alphabeta T cells, increased remarkably in the peritoneal cavity of TCRbeta(-/-) mice on day 6 after infection. The NK cells from Salmonella-infected TCRbeta(-/-) mice produced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) but neither interleukin-4 (IL-4) nor IL-13 in response to immobilized anti-NK1.1 monoclonal antibody (mAb). The gammadelta T cells produced IFN-gamma but neither IL-4 nor IL-13 in response to heat-killed Salmonella, whereas both IFN-gamma and IL-13 but no IL-4 was produced by the gammadelta T cells stimulated with immobilized anti-TCRgammadelta mAb. In vivo administration of anti-NK1.1 mAb inhibited the reduction of Salmonella, whereas anti-TCRgammadelta mAb treatment did not affect the bacterial growth in TCRbeta(-/-) mice after Salmonella infection. However, neutralization of endogenous IL-13 with anti-IL-13 mAb enhanced the bacterial clearance in TCRbeta(-/-) mice after infection. These results suggest that NK1.1(+) cells serve mainly to protect against avirulent Salmonella infection in the absence of alphabeta T cells, whereas gammadelta T cells may play dichotomous roles in Salmonella infection through IFN-gamma and IL-13 in TCRbeta(-/-) mice.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens
- Antigens, Ly
- Antigens, Surface
- Exudates and Transudates
- Female
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interleukin-13/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Peritoneum/immunology
- Proteins
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Salmonella/pathogenicity
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Naiki
- Laboratory of Host Defense and Germ-free Life, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-0053, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mittrücker HW, Köhler A, Mak TW, Kaufmann SHE. Critical Role of CD28 in Protective Immunity Against Salmonella typhimurium. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.12.6769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Efficient T cell activation requires both TCR signals and costimulatory signals. CD28 is one of the molecules that provide costimulatory signals for T cells. We used mice deficient in CD28 expression (CD28−/− mice) to analyze the role of CD28 in the immune response against the intracellular bacterium Salmonella typhimurium, the causative agent of murine typhoid fever. CD28−/− mice were highly susceptible to infection with wild-type S. typhimurium and even failed to control infection with attenuated aroA− S. typhimurium. More detailed analysis revealed that CD28−/− animals did not mount a T-dependent Ab response and were highly impaired in the production of IFN-γ. Thus, CD28 cosignaling is crucial for immunity against S. typhimurium. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing an essential role for CD28 in protective immunity against an intracellular microbial pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Köhler
- *Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tak W. Mak
- †Amgen Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan H. E. Kaufmann
- *Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ishigami M, Nishimura H, Naiki Y, Yoshioka K, Kawano T, Tanaka Y, Taniguchi M, Kakumu S, Yoshikai Y. The roles of intrahepatic Valpha14(+) NK1.1(+) T cells for liver injury induced by Salmonella infection in mice. Hepatology 1999; 29:1799-808. [PMID: 10347123 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510290605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the roles of intrahepatic T cells in liver injury after Salmonella infection, we examined serum alanine transaminase (ALT), histopathology, and bacterial numbers in liver after infection with Salmonella choleraesuis strain 31N-1 in mice genetically lacking TCRalpha beta+, CD4(+), CD8(+), or NK1.1(+)T cells with C57BL/6 background. In control (+/+) mice, serum ALT reached a peak level by day 7 after an intraperitoneal inoculation of 2 x 10(6) CFU Salmonella choleraesuis 31N-1. In TCR-beta-/- mice, liver injury, as assessed by serum ALT level and histological examination, was significantly suppressed on day 7 after Salmonella infection but the numbers of bacteria in liver did not differ from those in normal mice, suggesting that alpha beta T cells are responsible for liver injury induced by Salmonella infection. To further determine which subsets in alpha beta T cells are important for the liver injury, we compared serum ALT level in mice genetically lacking CD4, CD8, beta2-microglobulin (beta2m, IAbeta, or Jalpha281 after Salmonella infection. In CD4(-/-) mice, serum ALT was significantly lower in comparison with control mice, but there was no difference in serum ALT levels in CD8(-/-) and IAbeta-/- mice from that in control mice. Notably, serum ALT levels and pathological lesions in liver were significantly decreased in beta2m-/- or Jalpha281(-/-) mice, which lacked in NK1.1(+) T cells bearing TCR Valpha14-Jalpha281 specific for beta2m-associated CD1d, following Salmonella infection. Taken together, it is suggested that alpha beta T cells bearing NK1.1 and CD4 may be main effector cells for liver injury after Salmonella infection.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Alanine Transaminase/blood
- Animals
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- CD4 Antigens/physiology
- CD8 Antigens/genetics
- CD8 Antigens/physiology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/blood
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/microbiology
- Liver/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Salmonella/growth & development
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/immunology
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/pathology
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/physiopathology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- beta 2-Microglobulin/deficiency
- beta 2-Microglobulin/genetics
- beta 2-Microglobulin/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ishigami
- Laboratory of Host Defense and Germfree Life, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lo WF, Ong H, Metcalf ES, Soloski MJ. T Cell Responses to Gram-Negative Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens: A Role for CD8+ T Cells in Immunity to Salmonella Infection and the Involvement of MHC Class Ib Molecules. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.9.5398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Despite being a major group of intracellular pathogens, the role of class I-restricted T cells in the clearance of Gram-negative bacteria is not resolved. Using a murine typhoid model, a role for class I-restricted T cells in the immune response to the Gram-negative pathogen Salmonella typhimurium is revealed. Class I-deficient β2-microglobulin−/− mice show increased susceptibility to infection with S. typhimurium. Following infection, CD8+ CTLs specific for Salmonella-infected targets can be readily detected. The Salmonella-specific CTLs recognize infected H-2-mismatched targets, suggesting the involvement of shared class Ib molecules. Studies using transfectants expressing defined class Ia and class Ib molecules indicate the involvement of the class Ib molecule, Qa-1. Ab-blocking studies and the measurement of bacteria-specific CTL frequencies identified Qa-1 as a dominant restricting element. The Qa-1-restricted CTL recognition depends on TAP and proteasome functions. Surprisingly, Qa-1-restricted CTLs recognized cells infected with other closely related Gram-negative bacteria. Taken together, these observations indicate that Salmonella-specific CTLs recognize a cross-reactive epitope presented by Qa-1 molecules and, as such, may be novel targets for vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Feng Lo
- *Division of Molecular and Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and Graduate Program in Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; and
| | - Helena Ong
- *Division of Molecular and Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and Graduate Program in Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; and
| | - Eleanor S. Metcalf
- †Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Mark J. Soloski
- *Division of Molecular and Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and Graduate Program in Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; and
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zirk NM, Hashmi SF, Ziegler HK. The polysaccharide portion of lipopolysaccharide regulates antigen-specific T-cell activation via effects on macrophage-mediated antigen processing. Infect Immun 1999; 67:319-26. [PMID: 9864232 PMCID: PMC96313 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.1.319-326.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/1998] [Accepted: 10/16/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structure of Salmonella typhimurium has been correlated with the virulence of wild-type strain LT2. Mutants of LT2 with truncated polysaccharide portions of LPS are less virulent than strains with a complete LPS structure. Polyclonal T cells and monoclonal T-cell hybridomas were more reactive to heat-killed rough mutants than to heat-killed smooth strains, as measured by interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. Using a large panel of strains with truncated LPS molecules, we found that T-cell reactivity decreased with certain lengths of polysaccharide. The decreased response was not due to differential phagocytic uptake, IL-12 production, or major histocompatibility complex class II surface expression by macrophages. Also, LT2 did not mediate any global suppression since addition of LT2 did not diminish the response of T cells specific for antigens unrelated to Salmonella. In an experiment in which processing times were varied, we found that antigens from rough strains were processed and presented more quickly than those associated with smooth strains. At longer processing times, epitopes from LT2 were presented well. We hypothesize that the slower antigen processing and presentation of wild-type Salmonella may be caused by masking of surface antigens by the longer polysaccharide portion of smooth LPS. This blocking of effective antigen presentation may contribute to the virulence of Salmonella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N M Zirk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
VanCott JL, Chatfield SN, Roberts M, Hone DM, Hohmann EL, Pascual DW, Yamamoto M, Kiyono H, McGhee JR. Regulation of host immune responses by modification of Salmonella virulence genes. Nat Med 1998; 4:1247-52. [PMID: 9809547 DOI: 10.1038/3227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Modifying bacterial virulence genes to probe the nature of host immunity is mostly unexplored. Here we investigate whether host immune responses can be regulated by modification of bacterial virulence genes. In mice, attenuated Salmonella mutant strains with clinical relevance elicited differential host immune responses. Oral administration of a mutant strain with a PhoP-null phenotype promoted potent innate immune responses of macrophages that were sufficient for host defense. In contrast, administration of an Aro- mutant strain elicited stronger specific antibody and T-helper (Th)-cell responses, wherein Th1-type cells were required for clearance. Thus, genetic manipulation of bacteria may be used to broadly alter immune mechanisms that regulate attenuation within the host and to tailor host immunity to specific bacterial pathogens.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antibody Formation
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Inflammation
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Salmonella/genetics
- Salmonella/immunology
- Salmonella/pathogenicity
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/genetics
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/immunology
- Salmonella typhimurium/genetics
- Salmonella typhimurium/immunology
- Salmonella typhimurium/pathogenicity
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Virulence/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L VanCott
- Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|