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Schönberger T, Jakobs M, Friedel AL, Hörbelt-Grünheidt T, Tebbe B, Witzke O, Schedlowski M, Fandrey J. Exposure to normobaric hypoxia shapes the acute inflammatory response in human whole blood cells in vivo. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:1369-1381. [PMID: 38714572 PMCID: PMC11310243 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02969-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024]
Abstract
Cells of the immune defence, especially leukocytes, often have to perform their function in tissue areas that are characterized by oxygen deficiency, so-called hypoxia. Physiological hypoxia significantly affects leukocyte function and controls the innate and adaptive immune response mainly through transcriptional gene regulation via the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Multiple pathogens including components of bacteria, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) trigger the activation of leukocytes. HIF pathway activation enables immune cells to adapt to both hypoxic environments in physiological and inflammatory settings and modulates immune cell responses through metabolism changes and crosstalk with other immune-relevant signalling pathways. To study the mutual influence of both processes in vivo, we used a human endotoxemia model, challenging participants with an intravenous LPS injection post or prior to a 4-h stay in a hypoxic chamber with normobaric hypoxia of 10.5% oxygen. We analysed changes in gene expression in whole blood cells and determined inflammatory markers to unveil the crosstalk between both processes. Our investigations showed differentially altered gene expression patterns of HIF and target genes upon in vivo treatment with LPS and hypoxia. Further, we found evidence for effects of hypoxic priming upon inflammation in combination with immunomodulatory effects in whole blood cells in vivo. Our work elucidates the complex interplay of hypoxic and inflammatory HIF regulation in human immune cells and offers new perspectives for further clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Schönberger
- Institute of Physiology, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
| | - Marie Jakobs
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Friedel
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Tina Hörbelt-Grünheidt
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Bastian Tebbe
- Institute of Physiology, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver Witzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Manfred Schedlowski
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joachim Fandrey
- Institute of Physiology, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
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2
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Kita T, Kitamura K. Adrenomedullin Therapy in Moderate to Severe COVID-19. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030533. [PMID: 35327335 PMCID: PMC8945653 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is still in progress, and a significant number of patients have presented with severe illness. Recently introduced vaccines, antiviral medicines, and antibody formulations can suppress COVID-19 symptoms and decrease the number of patients exhibiting severe disease. However, complete avoidance of severe COVID-19 has not been achieved, and more importantly, there are insufficient methods to treat it. Adrenomedullin (AM) is an endogenous peptide that maintains vascular tone and endothelial barrier function. The AM plasma level is markedly increased during severe inflammatory disorders, such as sepsis, pneumonia, and COVID-19, and is associated with the severity of inflammation and its prognosis. In this study, exogenous AM administration reduced inflammation and related organ damage in rodent models. The results of this study strongly suggest that AM could be an alternative therapy in severe inflammation disorders, including COVID-19. We have previously developed an AM formulation to treat inflammatory bowel disease and are currently conducting an investigator-initiated phase 2a trial for moderate to severe COVID-19 using the same formulation. This review presents the basal AM information and the most recent translational AM/COVID-19 study.
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3
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García-Ponce A, Chánez Paredes S, Castro Ochoa KF, Schnoor M. Regulation of endothelial and epithelial barrier functions by peptide hormones of the adrenomedullin family. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1228439. [PMID: 28123925 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1228439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The correct regulation of tissue barriers is of utmost importance for health. Barrier dysfunction accompanies inflammatory disorders and, if not controlled properly, can contribute to the development of chronic diseases. Tissue barriers are formed by monolayers of epithelial cells that separate organs from their environment, and endothelial cells that cover the vasculature, thus separating the blood stream from underlying tissues. Cells within the monolayers are connected by intercellular junctions that are linked by adaptor molecules to the cytoskeleton, and the regulation of these interactions is critical for the maintenance of tissue barriers. Many endogenous and exogenous molecules are known to regulate barrier functions in both ways. Proinflammatory cytokines weaken the barrier, whereas anti-inflammatory mediators stabilize barriers. Adrenomedullin (ADM) and intermedin (IMD) are endogenous peptide hormones of the same family that are produced and secreted by many cell types during physiologic and pathologic conditions. They activate certain G-protein-coupled receptor complexes to regulate many cellular processes such as cytokine production, actin dynamics and junction stability. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the barrier-stabilizing effects of ADM and IMD in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander García-Ponce
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Investigation and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN) , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Chánez Paredes
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Investigation and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN) , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karla Fabiola Castro Ochoa
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Investigation and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN) , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Michael Schnoor
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Investigation and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN) , Mexico City, Mexico
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4
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Saito R, Shimosawa T, Ogihara T, Maruyama N, Fujita T, Okamura N, Nakahara K. Function of adrenomedullin in inflammatory response of liver against LPS-induced endotoxemia. APMIS 2012; 120:706-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2012.02892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Saito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Graduate School of Health Care Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo
| | - Tatsuo Shimosawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory; University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo
| | - Takehide Ogihara
- Division of Advanced Therapeutics for Metabolic Diseases; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai
| | - Naoki Maruyama
- Aging Regulation; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology; Tokyo
| | - Toshiro Fujita
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology; University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Noboru Okamura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Graduate School of Health Care Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo
| | - Kazuhiko Nakahara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory; University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo
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5
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Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi stimulates a strong inflammatory response during infection of a mammalian host. To understand the mechanisms of immune regulation employed by the host to control this inflammatory response, we focused our studies on adrenomedullin, a peptide produced in response to bacterial stimuli that exhibits antimicrobial activity and regulates inflammatory responses by modulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Specifically, we investigated the effect of B. burgdorferi on the expression of adrenomedullin as well as the ability of adrenomedullin to dampen host inflammatory responses to the spirochete. The concentration of adrenomedullin in the synovial fluid of untreated Lyme arthritis patients was elevated compared with that in control osteoarthritis patient samples. In addition, coculture with B. burgdorferi significantly increased the expression of adrenomedullin in RAW264.7 macrophages through MyD88-, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)-, and p38-dependent signaling cascades. Furthermore, the addition of exogenous adrenomedullin to B. burgdorferi-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages resulted in a significant decrease in the induction of proinflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these results suggest that B. burgdorferi increases the production of adrenomedullin, which in turn negatively regulates the B. burgdorferi-stimulated inflammatory response.
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6
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Denzler KL, Waters R, Jacobs BL, Rochon Y, Langland JO. Regulation of inflammatory gene expression in PBMCs by immunostimulatory botanicals. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12561. [PMID: 20838436 PMCID: PMC2933230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many hundreds of botanicals are used in complementary and alternative medicine for therapeutic use as antimicrobials and immune stimulators. While there exists many centuries of anecdotal evidence and few clinical studies on the activity and efficacy of these botanicals, limited scientific evidence exists on the ability of these botanicals to modulate the immune and inflammatory responses. Using botanogenomics (or herbogenomics), this study provides novel insight into inflammatory genes which are induced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells following treatment with immunomodulatory botanical extracts. These results may suggest putative genes involved in the physiological responses thought to occur following administration of these botanical extracts. Using extracts from immunostimulatory herbs (Astragalus membranaceus, Sambucus cerulea, Andrographis paniculata) and an immunosuppressive herb (Urtica dioica), the data presented supports previous cytokine studies on these herbs as well as identifying additional genes which may be involved in immune cell activation and migration and various inflammatory responses, including wound healing, angiogenesis, and blood pressure modulation. Additionally, we report the presence of lipopolysaccharide in medicinally prepared extracts of these herbs which is theorized to be a natural and active component of the immunostimulatory herbal extracts. The data presented provides a more extensive picture on how these herbs may be mediating their biological effects on the immune and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L. Denzler
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Robert Waters
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Naturopathic Research, Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Bertram L. Jacobs
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Yvan Rochon
- Department of Naturopathic Research, Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Herbal Vitality, Inc., Sedona, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey O. Langland
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Naturopathic Research, Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Talero E, Sánchez-Fidalgo S, de la Lastra CA, Illanes M, Calvo JR, Motilva V. Acute and chronic responses associated with adrenomedullin administration in experimental colitis. Peptides 2008; 29:2001-12. [PMID: 18708104 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a 52 amino acid peptide and member of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) super family. Given that AM has emerged as a potential immuno-regulatory and anti-inflammatory agent in various experimental models, this study has deepened into its possible therapeutic effect in intestinal inflammation analyzing the responses in both acute and chronic (14 and 21 days) phases of TNBS-induced colitis in rats. In the acute model, AM treatment reduced the incidence of diarrhea and the severity of colonic damage, and improved the survival rate at the three doses assayed (50, 100, and 200ng/kg animal). AM administration was able to reduce the early production of TNF-alpha and collaborated to maintaining basal levels of IFN-gamma and IL-10. In the chronic studies the peptide attenuated the extent of the damage with lesser incidence of weight loss and diarrhea (50 and 100ng/kg animal). Cellular neutrophil infiltration, with the subsequent increase in myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels caused by TNBS, was reduced after chronic AM administration. The peptide played a role in the evolution of Th1/Th2 cytokines balance and chronic disease recuperation: levels of proinflammatory TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma decreased and anti-inflammatory IL-10 increased significantly. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression were not modified by AM administration, although a reduction of nitric oxide (NO) production could be detected in the chronic model. These results support a role of AM as an anti-inflammatory factor with beneficial effects in intestinal inflammatory colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Talero
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, C. Prof. Garcia Gonzalez n2, 41012 Seville, Spain
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8
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Han L, Suda M, Tsuzuki K, Wang R, Ohe Y, Hirai H, Watanabe T, Takeuchi T, Hosaka M. A large form of secretogranin III functions as a sorting receptor for chromogranin A aggregates in PC12 cells. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 22:1935-49. [PMID: 18483175 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Granin-family proteins, including chromogranin A and secretogranin III, are sorted to the secretory granules in neuroendocrine cells. We previously demonstrated that secretogranin III binds chromogranin A and targets it to the secretory granules in pituitary corticotrope-derived AtT-20 cells. However, secretogranin III has not been identified in adrenal chromaffin and PC12 cells, where chromogranin A is correctly sorted to the secretory granules. In this study, low levels of a large and noncleaved secretogranin III have been identified in PC12 cells and rat adrenal glands. Although the secretogranin III expression was limited in PC12 cells, when the FLAG-tagged secretogranin III lacking the secretory granule membrane-binding domain was expressed excessively, hemagglutinin-tagged chromogranin A was unable to target to the secretory granules at the tips and shifted to the constitutive secretory pathway. Secretogranin III was able to bind the aggregated form of chromogranin A, suggesting that a small quantity of secretogranin III is enough to carry a large quantity of chromogranin A. Furthermore, secretogranin III bound adrenomedullin, a major peptide hormone in chromaffin cells. Indeed, small interfering RNA-directed secretogranin III depletion impaired intracellular retention of chromogranin A and adrenomedullin, suggesting that they are constitutively released to the medium. We suggest that the sorting function of secretogranin III for chromogranin A is common in PC12 and chromaffin cells as well as in other endocrine cells, and a small amount of secretogranin III is able to sort chromogranin A aggregates together with adrenomedullin to secretory granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
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9
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Zhou M, Maitra SR, Wang P. Adrenomedullin and adrenomedullin binding protein-1 protect endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in sepsis. Mol Med 2007; 13:488-94. [PMID: 17932560 DOI: 10.2119/2007-00113.zhou] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Downregulation of vascular endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS) contributes to the vascular hyporesponsiveness in sepsis. Although coadministration of the potent vasodilatory peptide adrenomedulin (AM) and the newly discovered AM binding protein (AMBP-1) maintains cardiovascular stability and reduces mortality in sepsis, it remains unknown whether AM/AMBP-1 prevents endothelial cell dysfunction. To investigate this possibility, we subjected adult male rats to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), with or without subsequent intravenous administration of the combination of AM (12 microg/kg) and AMBP-1 (40 microg/kg). Thoracic aortae were harvested 20 h after CLP (i.e., the late stage of sepsis) and endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation was determined by the addition of acetylcholine (ACh) in an organ bath system. In addition, ecNOS gene and protein expression was assessed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The results indicate that ACh-induced (i.e., endothelium-dependent) vascular relaxation was significantly reduced 20 h after CLP. Administration of AM/AMBP-1 prevented the reduction of vascular relaxation. In addition, ecNOS gene expression in aortic and pulmonary tissues was downregulated 20 h after CLP and AM/AMBP-1 attenuated such a reduction. Moreover, the decreased ecNOS staining in thoracic aortae of septic animals was prevented by the treatment with AM/AMBP-1. These results, taken together, indicate that AM/AMBP-1 preserves ecNOS and prevents reduced endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation (i.e., endothelial cell dysfunction) in sepsis. In light of our recent finding that AM/AMBP-1 improves organ function and reduces mortality in sepsis, it is most likely that the protective effect of these compounds on ecNOS is a mechanism responsible for the salutary effect of AM/AMBP-1 in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Zhou
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, and The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
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10
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Dackor R, Caron K. Mice heterozygous for adrenomedullin exhibit a more extreme inflammatory response to endotoxin-induced septic shock. Peptides 2007; 28:2164-70. [PMID: 17889965 PMCID: PMC2121581 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a highly conserved peptide that can act as a potent vasodilator, anti-microbial factor and anti-inflammatory factor. Several studies have implicated diverse roles for AM in regulating the inflammatory and hemodynamic responses to septic shock. Moreover, during sepsis the receptors that mediate AM signaling [calcitonin receptor-like receptor (calcrl) and receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMP) 2 and 3] undergo dynamic and robust changes in their expression. Although numerous studies have used animal models to study the role of administered or increased AM in septic animals, genetic studies to determine the consequences of reduced AM during septic shock have not yet been performed. Here, we used a murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic shock to assess the inflammatory response in mice heterozygous for the AM gene. Following LPS challenge, AM(+/-) mice had higher expression of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta than LPS-treated wild-type (WT) controls. Consequently, serum TNF-alpha was also significantly elevated in LPS-treated AM(+/-) mice compared to WT LPS-treated mice. We also observed higher serum levels of liver enzymes, suggesting more advanced end-organ damage in mice with genetically reduced AM. Finally, we found that RAMP2 and calcrl expression levels were markedly reduced in LPS-treated mice, whereas RAMP3 expression was significantly elevated. Importantly, these changes in receptor gene expression were conserved in AM(+/-) mice, demonstrating that AM peptide itself does not impact directly on the expression of the genes encoding its receptors. We, therefore, conclude that during septic shock the dynamic modulation of AM and its receptors primarily functions to dampen the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Dackor
- Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599 USA
- Genetics Department, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599 USA
| | - Kathleen Caron
- Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599 USA
- Genetics Department, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599 USA
- *Corresponding Author: Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, CB # 7545, 6330 MBRB 103 Mason Farm Rd., The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA, Phone: (919) 966-5215, FAX: (919) 966-5230, e-mail: Kathleen
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11
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Radek K, Gallo R. Antimicrobial peptides: natural effectors of the innate immune system. Semin Immunopathol 2007; 29:27-43. [PMID: 17621952 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-007-0064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune system that defend against invading bacteria, viruses, and fungi through membrane or metabolic disruption. The efficiency of host defense via AMPs derives from the ability of these peptides to quickly identify and eradicate foreign pathogens through precise biochemical mechanisms. Recent advances in this field have expanded the repertoire of activities for AMPs to include immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory capacity as a catalyst for secondary host defense mechanisms. Further scrutiny of the biochemical and regulatory mechanisms of AMPs will lead to novel alternative approaches to the treatment of human pathogenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Radek
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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12
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Frede S, Stockmann C, Freitag P, Fandrey J. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induces HIF-1 activation in human monocytes via p44/42 MAPK and NF-kappaB. Biochem J 2006; 396:517-27. [PMID: 16533170 PMCID: PMC1482811 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory mediators activate the transcriptional complex HIF-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor-1), the key regulator of hypoxia-induced gene expression. Here we report that bacterial LPS (lipopolysaccharide) induces HIF-1alpha mRNA expression and HIF-1alpha protein accumulation in human monocytes as well as in non-differentiated and differentiated cells of the human monocytic cell line THP-1 under normoxic conditions. LPS and hypoxia synergistically activated HIF-1. Whereas LPS increased HIF-1alpha mRNA expression through activation of a NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB) site in the promoter of the HIF-1alpha gene, hypoxia post-translationally stabilized HIF-1alpha protein. HIF-1alpha activation was followed by increased expression of the HIF-1 target gene encoding ADM (adrenomedullin). Knocking down HIF-1alpha by RNA interference significantly decreased ADM expression, which underlines the importance of HIF-1 for the LPS-induced ADM expression in normoxia. Simultaneously with HIF-1 activation, an increase in p44/42 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) phosphorylation was observed after incubation with LPS. In cells pretreated with the p44/42 MAPK inhibitor PD 98059 or with RNAi (interfering RNA) directed against p44/42 MAPK, LPS-induced HIF-1alpha accumulation and ADM expression were significantly decreased. From these results we conclude that LPS critically involves the p44/42 MAPK and NF-kappaB pathway in the activation of HIF-1, which is an important transcription factor for LPS-induced ADM expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stilla Frede
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45122 Essen, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Christian Stockmann
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45122 Essen, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Patricia Freitag
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45122 Essen, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Joachim Fandrey
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45122 Essen, Federal Republic of Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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13
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Abstract
Many neuropeptides and peptide hormones are very similar to antimicrobial peptides in their amino acid composition, amphipathic design, cationic charge and size. Their antimicrobial activities suggest they may also be directly involved in innate defense. Here we discuss recent advances in understanding how the mammalian nervous system, equipped with neuropeptides and peptide hormones with potent antimicrobial properties, might directly defend the host from microbial assault. As examples, we have chosen five well described, locally produced neuropeptides that may serve a previously unrecognized, direct antimicrobial, innate immune function in four anatomical sites.
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14
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Frede S, Freitag P, Otto T, Heilmaier C, Fandrey J. The Proinflammatory Cytokine Interleukin 1β and Hypoxia Cooperatively Induce the Expression of Adrenomedullin in Ovarian Carcinoma Cells through Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 Activation. Cancer Res 2005; 65:4690-7. [PMID: 15930287 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a potent hypotensive peptide produced by macrophages and endothelial cells during ischemia and sepsis. The molecular mechanisms that control ADM gene expression in tumor cells are still poorly defined. It is known, however, that hypoxia potently increases ADM expression by activation of the transcription factor complex hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). Proinflammatory cytokines produced by tumor invading macrophages likewise activate expression of ADM. Herein, we show that apart from hypoxia, the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) induced the expression of ADM mRNA through activation of HIF-1 under normoxic conditions and enhanced the hypoxia-induced expression in the human ovarian carcinoma cell line OVCAR-3. IL-1beta significantly increased accumulation and nuclear translocation of HIF-1alpha under normoxic conditions and amplified hypoxic HIF-1 activation. IL-1beta treatment affected neither HIF-1alpha mRNA levels nor the hydroxylation status of HIF-1alpha and, thus, stability of the protein. Instead cycloheximide effectively prevented the increase in HIF-1alpha protein, indicating a stimulatory effect of IL-1beta on HIF-1alpha translation. Finally, treatment of HIF-1alpha with short interfering RNA revealed a significant role for HIF-1 in the IL-1beta-dependent stimulation of ADM expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stilla Frede
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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15
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Wong LYF, Cheung BMY, Li YY, Tang F. Adrenomedullin is both proinflammatory and antiinflammatory: its effects on gene expression and secretion of cytokines and macrophage migration inhibitory factor in NR8383 macrophage cell line. Endocrinology 2005; 146:1321-7. [PMID: 15576460 DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a potent vasorelaxant peptide that plays important roles in cardiovascular homeostasis and inflammatory response. ADM derived from macrophages is one of the major sources of ADM that is produced in the inflammatory process. To assess the functions of ADM in inflammation, we studied the temporal changes in ADM production and its effect on secretion of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and cytokine response of NR8383 rat macrophages activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). NR8383 cells were stimulated by LPS in the absence and presence of exogenous ADM, and the concentrations of ADM, MIF, and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta) in the culture media and gene expressions of the cells were measured. We confirmed that the secretion and mRNA expression of ADM in the macrophages were markedly increased by LPS. ADM increased initial secretion of MIF and IL-1beta from both nonstimulated and LPS-stimulated cells, and it also increased basal and LPS-induced IL-6 secretion of the cells by 2- to 15-fold. However, it reduced secretion of TNF-alpha from LPS-stimulated cells by 34-56%. Our results suggest that ADM modulates MIF secretion and cytokine production and plays important roles in both the initiation and propagation of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Y F Wong
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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Bunton DC, Petrie MC, Hillier C, Johnston F, McMurray JJV. The clinical relevance of adrenomedullin: a promising profile? Pharmacol Ther 2005; 103:179-201. [PMID: 15464589 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a peptide that possesses potentially beneficial properties. Since the initial discovery of the peptide by Kitamura et al. in 1993, the literature has been awash with reports describing its novel mechanisms of action and huge potential as a therapeutic target. Strong evidence now exists that AM is able to act as an autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine mediator in a number of biologically significant functions, including the endothelial regulation of blood pressure, protection against organ damage in sepsis or hypoxia, and the control of blood volume through the regulation of thirst. Its early promise as a potential mediator/modulator of disease was not, however, entirely as a result of the discovery of physiological functions but due more to the observation of increasing levels measured in plasma in direct correlation with disease progression. In health, AM circulates at low picomolar concentrations in plasma in 2 forms, a mature 52-amino acid peptide and an immature 53-amino acid peptide. Plasma levels of AM have now been shown to be increased in a number of pathological states, including congestive heart failure, sepsis, essential hypertension, acute myocardial infarction, and renal impairment. These earliest associations have been further supplemented with evidence of a role for AM in other pathologies including, most intriguingly, cancer. In this review, we offer a timely review of our current knowledge on AM and give a detailed account of the putative role of AM in those clinical areas in which the best therapeutic opportunities might exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Bunton
- Vascular Assessment Unit, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK.
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Fitzpatrick FA, Wheeler R. The immunopharmacology of paclitaxel (Taxol®), docetaxel (Taxotere®), and related agents. Int Immunopharmacol 2003; 3:1699-714. [PMID: 14636822 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2003.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (Taxol) and docetaxel (Taxotere) are among the most unique, and successful, chemotherapeutic agents used for the treatment of breast and ovarian cancer. Both agents have anti-mitotic properties derived from binding to tubulin and excessive stabilization of microtubules. Their anti-neoplastic effects derive from this mechanism. Distinct from their effects on microtubule stabilization, paclitaxel, docetaxel, and related taxanes display immunopharmacological traits. In this review, we discuss their induction of pro-inflammatory genes and proteins; the current hypotheses on the molecular mechanism for this induction, especially its relationship to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signaling pathway. We also discuss the structure-activity relationships (SAR) that govern gene induction, especially the striking differences between the SAR for murine and human cells in vitro. Lastly, we discuss the immunopharmacological traits of paclitaxel and docetaxel in terms of their relevance to human clinical pharmacology and toxicology and their activity in animal models of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Fitzpatrick
- Department of Oncological Science, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84103, USA.
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18
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Kim W, Moon SO, Lee S, Sung MJ, Kim SH, Park SK. Adrenomedullin reduces VEGF-induced endothelial adhesion molecules and adhesiveness through a phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23:1377-83. [PMID: 12805078 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000081740.65173.d1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the initial phase of inflammation, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can act as a proinflammatory cytokine by inducing adhesion molecules that bind leukocytes to endothelial cells. Adrenomedullin (AM) is known to act as either a proinflammatory or an anti-inflammatory agent. In this study, we examined the effects of AM on adhesion molecule expression and leukocyte adhesiveness in VEGF-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS When stimulated with VEGF, the mRNAs of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin were dose-dependently upregulated. AM inhibited the VEGF-induced protein and mRNA expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin. Phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase inhibitor and a dominant-negative form of Akt significantly inhibited the suppressive effect of AM on VEGF-induced adhesion molecule expression. Thus, AM inhibits VEGF-stimulated ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression through a phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/Akt pathway. AM reduced VEGF-induced endothelial adhesiveness for leukocytes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that AM might have an anti-inflammatory role in controlling VEGF-induced adhesion molecule gene expression and adhesiveness toward leukocytes in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonju, Republic of Korea
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López J, Martínez A. Cell and molecular biology of the multifunctional peptide, adrenomedullin. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2003; 221:1-92. [PMID: 12455746 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(02)21010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a recently discovered regulatory peptide involved in many functions including vasodilatation, electrolyte balance, neurotransmission, growth, and hormone secretion regulation, among others. This 52-amino acid peptide is expressed by specific cell types in many organs throughout the body. A complex receptor system has been described for AM; it requires at least the presence of a seven-transmembrane-domain G-protein-coupled receptor, a single-transmembrane-domain receptor activity modifying protein, and a receptor component protein needed to establish the connection with the downstream signal transduction pathway, which usually involves cyclicAMP. In addition, a serum-binding protein regulates the biological actions of AM, frequently by increasing AM functional attributes. Changes in levels of circulating AM correlate with several critical diseases, including cardiovascular and renal disorders, sepsis, cancer, and diabetes. Whether AM is a causal agent, a protective reaction, or just a marker for these diseases is currently under investigation. New technologies seeking to elevate and/or reduce AM levels are being investigated as potential therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- José López
- Cell Biology Unit, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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20
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Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a pluripotent hormone with structural similarities to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which is expressed by many tissues in the body and shows a remarkable range of effects mediated by paracrine/autocrine and possibly endocrine mechanisms. AM has been implicated as a mediator of several pathologies such as cardiovascular and renal disorders, sepsis, inflammation, diabetes and cancer, among others. AM is expressed in a variety of tumors where it aggravates several of the molecular and physiological features of malignant cells. AM has been shown to be a mitogenic factor stimulating growth in several cancer types and to encourage a more aggressive tumor phenotype. In addition, AM is an apoptosis survival factor for cancer cells and an indirect suppressor of the immune response through its binding protein, complement factor H, and regulation in expression of cytokines. AM plays an important role in environments subjected to low oxygen tensions, which is a typical feature in the proximity of solid tumors. Under these conditions, AM is upregulated through a hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1)-dependent pathway and acts as a potent angiogenic factor promoting neovascularization. The collective findings brought together over the last years place AM as a major regulator of carcinogenesis-tumor progression and identifies its autocrine loop as a putative target for developing new strategies against human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zudaire
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 13N262, Bethesda MD 20892, USA.
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21
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Qi YF, Bu DF, Niu DD, Shi YR, Wang SH, Pang YZ, Tang CS, Du JB. Effects of different peptide fragments derived from proadrenomedullin on gene expression of adrenomedullin gene. Peptides 2002; 23:1141-7. [PMID: 12126743 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(02)00047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Primary culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from rat aorta was used for the study of the effect of different peptides derived from proadrenomedullin on the expression of adrenomedullin (ADM) gene. ADM and preproADM(22-41) (PAMP) secreted by VSMC were measured by radioimmunoassay, and ADM mRNA in VSMC was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. After the incubation of VSMC in 10(-7)M ADM for 24h, PAMP in the medium and ADM mRNA in the VSMC were decreased by 34 and 41.3%, respectively, and cAMP concentration in the VSMC was increased by 385%. After the incubation of VSMC in 10(-7)M PAMP for 24h, ADM in the medium and ADM mRNA in the VSMC were decreased by 12.2 and 39.1%, respectively, and cAMP concentration in the VSMC was increased by 67%. The decreased ADM mRNA in VSMC induced by the ADM and PAMP treatment was completely reversed by the pre-treatment of the cells in 10(-7)M protein kinase inhibitor for 30 min. After the incubation of VSMC in 10(-7)M preproADM(153-185) (ADT) for 24h, however, ADM in the medium and ADM mRNA in the VSMC were increased by 21 and 35.2%. The increased ADM mRNA in VSMC induced by the ADT treatment was partially blocked by the co-incubation in ADM and ADT, and was totally blocked by the co-incubation in PAMP+ADM and ADT, but was not blocked by the co-incubation in PAMP and ADT. Our results suggest that the four peptides derived from proadrenomedullin may have different effects, possibly through a cAMP-dependent pathway, on the expression of ADM gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Fen Qi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Peking University First Hospital, 100034, Beijing, China
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22
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Cuttitta F, Pío R, Garayoa M, Zudaire E, Julián M, Elsasser TH, Montuenga LM, Martínez A. Adrenomedullin functions as an important tumor survival factor in human carcinogenesis. Microsc Res Tech 2002; 57:110-9. [PMID: 11921362 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.10059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a pluripotent regulatory peptide initially isolated from a human pheochromocytoma (adrenal tumor) and subsequently shown to play a critical role in cancer cell division, tumor neovascularization, and circumvention of programmed cell death, thus it is an important tumor cell survival factor underlying human carcinogenesis. A variety of neural and epithelial cancers have been shown to produce abundant amounts of AM. Recent findings have implicated elevation of serum AM with the onset of malignant expression. In addition, patients with tumors producing high levels of this peptide have a poor prognostic clinical outcome. Given that most human epithelial cancers display a microenvironment of reduced oxygen tension, it is interesting to note that AM and several of its receptors are upregulated during hypoxic insult. The existence of such a regulatory pathway has been implicated as the basis for the overexpression of AM/AM-R in human malignancies, thereby generating a subsequent autocrine/paracrine growth advantage for the tumor cell. Furthermore, AM has been implicated as a potential immune suppressor substance, inhibiting macrophage function and acting as a newly identified negative regulator of the complement cascade, protective properties which may help cancer cells to circumvent immune surveillance. Hence, AM's traditional participation in normal physiology (cited elsewhere in this issue) can be extended to a primary player in human carcinogenesis and may have clinical relevance as a biological target for the intervention of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Cuttitta
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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23
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Elsasser TH, Kahl S. Adrenomedullin has multiple roles in disease stress: development and remission of the inflammatory response. Microsc Res Tech 2002; 57:120-9. [PMID: 11921363 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.10058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The upregulation of adrenomedullin (AM) gene expression and increases in systemic circulatory as well as localized tissue AM concentrations is well coordinated with the onset and progression of trauma, infection, and sepsis. As such, the coordinated change in AM suggests a key role for this peptide in the inflammatory response. By clinical definition, the process of inflammation constitutes an orchestrated cascade of localized tissue and systemic responses to immunological challenges. Classical responses to the onset of disease stresses are manifested in the timely elaboration of humoral, blood-borne signal effectors (such as adrenocortical and locally produced tissue hormones, immune cytokines, and inorganic signals such as nitric oxide) as well as patterned migration and infiltration of circulating bone marrow-derived cells (mononuclear cells such as monocyte-macrophages and polymorphonuclear cells like neutrophils) largely associated with or delivered through the vascular system. The body's attempts to combat acute infection to restore homeostatic equilibrium are further compromised by underlying disease situations. Atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, as well as nutritional metabolic derangements and persistent subclinical infection perturb the regulatory feedback loops necessary for proper control of response effectors like hormones and cytokines. When imbalances occur, tissue necrosis can ensue as driven by free radical damage to cell components. A true appreciation of the inflammatory response can only be grasped through an integrative approach in which the relationship between the different physiological systems is viewed in terms of a changing, dynamic interaction. In essence, the inflammatory response can be thought of in three phases: a period of severity assessment, a period of remediation, and a period of homeostatic restoration. Indeed, AM has differential effects on cellular metabolism, immune function, endocrine function, and cardiovascular function. This peptide appears to play a pivotal role in both reprioritizing the biological needs of tissues and organs during the three phases of inflammatory response as well as a role in restoring homeostatic equilibrium to the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted H Elsasser
- Growth Biology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a multiregulatory peptide which is expressed in a wide range of tissues. In the pancreas, AM was first found in mammals, including man, and its colocalization with the pancreatic polypeptide (PP) was established in islet F cells. In addition, three different AM receptors have been characterized in B-cells. AM has been also located in the pancreatic cells of other vertebrate classes. The frequency and distribution of AM cells vary between different animals; they can be found scattered among the exocrine tissue, in the islets, or in ductal epithelia. The colocalization of AM with other hormones presents different patterns, although in birds, as in mammals, it seems to colocalize only with PP. The best-determined pancreatic AM function is the inhibition of insulin secretion in B-cells, which seems to be linked to a recently discovered binding protein, factor H. In relation to this physiological role, clinical data show that AM is raised in some groups of both types I and II diabetic patients and AM might have triggered the disease in a subset of them. On the other hand, AM pancreatic cells are also involved in the response to septic shock by increasing AM circulating levels. A third putative function is the inhibition of amylase secretion by the exocrine pancreatic cells. AM has been found in embryonic mammalian pancreas from the earliest stages of the development, colocalizing with all pancreatic hormones, although in adults only coexpression with PP is kept. AM may play a role in the growth and morphogenesis of the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- José López
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology Unit, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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25
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Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) was originally identified in the extracts of human pheochromocytoma tissue, but this peptide is now known to be synthesized and secreted from many kinds of cells in the body, including vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, cardiac myocytes, epithelial cells, and cancer cells. In this review, we summarize AM-secreting and AM gene-expressing cells in addition to the regulation of secretion and gene expression of AM. Although the data are still limited to deduce the general features of AM gene expression, synthesis, and secretion, AM is assumed to be classified into the new class of biologically active peptides, which is mainly expressed and secreted from non-endocrine type cells by the stimulation with inflammation-related substances. It is also interesting that serious physiological conditions such as inflammation or hypoxia potently stimulate AM expression and release, suggesting its unique physiological function distinct from other known biologically active peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Minamino
- National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan.
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26
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Hofbauer KH, Schoof E, Kurtz A, Sandner P. Inflammatory cytokines stimulate adrenomedullin expression through nitric oxide-dependent and -independent pathways. Hypertension 2002; 39:161-7. [PMID: 11799096 DOI: 10.1161/hy1201.097201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A body of evidence indicates that the production of adrenomedullin (ADM) in vivo is activated in states of inflammation. Our aim was to characterize the intracellular signaling pathways along which inflammation leads to a stimulation of ADM expression. For this purpose, we characterized the effects of inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (100 microg/L), interleukin-1beta (20 microg/L), and interferon-gamma (0.5 U/L) on ADM gene expression in rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (AVSMCs). We found that inflammatory cytokines induced a time-dependent 12-fold upregulation of ADM mRNA in AVSMCs that was paralleled by a substantial increase in inducible NO synthase mRNA expression. The stimulatory effect of cytokines on ADM gene expression was attenuated by NO deprivation induced by Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (1 mmol/L) and was in part mimicked by the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (100 micromol/L). The cGMP analog 8-bromo-cGMP (100 micromol/L) had no effect on ADM gene expression, and inhibition of cGMP production by 1H-oxodiazolo-quinoxalin-1 (ODQ, 200 micromol/L) was not able to abrogate the increase of ADM mRNA induced by NO donation using S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (100 micromol/L). The significant induction of ADM gene expression by inflammatory cytokines and NO donation was also observed in mesangial cells, endothelial cells, and hepatocytes. These findings suggest that NO is a direct activator of ADM gene expression in a variety of cell types and that inflammatory cytokines stimulate ADM expression via both NO-dependent and -independent mechanisms. The stimulatory effect of NO appears to not be related to the classic guanylate cyclase-cGMP pathway.
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27
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Elizegi E, Pino I, Vicent S, Blanco D, Saffiotti U, Montuenga LM. Hyperplasia of alveolar neuroendocrine cells in rat lung carcinogenesis by silica with selective expression of proadrenomedullin-derived peptides and amidating enzymes. J Transl Med 2001; 81:1627-38. [PMID: 11742033 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary neuroendocrine (NE) cells are found as clusters called neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) or as single cells scattered in the respiratory epithelium. They express a variety of bioactive peptides, and they are thought to be the origin of NE lung tumors. Proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide (PAMP) is a peptide derived from the same precursor as adrenomedullin (AM). AM and PAMP are C-terminally amidated during their processing by a well-characterized amidating enzyme, peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM). We explored AM, PAMP, and PAM expression as markers for NE hyperplasia in three rodent species (Fischer 344 rats, Syrian golden hamsters, and A/J mice) after a single intratracheal instillation of crystalline silica (quartz), which was previously found to induce different reactions in the three species. Rats developed a marked silicosis, with alveolar and bronchiolar hyperplasia and formation of peripheral lung epithelial tumors. Mice developed a moderate degree of silicosis, but not epithelial hyperplasia or tumors. Hamsters showed dust-storage lesions, but not silicosis or tumors. NE cells were immunolabeled for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), AM, PAMP, and PAM in serial sections of each lung. The numbers of positive NEBs per lung area and positive cells per NEB were quantified. A marked hyperplastic reaction in the NEBs of silica treated rats occurred only in alveolar NEBs, but not in bronchiolar NEBs. From Month 11 onwards, there were marked differences in the number of alveolar NEBs per section and in the number of cells per alveolar NEB immunoreactive for CGRP. No hyperplastic NE cell reaction was observed in silica-treated mice and hamsters. Significant PAMP and PAM expression was seen only in rat hyperplastic alveolar and in bronchiolar NEBs from Month 11 onwards. In E18, rat fetal lung NEBs were found to be strongly positive for PAMP and PAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Elizegi
- Department of Histology and Pathology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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28
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Abstract
Adrenomedullin (ADM) exerts potent vasoactive effects in the microvasculature. These activities have been most extensively studied in the cutaneous microcirculation. In this review we examine the knowledge gained to date of the ability of ADM to influence microvascular effects that include increased blood flow, microvascular permeability (leading to edema formation), neutrophil accumulation and cutaneous thermal hyperalgesia. ADM is structurally related to the vasodilator neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The peptides are considered to act via a family of receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMPs) that interact with a G-protein linked receptor, calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR). A correlation of microvascular activity with effects mediated via CRLR and RAMP is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Q Chu
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology & Medicine, New Hunt's House, King's College, Guy's Campus, SE1 1EL, London, UK
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29
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Yoshida M, Yoshida H, Kitaichi K, Hiramatsu K, Kimura T, Ito Y, Kume H, Yamaki K, Suzuki R, Shibata E, Hasegawa T, Takagi K. Adrenomedullin and proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide induce histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cell. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2001; 101:163-8. [PMID: 11495692 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(01)00283-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (ADM)-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells was investigated. We compared the ability of full-length ADM to induce histamine release to the fragments ADM-(1-25) and ADM-(22-52), as well as proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide (PAMP). ADM (10(-8) to 10(-5) M) and PAMP (10(-8) to 10(-5) M) dose-dependently increased histamine release from peritoneal mast cell preparations. The effect of ADM-(1-25) was similar to ADM, whereas ADM-(22-52) did not show any effects. These data suggest the relative importance of the ADM C-terminal fragment, which contains a six-membered ring structure. Histamine release, induced by ADM, was significantly and dose-dependently inhibited by the addition of ADM-(22-52) (10(-5) M), Ca(2+) (0.5 to 2.0 mM), and benzalkonium chloride (3 to 7 microM), a selective inhibitor of Gi type G proteins. In contrast, PAMP (10(-5) M)-induced histamine release was not inhibited by Ca(2+). These results suggest that ADM induce histamine release via a putative ADM receptor in a manner sensitive to Gi-protein function and extracellular Ca(2+) concentration, and that PAMP might produce its effect by a different mechanism than ADM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yoshida
- Internal Medicine II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-Cho, Nagoya 466-8550, Showa, Japan
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30
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Zaks-Zilberman M, Zaks TZ, Vogel SN. Induction of proinflammatory and chemokine genes by lipopolysaccharide and paclitaxel (Taxol) in murine and human breast cancer cell lines. Cytokine 2001; 15:156-65. [PMID: 11554785 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2001.0935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In murine macrophages, the anti-tumor agent, paclitaxel, induces expression of a wide variety of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes, and causes cytokine secretion via signaling pathways that overlap with those engaged by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the endotoxic component of Gram-negative bacteria. Using semi-quantitative RT-PCR for detection of gene expression, coupled with ELISA for the detection of secreted gene products, we analyzed the responsiveness of an extensive panel of cytokine and non-cytokine genes to induction by paclitaxel and LPS in the murine DA-3 breast cancer line. A subset of the genes examined (e.g., G-CSF, MIP-2, iNOS, and IL-1 beta, and GM-CSF) was upregulated >3-20-fold by both LPS and paclitaxel in the DA-3 cell line, while IP-10 mRNA was induced by paclitaxel, but not by LPS. In the human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line, LPS also increased mRNA levels for both GM-CSF and IP-10 significantly, while, paclitaxel increased IP-10 mRNA levels with delayed kinetics and failed to induce GM-CSF mRNA. Co-cultures of murine breast cancer cells and macrophages, stimulated with IFN-gamma plus either paclitaxel or LPS, resulted in augmented release of nitric oxide. As both GM-CSF and IP-10 have been implicated in tumor rejection in vivo through either indirect actions on the host immune system or by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis, our data strengthen the hypothesis that tumor cell-derived inflammatory mediators may, in part, underlie the anti-tumor efficacy of paclitaxel in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zaks-Zilberman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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31
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Nakayama M, Takahashi K, Kitamuro T, Murakami O, Shirato K, Shibahara S. Transcriptional control of adrenomedullin induction by phorbol ester in human monocytic leukemia cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:3559-66. [PMID: 10848972 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator peptide that was originally identified from human pheochromocytoma. In this study, we investigated the induction of adrenomedullin gene expression in THP-1 acute monocytic leukemia cells during differentiation into macrophage-like cells by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), and identified a cis-regulatory region of the human adrenomedullin gene responsible for TPA-induced adrenomedullin expression. Upon treatment with TPA (100 ng x mL(-1)) for 24 h, immunoreactive adrenomedullin concentrations in the culture medium and adrenomedullin mRNA levels were increased more than 10-fold, concomitant with the differentiation of THP-1 cells into macrophage-like cells. Actinomycin D abolished the TPA-induced adrenomedullin expression, indicating that the induction of ADM gene expression by TPA was regulated at the transcriptional level. Transient transfection assay revealed that a cis-acting region (positions -70 to -30) of human adrenomedullin gene was necessary for TPA-induced reporter gene expression. This region contains multiple copies of activator protein 2 (AP-2) binding sites, which are bound by purified AP-2 protein, as judged by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The binding activity to this region was undetectable in nuclear extracts prepared from untreated THP-1 cells, but was increased in extracts prepared from TPA-treated cells. The protein binding was abolished by unlabeled oligonucleotides containing the AP-2 consensus sequence. These results indicate that the region (-70 to -30) of the human ADM gene containing multiple AP-2 binding sites is responsible for TPA-induced adrenomedullin expression in THP-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Biology and Applied Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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32
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Abstract
Since the discovery of adrenomedullin in 1993 several hundred papers have been published regarding the regulation of its secretion and the multiplicity of its actions. It has been shown to be an almost ubiquitous peptide, with the number of tissues and cell types synthesizing adrenomedullin far exceeding those that do not. In Section II of this paper we give a comprehensive review both of tissues and cell lines secreting adrenomedullin and of the mechanisms regulating gene expression. The data on circulating adrenomedullin, obtained with the various assays available, are also reviewed, and the disease states in which plasma adrenomedullin is elevated are listed. In Section III the pharmacology and biochemistry of adrenomedullin binding sites, both specific sites and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptors, are discussed. In particular, the putative adrenomedullin receptor clones and signal transduction pathways are described. In Section IV the various actions of adrenomedullin are discussed: its actions on cellular growth, the cardiovascular system, the central nervous system, and the endocrine system are all considered. Finally, in Section V, we consider some unresolved issues and propose future areas for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Hinson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, St. Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London, United Kingdom.
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Mazzocchi G, Albertin G, Nussdorfer GG. Adrenomedullin (ADM), acting through ADM(22-52)-sensitive receptors, is involved in the endotoxin-induced hypotension in rats. Life Sci 2000; 66:1445-50. [PMID: 11210719 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00455-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The possible involvement of adrenomedullin (ADM) in the endotoxin-induced hypotension has been investigated in the rat. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 500 micrograms/kg intraperitoneum) caused a severe decrease in the blood pressure (BP), reaching maximum 2-3 h after the injection and subsiding after 12 h. The putative ADM-receptor antagonist ADM(22-52) (3 nmol/kg) counteracted LPS-induced BP lowering at 1 and 2 h, and reversed it at 3 and 6 h. CGRP(8-37), a selective antagonist of the CGRP1 receptors, was ineffective. Both ADM(22-52) and CGRP(8-37) did not evoke significant changes in the basal BP. Our findings provide strong support to the view ADM overproduction plays a major role in the LPS-induced decrease in BP, and suggest a potentially important therapeutic effect of the blockade of ADM(22-52)-sensitive receptors during endotoxic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mazzocchi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Section of Anatomy, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy
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Wang P, Yoo P, Zhou M, Cioffi WG, Ba ZF, Chaudry IH. Reduction in vascular responsiveness to adrenomedullin during sepsis. J Surg Res 1999; 85:59-65. [PMID: 10383838 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1999.5634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although sepsis is characterized by an early, hyperdynamic phase followed by a late, hypodynamic phase, the mechanism responsible for the transition from the hyperdynamic to the hypodynamic state remains unknown. Since recent studies have shown that adrenomedullin (ADM), a novel potent vasodilatory peptide, is upregulated during sepsis, the aim of this study was to determine whether the reduced vascular responsiveness to ADM is associated with the transition from the hyperdynamic phase to the hypodynamic phase of sepsis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). At 5 and 10 h (i.e., the hyperdynamic phase of sepsis) or 20 h (the hypodynamic phase) after CLP, the thoracic aorta or small intestine was harvested and preconstricted with norepinephrine. Adrenomedullin (10(-7) M) was applied and the percentage of ADM-induced vascular relaxation in the aortic ring and isolated small intestine was determined. RESULTS The responsiveness to ADM in the thoracic aorta was not altered at 5-10 h, but decreased significantly at 20 h after CLP. Although ADM-induced relaxation in resistance blood vessels of the small intestine did not change at 5 h, it decreased markedly at 10 and 20 h after the onset of sepsis. CONCLUSIONS Since the transition from hyperdynamic to hypodynamic sepsis takes place between 10 and 20 h after CLP, it is likely that reduced vascular responsiveness to ADM may be responsible for such an event during the course of polymicrobial sepsis. In view of this, maintenance of vascular ADM responsiveness by pharmacologic agents appears to be a novel approach for preventing or delaying the occurrence of hypodynamic sepsis and septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wang
- Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery, Brown University School of Medicine and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, 02903, USA.
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Nakayama M, Takahashi K, Murakami O, Yanai M, Sasaki H, Shirato K, Shibahara S. Production and secretion of adrenomedullin in cultured human alveolar macrophages. Peptides 1999; 20:1123-5. [PMID: 10499431 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(99)00107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To explore the role of adrenomedullin (ADM) in macrophages, we investigated the secretion of ADM by alveolar macrophages. Human alveolar macrophages obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage were cultured for 24 h. Northern blot analysis revealed ADM mRNA expression in alveolar macrophages. The levels of immunoreactive ADM in the media were 0.89+/-0.12 fmol/10(5) cells/24 h (n = 10). Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of the extract of culture media showed one major peak eluting in the position of the human ADM standard. The present study shows that alveolar macrophages produce and secrete ADM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Biology and Applied Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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