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Wang J, Hu L, Zhang Z, Sui C, Zhu X, Wu C, Zhang L, Lv M, Yang W, Zhou D, Shang Z. Mice fatal pneumonia model induced by less-virulent Streptococcus pneumoniae via intratracheal aerosolization. Future Microbiol 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38913747 DOI: 10.1080/17460913.2024.2355738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Animal models of fatal pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) have not been reliably generated using many strains of less virulent serotypes. Materials & methods: Pulmonary infection of a less virulent Spn serotype1 strain in the immunocompetent mice was established via the intratracheal aerosolization (ITA) route. The survival, local and systemic bacterial spread, pathological changes and inflammatory responses of this model were compared with those of mice challenged via the intratracheal instillation, intranasal instillation and intraperitoneal injection routes. Results: ITA and intratracheal instillation both induced fatal pneumonia; however, ITA resulted in better lung bacterial deposition and distribution, pathological homogeneity and delivery efficiency. Conclusion: ITA is an optimal route for developing animal models of severe pulmonary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhen Wang
- Department of Immunology of Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, 561113, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen & Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology & Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Lingfei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen & Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology & Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen & Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology & Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Chengyu Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen & Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology & Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
- Department of Microbiology of Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen & Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology & Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Chengxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen & Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology & Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen & Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology & Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Meng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen & Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology & Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Wenhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen & Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology & Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen & Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology & Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zhengling Shang
- Department of Immunology of Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New Area, 561113, China
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2
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Ortiz Moyano R, Raya Tonetti F, Elean M, Imamura Y, Fukuyama K, Suda Y, Melnikov V, Suvorov A, Vizoso-Pinto MG, Kitazawa H, Villena J. Bacterium-like Particles from Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum as Mucosal Adjuvant for the Development of Pneumococcal Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:412. [PMID: 38675794 PMCID: PMC11053776 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Previously, it was shown that intranasally (i.n.) administered Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum 090104 (Cp) or CP-derived bacterium-like particles (BLPs) improve the immunogenicity of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV). This work aimed to deepen the characterization of the adjuvant properties of Cp and CP-derived BLPs for their use in the development of pneumococcal vaccines. The ability of Cp and CP-derived BLPs to improve both the humoral and cellular specific immune responses induced by i.n. administered polysaccharide-based commercial pneumococcal vaccine (Pneumovax 23®) and the chimeric recombinant PSPF (PsaA-Spr1875-PspA-FliC) protein was evaluated, as well as the protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in infant mice. Additionally, whether the immunization protocols, including Cp and CP-derived BLPs, together with the pneumococcal vaccines can enhance the resistance to secondary pneumococcal pneumonia induced after inflammatory lung damage mediated by the activation of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) was assessed. The results showed that both Cp and CP-derived BLPs increased the immunogenicity and protection induced by two pneumococcal vaccines administered through the nasal route. Of note, the nasal priming with the PSPF T-dependent antigen co-administered with Cp or CP-derived BLPs efficiently stimulated humoral and cellular immunity and increased the resistance to primary and secondary pneumococcal infections. The CP-derived BLPs presented a stronger effect than live bacteria. Given safety concerns associated with live bacterium administration, especially in high-risk populations, such as infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients, BLPs emerge as an attractive mucosal adjuvant to improve the host response to pneumococcal infections and to enhance the vaccines already in the market or in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Ortiz Moyano
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Argentina; (R.O.M.); (F.R.T.); (M.E.)
| | - Fernanda Raya Tonetti
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Argentina; (R.O.M.); (F.R.T.); (M.E.)
| | - Mariano Elean
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Argentina; (R.O.M.); (F.R.T.); (M.E.)
| | - Yoshiya Imamura
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan; (Y.I.); (K.F.)
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Fukuyama
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan; (Y.I.); (K.F.)
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Suda
- Department of Food, Agriculture and Environment, Miyagi University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan;
| | - Vyacheslav Melnikov
- Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 125212 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Suvorov
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - María Guadalupe Vizoso-Pinto
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Argentina;
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan; (Y.I.); (K.F.)
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Julio Villena
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Argentina; (R.O.M.); (F.R.T.); (M.E.)
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan; (Y.I.); (K.F.)
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3
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Kruckow KL, Zhao K, Bowdish DME, Orihuela CJ. Acute organ injury and long-term sequelae of severe pneumococcal infections. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2023; 15:5. [PMID: 36870980 PMCID: PMC9985869 DOI: 10.1186/s41479-023-00110-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) is a major public health problem, as it is a main cause of otitis media, community-acquired pneumonia, bacteremia, sepsis, and meningitis. Acute episodes of pneumococcal disease have been demonstrated to cause organ damage with lingering negative consequences. Cytotoxic products released by the bacterium, biomechanical and physiological stress resulting from infection, and the corresponding inflammatory response together contribute to organ damage accrued during infection. The collective result of this damage can be acutely life-threatening, but among survivors, it also contributes to the long-lasting sequelae of pneumococcal disease. These include the development of new morbidities or exacerbation of pre-existing conditions such as COPD, heart disease, and neurological impairments. Currently, pneumonia is ranked as the 9th leading cause of death, but this estimate only considers short-term mortality and likely underestimates the true long-term impact of disease. Herein, we review the data that indicates damage incurred during acute pneumococcal infection can result in long-term sequelae which reduces quality of life and life expectancy among pneumococcal disease survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Kruckow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kevin Zhao
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and the Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Dawn M E Bowdish
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and the Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Carlos J Orihuela
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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4
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Wong A, Barrero Guevara LA, Goult E, Briga M, Kramer SC, Kovacevic A, Opatowski L, Domenech de Cellès M. The interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with cocirculating pathogens: Epidemiological implications and current knowledge gaps. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011167. [PMID: 36888684 PMCID: PMC9994710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of effective vaccines, the persistence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) suggests that cocirculation with other pathogens and resulting multiepidemics (of, for example, COVID-19 and influenza) may become increasingly frequent. To better forecast and control the risk of such multiepidemics, it is essential to elucidate the potential interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with other pathogens; these interactions, however, remain poorly defined. Here, we aimed to review the current body of evidence about SARS-CoV-2 interactions. Our review is structured in four parts. To study pathogen interactions in a systematic and comprehensive way, we first developed a general framework to capture their major components: sign (either negative for antagonistic interactions or positive for synergistic interactions), strength (i.e., magnitude of the interaction), symmetry (describing whether the interaction depends on the order of infection of interacting pathogens), duration (describing whether the interaction is short-lived or long-lived), and mechanism (e.g., whether interaction modifies susceptibility to infection, transmissibility of infection, or severity of disease). Second, we reviewed the experimental evidence from animal models about SARS-CoV-2 interactions. Of the 14 studies identified, 11 focused on the outcomes of coinfection with nonattenuated influenza A viruses (IAVs), and 3 with other pathogens. The 11 studies on IAV used different designs and animal models (ferrets, hamsters, and mice) but generally demonstrated that coinfection increased disease severity compared with either monoinfection. By contrast, the effect of coinfection on the viral load of either virus was variable and inconsistent across studies. Third, we reviewed the epidemiological evidence about SARS-CoV-2 interactions in human populations. Although numerous studies were identified, only a few were specifically designed to infer interaction, and many were prone to multiple biases, including confounding. Nevertheless, their results suggested that influenza and pneumococcal conjugate vaccinations were associated with a reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, fourth, we formulated simple transmission models of SARS-CoV-2 cocirculation with an epidemic viral pathogen or an endemic bacterial pathogen, showing how they can naturally incorporate the proposed framework. More generally, we argue that such models, when designed with an integrative and multidisciplinary perspective, will be invaluable tools to resolve the substantial uncertainties that remain about SARS-CoV-2 interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabelle Wong
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology group, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Public Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Andrea Barrero Guevara
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology group, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Public Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Goult
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology group, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Briga
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology group, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah C. Kramer
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology group, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Kovacevic
- Epidemiology and Modelling of Antibiotic Evasion, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Anti-infective Evasion and Pharmacoepidemiology Team, CESP, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, INSERM U1018 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Lulla Opatowski
- Epidemiology and Modelling of Antibiotic Evasion, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Anti-infective Evasion and Pharmacoepidemiology Team, CESP, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, INSERM U1018 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
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5
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Conway Morris A, Rynne J, Shankar-Hari M. Compartmentalisation of immune responses in critical illness: does it matter? Intensive Care Med 2022; 48:1617-1620. [PMID: 36050558 PMCID: PMC9436168 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-022-06871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Conway Morris
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Level 4 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.
- JVF Intensive Care Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Jennifer Rynne
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh BioQuarter, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh BioQuarter, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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6
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Kalita J, Tripathi A, Shukla R, Misra UK, Kumar S. Role of Caspase- 3, TNF-α, and IL6 mRNA Expression in Intracranial Tuberculoma. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4869-4878. [PMID: 35654994 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02901-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of tuberculoma is a process of inflammation, necrosis, and apoptosis. Therefore, the pro-inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis biomarkers are likely to play an important role. In this study, we report the expression of TNFα, IL6, and caspase-3 at the mRNA level in the patients with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) and compare these biomarkers in the patients with and without tuberculoma. A total of 134 patients with TBM and 35 matched healthy controls were included. The clinical, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were noted. The mRNA expression of TNFα, IL6, and caspase-3 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was evaluated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. On cranial MRI, 89 (64.2%) patients had tuberculoma, and their level of consciousness, severity of meningitis, CSF findings, and blood counts were not significantly different from those without tuberculoma. Patients with tuberculoma had a higher expression of TNFα and IL6 compared to the controls, but had lower expression compared to the patients without tuberculoma. TNFα expression positively correlated with the expression of caspase-3, but not with IL6. Twenty-five (18.6%) patients died: 12 (13.5%) in tuberculoma and 13 (28.9%) in the non-tuberculoma group. Death was related to higher expression of TNFα and caspase-3. The lower expression of TNFα and IL6 in intracranial tuberculoma suggests that these patients are unlikely to be benefited with TNFα blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayantee Kalita
- Deparment of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India.
| | - Abhilasha Tripathi
- Deparment of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India
| | - Ruchi Shukla
- Neuroscience Department, Apollo Medics Superspeciality Hospital at Vivekananda Polyclinic and Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, Lucknow, India
| | - Usha K Misra
- Deparment of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India
- Neuroscience Department, Apollo Medics Superspeciality Hospital at Vivekananda Polyclinic and Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, Lucknow, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Radiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India
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7
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Li Y, Li T, Zhou Z, Xiao Y. Emerging roles of Galectin-3 in diabetes and diabetes complications: A snapshot. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:569-577. [PMID: 35083706 PMCID: PMC9156459 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09704-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a member of the galectin family, widely expressed in immune cells and plays a role mainly in inflammation, autoimmunity, apoptosis, and chemotaxis. We summarized the roles of Galectin-3 in diabetes and its complications, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Clinical research has determined that the circulating level of Galectin-3 is closely related to diabetes and its complications, thus it is promising to use Galectin-3 as a predictor and biomarker for those diseases. Galectin-3 also may be considered as an ideal therapeutic target, which has broad prospects in the prevention and treatment of diabetes and its complications, especially macrovascular and microvascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139, Renmin Rd, Changsha, 410011, China
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Changsha, 176, West Labour Road, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Rd, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139, Renmin Rd, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139, Renmin Rd, Changsha, 410011, China.
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8
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Delattre R, Seurat J, Haddad F, Nguyen TT, Gaborieau B, Kane R, Dufour N, Ricard JD, Guedj J, Debarbieux L. Combination of in vivo phage therapy data with in silico model highlights key parameters for pneumonia treatment efficacy. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110825. [PMID: 35584666 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical (re)development of bacteriophage (phage) therapy to treat antibiotic-resistant infections faces the challenge of understanding the dynamics of phage-bacteria interactions in the in vivo context. Here, we develop a general strategy coupling in vitro and in vivo experiments with a mathematical model to characterize the interplay between phage and bacteria during pneumonia induced by a pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli. The model allows the estimation of several key parameters for phage therapeutic efficacy. In particular, it quantifies the impact of dose and route of phage administration as well as the synergism of phage and the innate immune response on bacterial clearance. Simulations predict a limited impact of the intrinsic phage characteristics in agreement with the current semi-empirical choices of phages for compassionate treatments. Model-based approaches will foster the deployment of future phage-therapy clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Delattre
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Bacteriophage Bacterium Host, Paris 75015, France; Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1137, IAME, Paris 75006, France
| | - Jérémy Seurat
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1137, IAME, Paris 75006, France
| | - Feyrouz Haddad
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Bacteriophage Bacterium Host, Paris 75015, France; Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1137, IAME, Paris 75006, France
| | - Thu-Thuy Nguyen
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1137, IAME, Paris 75006, France
| | - Baptiste Gaborieau
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Bacteriophage Bacterium Host, Paris 75015, France; Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1137, IAME, Paris 75006, France; APHP, Hôpital Louis Mourier, DMU ESPRIT, Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Colombes, France
| | - Rokhaya Kane
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Bacteriophage Bacterium Host, Paris 75015, France
| | - Nicolas Dufour
- Centre Hospitalier René Dubos, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Cergy Pontoise 95503, France
| | - Jean-Damien Ricard
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1137, IAME, Paris 75006, France; APHP, Hôpital Louis Mourier, DMU ESPRIT, Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Colombes, France
| | - Jérémie Guedj
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1137, IAME, Paris 75006, France.
| | - Laurent Debarbieux
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Bacteriophage Bacterium Host, Paris 75015, France.
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9
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Palmer CS, Kimmey JM. Neutrophil Recruitment in Pneumococcal Pneumonia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:894644. [PMID: 35646729 PMCID: PMC9136017 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.894644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) is the primary agent of community-acquired pneumonia. Neutrophils are innate immune cells that are essential for bacterial clearance during pneumococcal pneumonia but can also do harm to host tissue. Neutrophil migration in pneumococcal pneumonia is therefore a major determinant of host disease outcomes. During Spn infection, detection of the bacterium leads to an increase in proinflammatory signals and subsequent expression of integrins and ligands on both the neutrophil as well as endothelial and epithelial cells. These integrins and ligands mediate the tethering and migration of the neutrophil from the bloodstream to the site of infection. A gradient of host-derived and bacterial-derived chemoattractants contribute to targeted movement of neutrophils. During pneumococcal pneumonia, neutrophils are rapidly recruited to the pulmonary space, but studies show that some of the canonical neutrophil migratory machinery is dispensable. Investigation of neutrophil migration is necessary for us to understand the dynamics of pneumococcal infection. Here, we summarize what is known about the pathways that lead to migration of the neutrophil from the capillaries to the lung during pneumococcal infection.
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10
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McMahan RH, Hulsebus HJ, Najarro KM, Giesy LE, Frank DN, Orlicky DJ, Kovacs EJ. Age-Related Intestinal Dysbiosis and Enrichment of Gut-specific Bacteria in the Lung Are Associated With Increased Susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection in Mice. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:859991. [PMID: 35392033 PMCID: PMC8986162 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.859991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The portion of the global population that is over the age of 65 is growing rapidly and this presents a number of clinical complications, as the aged population is at higher risk for various diseases, including infection. For example, advanced age is a risk factor for heightened morbidity and mortality following infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae. This increased vulnerability is due, at least in part, to age-related dysregulation of the immune response, a phenomenon termed immunosenescence. However, our understanding of the mechanisms influencing the immunosenescent state and its effects on the innate immune response to pneumonia remain incomplete. Recently, a role for the gut microbiome in age-specific alterations in immunity has been described. Here, we utilized a murine model of intranasal Streptococcus pneumoniae infection to investigate the effects of age on both the innate immune response and the intestinal microbial populations after infection. In aged mice, compared to their younger counterparts, infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae led to increased mortality, impaired lung function and inadequate bacterial control. This poor response to infection was associated with increased influx of neutrophils into the lungs of aged mice 24 h after infection. The exacerbated pulmonary immune response was not associated with increased pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lung compared to young mice but instead heightened expression of immune cell recruiting chemokines by lung neutrophils. Bacterial 16S-rRNA gene sequencing of the fecal microbiome of aged and young-infected mice revealed expansion of Enterobacteriaceae in the feces of aged, but not young mice, after infection. We also saw elevated levels of gut-derived bacteria in the lung of aged-infected mice, including the potentially pathogenic symbiote Escherichia coli. Taken together, these results reveal that, when compared to young mice, Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in age leads to increased lung neutrophilia along with potentially pathogenic alterations in commensal bacteria and highlight potential mechanistic targets contributing to the increased morbidity and mortality observed in infections in age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H. McMahan
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Alcohol Research Program, Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
- GI and Liver Innate Immune Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Holly J. Hulsebus
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Alcohol Research Program, Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kevin M. Najarro
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Alcohol Research Program, Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Lauren E. Giesy
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Alcohol Research Program, Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Daniel N. Frank
- GI and Liver Innate Immune Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - David J. Orlicky
- GI and Liver Innate Immune Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Elizabeth J. Kovacs
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Alcohol Research Program, Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
- GI and Liver Innate Immune Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
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11
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Szylar G, Wysoczanski R, Marshall H, Marks DJB, José R, Ehrenstein MR, Brown JS. A novel Streptococcus pneumoniae human challenge model demonstrates Treg lymphocyte recruitment to the infection site. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3990. [PMID: 35256717 PMCID: PMC8901783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07914-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate local tissue responses to infection we have developed a human model of killed Streptococcus pneumoniae challenge by intradermal injection into the forearm. S. pneumoniae intradermal challenge caused an initial local influx of granulocytes and increases in TNF, IL6 and CXCL8. However, by 48 h lymphocytes were the dominant cell population, mainly consisting of CD4 and CD8 T cells. Increases in local levels of IL17 and IL22 and the high proportion of CD4 cells that were CCR6+ suggested a significant Th17 response. Furthermore, at 48 h the CD4 population contained a surprisingly high proportion of likely memory Treg cells (CCR6 positive and CD45RA negative CD4+CD25highCD127low cells) at 39%. These results demonstrate that the intradermal challenge model can provide novel insights into the human response to S. pneumoniae and that Tregs form a substantial contribution of the normal human lymphocyte response to infection with this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Szylar
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Riccardo Wysoczanski
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, UCL Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Helina Marshall
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Daniel J B Marks
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, UCL Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Ricardo José
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Michael R Ehrenstein
- Centre for Rheumatology, UCL Division of Medicine, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Jeremy S Brown
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK.
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12
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Luckett-Chastain LR, King CJ, McShan WM, Gipson JR, Gillaspy AF, Gallucci RM. Loss of Interleukin-6 Influences Transcriptional Immune Signatures and Alters Bacterial Colonization in the Skin. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:658980. [PMID: 34295313 PMCID: PMC8290525 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.658980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin functions as a protective barrier to inhibit the entry of foreign pathogens, all the while hosting a diverse milieu of microorganisms. Over time, skin cells, immune cells, cytokines, and microbes interact to integrate the processes of maintaining the skin's physical and immune barrier. In the present study, the basal expression of two immunologically divergent mouse strains C57BL/6 and BALB/c, as well as a strain on the C57 background lacking IL-6, was characterized. Additionally, cutaneous antimicrobial gene expression profiles and skin bacterial microbiome were assessed between strains. Total RNA sequencing was performed on untreated C57BL/6 (control), BALB/c, and IL-6-deficient skin samples and found over 3,400 genes differentially modulated between strains. It was found that each strain modulated its own transcriptional "profile" associated with skin homeostasis and also influenced the overall bacterial colonization as indicated by the differential phyla present on each strain. Together, these data not only provide a comprehensive view of the transcriptional changes in homeostatic skin of different mouse strains but also highlight the possible influence of the strain differences (e.g., Th1/Th2 balance) as well as a role for IL-6 in overall skin immunity and resident microbial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lerin R. Luckett-Chastain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Catherine J. King
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - William M. McShan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Jenny R. Gipson
- College of Medicine Core Facilities, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Allison F. Gillaspy
- College of Medicine Core Facilities, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Randle M. Gallucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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13
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Olszewski J, Weigert Galvão C, Lipuma JJ, Paludo KS. Environmental and clinical isolates of Herbaspirillum induce pulmonary infection in mice and its secretome is cytotoxic to human lung cells. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 33830909 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. In recent years, the Herbaspirillum genus has emerged as a pathogen in healthcare-related infections and has became stablished as an opportunistic pathogen.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Little is known about the pathogenesis induced by Herbaspirillum genus.Aim. To evaluate the cytotoxic effects of genus Herbaspirillum, its ability to adhere to lung human cells and the ability of environmental and clinical strains of Herbaspirillum to induce pneumonia in mice.Methodology. Environmental and clinical isolates of Herbaspirillum were examined for their cytotoxic effects on the Calu-3 cell lineage. Cytotoxic activity of secretome was tested using MTT/neutral red assays and cell morphology analysis. Herbaspirillum adhesion on Calu-3 cells was assessed using bright-field microscopy and cell-associated bacteria were counted. A mouse model of acute lung infection was done using a clinical and an environmental strain. Adult male mice were used, and the pneumonia was inducted by intra-tracheal inoculation of 108 or 109 bacteria. Mice weight variations were evaluated at the end of the experiment. Bronchoalveolar lavage was collected and evaluated for total and differential cytology. A histological examination of lungs was performed giving a histological score.Results. The secretomes of all the strains induced morphological alterations in cells, but only H. seropedicae SmR1 were cytotoxic in MTT and neutral red assays. Clinical strains of H. frisingense AU14459 and H. hutttiense subsp. huttiense AU11883 exhibited low adherence to lung cells, while SmR1 was non-adhesive. Following intratracheal inoculation, mice treated with 109 c.f.u. of the SmR1 and AU11883 strains lost 18 and 6% of their weight over 7 days, respectively, and presented moderate clinical signs. Infected mice showed inflammatory cell infiltration in the perivascular and peribroncheal/peribronchiolar spaces. Bronchoalveolar fluid of mice inoculated with SmR1 109 c.f.u. presented an increase in total leucocyte cells and in neutrophils population.Conclusion. These in vivo and in vitro results provide insights into how some Herbaspirillum strains cause infection in humans, providing a basis for the characterization of pathogenesis studies on this emerging infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josyel Olszewski
- Department of Structural Biology, Molecular and Genetics, State University of Ponta Grossa, Paraná State, Brazil
| | - Carolina Weigert Galvão
- Department of Structural Biology, Molecular and Genetics, State University of Ponta Grossa, Paraná State, Brazil
| | - John J Lipuma
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Katia Sabrina Paludo
- Department of Structural Biology, Molecular and Genetics, State University of Ponta Grossa, Paraná State, Brazil
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14
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Papanicolaou A, Wang H, Satzke C, Vlahos R, Wilson N, Bozinovski S. Novel Therapies for Pneumonia-Associated Severe Asthma Phenotypes. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:1047-1058. [PMID: 32828703 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Distinct asthma phenotypes are emerging from well-defined cohort studies and appear to be associated with a history of pneumonia. Asthmatics are more susceptible to infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae; however, the mechanisms that underlie defective immunity to this pathogen are still being elucidated. Here, we discuss how alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) in asthmatics are defective in bacterial phagocytosis and how respiratory viruses disrupt essential host immunity to cause bacterial dispersion deeper into the lungs. We also describe how respiratory pathogens instigate neutrophilic inflammation and amplify type-2 inflammation in asthmatics. Finally, we propose novel dual-acting strategies including granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR) antagonism and specialised pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) to suppress type-2 and neutrophilic inflammation without compromising pathogen clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Papanicolaou
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Hao Wang
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Catherine Satzke
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Steven Bozinovski
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
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15
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Chen C, Feng P, Slots J. Herpesvirus-bacteria synergistic interaction in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2020; 82:42-64. [PMID: 31850623 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of severe periodontitis includes herpesvirus-bacteria coinfection. This article evaluates the pathogenicity of herpesviruses (cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus) and periodontopathic bacteria (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis) and coinfection of these infectious agents in the initiation and progression of periodontitis. Cytomegalovirus and A. actinomycetemcomitans/P. gingivalis exercise synergistic pathogenicity in the development of localized ("aggressive") juvenile periodontitis. Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus are associated with P. gingivalis in adult types of periodontitis. Periodontal herpesviruses that enter the general circulation may also contribute to disease development in various organ systems. A 2-way interaction is likely to occur between periodontal herpesviruses and periodontopathic bacteria, with herpesviruses promoting bacterial upgrowth, and bacterial factors reactivating latent herpesviruses. Bacterial-induced gingivitis may facilitate herpesvirus colonization of the periodontium, and herpesvirus infections may impede the antibacterial host defense and alter periodontal cells to predispose for bacterial adherence and invasion. Herpesvirus-bacteria synergistic interactions, are likely to comprise an important pathogenic determinant of aggressive periodontitis. However, mechanistic investigations into the molecular and cellular interaction between periodontal herpesviruses and bacteria are still scarce. Herpesvirus-bacteria coinfection studies may yield significant new discoveries of pathogenic determinants, and drug and vaccine targets to minimize or prevent periodontitis and periodontitis-related systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Chen
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jørgen Slots
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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16
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Kramskaya T, Leontieva G, Desheva Y, Grabovskaya K, Gupalova T, Rudenko L, Suvorov A. Combined immunization with attenuated live influenza vaccine and chimeric pneumococcal recombinant protein improves the outcome of virus-bacterial infection in mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222148. [PMID: 31513620 PMCID: PMC6742370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza and its bacterial complications are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The effect of combined immunization with live influenza vaccine and recombinant chimeric pneumococcal protein in dual infection caused by influenza H1N1 and S. pneumoniae (serotype 3) has been studied. The combined vaccine consisted of the strain A/California/2009/38 (H1N1) pdm and chimeric recombinant protein PSPF composed of immunodominant fragments of the surface virulence factors of S. pneumoniae—PsaA, PspA, and Shr1875—associated with modified salmonella flagellin. Vaccinated mice were infected with the influenza virus 24 hours before or 24 hours after the onset of pneumococcal infection. The protective effect of combined vaccination was shown on both models of viral-bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Kramskaya
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - G. Leontieva
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
- * E-mail:
| | - Yu. Desheva
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
- Department of Fundamental Medicine and Medical Technologies, Faculty of Dentistry and Medical Technologies, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - K. Grabovskaya
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - T. Gupalova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - L. Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - A. Suvorov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
- Department of Fundamental Medicine and Medical Technologies, Faculty of Dentistry and Medical Technologies, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
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17
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Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the most common bacterial pathogen causing lower respiratory tract infections and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in children and the elderly. Another important aspect related to pneumococcal infections is the persistent rate of penicillin and macrolide resistance. Therefore, animal models have been developed to better understand the pathogenesis of pneumococcal disease and test new therapeutic agents and vaccines. This narrative review will focus on the characteristics of the different animal pneumococcal pneumonia models. The assessment of the different animal models will include considerations regarding pneumococcal strains, microbiology properties, procedures used for bacterial inoculation, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive approaches.
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18
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Liu G, Betts C, Cunoosamy DM, Åberg PM, Hornberg JJ, Sivars KB, Cohen TS. Use of precision cut lung slices as a translational model for the study of lung biology. Respir Res 2019; 20:162. [PMID: 31324219 PMCID: PMC6642541 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models remain invaluable for study of respiratory diseases, however, translation of data generated in genetically homogeneous animals housed in a clean and well-controlled environment does not necessarily provide insight to the human disease situation. In vitro human systems such as air liquid interface (ALI) cultures and organ-on-a-chip models have attempted to bridge the divide between animal models and human patients. However, although 3D in nature, these models struggle to recreate the architecture and complex cellularity of the airways and parenchyma, and therefore cannot mimic the complex cell-cell interactions in the lung. To address this issue, lung slices have emerged as a useful ex vivo tool for studying the respiratory responses to inflammatory stimuli, infection, and novel drug compounds. This review covers the practicality of precision cut lung slice (PCLS) generation and benefits of this ex vivo culture system in modeling human lung biology and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Liu
- RIA Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Catherine Betts
- Pathology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Danen M Cunoosamy
- Bioscience, Respiratory Inflammation and Autoimmunity, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Present Address: Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Per M Åberg
- RIA Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jorrit J Hornberg
- RIA Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kinga Balogh Sivars
- RIA Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Taylor S Cohen
- Microbial Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20877, USA.
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19
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Age-related changes in the levels and kinetics of pulmonary cytokine and chemokine responses to Streptococcuspneumoniae in mouse pneumonia models. Cytokine 2018; 111:389-397. [PMID: 30463053 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcuspneumoniae is a major human pathogen at the extremes of age. The elderly are particularly vulnerable to S.pneumoniae, the most common causative agent of bacterial pneumonia in this population. Despite the availability of vaccines and antibiotics, mortality rates associated with pneumococcal pneumonia in this age group remain high. In light of globally increasing life-expectancy, a better understanding of the patho-mechanisms of elderly pneumococcal pneumonia, including alterations in innate immune responses, is needed to develop improved therapies. In this study we aimed at investigating how increased susceptibility to pneumococcal infection relates to inflammation kinetics in the aged mouse pneumonia model by determining pulmonary cytokine and chemokine levels and comparing these parameters to those measured in young adult mice. Firstly, we detected overall higher pulmonary cytokine and chemokine levels in aged mice. However, upon induction of pneumococcal pneumonia in aged mice, delayed production of certain analytes, such as IFN-γ, MIG (CXCL9), IP-10 (CXCL10), MCP-1 (CCL2), TARC (CCL17) and MDC (CCL22) became apparent. In addition, aged mice were unable to control excess inflammatory responses: while young mice showed peak inflammatory responses at 20 h and subsequent resolution by 48 h post intranasal challenge, in aged mice increasing cytokine and chemokine levels were measured. These findings highlight the importance of considering multiple time points when delineating inflammatory responses to S.pneumoniae in an age-related context. Finally, correlation between pulmonary bacterial burden and cytokine or chemokine levels in young mice suggested that appropriately controlled inflammatory responses support the host to fight pneumococcal infection.
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20
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Felix KM, Jaimez IA, Nguyen TVV, Ma H, Raslan WA, Klinger CN, Doyle KP, Wu HJJ. Gut Microbiota Contributes to Resistance Against Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Immunodeficient Rag -/- Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:118. [PMID: 29755958 PMCID: PMC5932343 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae causes infection-related mortality worldwide. Immunocompromised individuals, including young children, the elderly, and those with immunodeficiency, are especially vulnerable, yet little is known regarding S. pneumoniae-related pathogenesis and protection in immunocompromised hosts. Recently, strong interest has emerged in the gut microbiota's impact on lung diseases, or the "gut-lung axis." However, the mechanisms of gut microbiota protection against gut-distal lung diseases like pneumonia remain unclear. We investigated the role of the gut commensal, segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), against pneumococcal pneumonia in immunocompetent and immunocompromised mouse models. For the latter, we chose the Rag-/- model, with adaptive immune deficiency. Immunocompetent adaptive protection against S. pneumoniae infection is based on antibodies against pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides, prototypical T cell independent-II (TI-II) antigens. Although SFB colonization enhanced TI-II antibodies in C57BL/6 mice, our data suggest that SFB did not further protect these immunocompetent animals. Indeed, basal B cell activity in hosts without SFB is sufficient for essential protection against S. pneumoniae. However, in immunocompromised Rag-/- mice, we demonstrate a gut-lung axis of communication, as SFB influenced lung protection by regulating innate immunity. Neutrophil resolution is crucial to recovery, since an unchecked neutrophil response causes severe tissue damage. We found no early neutrophil recruitment differences between hosts with or without SFB; however, we observed a significant drop in lung neutrophils in the resolution phase of S. pneumoniae infection, which corresponded with lower CD47 expression, a molecule that inhibits phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, in SFB-colonized Rag-/- mice. SFB promoted a shift in lung neutrophil phenotype from inflammatory neutrophils expressing high levels of CD18 and low levels of CD62L, to pro-resolution neutrophils with low CD18 and high CD62L. Blocking CD47 in SFB(-) mice increased pro-resolution neutrophils, suggesting CD47 down-regulation may be one neutrophil-modulating mechanism SFB utilizes. The SFB-induced lung neutrophil phenotype remained similar with heat-inactivated S. pneumoniae treatment, indicating these SFB-induced changes in neutrophil phenotype during the resolution phase are not simply secondary to better bacterial clearance in SFB(+) than SFB(-) mice. Together, these data demonstrate that the gut commensal SFB may provide much-needed protection in immunocompromised hosts in part by promoting neutrophil resolution post lung infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krysta M. Felix
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Ivan A. Jaimez
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Thuy-Vi V. Nguyen
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Heqing Ma
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Walid A. Raslan
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | | | - Kristian P. Doyle
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Hsin-Jung J. Wu
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Arizona Arthritis Center, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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21
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Adhikary R, Sultana S, Bishayi B. Clitoria ternatea flower petals: Effect on TNFR1 neutralization via downregulation of synovial matrix metalloproteases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 210:209-222. [PMID: 28826781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Clitoria ternatea Linn. (C. ternatea) is a traditionally used herb in arthritis, and its anti-arthritic activity has been attributed to polyphenols (e.g. quercetins) from its flower petal. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was designed to investigate whether C. ternatea or quercetin-3ß-D-glucoside (QG) support the antibody mediated TNFα-receptor 1 (TNFR1) neutralization to ameliorate arthritis in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in male Swiss mice (20-22g, 3-4 weeks of age) was followed by estimation of synovial polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) accumulation (in terms of myeloperoxidase activity), synovial and systemic release of cytokines, chemokines and C-reactive protein (CRP) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), biochemical estimation of synovial free radical generation and antioxidant status, as well as immunoblot assessment of synovial TNFR1, toll-like receptor 2(TLR2), cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression; and zymographic analysis of synovial matrix-metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2) activity. RESULTS CIA was induced from day 2 post-secondary immunizations as evidenced from arthritic scores and joint swelling in parallel to increased inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters in synovial joints. Long term supplementation with extract from Clitoria ternatea flower petals CTE (50mg/kg) and QG (2.5mg/kg) upto 24 days post booster immunization augmented anti-arthritic potential of TNFR1 neutralization with anti-TNFR1 antibody (10μg per mice) in terms of reduced MPO activity, decrease in release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS)/ reactive nitrogen species (RNS) production in parallel to significant (p<0.05) reduction in TNFR1, TLR2, iNOS, COX-2 and MMP-2 expression. CONCLUSION CTE and QG possess potential anti-arthritic activity which targets synovial MMP-2 in arthritic joints and TNFR1 targeting followed by CTE or QG treatment might become a combinatorial approach in future therapeutic research in treatment of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Adhikary
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Microbiology laboratory. University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Sahin Sultana
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Microbiology laboratory. University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Biswadev Bishayi
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Microbiology laboratory. University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta 700009, West Bengal, India.
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22
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Cytosolic Phospholipase A 2α Promotes Pulmonary Inflammation and Systemic Disease during Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00280-17. [PMID: 28808157 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00280-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae is characterized by a robust alveolar infiltration of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear cells [PMNs]) that can promote systemic spread of the infection if not resolved. We previously showed that 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX), which is required to generate the PMN chemoattractant hepoxilin A3 (HXA3) from arachidonic acid (AA), promotes acute pulmonary inflammation and systemic infection after lung challenge with S. pneumoniae As phospholipase A2 (PLA2) promotes the release of AA, we investigated the role of PLA2 in local and systemic disease during S. pneumoniae infection. The group IVA cytosolic isoform of PLA2 (cPLA2α) was activated upon S. pneumoniae infection of cultured lung epithelial cells and was critical for AA release from membrane phospholipids. Pharmacological inhibition of this enzyme blocked S. pneumoniae-induced PMN transepithelial migration in vitro Genetic ablation of the cPLA2 isoform cPLA2α dramatically reduced lung inflammation in mice upon high-dose pulmonary challenge with S. pneumoniae The cPLA2α-deficient mice also suffered no bacteremia and survived a pulmonary challenge that was lethal to wild-type mice. Our data suggest that cPLA2α plays a crucial role in eliciting pulmonary inflammation during pneumococcal infection and is required for lethal systemic infection following S. pneumoniae lung challenge.
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Abstract
Despite years of research and clinical advances, chronic pulmonary infections with mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa remain the primary concern for cystic fibrosis patients. Much of the research on these strains has focused on the contributions of the polysaccharide alginate; however, it is becoming evident that the neutral polysaccharide Psl also contributes to biofilm formation and the maintenance of chronic infections. Here, we demonstrate that Psl produced by mucoid strains has significant roles in biofilm structure and evasion of immune effectors. Though mucoid strains produce less Psl than nonmucoid strains, the Psl that is produced is functional, since it mediates adhesion to human airway cells and epithelial cell death. Additionally, Psl protects mucoid bacteria from opsonization and killing by complement components in human serum. Psl production by mucoid strains stimulates a proinflammatory response in the murine lung, leading to reduced colonization. To determine the relevance of these data to clinical infections, we tested Psl production and biofilm formation of a panel of mucoid clinical isolates. We demonstrated three classes of mucoid isolates, those that produce Psl and form robust biofilms, those that did not produce Psl and have a poor biofilm phenotype, and exopolysaccharide (EPS) redundant strains. Collectively, these experimental results demonstrate that Psl contributes to the biofilm formation and immune evasion of many mucoid strains. This is a novel role for Psl in the establishment and maintenance of chronic pulmonary infections by mucoid strains. Cystic fibrosis patients are engaged in an ongoing battle against chronic lung infections by the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. One key factor contributing to the maintenance of chronic infections is the conversion to a mucoid phenotype, where the bacteria produce copious amounts of the polysaccharide alginate. Once the bacteria become mucoid, existing treatments are poorly effective. We proposed that mucoid bacteria produce an additional polysaccharide, Psl, which is important for their establishment and maintenance of chronic infections. This work demonstrates that Psl enhances attachment of mucoid bacteria to lung surfaces and leads to inflammation and damage in the lung. Additionally, we find that 50% of mucoid bacteria isolated from patients with chronic infections rely on Psl for the structure of their biofilm communities, suggesting that treatments against Psl should be investigated to enhance the success of current therapies.
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Wiedinger K, Pinho D, Bitsaktsis C. Utilization of cholera toxin B as a mucosal adjuvant elicits antibody-mediated protection against S. pneumoniae infection in mice. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2017; 5:15-24. [PMID: 28344805 DOI: 10.1177/2051013617691041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGOUND The introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccines have been valuable tools for combating invasive pneumococcal infection in children and healthy adults. Despite the available vaccination strategies, pneumococcal pneumonia and associated diseases continue to cause substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly in individuals with chronic disease and ageing populations. Next-generation pneumococcal vaccines will need to be highly immunogenic across patient populations providing both mucosal and systemic protective immunity. Mucosal immunization is an effective strategy for stimulating the immune response at the site of pathogen entry while increasing systemic immunity. In this study we utilized intranasal immunization with pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), in combination with the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin B (CTB), to characterize the immune components providing protection against S. pneumoniae challenge. METHODS Mice were immunized intranasally with CTB and PspA individually, and in combination, followed by lethal bacterial challenge with S. pneumoniae, strain A66.1. Animals were monitored for survival and tested for lung bacterial burden, cytokine production as well as S. pneumoniae-specific antibody titer in mouse sera. The primary immunological contributor to the observed protection was confirmed by cytokine neutralization and serum passive transfer. RESULTS The combination of CTB and PspA provided complete protection against bacterial challenge, which coincided with a significant decrease in lung bacterial burden. Increases in the T-helper (Th) 1 cytokines, interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-2 were observed in the lung 24 h post-challenge while decreases in proinflammatory mediators IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were also recorded at the same time point. The adjuvanted PspA immunization induced significant titers of S. pneumoniae-specific antibody in the serum of mice prior to infection. Serum adoptive transfer passively protected animals against subsequent challenge while IFN-γ neutralization had no impact on the outcome of immunization, suggesting a primary role for antibody-mediated protection in the context of this immunization strategy. CONCLUSION Mucosal immunization with CTB and PspA induced a local cellular immune response and systemic humoral immunity which resulted in effective reduction of pulmonary bacterial burden and complete protection against S. pneumoniae challenge. While induction of the pleiotropic cytokine IFN-γ likely contributes to control of infection through activation of effector pathways, it was not required for protection. Instead, immunization with PspA and CTB-induced S. pneumoniae-specific antibodies in the serum prior to infection that were sufficient to protect against mucosal challenge.
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Sundaram K, Rahman MA, Mitra S, Knoell DL, Woodiga SA, King SJ, Wewers MD. IκBζ Regulates Human Monocyte Pro-Inflammatory Responses Induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161931. [PMID: 27597997 PMCID: PMC5012667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal lung infections represent a major cause of death worldwide. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the NFKBIZ gene, encoding the transcription factor IκBζ, are associated with increased susceptibility to invasive pneumococcal disease. We hence analyzed how IκBζ might regulate inflammatory responses to pneumococcal infection. We first demonstrate that IκBζ is expressed in human blood monocytes but not in bronchial epithelial cells, in response to wild type pneumococcal strain D39. D39 transiently induced IκBζ in a dose dependent manner, with subsequent induction of downstream molecules involved in host defense. Of these molecules, IκBζ knockdown reduced the expression of IL-6 and GMCSF. Furthermore, IκBζ overexpression increased the activity of IL-6 and GMCSF promoters, supporting the knockdown findings. Pneumococci lacking either pneumolysin or capsule still induced IκBζ. While inhibition of TLR1/TLR2 blocked D39 induced IκBζ expression, TLR4 inhibition did not. Blockade of p38 MAP kinase and NFκB suppressed D39 induced IκBζ. Overall, our data demonstrates that IκBζ regulates monocyte inflammatory responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae by promoting the production of IL-6 and GMCSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruthika Sundaram
- Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mohd. Akhlakur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Srabani Mitra
- Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Daren L. Knoell
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Shireen A. Woodiga
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Samantha J. King
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Wewers
- Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Kirschner F, Reppe K, Andresen N, Witzenrath M, Ebstein F, Kloetzel PM. Proteasome β5i Subunit Deficiency Affects Opsonin Synthesis and Aggravates Pneumococcal Pneumonia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153847. [PMID: 27100179 PMCID: PMC4839637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoproteasomes, harboring the active site subunits β5i/LMP7, β1i/LMP2, and β2i/MECL1 exert protective, regulatory or modulating functions during infection-induced immune responses. Immunoproteasomes are constitutively expressed in hematopoietic derived cells, constituting the first line of defense against invading pathogens. To clarify the impact of immunoproteasomes on the innate immune response against Streptococcus pneumoniae, we characterized the progression of disease and analyzed the systemic immune response in β5i/LMP7-/- mice. Our data show that β5i/LMP7 deficiency, which affected the subunit composition of proteasomes in murine macrophages and liver, was accompanied by reduced transcription of genes encoding immune modulating molecules such as pentraxins, ficolins, and collectins. The diminished opsonin expression suggested an impaired humoral immune response against invading pneumococci resulting in an aggravated systemic dissemination of S. pneumoniae in β5i/LMP7-/- mice. The impaired bacterial elimination in β5i/LMP7-/- mice was accompanied by an aggravated course of pneumonia with early mortality as a consequence of critical illness during the late phase of disease. In summary our results highlight an unsuspected role for immuno-subunits in modulating the innate immune response to extracellular bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Kirschner
- Institut für Biochemie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Reppe
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Andresen
- Institut für Biochemie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frédéric Ebstein
- Institut für Biochemie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Walker MM, Novak L, Widener R, Grubbs JA, King J, Hale JY, Ochs MM, Myers LE, Briles DE, Deshane J. PcpA Promotes Higher Levels of Infection and Modulates Recruitment of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells during Pneumococcal Pneumonia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2239-48. [PMID: 26829988 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We used two different infection models to investigate the kinetics of the PcpA-dependent pneumococcal disease in mice. In a bacteremic pneumonia model, we observed a PcpA-dependent increase in bacterial burden in the lungs, blood, liver, bronchoalveolar lavage, and spleens of mice at 24 h postinfection. This PcpA-dependent effect on bacterial burden appeared earlier (within 12 h) in the focal pneumonia model, which lacks bacteremia or sepsis. Histological changes show that the ability of pneumococci to make PcpA was associated with unresolved inflammation in both models of infection. Using our bacteremic pneumonia model we further investigated the effects of PcpA on recruitment of innate immune regulatory cells. The presence of PcpA was associated with increased IL-6 levels, suppressed production of TRAIL, and reduced infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells. The ability of pneumococci to make PcpA negatively modulated both the infiltration and apoptosis of macrophages and the recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor-like cells. The latter have been shown to facilitate the clearance and control of bacterial pneumonia. Taken together, the ability to make PcpA was strongly associated with increased bacterial burden, inflammation, and negative regulation of innate immune cell recruitment to the lung tissue during bacteremic pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Walker
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Lea Novak
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Rebecca Widener
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29203
| | - James Aaron Grubbs
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Janice King
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Joanetha Y Hale
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Martina M Ochs
- Sanofi Pasteur, Non-Clinical Product Performance, 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Lisa E Myers
- Sanofi Pasteur, Non-Clinical Product Performance, 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - David E Briles
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
| | - Jessy Deshane
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein δ (C/EBPδ) aggravates inflammation and bacterial dissemination during pneumococcal meningitis. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:88. [PMID: 25958220 PMCID: PMC4430878 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prognosis of bacterial meningitis largely depends on the severity of the inflammatory response. The transcription factor CAAT/enhancer-binding protein δ (C/EBPδ) plays a key role in the regulation of the inflammatory response during bacterial infections. Consequently, we assessed the role of C/EBPδ during experimental meningitis. Methods Wild-type and C/EBPδ-deficient mice (C/EBPδ−/−) were intracisternally infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae and sacrificed after 6 or 30 h, or followed in a survival study. Results In comparison to wild-type mice, C/EBPδ−/− mice showed decreased bacterial loads at the primary site of infection and decreased bacterial dissemination to lung and spleen 30 h after inoculation. Expression levels of the inflammatory mediators IL-10 and KC were lower in C/EBPδ−/− brain homogenates, whereas IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and MIP-2 levels were not significantly different between the two genotypes. Moreover, C/EBPδ−/− mice demonstrated an attenuated systemic response as reflected by lower IL-10, IL-6, KC, and MIP-2 plasma levels. No differences in clinical symptoms or in survival were observed between wild-type and C/EBPδ−/− mice. Conclusion C/EBPδ in the brain drives the inflammatory response and contributes to bacterial dissemination during pneumococcal meningitis. C/EBPδ does, however, not affect clinical parameters of the disease and does not confer a survival benefit.
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Nita-Lazar M, Banerjee A, Feng C, Amin MN, Frieman MB, Chen WH, Cross AS, Wang LX, Vasta GR. Desialylation of airway epithelial cells during influenza virus infection enhances pneumococcal adhesion via galectin binding. Mol Immunol 2015; 65:1-16. [PMID: 25597246 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The continued threat of worldwide influenza pandemics, together with the yearly emergence of antigenically drifted influenza A virus (IAV) strains, underscore the urgent need to elucidate not only the mechanisms of influenza virulence, but also those mechanisms that predispose influenza patients to increased susceptibility to subsequent infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Glycans displayed on the surface of epithelia that are exposed to the external environment play important roles in microbial recognition, adhesion, and invasion. It is well established that the IAV hemagglutinin and pneumococcal adhesins enable their attachment to the host epithelia. Reciprocally, the recognition of microbial glycans by host carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins) can initiate innate immune responses, but their relevance in influenza or pneumococcal infections is poorly understood. Galectins are evolutionarily conserved lectins characterized by affinity for β-galactosides and a unique sequence motif, with critical regulatory roles in development and immune homeostasis. In this study, we examined the possibility that galectins expressed in the airway epithelial cells might play a significant role in viral or pneumococcal adhesion to airway epithelial cells. Our results in a mouse model for influenza and pneumococcal infection revealed that the murine lung expresses a diverse galectin repertoire, from which selected galectins, including galectin 1 (Gal1) and galectin 3 (Gal3), are released to the bronchoalveolar space. Further, the results showed that influenza and subsequent S. pneumoniae infections significantly alter the glycosylation patterns of the airway epithelial surface and modulate galectin expression. In vitro studies on the human airway epithelial cell line A549 were consistent with the observations made in the mouse model, and further revealed that both Gal1 and Gal3 bind strongly to IAV and S. pneumoniae, and that exposure of the cells to viral neuraminidase or influenza infection increased galectin-mediated S. pneumoniae adhesion to the cell surface. Our results suggest that upon influenza infection, pneumococcal adhesion to the airway epithelial surface is enhanced by an interplay among the host galectins and viral and pneumococcal neuraminidases. The observed enhancement of pneumococcal adhesion may be a contributing factor to the observed hypersusceptibility to pneumonia of influenza patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Nita-Lazar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Aditi Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Chiguang Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Mohammed N Amin
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Wilbur H Chen
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Alan S Cross
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Gerardo R Vasta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
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Ethanol-induced alcohol dehydrogenase E (AdhE) potentiates pneumolysin in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect Immun 2014; 83:108-19. [PMID: 25312953 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02434-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol impairs the host immune system, rendering the host more vulnerable to infection. Therefore, alcoholics are at increased risk of acquiring serious bacterial infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, including pneumonia. Nevertheless, how alcohol affects pneumococcal virulence remains unclear. Here, we showed that the S. pneumoniae type 2 D39 strain is ethanol tolerant and that alcohol upregulates alcohol dehydrogenase E (AdhE) and potentiates pneumolysin (Ply). Hemolytic activity, colonization, and virulence of S. pneumoniae, as well as host cell myeloperoxidase activity, proinflammatory cytokine secretion, and inflammation, were significantly attenuated in adhE mutant bacteria (ΔadhE strain) compared to D39 wild-type bacteria. Therefore, AdhE might act as a pneumococcal virulence factor. Moreover, in the presence of ethanol, S. pneumoniae AdhE produced acetaldehyde and NADH, which subsequently led Rex (redox-sensing transcriptional repressor) to dissociate from the adhE promoter. An increase in AdhE level under the ethanol condition conferred an increase in Ply and H2O2 levels. Consistently, S. pneumoniae D39 caused higher cytotoxicity to RAW 264.7 cells than the ΔadhE strain under the ethanol stress condition, and ethanol-fed mice (alcoholic mice) were more susceptible to infection with the D39 wild-type bacteria than with the ΔadhE strain. Taken together, these data indicate that AdhE increases Ply under the ethanol stress condition, thus potentiating pneumococcal virulence.
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Almada G, Haro C, Vintiñi E, Medina M. Safety of a nasal vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae using heat-killed Lactobacillus casei as adjuvant. Immunobiology 2014; 220:109-16. [PMID: 25240632 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a highly important respiratory pathogen that causes infections in children, elderly people and immunocompromised people around the world. Pneumococcal vaccines licensed did not reach to eradicate the pneumococcal infection. In a previous study was demonstrated the effectiveness of a nasal experimental vaccine that consisted in a pneumococcal protective protein A (PppA) co-administrated with heat-killed-Lactobacillus casei (LcM), in mice model of respiratory pneumococcal challenge. In the present work the safety of the experimental vaccine LcM+PppA and its components were evaluated through hematological, biochemical and immune parameters in a model infection with S. pneumoniae. Thus, alanine transaminase activity, creatinine levels, lactate dehydrogenase activity, C reactive protein levels, corticosterone levels in serum, total and differential leukocyte counts in blood and bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) and IgE in BAL, were evaluated. Experimental vaccine: LcM+PppA nasally administered does not induce harmful effects in our vaccination-infection model. Studied parameters showed LcM+PppA's safety in liver, kidney, pulmonary and systemic levels. Although studies in experimental animals do not guarantee security for the application of the vaccine on humans, they are important evidence for the planning and subsequent clinical trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermina Almada
- Instituto de Bioquímica Aplicada, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán-CONICET, Balcarce 747, CP 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - Cecilia Haro
- Instituto de Bioquímica Aplicada, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán-CONICET, Balcarce 747, CP 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - Elisa Vintiñi
- LARIVENOA,Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Florentino Ameghino S/N. CP: 4105, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - Marcela Medina
- Instituto de Microbiología, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán-CONICET, Ayacucho 471, CP 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
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Effect of natural porcine surfactant in Staphylococcus aureus induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species generation in monocytes and neutrophils from human blood. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 21:369-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Levofloxacin-ceftriaxone combination attenuates lung inflammation in a mouse model of bacteremic pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae via inhibition of cytolytic activities of pneumolysin and autolysin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:5164-80. [PMID: 24957840 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03245-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, our objective was to determine whether a synergistic antimicrobial combination in vitro would be beneficial in the downregulation of pneumococcal virulence genes and whether the associated inflammation of the lung tissue induced by multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in vivo needs to be elucidated in order to consider this mode of therapy in case of severe pneumococcal infection. We investigated in vivo changes in the expression of these virulence determinants using an efficacious combination determined in previous studies. BALB/c mice were infected with 10(6) CFU of bacteria. Intravenous levofloxacin at 150 mg/kg and/or ceftriaxone at 50 mg/kg were initiated 18 h postinfection; the animals were sacrificed 0 to 24 h after the initiation of treatment. The levels of cytokines, chemokines, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the serum and lungs, along with the levels of myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide the inflammatory cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), changes in pneumolysin and autolysin gene expression and COX-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression in the lungs were estimated. Combination therapy downregulated inflammation and promoted bacterial clearance. Pneumolysin and autolysin expression was downregulated, with a concomitant decrease in the expression of COX-2 and iNOS in lung tissue. Thus, the combination of levofloxacin and ceftriaxone can be considered for therapeutic use even in cases of pneumonia caused by drug-resistant isolates.
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De Filippo K, Neill DR, Mathies M, Bangert M, McNeill E, Kadioglu A, Hogg N. A new protective role for S100A9 in regulation of neutrophil recruitment during invasive pneumococcal pneumonia. FASEB J 2014; 28:3600-8. [PMID: 24776746 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-247460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The S100A8/A9 heterodimer is abundantly expressed by myeloid cells, especially neutrophils, but its mechanism of action is only partially determined. In this study we investigated S100A8/A9 involvement in the host response to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection making use of S100a9(-/-) mice that lack heterodimer expression in myeloid cells. S100a9(-/-) mice that were infected intranasally with pneumococci rapidly succumbed, with 80% mortality after 48 h, whereas the majority of wild-type mice recovered. Over this time period, S100a9(-/-) mice displayed an average 6-fold reduction in circulating and lung-recruited neutrophils. Taqman analysis of S100a9(-/-) lungs revealed decreased production of a dominant subset of 5 cytokines and chemokines associated with neutrophil recruitment. The greatest differential was with the cytokine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) that causes bone marrow release of neutrophils into the circulation (1900-fold difference at 48 h). Treating S100a9(-/-) mice with G-CSF reversed their increased susceptibility to infection by enhancing both circulating neutrophils and neutrophil recruitment into infected lungs, by reducing pneumococcal colony forming units, and by elevation of chemokine CXCL1, cytokine IL-6, and endogenous G-CSF proteins. Thus S100A9, potentially with its partner S100A8, makes a major contribution in the host response to pneumococcal infection by increasing circulating neutrophils principally regulation of G-CSF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia De Filippo
- Leukocyte Adhesion Laboratory, Cancer Research United Kingdom London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Daniel R Neill
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; and Department of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Meg Mathies
- Leukocyte Adhesion Laboratory, Cancer Research United Kingdom London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Mathieu Bangert
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; and Department of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Eileen McNeill
- Leukocyte Adhesion Laboratory, Cancer Research United Kingdom London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Aras Kadioglu
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; and Department of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Nancy Hogg
- Leukocyte Adhesion Laboratory, Cancer Research United Kingdom London Research Institute, London, UK;
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A mathematical model of the immune and neuroendocrine systems mutual regulation under the technogenic chemical factors impact. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2014; 2014:492489. [PMID: 24872840 PMCID: PMC4020569 DOI: 10.1155/2014/492489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The concept of the triad regulatory metasystem, which includes the neuroendocrine and immune regulation systems, is currently generally accepted. Changes occurring in each of the regulatory systems in response to the impact of technogenic chemical factors are also well known. This paper presents mathematical models of the immune and neuroendocrine system functioning, using the interaction between these systems in response to bacterial invasion as an example, and changes in their performance under exposure to chemical factors, taking into account the stage of functional disorders in a producing organ, using the performance of the bone marrow as an example.
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Majewska-Szczepanik M, Yamamoto N, Askenase PW, Szczepanik M. Epicutaneous immunization with phosphorylcholine conjugated to bovine serum albumin (PC-BSA) and TLR9 ligand CpG alleviates pneumococcal pneumonia in mice. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:570-5. [PMID: 24948056 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epicutaneous (EC) immunization is a potential new strategy of a needle-free and self-administrable immunization by using a topically applied patch to deliver vaccine. We have previously shown that EC immunization with various protein antigens inhibits both Th1- and Tc1-mediated contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in mice. Our further work showed that maneuver of EC immunization with an antigen and Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands prior to hapten sensitization reverses skin-induced suppression. METHODS Animal model of pneumococcal pneumonia was used to study efficacy of EC induced immunopotentiation. RESULTS Current work showed that EC immunization with phosphorylcholine conjugated to bovine serum albumin (PC-BSA) and CpG prior to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection results in smaller decrease of body weight when compared to PBS treated mice. Consistent with the behavioral observations and body weight, smaller numbers of bacteria were quantitated in lung homogenates of mice patched with PC-BSA and CpG prior inoculation with S. pneumonia when compared to mice patched with PBS alone. In vitro experiments showed that lymph node cells and spleen cells from mice EC immunized with PC-BSA plus CpG produced high levels of IFN-γ and IL-17A when compared to PBS or PC-BSA or CpG treated mice. CONCLUSION This work shows that EC immunization with PC-BSA plus TLR9 ligand CpG may be a potential tool to boost immunity to S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Infection Control, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Philip W Askenase
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Marian Szczepanik
- Department of Medical Biology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, Kraków, Poland
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Mapping the innate signaling cascade essential for cytokine storm during influenza virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:3799-804. [PMID: 24572573 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1400593111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During pathogenic influenza virus infection, robust cytokine production (cytokine storm), excessive inflammatory infiltrates, and virus-induced tissue destruction all contribute to morbidity and mortality. Earlier we reported that modulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate-1 receptor (S1P1R) signaling provided a chemically tractable approach for the effective blunting of cytokine storm, leading to the improvement of clinical and survival outcomes. Here, we show that S1P1R agonist treatment suppresses global cytokine amplification. Importantly, S1P1R agonist treatment was able to blunt cytokine/chemokine production and innate immune cell recruitment in the lung independently of endosomal and cytosolic innate sensing pathways. S1P1R signaling suppression of cytokine amplification was independent of multiple innate signaling adaptor pathways for myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) and IFN-β promoter stimulator-1 signaling, indicating a common pathway inhibition of cytokine storm. We identify the MyD88 adaptor molecule as responsible for the majority of cytokine amplification observed following influenza virus challenge.
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Majhi A, Kundu K, Adhikary R, Banerjee M, Mahanti S, Basu A, Bishayi B. Combination therapy with ampicillin and azithromycin in an experimental pneumococcal pneumonia is bactericidal and effective in down regulating inflammation in mice. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2014; 11:5. [PMID: 24565171 PMCID: PMC3936873 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-11-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Emergence of multidrug resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP), has limited the available options used to treat infections caused by this organism. The objective of this study was to compare the role of monotherapy and combination therapy with ampicillin (AMP) and azithromycin (AZM) in eradicating bacterial burden and down regulating lung inflammation in a murine experimental pneumococcal infection model. Methods Balb/C mice were infected with 106 CFU of SP. Treatments with intravenous ampicillin (200 mg/kg) and azithromycin (50 mg/kg) either alone or in combination was initiated 18 h post infection, animals were sacrificed from 0 – 6 h after initiation of treatment. AMP and AZM were quantified in serum by microbiological assay. Levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ IL-6, and IL-10 in serum and in lungs, along with myeloperoxidase, inflammatory cell count in broncho alveolar lavage fluid, COX-2 and histopathological changes in lungs were estimated. Results Combination therapy down regulated lung inflammation and accelerated bacterial clearance. This approach also significantly decreased TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6 and increased IL-10 level in serum and lungs along with decreased myeloperoxidase, pulmonary vascular permeability, inflammatory cell numbers and COX-2 levels in lungs. Conclusions Combinatorial therapy resulted in comparable bactericidal activity against the multi-drug resistant isolate and may represent an alternative dosing strategy, which may help to alleviate problems with pneumococcal pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Biswadev Bishayi
- Department of Physiology, Immunology laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta 700009, West Bengal,India.
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Yoshida T, Nagai K, Inomata T, Ito Y, Betsuyaku T, Nishimura M. Relationship between neutrophil influx and oxidative stress in alveolar space in lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2014; 191:75-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kato C, Mikami M, Saito K. The Participation of Nitric Oxide in Peritoneal Exudate Cell Cytotoxicity of Mice byFusobacterium nucleatum. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 48:607-15. [PMID: 15322341 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previously we reported that mice infected recurrently with live Fusobacterium nucleatum(Fn) synthesize a significant amount of NO between 12 hr and 24 hr after Fn injection. Fn is a gram-negative rod periodontal pathogen. NO could not be induced by heat-killed Fn or in untreated mice. This NO, derived from the iNOS after infection of live Fn, was not involved in the Fn reduction because Fn clearance occurs within 6 hr. We investigated in this study whether this NO was involved in cytotoxicity in peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) in vivo. The mice were divided into two groups: those treated with live Fn (immune) and those left untreated (normal). PEC number, NO production, detection of apoptosis or death cells, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release activity after injection of live Fn were compared in these groups. In the immune group, the increase of the total cell numbers caused by an increase in neutrophils, a significant NO production only after injection of live Fn at 24 hr and identification of iNOS positive macrophages were confirmed. The apoptotic rate was very low and did not increase at 24 hr in vivo. Therefore, apoptosis was seldom relevant to the NO. In the immune group, LDH activity was remarkable high at 24 hr, and dead cells and macrophages phagocytizing cell fragments increased at the same time. Pretreatment of L NMMA, an inhibitor of iNOS, suppressed LDH activity and cell death. Therefore, the NO derived from the iNOS is involved in the cytotoxicity. These results suggest that NO may contribute to the inflammatory response during Fn infection in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihomi Kato
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Nippon Dental University at Niigata, 1-8 Hamuracho, Niigata 951-8580, Japan.
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Smith MA, Hibino M, Falcione BA, Eichinger KM, Patel R, Empey KM. Immunosuppressive aspects of analgesics and sedatives used in mechanically ventilated patients: an underappreciated risk factor for the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients. Ann Pharmacother 2013; 48:77-85. [PMID: 24259637 DOI: 10.1177/1060028013510698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the evidence describing the immunosuppressive and pharmacokinetic properties of commonly used analgesic and sedation agents in critically ill patients. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE (January 1980-September 2013) was searched. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION All in vitro and in vivo studies that evaluated the immune-modulating properties of analgesic and sedation agents commonly used in the critically ill were included. Full-text and abstract-only articles (noted) were included in this review. Inclusion criteria were met by 46 studies and were evaluated. DATA SYNTHESIS Analgesic and sedation agents have been shown to be immunosuppressive in a variety of models. In vitro models use a variety of immune cells to demonstrate the immunosuppressive properties of opioids, benzodiazepines, and to a lesser extent, propofol. In each case, animal studies provide more robust data supporting the concept that opioids, benzodiazepines, and propofol exhibit immunosuppressive activities ranging from innate to adaptive immune alterations. Human studies, though more limited, provide further support that these agents inhibit the immune response. In contrast, data have shown that dexmedetomidine may attenuate the immune system. Clinical trial data evaluating the immunosuppressive properties of these agents is limited. CONCLUSIONS Analgesic and sedation agents have clearly been shown to alter cellular function and other mediators of the immune system; yet the clinical impact remains to be fully elucidated. The mechanism by which sedation interruption reduces ventilator-associated pneumonia may in fact be a reduction in immunosuppressive effects. Studies linking the immune-modulating effects of analgesic and sedation agents in critically ill patients are needed.
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Li N, Yin L, Thévenin D, Yamada Y, Limmon G, Chen J, Chow VT, Engelman DM, Engelward BP. Peptide targeting and imaging of damaged lung tissue in influenza-infected mice. Future Microbiol 2013; 8:257-69. [PMID: 23374130 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM In this study, we investigate whether pH (low) insertion peptide (pHLIP) can target regions of lung injury associated with influenza infection. MATERIALS & METHODS Fluorophore-conjugated pHLIP was injected intraperitoneally into mice infected with a sublethal dose of H1N1 influenza and visualized histologically. RESULTS pHLIP specifically targeted inflamed lung tissues of infected mice in the later stages of disease and at sites where alveolar type I and type II cells were depleted. Regions of pHLIP-targeted lung tissue were devoid of peroxiredoxin 6, the lung-abundant antioxidant enzyme, and were deficient in pneumocytes. Interestingly, a pHLIP variant possessing mutations that render it insensitive to pH changes was also able to target damaged lung tissue. CONCLUSION pHLIP holds potential for delivering therapeutics for lung injury during influenza infection. Furthermore, there may be more than one mechanism that enables pHLIP variants to target inflamed lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance in Research & Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #03-12/13/14 Enterprise Wing, 138602, Singapore
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Shrestha S, Foxman B, Dawid S, Aiello AE, Davis BM, Berus J, Rohani P. Time and dose-dependent risk of pneumococcal pneumonia following influenza: a model for within-host interaction between influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae. J R Soc Interface 2013; 10:20130233. [PMID: 23825111 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2013.0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant fraction of seasonal and in particular pandemic influenza deaths are attributed to secondary bacterial infections. In animal models, influenza virus predisposes hosts to severe infection with both Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Despite its importance, the mechanistic nature of the interaction between influenza and pneumococci, its dependence on the timing and sequence of infections as well as the clinical and epidemiological consequences remain unclear. We explore an immune-mediated model of the viral-bacterial interaction that quantifies the timing and the intensity of the interaction. Taking advantage of the wealth of knowledge gained from animal models, and the quantitative understanding of the kinetics of pathogen-specific immunological dynamics, we formulate a mathematical model for immune-mediated interaction between influenza virus and S. pneumoniae in the lungs. We use the model to examine the pathogenic effect of inoculum size and timing of pneumococcal invasion relative to influenza infection, as well as the efficacy of antivirals in preventing severe pneumococcal disease. We find that our model is able to capture the key features of the interaction observed in animal experiments. The model predicts that introduction of pneumococcal bacteria during a 4-6 day window following influenza infection results in invasive pneumonia at significantly lower inoculum size than in hosts not infected with influenza. Furthermore, we find that antiviral treatment administered later than 4 days after influenza infection was not able to prevent invasive pneumococcal disease. This work provides a quantitative framework to study interactions between influenza and pneumococci and has the potential to accurately quantify the interactions. Such quantitative understanding can form a basis for effective clinical care, public health policies and pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourya Shrestha
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Inngjerdingen KT, Langerud BK, Rasmussen H, Olsen TK, Austarheim I, Grønhaug TE, Aaberge IS, Diallo D, Paulsen BS, Michaelsen TE. Pectic Polysaccharides Isolated from Malian Medicinal Plants Protect againstStreptococcus pneumoniaein a Mouse Pneumococcal Infection Model. Scand J Immunol 2013; 77:372-88. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. T. Inngjerdingen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; University of Oslo; Oslo; Norway
| | - B. K. Langerud
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology; Division of Infectious Disease Control; Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Oslo; Norway
| | - H. Rasmussen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Services; Division of Public Relations and Institute Resources; Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Oslo; Norway
| | - T. K. Olsen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Services; Division of Public Relations and Institute Resources; Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Oslo; Norway
| | - I. Austarheim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; University of Oslo; Oslo; Norway
| | - T. E. Grønhaug
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; University of Oslo; Oslo; Norway
| | - I. S. Aaberge
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology; Division of Infectious Disease Control; Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Oslo; Norway
| | | | - B. S. Paulsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; University of Oslo; Oslo; Norway
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Wong SS, Quan Toh Z, Dunne EM, Mulholland EK, Tang MLK, Robins-Browne RM, Licciardi PV, Satzke C. Inhibition of Streptococcus pneumoniae adherence to human epithelial cells in vitro by the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:135. [PMID: 23561014 PMCID: PMC3641997 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colonization of the nasopharynx by Streptococcus pneumoniae is considered a prerequisite for pneumococcal infections such as pneumonia and otitis media. Probiotic bacteria can influence disease outcomes through various mechanisms, including inhibition of pathogen colonization. Here, we examine the effect of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) on S. pneumoniae colonization of human epithelial cells using an in vitro model. We investigated the effects of LGG administered before, at the same time as, or after the addition of S. pneumoniae on the adherence of four pneumococcal isolates. Results LGG significantly inhibited the adherence of all the pneumococcal isolates tested. The magnitude of inhibition varied with LGG dose, time of administration, and the pneumococcal isolate used. Inhibition was most effective when a higher dose of LGG was administered prior to establishment of pneumococcal colonization. Mechanistic studies showed that LGG binds to epithelial cells but does not affect pneumococcal growth or viability. Administration of LGG did not lead to any significant changes in host cytokine responses. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that LGG can inhibit pneumococcal colonization of human epithelial cells in vitro and suggest that probiotics could be used clinically to prevent the establishment of pneumococcal carriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook-San Wong
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Shafiq M, Mansoor MS, Khan AA, Sohail MR, Murad MH. Adjuvant steroid therapy in community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hosp Med 2013. [PMID: 23184813 DOI: 10.1002/jhm.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among adults. Although steroids appear to be beneficial in animal models of CAP, clinical trial data in humans are either equivocal or conflicting. PURPOSE Our purpose was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies examining the impact of steroid therapy on clinical outcomes among adults admitted with CAP. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION We identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) through a systematic search of published literature up to July 2011. DATA EXTRACTION We estimated relative risks (RR) and weighted mean differences, pooled from each study using a random effects model. DATA SYNTHESIS Eight RCTs, comprising 1119 patients, met our selection criteria. Overall quality of the studies was moderate. Adjunctive steroid therapy had no effect on hospital mortality or length of stay in the intensive care unit, but reduced the overall length of hospital stay (RR: -1.21 days [95% confidence interval (CI): -2.12 to -0.29]). Less robust data also demonstrated reduced incidence of delayed shock (RR: 0.12 [95% CI: 0.03 to 0.41]) and reduced persistence of chest x-ray abnormalities (RR: 0.13 [95% CI: 0.06 to 0.27]). A priori subgroup and sensitivity analyses did not alter these findings. CONCLUSIONS Moderate-quality evidence suggests that adjunctive steroid therapy for adults hospitalized with CAP reduced the length of hospital stay but did not alter mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Shafiq
- Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Yang H, Ko HJ, Yang JY, Kim JJ, Seo SU, Park SG, Choi SS, Seong JK, Kweon MN. Interleukin-1 promotes coagulation, which is necessary for protective immunity in the lung against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. J Infect Dis 2012; 207:50-60. [PMID: 23100560 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1 is a well-known cytokine for the initiation of innate immunity in bacterial infection. However, the underlying mechanism of IL-1 on the respiratory infection is not fully elucidated. We studied how IL-1 contributes to the host defense against Streptococcus pneumoniae. IL-1R(-/-) mice showed high mortality, local cytokine storm, and substantial infiltrates in the lower respiratory tract after intratracheal challenge with S. pneumoniae. The IL-1-deficient condition did not suppress the propagation of bacteria in the lung, although the recruitment and the bacteria-killing ability of neutrophils (CD11b(+)Ly6C(+)Ly6G(+)) were not defective compared with wild-type mice. Unexpectedly, we found that the transcription of fibrinogen alpha and gamma genes were highly activated in the lungs of wild-type mice after the infection, whereas no significant changes were found in IL-1R(-/-) mice. Of note, synthesis of fibrinogen was dependent on the IL-1-IL-6-Stat3 cascade. Treatment with recombinant fibrinogen improved survival and bacterial propagation in the IL-1R(-/-) mice and blockade of the coagulation increased the susceptibility of wild-type mice to pneumococcal pneumonia. Our findings suggest that IL-1 signaling leads to the synthesis of fibrinogen in the lung after pneumococcus infection and is followed by coagulation, which contributes to the control of bacterial infection in the pulmonary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjun Yang
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory Science Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 151-818, Korea
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Hoogendijk AJ, Roelofs JJTH, Duitman J, van Lieshout MHP, Blok DC, van der Poll T, Wieland CW. R-roscovitine reduces lung inflammation induced by lipoteichoic acid and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mol Med 2012; 18:1086-95. [PMID: 22692577 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia remains associated with high morbidity and mortality. The gram-positive pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is an important proinflammatory component of the gram-positive bacterial cell wall. R-roscovitine, a purine analog, is a potent cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-1, -2, -5 and -7 inhibitor that has the ability to inhibit the cell cycle and to induce polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) apoptosis. We sought to investigate the effect of R-roscovitine on LTA-induced activation of cell lines with relevance for lung inflammation in vitro and on lung inflammation elicited by either LTA or viable S. pneumoniae in vivo. In vitro R-roscovitine enhanced apoptosis in PMNs and reduced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) production in MH-S (alveolar macrophage) and MLE-12/MLE-15 (respiratory epithelial) cell lines. In vivo R-roscovitine treatment reduced PMN numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid during LTA-induced lung inflammation; this effect was reversed by inhibiting apoptosis. Postponed treatment with R-roscovitine (24 and 72 h) diminished PMN numbers in lung tissue during gram-positive pneumonia; this step was associated with a transient increase in pulmonary bacterial loads. R-roscovitine inhibits proinflammatory responses induced by the gram-positive stimuli LTA and S. pneumoniae. R-roscovitine reduces PMN numbers in lungs upon LTA administration by enhancing apoptosis. The reduction in PMN numbers caused by R-roscovitine during S. pneumoniae pneumonia may hamper antibacterial defense.
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CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein δ facilitates bacterial dissemination during pneumococcal pneumonia in a platelet-activating factor receptor-dependent manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:9113-8. [PMID: 22615380 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1202641109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein δ (C/EBPδ) recently emerged as an essential player in the inflammatory response to bacterial infections. C/EBPδ levels increase rapidly after a proinflammatory stimulus, and increasing C/EBPδ levels seem to be indispensable for amplification of the inflammatory response. Here we aimed to elucidate the role of C/EBPδ in host defense in community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia. We show that C/EBPδ(-/-) mice are relatively resistant to pneumococcal pneumonia, as indicated by delayed and reduced mortality, diminished outgrowth of pneumococci in lungs, and reduced dissemination of the infection. Moreover, expression of platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR), which is known to potentiate bacterial translocation of gram-positive bacteria, was significantly reduced during infection in C/EBPδ(-/-) mice compared with WT controls. Importantly, cell stimulation experiments revealed that C/EBPδ potentiates PAFR expression induced by lipoteichoic acid and pneumococci. Thus, C/EBPδ exaggerates bacterial dissemination during Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced pulmonary infection, suggesting an important role for PAFR-dependent bacterial translocation.
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Lin KH, Hsu AP, Shien JH, Chang TJ, Liao JW, Chen JR, Lin CF, Hsu WL. Avian reovirus sigma C enhances the mucosal and systemic immune responses elicited by antigen-conjugated lactic acid bacteria. Vaccine 2012; 30:5019-29. [PMID: 22531554 PMCID: PMC7115360 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are common sites of pathogen colonization/entry. Effective mucosal immunity by vaccination should provide protection at this primary infection site. Our aim was to develop a new vaccination strategy that elicits a mucosal immune response. A new strain of Enterococcus faecium, a non pathogenic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with strong cell adhesion ability, was identified and used as a vaccine vector to deliver two model antigens. Specifically, sigma (σ) C protein of avian reovirus (ARV), a functional homolog of mammalian reovirus σ1 protein and responsible for M-cell targeting, was administered together with a subfragment of the spike protein of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Next, the effect of immunization route on the immune response was assessed by delivering the antigens via the LAB strain. Intranasal (IN) immunization induced stronger humoral responses than intragastic (IG) immunization. IN immunization produced antigen specific IgA both systemically and in the lungs. A higher IgA titer was induced by the LAB with ARV σC protein attached. Moreover, the serum of mice immunized with LAB displaying divalent antigens had much stronger immune reactivity against ARV σC protein compared to IBV-S1. Our results indicate that ARV σC protein delivered by LAB via the IN route elicits strong mucosal immunity. A needle-free delivery approach is a convenient and cost effective method of vaccine administration, especially for respiratory infections in economic animals. Furthermore, ARV σC, a strong immunogen of ARV, may be able to serve as an immunoenhancer for other vaccines, especially avian vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Hsun Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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