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Simkin J, Aloysius A, Adam M, Safaee F, Donahue RR, Biswas S, Lakhani Z, Gensel JC, Thybert D, Potter S, Seifert AW. Tissue-resident macrophages specifically express Lactotransferrin and Vegfc during ear pinna regeneration in spiny mice. Dev Cell 2024; 59:496-516.e6. [PMID: 38228141 PMCID: PMC10922778 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The details of how macrophages control different healing trajectories (regeneration vs. scar formation) remain poorly defined. Spiny mice (Acomys spp.) can regenerate external ear pinnae tissue, whereas lab mice (Mus musculus) form scar tissue in response to an identical injury. Here, we used this dual species system to dissect macrophage phenotypes between healing modes. We identified secreted factors from activated Acomys macrophages that induce a pro-regenerative phenotype in fibroblasts from both species. Transcriptional profiling of Acomys macrophages and subsequent in vitro tests identified VEGFC, PDGFA, and Lactotransferrin (LTF) as potential pro-regenerative modulators. Examining macrophages in vivo, we found that Acomys-resident macrophages secreted VEGFC and LTF, whereas Mus macrophages do not. Lastly, we demonstrate the requirement for VEGFC during regeneration and find that interrupting lymphangiogenesis delays blastema and new tissue formation. Together, our results demonstrate that cell-autonomous mechanisms govern how macrophages react to the same stimuli to differentially produce factors that facilitate regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Simkin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, LSU Health-New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Ajoy Aloysius
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Mike Adam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Fatemeh Safaee
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Renée R Donahue
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Shishir Biswas
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Zohaib Lakhani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, LSU Health-New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - John C Gensel
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - David Thybert
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, UK
| | - Steven Potter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ashley W Seifert
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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Hwang M, Savarin C, Kim J, Powers J, Towne N, Oh H, Bergmann CC. Trem2 deficiency impairs recovery and phagocytosis and dysregulates myeloid gene expression during virus-induced demyelination. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:267. [PMID: 36333761 PMCID: PMC9635103 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02629-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2) plays a protective role in neurodegenerative diseases. By contrast, Trem2 functions can exacerbate tissue damage during respiratory viral or liver infections. We, therefore, investigated the role of Trem2 in a viral encephalomyelitis model associated with prominent Th1 mediated antiviral immunity leading to demyelination. Methods Wild-type (WT) and Trem2 deficient (Trem2−/−) mice were infected with a sublethal glia tropic murine coronavirus (MHV–JHM) intracranially. Disease progression and survival were monitored daily. Leukocyte accumulation and pathological features including demyelination and axonal damage in spinal cords (SC) were determined by flow cytometry and tissue section immunofluorescence analysis. Expression of select inflammatory cytokines and chemokines was measured by RT-PCR and global myeloid cell gene expression in SC-derived microglia and infiltrated bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) were determined using the Nanostring nCounter platform. Results BMDM recruited to SCs in response to infection highly upregulated Trem2 mRNA compared to microglia coincident with viral control. Trem2 deficiency did not alter disease onset or severity, but impaired clinical recovery after onset of demyelination. Disease progression in Trem2−/− mice could not be attributed to altered virus control or an elevated proinflammatory response. A prominent difference was increased degenerated myelin not associated with the myeloid cell markers IBA1 and/or CD68. Gene expression profiles of SC-derived microglia and BMDM further revealed that Trem2 deficiency resulted in impaired upregulation of phagocytosis associated genes Lpl and Cd36 in microglia, but a more complex pattern in BMDM. Conclusions Trem2 deficiency during viral-induced demyelination dysregulates expression of other select genes regulating phagocytic pathways and lipid metabolism, with distinct effects on microglia and BMDM. The ultimate failure to remove damaged myelin is reminiscent of toxin or autoimmune cell-induced demyelination models and supports that Trem2 function is regulated by sensing tissue damage including a dysregulated lipid environment in very distinct inflammatory environments. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02629-1.
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Simats A, García-Berrocoso T, Penalba A, Giralt D, Llovera G, Jiang Y, Ramiro L, Bustamante A, Martinez-Saez E, Canals F, Wang X, Liesz A, Rosell A, Montaner J. CCL23: a new CC chemokine involved in human brain damage. J Intern Med 2018; 283:461-475. [PMID: 29415332 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CCL23 role in the inflammatory response after acute brain injuries remains elusive. Here, we evaluated whether CCL23 blood levels associate with acquired cerebral lesions and determined CCL23 predictive capacity for assessing stroke prognosis. We used preclinical models to study the CCL23 homologous chemokines in rodents, CCL9 and CCL6. METHODS Baseline CCL23 blood levels were determined on 245 individuals, including ischaemic strokes (IS), stroke mimics and controls. Temporal profile of circulating CCL23 was explored from baseline to 24 h in 20 of the IS. In an independent cohort of 120 IS with a 3-month follow-up, CCL23 blood levels were included in logistic regression models to predict IS outcome. CCL9/CCL6 cerebral expression was evaluated in rodent models of brain damage. Both chemokines were also profiled in circulation and histologically located on brain following ischaemia. RESULTS Baseline CCL23 blood levels did not discriminate IS, but permitted an accurate discrimination of patients presenting acute brain lesions (P = 0.003). IS exhibited a continuous increase from baseline to 24 h in circulating CCL23 (P < 0.001). Baseline CCL23 blood levels resulted an independent predictor of IS outcome at hospital discharge (ORadj : 19.702 [1.815-213.918], P = 0.014) and mortality after 3 months (ORadj : 21.47 [3.434-134.221], P = 0.001). In preclinics, expression of rodent chemokines in neurons following cerebral lesions was elevated. CCL9 circulating levels decreased early after ischaemia (P < 0.001), whereas CCL6 did not alter within the first 24 h after ischaemia. CONCLUSIONS Although preclinical models do not seem suitable to characterize CCL23, it might be a novel promising biomarker for the early diagnosis of cerebral lesions and might facilitate the prediction of stroke patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Simats
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - T García-Berrocoso
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Penalba
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Giralt
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Llovera
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum de Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Y Jiang
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - L Ramiro
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Bustamante
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Martinez-Saez
- Neuropathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Canals
- Proteomics Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - X Wang
- Proteomics Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Liesz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum de Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - A Rosell
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Herndon NL, Bandyopadhyay S, Hod EA, Prestia KA. Sustained-Release Buprenorphine Improves Postsurgical Clinical Condition but Does Not Alter Survival or Cytokine Levels in a Murine Model of Polymicrobial Sepsis. Comp Med 2016; 66:455-462. [PMID: 28304248 PMCID: PMC5157960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) is a common technique for studying sepsis in mice. Because of the invasiveness of the procedure and its effects on clinical condition, many animal care and use committees require the use of analgesics with CLP. However, some analgesics have immunomodulatory effects and thus can hinder the overall research outcomes of a project. Here we sought to determine the effects of buprenorphine hydrochloride (Bup HCl) compared with sustained-release buprenorphine (Bup SR) on clinical condition, plasma concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP) 1 and IL6, and overall mortality in a murine CLP model of sepsis. Male C57/BL6 mice underwent CLP surgery and received Bup HCl or Bup SR as a component of an IACUCapproved analgesic dosing regimen. Mice were observed twice daily for clinical condition scoring by the same blinded investigator for the duration of the study. MCP1 and IL6 levels and mortality did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. Scoring of clinical condition revealed a significant decrease in behaviors associated with perceived pain at 12 and 24 h postoperatively in mice in the Bup SR group compared with the Bup HCl group. Because of the lack of significant effect on MCP1 and IL6 levels and mortality and the superior analgesic effects of Bup SR, we recommend the use of Bup SR for analgesia during the murine CLP model of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Herndon
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York;,
| | - Sheila Bandyopadhyay
- Laboratory of Transfusion Biology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Eldad A Hod
- Laboratory of Transfusion Biology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Kevin A Prestia
- Laboratory of Transfusion Biology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; and Division of Comparative Medicine, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York
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Romero R, Chaemsaithong P, Docheva N, Korzeniewski SJ, Tarca AL, Bhatti G, Xu Z, Kusanovic JP, Dong Z, Yoon BH, Hassan SS, Chaiworapongsa T, Yeo L, Kim YM, Kim YM. Clinical chorioamnionitis at term V: umbilical cord plasma cytokine profile in the context of a systemic maternal inflammatory response. J Perinat Med 2016; 44:53-76. [PMID: 26360486 PMCID: PMC5625297 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2015-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microbial invasion of the fetus due to intra-amniotic infection can lead to a systemic inflammatory response characterized by elevated concentrations of cytokines in the umbilical cord plasma/serum. Clinical chorioamnionitis represents the maternal syndrome often associated with intra-amniotic infection, although other causes of this syndrome have been recently described. The objective of this study was to characterize the umbilical cord plasma cytokine profile in neonates born to mothers with clinical chorioamnionitis at term, according to the presence or absence of bacteria and/or intra-amniotic inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted, including patients with clinical chorioamnionitis at term (n=38; cases) and those with spontaneous term labor without clinical chorioamnionitis (n=77; controls). Women with clinical chorioamnionitis were classified according to the results of amniotic fluid culture, broad-range polymerase chain reaction coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PCR/ESI-MS) and amniotic fluid interleukin (IL)-6 concentration into three groups: 1) no intra-amniotic inflammation; 2) intra-amniotic inflammation without detectable microorganisms; or 3) microbial-associated intra-amniotic inflammation. A fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS) was defined as an umbilical cord plasma IL-6 concentration >11 pg/mL. The umbilical cord plasma concentrations of 29 cytokines were determined with sensitive and specific V-PLEX immunoassays. Nonparametric statistical methods were used for analysis, adjusting for a false discovery rate of 5%. RESULTS 1) Neonates born to mothers with clinical chorioamnionitis at term (considered in toto) had significantly higher median umbilical cord plasma concentrations of IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-16, IL-13, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-8, but significantly lower interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF)-α concentrations than neonates born to mothers with spontaneous term labor without clinical chorioamnionitis; 2) neonates born to mothers with clinical chorioamnionitis at term but without intra-amniotic inflammation had higher concentrations of IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-8, but lower IFN-γ, than neonates not exposed to clinical chorioamnionitis, suggesting that maternal fever in the absence of intra-amniotic inflammation leads to a change in the fetal cytokine network; 3) there were significant, positive correlations between maternal and umbilical cord plasma IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations (IL-6: Spearman correlation=0.53; P<0.001; IL-8: Spearman correlation=0.42; P<0.001), consistent with placental transfer of cytokines; 4) an elevated fetal plasma IL-6 (>11 pg/mL), the diagnostic criterion for FIRS, was present in 21% of cases (8/38), and all these neonates were born to mothers with proven intra-amniotic infection; and 5) FIRS was associated with a high concentration of umbilical cord plasma IL-8, IL-10 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1. CONCLUSIONS Neonates born to mothers with clinical chorioamnionitis at term had higher concentrations of umbilical cord plasma cytokines than those born to mothers without clinical chorioamnionitis. Even neonates exposed to clinical chorioamnionitis but not to intra-amniotic inflammation had elevated concentrations of multiple cytokines, suggesting that intrapartum fever alters the fetal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,Department of Molecular Obstetrics and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Piya Chaemsaithong
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nikolina Docheva
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Steven J. Korzeniewski
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Adi L. Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Gaurav Bhatti
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Zhonghui Xu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Juan P. Kusanovic
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Center for Research and Innovation in Maternal-Fetal Medicine (CIMAF). Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sótero del Río Hospital, Santiago, Chile,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Zhong Dong
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Bo Hyun Yoon
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sonia S. Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lami Yeo
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yeon Mee Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Pathology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan Korea
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Delvecchio FR, Vadrucci E, Cavalcanti E, De Santis S, Kunde D, Vacca M, Myers J, Allen F, Bianco G, Huang AY, Monsurro V, Santino A, Chieppa M. Polyphenol administration impairs T-cell proliferation by imprinting a distinct dendritic cell maturational profile. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2638-49. [PMID: 26096294 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Currently little is known as to how nutritionally derived compounds may affect dendritic cell (DC) maturation and potentially prevent inappropriate inflammatory responses that are characteristic of chronic inflammatory syndromes. Previous observations have demonstrated that two polyphenols quercetin and piperine delivered through reconstituted oil bodies (ROBs-QP) can influence DC maturation in response to LPS leading to a modulated inflammatory response. In the present study, we examined the molecular effects of ROBs-QP exposure on DC differentiation in mice and identified a unique molecular signature in response to LPS administration that potentially modulates DC maturation and activity in inflammatory conditions. Following LPS administration, ROBs-QP-exposed DCs expressed an altered molecular profile as compared with control DCs, including cytokine and chemokine production, chemokine receptor repertoire, and antigen presentation ability. In vivo ROBs-QP administration suppresses antigen-specific T-cell division in the draining lymph nodes resulting from a reduced ability to create stable immunological synapse. Our data demonstrate that polyphenols exposure can drive DCs toward a new anti-inflammatory molecular profile capable of dampening the inflammatory response, highlighting their potential as complementary nutritional approaches in the treatment of chronic inflammatory syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Vadrucci
- IRCCS "de Bellis", Laboratory of Experimental Immunopathology, Castellana Grotte, BA, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Cavalcanti
- IRCCS "de Bellis", Laboratory of Experimental Immunopathology, Castellana Grotte, BA, Italy
| | - Stefania De Santis
- IRCCS "de Bellis", Laboratory of Experimental Immunopathology, Castellana Grotte, BA, Italy
| | - Dale Kunde
- School of Health Science, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Michele Vacca
- Mario Negri Sud, Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Santa Maria Imbaro, CH, Italy
| | - Jay Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Frederick Allen
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Giusy Bianco
- IRCCS "de Bellis", Laboratory of Experimental Immunopathology, Castellana Grotte, BA, Italy
| | - Alex Y Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Vladia Monsurro
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostic, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy
| | - Angelo Santino
- CNR, Institute of Science of Food Production, Lecce, Italy
| | - Marcello Chieppa
- IRCCS "de Bellis", Laboratory of Experimental Immunopathology, Castellana Grotte, BA, Italy
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7
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Zhao HQ, Li WM, Lu ZQ, Sheng ZY, Yao YM. The growing spectrum of anti-inflammatory interleukins and their potential roles in the development of sepsis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 35:242-51. [PMID: 25517926 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, recognized as a deadly immunological disorder, is one of the major causes of death in intensive care units globally. Traditionally, sepsis was characterized by an excessive systemic proinflammatory response to invasive microbial pathogens. However, failures of highly sophisticated trials directed toward the uncontrolled inflammatory reaction have led to an appeal by experts for reevaluation of the present approach toward sepsis. With accumulated evidence, a principal role for immunosuppression in severe sepsis has been evaluated. Different pathways of negative regulation in the pathophysiological process of sepsis have been investigated. Significant among these regulatory elements are the anti-inflammatory cytokines. In the past few years, several interleukins (ILs) have been identified and characterized, among which IL-35 and IL-37 represent newly identified ones in the spectrum of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In this study, we focus on regulatory cytokines of the IL family (including the old members: IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13, and newly discovered ones: IL-35 and IL-37) to address current knowledge regarding their structural and functional characteristics as well as their roles in the development of sepsis. Although the exact roles for these cytokines are pending further elucidation, the current advances in our understanding of mechanisms that regulate the immune responses during severe sepsis may lead to the identification of new diagnostic or treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-qiang Zhao
- 1 Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army, the Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing, People's Republic of China
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8
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Kayser O, Masihi KN, Kiderlen AF. Natural products and synthetic compounds as immunomodulators. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 1:319-35. [PMID: 15482127 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.1.2.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Research on immunomodulation by natural products or synthetic derivatives is of key interest for anti-infective therapy for a number of reasons. Many plant remedies well-known in traditional medicine or refined natural products in clinical use exert their anti-infective effects not only (if at all) by directly affecting the pathogen. At least part of their effect is indirect, by stimulating natural and adaptive defense mechanisms of the host. These findings have now given many empirical therapies a rationale, scientific basis and thereby a means for 'intelligent' improvement. In discovering the molecular mechanisms by which known remedies exert their effects, chosen elements further down the 'chain of command' might be synthesized and applied directly for more rapid and selective cure, omitting unwanted side effects. The direct use of recombinant cytokines, often in combination with antibiotics, is one consequence of this rationale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kayser
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Goswami M, Sharma D, Khan NM, Checker R, Sandur SK, Jawali N. Antioxidant supplementation enhances bacterial peritonitis in mice by inhibiting phagocytosis. J Med Microbiol 2013; 63:355-366. [PMID: 24307637 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.067173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants are known to exhibit numerous health benefits including anti-ageing, anti-apoptotic and immuno-stimulatory effects. However, we present the data showing counterproductive effects of therapeutically relevant antioxidants on bacterial clearance by the immune system in a murine peritonitic model. The antioxidants ascorbic acid, glutathione and N-acetylcysteine augmented morbidity and mortality in mice carrying Eshcerichia coli-induced acute bacterial peritonitis. Treatment of peritonitic mice with antioxidants significantly increased their bacterial load in the range of 0.3-2 logs. Antioxidant administration to peritonitic mice resulted in decreased numbers of macrophages, B-cells and dendritic cells at the primary site of infection and increased neutrophil infiltration. Serum TNF-α levels were also decreased in antioxidant-treated peritonitic mice. In vitro experiments showed that antioxidants reduced the phagocytic efficacy of peritoneal macrophages by ~60-75% and also decreased E. coli-induced oxidative burst in macrophages cells. Taken together, our data indicate that the antioxidants increased the severity of peritonitis by decreasing the phagocytic efficiency, oxidative burst, and TNF-α production, and increasing neutrophil infiltration. Based on these results, we propose that antioxidant supplementation during the course of bacterial infection is not recommended as it could be detrimental for the host. In addition, the present study underlines the importance of timing and context of antioxidant administration rather than indiscriminate usage to gain the best possible therapeutic advantage of these redox compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Goswami
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Nazir M Khan
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Rahul Checker
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Sandur
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Narendra Jawali
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
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10
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Jiang N, Zheng YH, Chen XJ, Qiu C, Zhang XF, Wen SH, Bian GX. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a mouse ccl6 analog gene in the rat. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:3889-98. [PMID: 23212328 DOI: 10.4238/2012.november.12.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Suppression subtractive hybridization was used to analyze differential expression of genes in rat peritoneal macrophages after granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor treatment. We identified and cloned the mouse C10 analog gene in the rat, and named it as ccl6. The full-length cDNA of rat ccl6 was 467 bp, which contains a single-open reading frame and encodes 116 amino acid residues. Compared with other C-C chemokines, the rat ccl6 gene had an unusual four-exon genome structure instead of the typical three exons, it had the highest homology with murine ccl6. The rat ccl6 gene was localized on chromosome 10, where most of the C-C chemokine superfamily members are located. The recombinant rat C-C chemokine ligand 6 (CCL6) protein was expressed by the pGEX4T-1 plasmid in Escherichia coli BL21. The purified recombinant protein had bioactivity similar to that of mouse CCL6, which is a chemoattractant for macrophages and lymphocytes, but not for neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Military Region, General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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11
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Núñez V, Alameda D, Rico D, Mota R, Gonzalo P, Cedenilla M, Fischer T, Boscá L, Glass CK, Arroyo AG, Ricote M. Retinoid X receptor alpha controls innate inflammatory responses through the up-regulation of chemokine expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:10626-31. [PMID: 20498053 PMCID: PMC2890831 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0913545107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha) plays a central role in the regulation of many intracellular receptor signaling pathways and can mediate ligand-dependent transcription by forming homodimers or heterodimers with other nuclear receptors. Although several members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily have emerged as important regulators of macrophage gene expression, the existence in vivo of an RXR signaling pathway in macrophages has not been established. Here, we provide evidence that RXRalpha regulates the transcription of the chemokines Ccl6 and Ccl9 in macrophages independently of heterodimeric partners. Mice lacking RXRalpha in myeloid cells exhibit reduced levels of CCL6 and CCL9, impaired recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation, and lower susceptibility to sepsis. These studies demonstrate that macrophage RXRalpha plays key roles in the regulation of innate immunity and represents a potential target for immunotherapy of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rubén Mota
- bVascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Pilar Gonzalo
- bVascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | | | - Thierry Fischer
- cDepartment of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- dInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28029, Spain; and
| | - Christopher K. Glass
- eDepartment of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Alicia G. Arroyo
- bVascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Mercedes Ricote
- Departments of aRegenerative Cardiology and
- 3To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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12
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Chegini N. Proinflammatory and profibrotic mediators: principal effectors of leiomyoma development as a fibrotic disorder. Semin Reprod Med 2010; 28:180-203. [PMID: 20414842 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1251476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Leiomyomas are believed to derive from the transformation of myometrial smooth muscle cells/connective tissue fibroblasts. Although the identity of the molecule(s) that initiate such cellular transformation and orchestrate subsequent growth is still unknown, conventional evidence indicates that ovarian steroids are essential for leiomyoma growth. Ovarian steroid action in their target cell/tissue is mediated in part through local expression of various growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines. These autocrine/paracrine molecules with proinflammatory and profibrotic activities serve as major contributing factors in regulating cellular transformation, cell growth and apoptosis, angiogenesis, cellular hypertrophy, and excess tissue turnover, events central to leiomyoma growth. This review addresses the key regulatory functions of proinflammatory and profibrotic mediators and their molecular mechanisms, downstream signaling that regulates cellular events that result in transformation, and commitments of specific cells into forming a cellular environment with a possible role in development and subsequent growth of leiomyomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Chegini
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.
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13
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Galzi JL, Hachet-Haas M, Bonnet D, Daubeuf F, Lecat S, Hibert M, Haiech J, Frossard N. Neutralizing endogenous chemokines with small molecules. Principles and potential therapeutic applications. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 126:39-55. [PMID: 20117133 PMCID: PMC7112609 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of cellular responses to external stimuli such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or cytokines is achieved through the control of all steps of the complex cascade starting with synthesis, going through maturation steps, release, distribution, degradation and/or uptake of the signalling molecule interacting with the target protein. One possible way of regulation, referred to as scavenging or neutralization of the ligand, has been increasingly studied, especially for small protein ligands. It shows innovative potential in chemical biology approaches as well as in disease treatment. Neutralization of protein ligands, as for example cytokines or chemokines can lead to the validation of signalling pathways under physiological or pathophysiological conditions, and in certain cases, to the development of therapeutic molecules now used in autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation and cancer treatment. This review explores the field of ligand neutralization and tries to determine to what extent small chemical molecules could substitute for neutralizing antibodies in therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Galzi
- IREBS, FRE3211, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67412 Illkirch, France.
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14
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Devi Ramnath R, Weing S, He M, Sun J, Zhang H, Singh Bawa M, Bhatia M. Inflammatory mediators in sepsis: Cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules and gases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/17471060500435662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Wang P, Gong G, Wei Z, Li Y. Ethyl pyruvate prevents intestinal inflammatory response and oxidative stress in a rat model of extrahepatic cholestasis. J Surg Res 2009; 160:228-35. [PMID: 19628226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 03/01/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ringer's ethyl pyruvate solution (REPS) has been shown to ameliorate liver injury in a murine model of extrahepatic cholestasis. The goal of the present investigation was to gain additional information about whether infusing REPS instead of Ringer's lactate solution (RLS) after inducing obstructive jaundice would be beneficial to intestinal barrier function, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups: Group Sham (n=6), sham-treated controls; Group RLS (n=9), common bile duct ligation (CBDL) plus RLS; and Group REPS (n=9), CBDL plus REPS. On 14 d after BDL, the rats were sacrificed and intestinal permeability was analyzed. Ileal IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and NF-kappaB activity were determined. Histologic examination and apoptosis of ileum were also examined. RESULTS Relative to sham-treated controls, CBDL in RLS-treated rats were associated with increased intestinal permeability to FITC-labeled dextran (4.51+/-0.85 versus 0.44+/-0.18, P<0.01), histopathologic damage and apoptosis (68.4+/-13.4 versus 6.7+/-1.9 pre-1000 villi cells, P<0.01). IL-6 and TNF-alpha level, MDA, MPO, and NF-kappaB activity in ileal tissues were also promoted, along with decreased GSH levels. Treatment with REPS significantly decreased intestinal permeability (3.37+/-0.71, P<0.01) and apoptosis (42.8+/-14.3 pre-1000 villi cells, P<0.01). Other changes were also significantly attenuated by treatment with REPS after CBDL. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that administration of REPS, but not RLS, maintains intestinal barrier function and reduces intestinal oxidative damage, inflammatory response, and apoptosis in cholestatic rats. This effect of ethyl pyruvate may be useful for preventing intestinal injury in patients with biliary obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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16
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van Till JWO, van Veen SQ, van Ruler O, Lamme B, Gouma DJ, Boermeester MA. The innate immune response to secondary peritonitis. Shock 2007; 28:504-17. [PMID: 17589378 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e318063e6ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Secondary peritonitis continues to cause high morbidity and mortality despite improvements in medical and surgical therapy. This review combines data from published literature, focusing on molecular patterns of inflammation in pathophysiology and prognosis during peritonitis. Orchestration of the innate immune response is essential. To clear the microbial infection, activation and attraction of leukocytes are essential and beneficial, just like the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Exaggeration of these inflammatory systems leads to tissue damage and organ failure. Nonsurvivors have increased proinflammation, complement activation, coagulation, and chemotaxis. In these patients, anti-inflammatory systems are decreased in blood and lungs, whereas the abdominal compartment shows decreased neutrophil activation and decreased or stationary chemokine and cytokine levels. A later down-regulation of proinflammatory mediators with concomitant overexpression of anti-inflammatory mediators leads to immunoparalysis and failure to clear residual bacterial load, resulting in the occurrence of superimposed infections. Thus, in patients with adverse outcome, the inflammatory reaction is no longer contained within the abdomen, and the inflammatory response has shifted to other compartments. For the understanding of the host response to secondary peritonitis, it is essential to realize that the defense systems presumably are expressed differently and, in part, autonomously in different compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Olivier van Till
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Coelho AL, Schaller MA, Benjamim CF, Orlofsky AZ, Hogaboam CM, Kunkel SL. The chemokine CCL6 promotes innate immunity via immune cell activation and recruitment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:5474-82. [PMID: 17911634 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.8.5474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Septic syndrome is a consequence of innate immune failure. Recent studies showed that the CC chemokine CCL6 enhanced antimicrobial immunity during experimental sepsis through an unknown mechanism. The present study demonstrates that transgenic CCL6 expression abolishes mortality in a septic peritonitis model via the modulation of resident peritoneal cell activation and, more importantly, through the recruitment of IFN-producing NK cells and killer dendritic cells into the peritoneum. Thus, CCL6 attenuates the immune failure during sepsis, in part, through a protective type 1-cytokine mediated mechanism.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokines, CC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemokines, CC/physiology
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Immunity, Innate
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Macrophage Activation/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/cytology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peritoneum/cytology
- Peritoneum/immunology
- Peritoneum/metabolism
- Peritonitis/immunology
- Peritonitis/metabolism
- Peritonitis/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Coelho
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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18
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Feng X, Liu J, Yu M, Zhu S, Xu J. Protective roles of hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 in intestinal inflammatory response and survival in rats challenged with polymicrobial sepsis. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 376:60-7. [PMID: 16942763 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2006.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Revised: 07/09/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut is considered an important target organ of injury after severe insult such as sepsis, trauma and shock. Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4 has been developed to improve the pharmacokinetics of current medium molecular weight HES solutions. We investigated the protective effects of HES 130/0.4 on intestinal inflammatory response and survival in a rat polymicrobial sepsis model induced by cecal ligation and puncture. METHODS Animals were treated with HES 130/0.4 or saline at 4, 10, 16 or 22 h after the induction of sepsis or sham-operation and were sacrificed 2 h after resuscitation. Intestines were harvested for measurement of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-10 and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) production by EELISA; intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) mRNA expression by reverse-transcription PCR; nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) by electrophoretic mobility shift assay; neutrophil sequestration by myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay; intestinal permeability by fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran assay. In addition, the role of HES 130/0.4 in rat survival was observed. RESULTS Intestinal permeability was significantly decreased after HES 130/0.4 administration in septic rats, which was associated with a reduction in inflammatory mediators and NF-kappaB activation. Furthermore, early administration of HES 130/0.4 after septic insult resulted in greater decrease in inflammatory mediators. In addition, HES 130/0.4 co-administrated with antibiotics not HES 130/0.4 alone greatly improved the survival of septic rats. CONCLUSIONS HES 130/0.4 reduced intestinal permeability by modulating inflammatory response and had a promising effect on survival together with antibiotics under septic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, P. R. China
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19
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Matsukawa A, Kudoh S, Sano GI, Maeda T, Ito T, Lukacs NW, Hogaboam CM, Kunkel SL, Lira SA. Absence of CC chemokine receptor 8 enhances innate immunity during septic peritonitis. FASEB J 2005; 20:302-4. [PMID: 16384913 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-1728fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
An effective clearance of microbes is crucial in host defense during infection. In the present study, we demonstrate that CC chemokine receptor 8 (CCR8) skews innate immune response during septic peritonitis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). CCR8 was expressed in resident peritoneal macrophages and elicited leukocytes during CLP in the wild-type CCR8+/+ mice. CCR8-/- mice were resistant to CLP-induced lethality relative to CCR8+/+ mice, and this resistance was associated with an augmented bacterial clearance in CCR8-/- mice. In vitro, peritoneal macrophages from CCR8-/- mice, but not neutrophils, exhibited enhanced bactericidal activities relative to those from CCR8+/+ mice. Upon stimulation with the bacterial component LPS, elevated levels of superoxide generation, lysosomal enzyme release, and nitric oxide generation, effector molecules for bacterial killing were detected in CCR8-/- macrophages relative to CCR8+/+ macrophages. In addition, CCR8-/- macrophages produced significantly higher levels than CCR8+/+ macrophages of several cytokines and chemokines known to augment bactericidal activities of leukocytes that include TNF-alpha, IL-12, macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, and KC. Altogether, these results indicate that CCR8 may have a negative impact on host defense during septic peritonitis, providing a new paradigm for the role of CCR8 in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Matsukawa
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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20
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Berahovich RD, Miao Z, Wang Y, Premack B, Howard MC, Schall TJ. Proteolytic activation of alternative CCR1 ligands in inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:7341-51. [PMID: 15905581 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.7341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although chemokines CCL3/MIP-1alpha and CCL5/RANTES are considered to be primary CCR1 ligands in inflammatory responses, alternative CCR1 ligands have also been described. Indeed, four such chemokines, CCL6/C10/MIP-related protein-1, CCL9/MIP-1gamma/MIP-related protein-2, CCL15/MIP-1delta/hemofiltrate CC chemokine-2/leukotactin-1, and CCL23/CKbeta8/myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor-1, are unique in possessing a separately encoded N-terminal domain of 16-20 residues and two additional precisely positioned cysteines that form a third disulfide bridge. In vitro, these four chemokines are weak CCR1 agonists, but potency can be increased up to 1000-fold by engineered or expression-associated N-terminal truncations. We examined the ability of proinflammatory proteases, human cell supernatants, or physiological fluids to perform N-terminal truncations of these chemokines and thereby activate their functions. Remarkably, most of the proteases and fluids removed the N-terminal domains from all four chemokines, but were relatively unable to cleave the truncated forms further. The truncated chemokines exhibited up to 1000-fold increases in CCR1-mediated signaling and chemotaxis assays in vitro. In addition, N-terminally truncated CCL15/MIP-1delta and CCL23/CKbeta8, but not CCL3/MIP-1alpha or CCL5/RANTES, were detected at relatively high levels in synovial fluids from rheumatoid arthritis patients. These data suggest that alternative CCR1 ligands are converted into potent chemoattractants by proteases released during inflammatory responses in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Cathepsin G
- Cathepsins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokines, CC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Chymases
- Humans
- Hydrolysis
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Ligands
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Monokines/biosynthesis
- Monokines/metabolism
- Pancreatic Elastase/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, CCR1
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Synovial Fluid/enzymology
- Synovial Fluid/immunology
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21
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Noda S, Aguirre SA, Bitmansour A, Brown JM, Sparer TE, Huang J, Mocarski ES. Cytomegalovirus MCK-2 controls mobilization and recruitment of myeloid progenitor cells to facilitate dissemination. Blood 2005; 107:30-8. [PMID: 16046529 PMCID: PMC1895360 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-05-1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine cytomegalovirus encodes a secreted, pro-inflammatory chemokine-like protein, MCK-2, that recruits leukocytes and facilitates viral dissemination. We have shown that MCK-2-enhanced recruitment of myelomonocytic leukocytes with an immature phenotype occurs early during infection and is associated with efficient viral dissemination. Expression of MCK-2 drives the mobilization of a population of leukocytes from bone marrow that express myeloid marker Mac-1 (CD11b), intermediate levels of Gr-1 (Ly6 G/C), platelet-endothelial-cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1, CD31), together with heterogeneous levels of stem-cell antigen-1 (Sca-1, Ly-6 A /E). Recombinant MCK-2 mediates recruitment of this population even in the absence of viral infection. Recruitment of this cell population and viral dissemination via the bloodstream to salivary glands proceeds normally in mice that lack CCR2 and MCP-1 (CCL2), suggesting that recruitment of macrophages is not a requisite component of pathogenesis. Thus, a systemic impact of MCK-2 enhances the normal host response and causes a marked increase in myelomonocytic recruitment with an immature phenotype to initial sites of infection. Mobilization influences levels of virus dissemination via the bloodstream to salivary glands and is dependent on a myelomonocytic cell type other than mature macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Noda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Fairchild Science Bldg, 299 Campus Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5124, USA
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22
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Coelho AL, Hogaboam CM, Kunkel SL. Chemokines provide the sustained inflammatory bridge between innate and acquired immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2005; 16:553-60. [PMID: 15967703 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review we focus on the role of chemokines in discreet areas of innate immunity and demonstrate that chemokines are key participants to not only the early inflammatory response to a foreign agent, but important to the sustained immune reaction. Our studies support the concept that a concerted and interactive innate and acquired immune reaction is key for an automatic, dynamic, sustained, and regulated response toward clearing foreign stimuli. It is imperative that the in vivo concept of innate and acquired immunity be considered a continuum of a global assault on a foreign agent and not as modes, which are independent of one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Coelho
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine Road, Rm M5214 Medical Science I, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0602, USA.
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23
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LaFleur AM, Lukacs NW, Kunkel SL, Matsukawa A. Role of CC chemokine CCL6/C10 as a monocyte chemoattractant in a murine acute peritonitis. Mediators Inflamm 2005; 13:349-55. [PMID: 15770051 PMCID: PMC1781581 DOI: 10.1080/09629350400014172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the role of CC chemokine CCL6/C10 in acute inflammation. Intraperitoneal injection of thioglycollate increased peritoneal CCL6, which peaked at 4 h and remained elevated at 48 h. Neutralization of CCL6 significantly inhibited the macrophage infiltration (34-48% reduction), but not other cell types, without decreasing the other CC chemokines known to attract monocytes/macrophages. CCL6 was expressed in peripheral eosinophils and elicited macrophages, but not in elicited neutrophils. Peritoneal CCL6 level was not decreased in granulocyte-depleted mice where eosinophil influx was significantly impaired. Thus, CCL6 appears to contribute to the macrophage infiltration that is independent of other CC chemokines. Eosinophils pre-store CCL6, but do not release CCL6 in the peritoneum in this model of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M LaFleur
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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24
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Ness TL, Carpenter KJ, Ewing JL, Gerard CJ, Hogaboam CM, Kunkel SL. CCR1 and CC chemokine ligand 5 interactions exacerbate innate immune responses during sepsis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 173:6938-48. [PMID: 15557190 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.11.6938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CCR1 has previously been shown to play important roles in leukocyte trafficking, pathogen clearance, and the type 1/type 2 cytokine balance, although very little is known about its role in the host response during sepsis. In a cecal ligation and puncture model of septic peritonitis, CCR1-deficient (CCR1(-/-)) mice were significantly protected from the lethal effects of sepsis when compared with wild-type (WT) controls. The peritoneal and systemic cytokine profile in CCR1(-/-) mice was characterized by a robust, but short-lived and regulated antibacterial response. CCR1 expression was not required for leukocyte recruitment, suggesting critical differences extant in the activation of WT and CCR1(-/-) resident or recruited peritoneal cells during sepsis. Peritoneal macrophages isolated from naive CCR1(-/-) mice clearly demonstrated enhanced cytokine/chemokine generation and antibacterial responses compared with similarly treated WT macrophages. CCR1 and CCL5 interactions markedly altered the inflammatory response in vivo and in vitro. Administration of CCL5 increased sepsis-induced lethality in WT mice, whereas neutralization of CCL5 improved survival. CCL5 acted in a CCR1-dependent manner to augment production of IFN-gamma and MIP-2 to damaging levels. These data illustrate that the interaction between CCR1 and CCL5 modulates the innate immune response during sepsis, and both represent potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Ascitic Fluid/cytology
- Ascitic Fluid/immunology
- Ascitic Fluid/pathology
- Cecum
- Chemokine CCL5/biosynthesis
- Chemokine CCL5/deficiency
- Chemokine CCL5/genetics
- Chemokine CCL5/physiology
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/genetics
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Colony Count, Microbial
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Immunity, Innate
- Ligation
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Peritonitis/genetics
- Peritonitis/immunology
- Peritonitis/microbiology
- Peritonitis/mortality
- Punctures
- Receptors, CCR1
- Receptors, Chemokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Sepsis/genetics
- Sepsis/immunology
- Sepsis/microbiology
- Sepsis/mortality
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci L Ness
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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25
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Role of CC chemokine CCL6/C10 as a monocyte chemoattractant in a murine acute peritonitis. Mediators Inflamm 2004. [PMID: 15770051 PMCID: PMC1781581 DOI: 10.1155/s0962935104000511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the role of CC chemokine CCL6/C10 in acute inflammation. Intraperitoneal injection of thioglycollate increased peritoneal CCL6, which peaked at 4 h and remained elevated at 48 h. Neutralization of CCL6 significantly inhibited the macrophage infiltration (34-48% reduction), but not other cell types, without decreasing the other CC chemokines known to attract monocytes/macrophages. CCL6 was expressed in peripheral eosinophils and elicited macrophages, but not in elicited neutrophils. Peritoneal CCL6 level was not decreased in granulocyte-depleted mice where eosinophil influx was significantly impaired. Thus, CCL6 appears to contribute to the macrophage infiltration that is independent of other CC chemokines. Eosinophils pre-store CCL6, but do not release CCL6 in the peritoneum in this model of inflammation.
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26
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Ma B, Zhu Z, Homer RJ, Gerard C, Strieter R, Elias JA. The C10/CCL6 chemokine and CCR1 play critical roles in the pathogenesis of IL-13-induced inflammation and remodeling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:1872-81. [PMID: 14734772 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.3.1872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
IL-13 is a potent stimulator of inflammation and tissue remodeling that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of human disorders. To further understand these responses, studies were undertaken to define the role(s) of the chemokine C10/CCL6 in the pathogenesis of IL-13-induced alterations in the murine lung. IL-13 was a very potent stimulator of C10/CCL6 mRNA and protein, and IL-13-induced inflammation, alveolar remodeling, and compliance alterations were markedly ameliorated after C10/CCL6 neutralization. Treatment with anti-C10/CCL6 decreased the levels of mRNA encoding matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-4 (TIMP-4) in lungs from wild-type mice. C10/CCL6 neutralization also decreased the ability of IL-13 to stimulate the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha, MMP-2, MMP-9, and cathepsins-K, -L, and -S and the ability of IL-13 to inhibit alpha1-antitrypsin. In accord with these findings, a targeted null mutation of CCR1, a putative C10/CCL6 receptor, also decreased IL-13-induced inflammation and alveolar remodeling and caused alterations in chemokines, proteases, and antiproteases comparable to those seen after C10/CCL6 neutralization. These C10/CCL6 and CCR1 manipulations did not alter the production of transgenic IL-13. These studies demonstrate that IL-13 is a potent stimulator of C10/CCL6 and highlight the importance of C10/CCL6 and signaling via CCR1 in the pathogenesis of the IL-13-induced pulmonary phenotype. They also describe a C10/CCL6 target gene cascade in which C10/CCL6 induction is required for optimal IL-13 stimulation of selected chemokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and MIP-1alpha) and proteases (MMP-2, MMP-9, and cathepsins-K, -L, and -S) and the inhibition of alpha1-antitrypsin.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cathepsins/biosynthesis
- Chemokine CCL2/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CC/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokines, CC/immunology
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Chemokines, CC/physiology
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Immune Sera/administration & dosage
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/physiopathology
- Interleukin-13/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-13/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-13/genetics
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/physiopathology
- Lung Compliance/genetics
- Lung Compliance/immunology
- Lung Volume Measurements
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/biosynthesis
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protease Inhibitors/metabolism
- Pulmonary Alveoli/enzymology
- Pulmonary Alveoli/immunology
- Pulmonary Alveoli/pathology
- Receptors, CCR1
- Receptors, Chemokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ma
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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27
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Collighan N, Giannoudis PV, Kourgeraki O, Perry SL, Guillou PJ, Bellamy MC. Interleukin 13 and inflammatory markers in human sepsis. Br J Surg 2004; 91:762-8. [PMID: 15164448 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.4521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Interleukin (IL) 13 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that reduces inflammatory cytokine production, and enhances monocyte survival and MHC class II and CD23 expression. The only report of IL-13 in human sepsis noted no increase in IL-13 concentration, in contrast to animal data. This study further examined the expression of IL-13 in relation to human sepsis.
Methods
In a prospective observational study of 31 patients (24 men) with sepsis or septic shock, high-sensitivity enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) was used to quantify levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α on admission, and on days 1, 3, 5 and 7 thereafter. IL-13 and IL-2 were assayed by standard ELISA, and HLA-DR on CD14-positive monocytes was measured by flow cytometry.
Results
Twenty-three patients developed septic shock. Monocyte HLA-DR levels showed greater depression and a slower recovery in shocked than non-shocked patients. The serum IL-13 concentration was significantly higher in the shocked group from admission to day 3, but subsequently decreased to levels similar to those in the non-shocked group. IL-13 concentrations were higher in non-survivors. The TNF-α concentration was higher in those with septic shock than in those without. The TNF-α level correlated with IL-13 concentration (rS = 0·61, P = 0·002). The IL-13/TNF-α ratio was greater in patients with shock than those with sepsis only (P = 0·017). IL-2 was undetectable.
Conclusion
In human sepsis and septic shock, IL-13 correlated with TNF-α expression, but its effect on HLA-DR class II molecules remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Collighan
- Department of Anaesthesia, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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28
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Benjamim CF, Hogaboam CM, Lukacs NW, Kunkel SL. Septic mice are susceptible to pulmonary aspergillosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 163:2605-17. [PMID: 14633632 PMCID: PMC1892404 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinical data underscores the fact that subsequent high mortality rates occur in patients who survive acute septic episodes. Herein, we described a clinically relevant model of experimental sepsis that we believe will allow further investigation of the manner in which the pulmonary innate immune response is modulated after sepsis. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model, whereby the cecum was partially ligated and punctured nine times with a 21-gauge needle. This procedure was associated with 100% mortality at 3 days after surgery. In contrast, when mice subjected to CLP were treated with antibiotic beginning at 8 hours after surgery, and every 12 hours thereafter until 3 days, approximately 60% of the mice survived. Interestingly, CLP survivors quickly succumbed (100% mortality) to pulmonary infection when intratracheally challenged, at day 3 after CLP, with viable Aspergillus fumigatus conidia. No mortality was observed in conidia-challenged sham-operated mice. The defective innate immune response against A. fumigatus in CLP mice could not be explained by a failure of neutrophils to infiltrate the lungs. Instead, gene array analysis revealed that several components of the innate immune response, including the nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway, were down-regulated. Thus, we describe a system of sepsis-induced innate immune failure in the lungs of C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia F Benjamim
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0602, USA
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29
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Ness TL, Hogaboam CM, Strieter RM, Kunkel SL. Immunomodulatory role of CXCR2 during experimental septic peritonitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:3775-84. [PMID: 14500678 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.7.3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The loss of CXCR2 expression by neutrophils is a well-described, but poorly understood, consequence of clinical sepsis. To address the potential impact of this CXCR2 deficit during the septic response, we examined the role of CXCR2 in a murine model of septic peritonitis provoked by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). CLP-induced mouse mortality was significantly attenuated with i.v. or i.p. administration of an affinity-purified murine CXCR2-specific polyclonal Ab. Mouse survival required Ab administration before and every 2 days following CLP. Furthermore, mice deficient in CXCR2 (CXCR2(-/-)) were significantly protected against CLP-induced mortality compared with control (CXCR2(+/+)) mice. The anti-CXCR2 Ab treatment delayed, but did not completely inhibit, the recruitment of leukocytes, specifically neutrophils, into the peritoneal cavity. Peritoneal macrophages from anti-CXCR2 Ab-treated mice exhibited markedly increased RNA and protein levels of several key proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Specifically, isolated preparations of these cells released approximately 11-fold more CXCL10 protein compared with peritoneal macrophages from control-treated or naive mice. CXCR2(-/-) mice had higher resting and CLP-induced levels of peritoneal CXCL10 compared with CXCR2(+/+) mice. Administration of a neutralizing, affinity-purified, murine CXCL10-specific polyclonal Ab before CLP in wild-type mice and every 2 days after surgery significantly increased mortality compared with control Ab-treated mice. Anti-CXCL10 treatment in CXCR2(-/-) mice negated the protective effect associated with the absence of CXCR2. In summary, these data demonstrate that the absence of CXCR2 protects mice from septic injury potentially by delaying inflammatory cell recruitment and enhancing CXCL10 expression in the peritoneum.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/deficiency
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- Cecum
- Chemokine CXCL10
- Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Colony Count, Microbial
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Immune Sera/administration & dosage
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Injections, Intravenous
- Ligation
- Liver Failure/immunology
- Liver Failure/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
- Peritoneum/immunology
- Peritoneum/metabolism
- Peritonitis/immunology
- Peritonitis/microbiology
- Peritonitis/mortality
- Peritonitis/prevention & control
- Punctures
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/physiology
- Survival Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci L Ness
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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30
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Boontham P, Chandran P, Rowlands B, Eremin O. Surgical sepsis: dysregulation of immune function and therapeutic implications. Surgeon 2003; 1:187-206. [PMID: 15570763 DOI: 10.1016/s1479-666x(03)80018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is defined clinically as the systemic inflammatory response of the host to the documented systemic infection. The pathophysiological disturbance involves both the innate and adaptive immune systems encompassing cellular immunity, humoral components and the complement system. Dendritic cells (antigen-presenting cells) are key cells involved in the regulation of the immune response in sepsis, in particular in activating T cells and especially inducing the production and secretion of specific cytokines. These are the main mediators in establishing prominent disturbances of inflammation in patients with sepsis. The clinical features of the sepsis syndrome may vary from minor clinical disturbances to severe multiple organ failure and death of the host. Appropriate therapeutic strategies for patients with sepsis utilise conventional therapy and new novel forms of treatment, which are showing promise for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Boontham
- Department of Surgery, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH
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31
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Lundberg P, Cantin E. A potential role for CXCR3 chemokines in the response to ocular HSV infection. Curr Eye Res 2003; 26:137-50. [PMID: 12815542 DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.26.3.137.14898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Corneal infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) leads to the recruitment of immune cells to the eye itself, the trigeminal ganglion and the brainstem. In addition, some resident cells in these target tissues are infected by HSV, activated during the inflammatory response or both. Chemokine signaling is an important component of the regulatory circuit governing the host immune response to virus infection. This review discusses chemokine responses in relation to HSV infection of the cornea emphasizing the role of CXCR3 chemokine signaling by the IFN-gamma inducible ligands MIG, IP10 and I-TAC and includes discussion of their potential role in immunopathology in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patric Lundberg
- Department of Virology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA.
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32
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Oliveira SHP, Taub DD, Nagel J, Smith R, Hogaboam CM, Berlin A, Lukacs NW. Stem cell factor induces eosinophil activation and degranulation: mediator release and gene array analysis. Blood 2002; 100:4291-7. [PMID: 12453875 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v100.13.4291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are effector cells that play an important role in the damage induced by the allergic process by releasing inflammatory mediators and proteolytic factors after activation. Stem cell factor (SCF) is a primary cytokine involved in hematopoiesis and mast cell differentiation, proliferation, and activation. Studies have also indicated that SCF is directly involved in pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation. In the present study, we examined the ability of SCF to activate murine eosinophils for increased mediator release and up-regulation of chemokines. Initial data demonstrated that eosinophils have significant levels of surface c-kit protein, SCF receptor. SCF-activated eosinophils degranulate and release eosinophil peroxidase and leukotriene C(4) in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, SCF was further shown to induce the release of CC chemokines, RANTES, macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta (MIP-1beta), and C10 from eosinophils. To identify the extent of SCF-induced activation of eosinophils, we also performed gene array analysis using an array containing 1153 genes related to inflammation, including cytokines and their receptors, growth factors, structural and cytoskeletal genes, signal transduction genes as well as several other classes related to immune/inflammatory responses. The gene analysis indicated that more than 150 genes were significantly up-regulated in eosinophils after SCF stimulation. The gene array results were verified using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis to identify the expression of several chemokine and chemokine receptor genes. Altogether, these studies indicate that SCF is a potent eosinophil degranulator and activator that may play a number of roles during an inflammatory/immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra H P Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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33
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Takahashi K, Gordon J, Liu H, Sastry KN, Epstein JE, Motwani M, Laursen I, Thiel S, Jensenius JC, Carroll M, Ezekowitz RAB. Lack of mannose-binding lectin-A enhances survival in a mouse model of acute septic peritonitis. Microbes Infect 2002; 4:773-84. [PMID: 12270724 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(02)01597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The mannose-binding lectin (MBL) (also known as the mannose-binding protein) is a serum protein that plays a role as an "ante-antibody" in innate immunity. In man, MBL is encoded by a single gene, whereas in mice there are two homologous proteins, MBL-A and MBL-C. In order to evaluate the relative roles of these two forms of MBL, we created MBL-A null mice that were MBL-C sufficient. We found MBL-A null mice had enhanced survival in a septic peritonitis model compared to wild-type mice and complement 3 null mice at 24 h, 48 h and 10 d (P < 0.05). Reconstitution of these mice with human MBL reversed the phenotype. Surviving mice had significantly decreased TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels in the blood and peritoneal cavity (P < 0.01). In vitro studies indicate that bacteria opsonized with MBL-A-deficient serum induced significantly less cytokine by peritoneal macrophages compared to those with wild-type serum. Our results indicate that MBL-A is a modulator of inflammation in vivo and in vitro in the mouse and that the role of MBL may extend beyond its role as an opsonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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34
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Abstract
The last decade has seen the emergence of immunomodulators as promising therapeutic agents in infectious diseases. A diverse array of recombinant, synthetic and natural immunomodulatory preparations for prophylaxis and treatment of various infections are available today. Some of these substances, such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interferons, imiquimod and bacterial-derived preparations are already licensed for use in patients. Others including IL-12, various chemokines, synthetic cytosine phosphate-guanosine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides and glucans are being investigated extensively in clinical and preclinical studies. Immunomodulatory regimens offer an attractive approach as an adjunct modality for control of microbial diseases in the era of antibiotic resistance. Practical application of the advances in molecular biology, bioinformatics, genomic mining and high-throughput peptide synthesis should foster future discovery and development of novel immunomodulators contingent upon scientific evidence rather than dictates of discursive empiricism.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Masihi
- Robet Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
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35
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Matsukawa A, Kaplan MH, Hogaboam CM, Lukacs NW, Kunkel SL. Pivotal role of signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)4 and Stat6 in the innate immune response during sepsis. J Exp Med 2001; 193:679-88. [PMID: 11257135 PMCID: PMC2193416 DOI: 10.1084/jem.193.6.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)4 and Stat6 are transcription factors that provide type 1 and type 2 response, respectively. Here, we explored the role of Stat4 and Stat6 in innate immunity during septic peritonitis. Stat4-/- and Stat6-/- mice were resistant to the lethality compared with wild-type (WT) mice. At the mechanistic level, bacterial levels in Stat6-/- mice were much lower than in WT mice, which was associated with increased peritoneal levels of interleukin (IL)-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), and C10, known to enhance bacterial clearance. In Stat4-/- mice, hepatic inflammation and injury during sepsis were significantly ameliorated without affecting local responses. This event was associated with increased hepatic levels of IL-10 and IL-13, while decreasing those of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 and KC. Sepsis-induced renal injury was also abrogated in Stat4-/- mice, which was accompanied by decreased renal levels of MIP-2 and KC without altering IL-10 and IL-13 levels. Thus, Stat6-/- and Stat4-/- mice appeared to be resistant to septic peritonitis by enhancing local bacterial clearance and modulating systemic organ damage, respectively, via balancing cytokine responses. These results clearly highlight an important role of local type 1 and systemic type 2 cytokine response in protective immunity during sepsis, which can be regulated by Stat proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Matsukawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Department of Pathology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Mark H. Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Cory M. Hogaboam
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Nicholas W. Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Steven L. Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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