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Cabak A, Hovold G, Petersson AC, Ramstedt M, Påhlman LI. Activity of airway antimicrobial peptides against cystic fibrosis pathogens. Pathog Dis 2021; 78:5898671. [PMID: 32857857 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are important players of the innate host defence against invading microorganisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of airway antimicrobial peptides against the common cystic fibrosis (CF) pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and to compare it to the emerging multi-drug resistant CF pathogens Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Clinical bacterial isolates from CF patients were used, and the antimicrobial activity of human beta-defensin 2 and 3, LL37 and lysozyme was evaluated using radial diffusion assay and viable counts. The cell surface zeta potential was analysed to estimate the net charge at the bacterial surface. Of the bacterial species included in the study, A. xylosoxidans was the most resistant to antimicrobial peptides, whereas P. aeruginosa was the most susceptible. The net charge of the bacterial surface was significantly more negative for P. aeruginosa compared to A. xylosoxidans, which may in part explain the differences in susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cabak
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, BMC B14, Sölvegatan 19, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Gisela Hovold
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, BMC B14, Sölvegatan 19, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ann-Cathrine Petersson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory medicine, Region Skåne, Sölvegatan 23B, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Ramstedt
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå Centre of Microbial Research, Umeå University, S-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lisa I Påhlman
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, BMC B14, Sölvegatan 19, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Skåne University Hospital Lund, Hälsogatan 3, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Klinikgatan 32, S-221 84, Lund, Sweden
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2
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Almaraz-De-Santiago J, Solis-Torres N, Quintana-Belmares R, Rodríguez-Carlos A, Rivas-Santiago B, Huerta-García J, Mercado-Reyes M, Enciso-Moreno JA, Villagomez-Castro J, González-Curiel I, Osornio-Vargas Á, Rivas-Santiago CE. Long-term exposure to particulate matter from air pollution alters airway β-defensin-3 and -4 and cathelicidin host defense peptides production in a murine model. Peptides 2021; 142:170581. [PMID: 34052349 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have associated long-term exposure to environmental air pollution particulate matter (PM) with the development of diverse health problems. They include infectious respiratory diseases related to the deregulation of some innate immune response mechanisms, such as the host defense peptides' expression. Herein, we evaluated in BALB/c mice the effect of long-standing exposure (60 days) to urban-PM from the south of Mexico City, with aerodynamic diameters below 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and 10 μm (PM10) on the lung's gene expression and production of three host defense peptides (HDPs); murine beta-defensin-3, -4 (mBD-3, mBD-4) and cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP). We also evaluated mRNA levels of Il1b and Il10, two cytokines related to the expression of host defense peptides. Exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 differentially induced lung inflammation, being PM2.5, which caused higher inflammation levels, probably associated with a differential deposition on the airways, that facilitate the interaction with alveolar macrophages. Inflammation levels were associated with an early upregulation of the three HDPs assessed and an increment in Il1b mRNA levels. Interestingly, after 28 days of exposure, Il10 mRNA upregulation was observed and was associated with the downregulation of HDPs and Il1b mRNA levels. The upregulation of Il10 mRNA and suppression of HDPs might facilitate microbial colonization and the development of diseases associated with long-term exposure to PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovany Almaraz-De-Santiago
- Department of Biology, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Nancy Solis-Torres
- Master's Program in Biological Sciences, Biological Sciences School, University Autonomous of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Raúl Quintana-Belmares
- Subdirección de Investigación Básic, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adrián Rodríguez-Carlos
- Medical Research Unit-Zacatecas, Mexican Institute for Social Security-IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Bruno Rivas-Santiago
- Medical Research Unit-Zacatecas, Mexican Institute for Social Security-IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Josefina Huerta-García
- Laboratory of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Biological Sciences School, University Autonomous of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Marisa Mercado-Reyes
- Laboratory of Conservation Biology, Biological Sciences School, University Autonomous of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Jose A Enciso-Moreno
- Medical Research Unit-Zacatecas, Mexican Institute for Social Security-IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Julio Villagomez-Castro
- Department of Biology, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Irma González-Curiel
- Post-graduate Program in Sciences and Chemical Technology, Chemistry Sciences School, University Autonomous of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | | | - César E Rivas-Santiago
- CONACYT-Academic Unit of Chemical Sciences, University Autonomous of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico.
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3
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Ryan LK, Hise AG, Hossain CM, Ruddick W, Parveen R, Freeman KB, Weaver DG, Narra HP, Scott RW, Diamond G. A Novel Immunocompetent Mouse Model for Testing Antifungal Drugs Against Invasive Candida albicans Infection. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E197. [PMID: 33007818 PMCID: PMC7712810 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disseminated infection by Candida species represents a common, often life-threatening condition. Increased resistance to current antifungal drugs has led to an urgent need to develop new antifungal drugs to treat this pathogen. However, in vivo screening of candidate antifungal compounds requires large numbers of animals and using immunosuppressive agents to allow for fungal dissemination. To increase the efficiency of screening, to use fewer mice, and to remove the need for immunosuppressive agents, which may interfere with the drug candidates, we tested the potential for a novel approach using in vivo imaging of a fluorescent strain of Candida albicans, in a mouse strain deficient in the host defense peptide, murine β-defensin 1 (mBD-1). We developed a strain of C. albicans that expresses red fluorescent protein (RFP), which exhibits similar infectivity to the non-fluorescent parent strain. When this strain was injected into immunocompetent mBD-1-deficient mice, we observed a non-lethal disseminated infection. Further, we could quantify its dissemination in real time, and observe the activity of an antifungal peptide mimetic drug by in vivo imaging. This novel method will allow for the rapid in vivo screening of antifungal drugs, using fewer mice, and increase the efficiency of testing new antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K. Ryan
- Division of Infectious Disease and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Amy G Hise
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Medicine Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Chowdhury Mobaswar Hossain
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (C.M.H.); (W.R.); (R.P.)
| | - William Ruddick
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (C.M.H.); (W.R.); (R.P.)
| | - Rezwana Parveen
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (C.M.H.); (W.R.); (R.P.)
| | - Katie B. Freeman
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Inc., Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA; (K.B.F.); (D.G.W.); (R.W.S.)
| | - Damian G. Weaver
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Inc., Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA; (K.B.F.); (D.G.W.); (R.W.S.)
| | - Hema P. Narra
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Richard W. Scott
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Inc., Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA; (K.B.F.); (D.G.W.); (R.W.S.)
| | - Gill Diamond
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (C.M.H.); (W.R.); (R.P.)
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40902, USA
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4
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Sharma L, Feng J, Britto CJ, Dela Cruz CS. Mechanisms of Epithelial Immunity Evasion by Respiratory Bacterial Pathogens. Front Immunol 2020. [PMID: 32117248 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00091/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lung infections are major healthcare challenges killing millions of people worldwide and resulting in a huge economic burden. Both basic and clinical research have elucidated host mechanisms that contribute to the bacterial clearance where an indispensable role of immune cells has been established. However, the role of respiratory epithelial cells in bacterial clearance has garnered limited attention due to their weak inflammatory or phagocytic ability compared to immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils. These studies often underappreciate the fact that epithelial cells are the most abundant cells in the lung, not only serving as building blocks but also providing immune protection throughout the lung. Epithelial cells function either independently to eradicate the pathogen or communicate with immune cells to orchestrate pathogen clearance. The epithelial cells have multiple mechanisms that include mucus production, antimicrobial peptide production, muco-ciliary clearance, and phagocytosis, all of which contribute to their direct antibacterial function. Secretion of cytokines to recruit immune cells and potentiate their antimicrobial activities is a pathway by which the epithelium contributes to bacterial clearance. Successful pathogens outsmart epithelial resistance and find a way to replicate in sufficient numbers to establish infections in the airway or lung epithelial surfaces. In this mini-review, we discuss evidences that establish important roles for epithelial host defense against invading respiratory bacterial pathogens and demonstrate how pathogens outsmart these epithelial immune mechanisms to successfully establish infection. Finally, we discuss briefly how to boost epithelial immunity to improve outcomes in bacterial lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Sharma
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jingjing Feng
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Clemente J Britto
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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5
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Sharma L, Feng J, Britto CJ, Dela Cruz CS. Mechanisms of Epithelial Immunity Evasion by Respiratory Bacterial Pathogens. Front Immunol 2020; 11:91. [PMID: 32117248 PMCID: PMC7027138 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lung infections are major healthcare challenges killing millions of people worldwide and resulting in a huge economic burden. Both basic and clinical research have elucidated host mechanisms that contribute to the bacterial clearance where an indispensable role of immune cells has been established. However, the role of respiratory epithelial cells in bacterial clearance has garnered limited attention due to their weak inflammatory or phagocytic ability compared to immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils. These studies often underappreciate the fact that epithelial cells are the most abundant cells in the lung, not only serving as building blocks but also providing immune protection throughout the lung. Epithelial cells function either independently to eradicate the pathogen or communicate with immune cells to orchestrate pathogen clearance. The epithelial cells have multiple mechanisms that include mucus production, antimicrobial peptide production, muco-ciliary clearance, and phagocytosis, all of which contribute to their direct antibacterial function. Secretion of cytokines to recruit immune cells and potentiate their antimicrobial activities is a pathway by which the epithelium contributes to bacterial clearance. Successful pathogens outsmart epithelial resistance and find a way to replicate in sufficient numbers to establish infections in the airway or lung epithelial surfaces. In this mini-review, we discuss evidences that establish important roles for epithelial host defense against invading respiratory bacterial pathogens and demonstrate how pathogens outsmart these epithelial immune mechanisms to successfully establish infection. Finally, we discuss briefly how to boost epithelial immunity to improve outcomes in bacterial lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Sharma
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jingjing Feng
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Clemente J Britto
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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6
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Molecular characterization of pulmonary defenses against bacterial invasion in allergic asthma: The role of Foxa2 in regulation of β-defensin 1. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226517. [PMID: 31881038 PMCID: PMC6934329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma, characterized by chronic airway Th2-dominated inflammation, is associated with an increased risk of infection; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Forkhead box protein A2 (Foxa2) plays a critical role in Th2 inflammation and is associated with pulmonary defenses. To determining the role of Foxa2 in Th2-dominated lung inflammation against the invading bacteria, we established a mouse OVA-sensitized model, an Escherichia coli lung invasion model, and mice with conditional deletion of Foxa2 in respiratory epithelial cells. The number of bacteria in the lung tissue was counted to assess clearance ability of lung. Lung inflammation and histopathology was evaluated using HE and PAS staining. It was found that OVA-sensitized mice had decreased E. coli clearance, reduced Foxa2 expression, and decreased DEFB1 secretion. Conditional deletion of Foxa2 in respiratory epithelial cells led to decreased clearance of E. coli and impaired secretion of DEFB1, similar to the OVA-induced allergic condition. The impaired secretion of DEFB1 may be responsible for the increased risk of infection in the Th2-dominated airway inflammation. Dual luciferase assay demonstrated that Foxa2 regulates DEFB1 expression by affecting its promoter activity in HBE cells. Our study indicated that Foxa2 plays an important role in Th2-dominated airway inflammation against invading bacteria. Conditional deletion of Foxa2 in respiratory epithelial cells can reduce pulmonary's defense against bacterial invasion by inhibiting DEFB1expression.
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7
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Kim GL, Lee S, Kim SJ, Lee SO, Pyo S, Rhee DK. Pulmonary Colonization Resistance to Pathogens via Noncanonical Wnt and Interleukin-17A by Intranasal pep27 Mutant Immunization. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:1977-1986. [PMID: 29579238 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have focused on colonization resistance of the gut microbiota against antibiotic resistant strains. However, less research has been performed on respiratory colonization resistance. Methods Because respiratory colonization is the first step of respiratory infections, intervention to prevent colonization would represent a new approach for preventive and therapeutic measures. The Th17 response plays an important role in clearance of respiratory pathogens. Thus, harnessing the Th17 immune response in the mucosal site would be an effective method to design a respiratory mucosal vaccine. Results In this study, we show that intranasal Δpep27 immunization induces noncanonical Wnt and subsequent interleukin (IL)-17 secretion, and it inhibits Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae colonization. Moreover, IL-17A neutralization or nuclear factor of activated T-cell inhibition augmented bacterial colonization, indicating that noncanonical Wnt signaling is involved in pulmonary colonization resistance. Conclusions Therefore, Δpep27 immunization can provide nonspecific respiratory colonization resistance via noncanonical Wnt signaling and IL-17A-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Lee Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Seungyeop Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Se-Jin Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Si-On Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Suhkneung Pyo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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8
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Abstract
Respiratory fungal infection is a severe clinical problem, especially in patients with compromised immune functions. Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Pneumocystis, and endemic fungi are major pulmonary fungal pathogens that are able to result in life-threatening invasive diseases. Growing data being reported have indicated that multiple cells and molecules orchestrate the host's response to a fungal infection in the lung. Upon fungal challenge, innate myeloid cells including macrophages, dendritic cells (DC), and recruited neutrophils establish the first line of defense through the phagocytosis and secretion of cytokines. Natural killer cells control the fungal expansion in the lung via the direct and indirect killing of invading organisms. Adaptive immune cells including Th1 and Th17 cells confer anti-fungal activity by producing their signature cytokines, interferon-γ, and IL-17. In addition, lung epithelial cells (LEC) also participate in the resistance against fungal infection by internalization, inflammatory cytokine production, or antimicrobial peptide secretion. In the host cells mentioned above, various molecules with distinct functions modulate the immune defense signaling: Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as dectin-1 expressed on the cell surface are involved in fungal recognition; adaptor proteins such as MyD88 and TRAF6 are required for transduction of signals to the nucleus for transcriptional regulation; inflammasomes also play crucial roles in the host's defense against a fungal infection in the lung. Furthermore, transcriptional factors modulate the transcriptions of a series of genes, especially those encoding cytokines and chemokines, which are predominant regulators in the infectious microenvironment, mediating the cellular and molecular immune responses against a fungal infection in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou, China
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Gen Lu
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangxun Meng
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
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9
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Avellar MCW, Ribeiro CM, Dias-da-Silva MR, Silva EJR. In search of new paradigms for epididymal health and disease: innate immunity, inflammatory mediators, and steroid hormones. Andrology 2019; 7:690-702. [PMID: 31207127 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The primary job of the epididymis is to mature and protect the luminally transiting spermatozoa. Mounting evidence is showing that innate immune components [including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and antimicrobial proteins, among which are β-defensins] and inflammatory mediators, under the primary influence of androgens, participate in the cellular and molecular processes that define this tissue. Here, we present an overview of the contributions of these signaling pathway components during epididymal homeostasis and discuss the hypotheses as to their involvement in epididymitis, the most common urological inflammatory condition in men, frequently impairing their fertility. Drawing primarily from rodent models, we also focus on how the distribution and functional expression of innate immune components are differentially regulated in the prenatal developing epididymis, providing new insights into the disruption of these signaling pathways throughout the lifespan. Male infertility is caused by a variety of conditions, such as congenital malformations, genetic and endocrine disorders, exposure to environmental toxicants, and inflammatory/infectious conditions. More than one-third of infertile men with an idiopathic condition cannot currently be adequately diagnosed. Thinking about the innate immunity and inflammation context of the epididymis may provide new insights and directions as to how these systems contribute to male fertility, as well as also uncover urological and andrological outcomes that may aid clinicians in diagnosing and preventing epididymal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C W Avellar
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C M Ribeiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M R Dias-da-Silva
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - E J R Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho', Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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10
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Myszor IT, Parveen Z, Ottosson H, Bergman P, Agerberth B, Strömberg R, Gudmundsson GH. Novel aroylated phenylenediamine compounds enhance antimicrobial defense and maintain airway epithelial barrier integrity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7114. [PMID: 31068616 PMCID: PMC6506505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43350-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aroylated phenylenediamines (APDs) are novel inducers of innate immunity enhancing cathelicidin gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cell lines. Here we present two newly developed APDs and aimed at defining the response and signaling pathways for these compounds with reference to innate immunity and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expression. Induction was initially defined with respect to dose and time and compared with the APD Entinostat (MS-275). The induction applies to several innate immunity effectors, indicating that APDs trigger a broad spectrum of antimicrobial responses. The bactericidal effect was shown in an infection model against Pseudomonas aeruginosa by estimating bacteria entering cells. Treatment with a selected APD counteracted Pseudomonas mediated disruption of epithelial integrity. This double action by inducing AMPs and enhancing epithelial integrity for one APD compound is unique and taken as a positive indication for host directed therapy (HDT). The APD effects are mediated through Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation. Utilization of induced innate immunity to fight infections can reduce antibiotic usage, might be effective against multidrug resistant bacteria and is in line with improved stewardship in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona T Myszor
- Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Zahida Parveen
- Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Håkan Ottosson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, S-14183, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, S-14186, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Agerberth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, S-14186, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Roger Strömberg
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, S-14183, Huddinge, Sweden
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El Masry MS, Chaffee S, Das Ghatak P, Mathew-Steiner SS, Das A, Higuita-Castro N, Roy S, Anani RA, Sen CK. Stabilized collagen matrix dressing improves wound macrophage function and epithelialization. FASEB J 2019; 33:2144-2155. [PMID: 30260708 PMCID: PMC6338656 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800352r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Decellularized matrices of biologic tissue have performed well as wound care dressings. Extracellular matrix-based dressings are subject to rapid degradation by excessive protease activity at the wound environment. Stabilized, acellular, equine pericardial collagen matrix (sPCM) wound care dressing is flexible cross-linked proteolytic enzyme degradation resistant. sPCM was structurally characterized utilizing scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. In murine excisional wounds, sPCM was effective in mounting an acute inflammatory response. Postwound inflammation resolved rapidly, as indicated by elevated levels of IL-10, arginase-1, and VEGF, and lowering of IL-1β and TNF-α. sPCM induced antimicrobial proteins S100A9 and β-defensin-1 in keratinocytes. Adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus on sPCM pre-exposed to host immune cells in vivo was inhibited. Excisional wounds dressed with sPCM showed complete closure at d 14, while control wounds remained open. sPCM accelerated wound re-epithelialization. sPCM not only accelerated wound closure but also improved the quality of healing by increased collagen deposition and maturation. Thus, sPCM is capable of presenting scaffold functionality during the course of wound healing. In addition to inducing endogenous antimicrobial defense systems, the dressing itself has properties that minimize biofilm formation. It mounts robust inflammation, a process that rapidly resolves, making way for wound healing to advance.-El Masry, M. S., Chaffee, S., Das Ghatak, P., Mathew-Steiner, S. S., Das, A., Higuita-Castro, N., Roy, S., Anani, R. A., Sen, C. K. Stabilized collagen matrix dressing improves wound macrophage function and epithelialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. El Masry
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Health (IUH) Comprehensive Wound Center, Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Scott Chaffee
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Piya Das Ghatak
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Health (IUH) Comprehensive Wound Center, Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Shomita S. Mathew-Steiner
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Health (IUH) Comprehensive Wound Center, Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amitava Das
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Health (IUH) Comprehensive Wound Center, Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Natalia Higuita-Castro
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sashwati Roy
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Health (IUH) Comprehensive Wound Center, Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Raafat A. Anani
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Chandan K. Sen
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Health (IUH) Comprehensive Wound Center, Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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12
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Meade KG, O'Farrelly C. β-Defensins: Farming the Microbiome for Homeostasis and Health. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3072. [PMID: 30761155 PMCID: PMC6362941 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse commensal populations are now regarded as key to physiological homeostasis and protection against disease. Although bacteria are the most abundant component of microbiomes, and the most intensively studied, the microbiome also consists of viral, fungal, archael, and protozoan communities, about which comparatively little is known. Host-defense peptides (HDPs), originally described as antimicrobial, now have renewed significance as curators of the pervasive microbial loads required to maintain homeostasis and manage microbiome diversity. Harnessing HDP biology to transition away from non-selective, antibiotic-mediated treatments for clearance of microbes is a new paradigm, particularly in veterinary medicine. One family of evolutionarily conserved HDPs, β-defensins which are produced in diverse combinations by epithelial and immune cell populations, are multifunctional cationic peptides which manage the cross-talk between host and microbes and maintain a healthy yet dynamic equilibrium across mucosal systems. They are therefore key gatekeepers to the oral, respiratory, reproductive and enteric tissues, preventing pathogen-associated inflammation and disease and maintaining physiological normality. Expansions in the number of genes encoding these natural antibiotics have been described in the genomes of some species, the functional significance of which has only recently being appreciated. β-defensin expression has been documented pre-birth and disruptions in their regulation may play a role in maladaptive neonatal immune programming, thereby contributing to subsequent disease susceptibility. Here we review recent evidence supporting a critical role for β-defensins as farmers of the pervasive and complex prokaryotic ecosystems that occupy all body surfaces and cavities. We also share some new perspectives on the role of β-defensins as sensors of homeostasis and the immune vanguard particularly at sites of immunological privilege where inflammation is attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran G. Meade
- Animal and Bioscience Research Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Ireland
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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13
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β-Defensins Coordinate In Vivo to Inhibit Bacterial Infections of the Trachea. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6030057. [PMID: 30154362 PMCID: PMC6161282 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
β-defensins are predicted to play an important role in innate immunity against bacterial infections in the airway. We previously observed that a type III-secretion product of Bordetella bronchiseptica inhibits the NF-κB-mediated induction of a β-defensin in airway epithelial cells in vitro. To confirm this in vivo and to examine the relative roles of other β-defensins in the airway, we infected wild-type C57BL/6 mice and mice with a deletion of the mBD-1 gene with B. bronchiseptica wild-type strain, RB50 and its mutant strain lacking the type III-secretion system, WD3. The bacteria were quantified in the trachea and the nasal tissue and mRNA levels of mouse β-defensin-3 (mBD-3) were assessed after 24 h. Infection with the wild-type bacterial strain resulted in lower mBD-3 mRNA levels in the trachea than in mice infected with the type III-deficient strain. Furthermore, we observed an increase in bacterial numbers of RB50 only in the tracheas of mBD-1-deficient mice. Neutrophils were also more abundant on the trachea in RB50 infected WT mice but not in the bronchiolar lavage fluid (BAL), compared with WD3 infected WT and mBD-1−/− mice, indicating that the coordination of β-defensin chemotactic effects may be confined to tracheal epithelial cells (TEC). RB50 decreased the ability of mice to mount an early specific antibody response, seven days after infection in both WT and mBD-1−/− mice but there were no differences in titers between RB50-infected WT and mBD-1−/− mice or between WD3-infected WT and mBD-1−/− mice, indicating mBD-1 was not involved in induction of the humoral immune response to the B. bronchiseptica. Challenge of primary mouse TEC in vitro with RB50 and WD3, along with IL-1β, further corroborated the in vivo studies. The results demonstrate that at least two β-defensins can coordinate early in an infection to limit the growth of bacteria in the trachea.
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14
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Zhang C, Zhou Y, Xie S, Yin Q, Tang C, Ni Z, Fei J, Zhang Y. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing reveals the synergistic effects of β-defensin family members on sperm maturation in rat epididymis. FASEB J 2018; 32:1354-1363. [PMID: 29141997 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700936r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The epididymis is a male reproductive organ involved in posttesticular sperm maturation and storage, but the mechanism underlying sperm maturation remains unclear. β-Defensins (Defbs) belong to a family of small, cysteine-rich, cationic peptides that are antimicrobial and modulate the immune response. A large number of Defb genes are expressed abundantly in the male reproductive tract, especially in the epididymis. We and other groups have shown the involvement of several Defb genes in regulation of sperm function. In this study, we found that Defb23, Defb26, and Defb42 were highly expressed in specific regions of the epididymis. Rats with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated single-gene disruption of Defb23, Defb26, or Defb42 had no obvious fertility phenotypes. Those with the deletion of Defb23/ 26 or Defb23/ 26/ 42 became subfertile, and sperm isolated from the epididymal cauda of multiple-mutant rats were demonstrated decreased motility. Meanwhile, the sperm showed precocious capacitation and increased spontaneous acrosome reaction. Consistent with premature capacitation and acrosome reaction, sperm from multiple-gene-knockout rats had significantly increased intracellular calcium. These results suggest that Defb family members affect sperm maturation by a synergistic pattern in the epididymis.-Zhang, C., Zhou, Y., Xie, S., Yin, Q., Tang, C., Ni, Z., Fei, J., Zhang, Y. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing reveals the synergistic effects of β-defensin family members on sperm maturation in rat epididymis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaobao Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tong Ji University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (SIBCB), Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (SIBCB), Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengsong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (SIBCB), Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (SIBCB), Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhua Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (SIBCB), Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zimei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (SIBCB), Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Fei
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tong Ji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonglian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (SIBCB), Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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15
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Diao R, Wang T, Fok KL, Li X, Ruan Y, Yu MK, Cheng Y, Chen Y, Chen H, Mou L, Cai X, Wang Y, Cai Z, Zeng X, Chan HC. CCR6 is required for ligand-induced CatSper activation in human sperm. Oncotarget 2017; 8:91445-91458. [PMID: 29207656 PMCID: PMC5710936 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CatSper channel has been considered the principal sperm Ca2+ channel responsible for the cytosolic Ca2+ elevation required for various sperm functions necessary for fertilization [1–4]. However, the mechanism underlying the activation of CatSper channel by various physiological ligands remain incompletely understood. We have recently demonstrated the expression of C-C chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) in sperm and Ca2+ influx upon binding of human β-defensin 1 (DEFB1) to CCR6, which is important for sperm motility [5]. In the present study, we have demonstrated that CCR6 receptor and CatSper channel are both required for the Ca2+ entry/current induced by physiological ligands DEFB1, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20) and progesterone in human sperm. CCR6 is co-localized and interacts with CatSper in human sperm. Ca2+ influx mediated by CCR6 and CatSper is required for essential sperm functions, including motility, hyperactivation and acrosome reaction, which are impaired in infertile sperm showing reduced levels of CCR6 and CatSper. The present finding suggests a critical role of CCR6 receptor in mediating ligand-induced, CatSper-dependent Ca2+ influx required for various sperm functions and thus male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Diao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kin Lam Fok
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yechun Ruan
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mei Kuen Yu
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yimin Cheng
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lisha Mou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xueyong Cai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhiming Cai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuhui Zeng
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hsiao Chang Chan
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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16
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Xia X, Cheng L, Zhang S, Wang L, Hu J. The role of natural antimicrobial peptides during infection and chronic inflammation. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2017; 111:5-26. [PMID: 28856473 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-017-0929-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), a family of small polypeptides that are produced by constitutive or inducible expression in organisms, are integral components of the host innate immune system. In addition to their broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, natural AMPs also have many biological activities against fungi, viruses and parasites. Natural AMPs exert multiple immunomodulatory roles that may predominate under physiological conditions where they lose their microbicidal properties in serum and tissue environments. Increased drug resistance among microorganisms is occurring far more quickly than the discovery of new antibiotics. Natural AMPs have shown promise as 'next generation antibiotics' due to their broad-spectrum curative effects, low toxicity, the fact that they are not residual in animals, and the low rates of resistance exhibited by many pathogens. Many types of synthetic AMPs are currently being tested in clinical trials for the prevention and treatment of various diseases such as chemotherapy-associated infections, diabetic foot ulcers, catheter-related infections, and other conditions. Here, we provide an overview of the types and functions of natural AMPs and their role in combating microorganisms and different infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, No. 90, Hualan Street, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Likun Cheng
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, 256600, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouping Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, No. 90, Hualan Street, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, No. 90, Hualan Street, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhe Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, No. 90, Hualan Street, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Niehues H, Tsoi LC, van der Krieken DA, Jansen PAM, Oortveld MAW, Rodijk-Olthuis D, van Vlijmen IMJJ, Hendriks WJAJ, Helder RW, Bouwstra JA, van den Bogaard EH, Stuart PE, Nair RP, Elder JT, Zeeuwen PLJM, Schalkwijk J. Psoriasis-Associated Late Cornified Envelope (LCE) Proteins Have Antibacterial Activity. J Invest Dermatol 2017. [PMID: 28634035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Terminally differentiating epidermal keratinocytes express a large number of structural and antimicrobial proteins that are involved in the physical barrier function of the stratum corneum and provide innate cutaneous host defense. Late cornified envelope (LCE) genes, located in the epidermal differentiation complex on chromosome 1, encode a family of 18 proteins of unknown function, whose expression is largely restricted to epidermis. Deletion of two members, LCE3B and LCE3C (LCE3B/C-del), is a widely-replicated psoriasis risk factor that interacts with the major psoriasis-psoriasis risk gene HLA-C*06. Here we performed quantitative trait locus analysis, utilizing RNA-seq data from human skin and found that LCE3B/C-del was associated with a markedly increased expression of LCE3A, a gene directly adjacent to LCE3B/C-del. We confirmed these findings in a 3-dimensional skin model using primary keratinocytes from LCE3B/C-del genotyped donors. Functional analysis revealed that LCE3 proteins, and LCE3A in particular, have defensin-like antimicrobial activity against a variety of bacterial taxa at low micromolar concentrations. No genotype-dependent effect was observed for the inside-out or outside-in physical skin barrier function. Our findings identify an unknown biological function for LCE3 proteins and suggest a role in epidermal host defense and LCE3B/C-del-mediated psoriasis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Niehues
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lam C Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Danique A van der Krieken
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick A M Jansen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Merel A W Oortveld
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Rodijk-Olthuis
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M J J van Vlijmen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiljan J A J Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard W Helder
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen H van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip E Stuart
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rajan P Nair
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - James T Elder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Methods for In Vivo/Ex Vivo Analysis of Antimicrobial Peptides in Bacterial Keratitis: siRNA Knockdown, Colony Counts, Myeloperoxidase, Immunostaining, and RT-PCR Assays. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 28013522 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6737-7_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are essential components of the innate immune response. They have direct killing ability as well as immunomodulatory functions. Here, we describe techniques to identify specific AMPs involved in the protection against microbial keratitis, a vision threatening infection of the cornea of the eye which is the most serious complication of contact lens wear. Specifically we detail the use of siRNA technology to temporarily knockdown AMP expression at the murine ocular surface in vivo and then describe ex vivo assays to determine the level of bacteria, relative number of neutrophils, and levels of cytokines, chemokines, and AMPs in infected corneas.
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19
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Gibbons MA, Bowdish DM, Davidson DJ, Sallenave JM, Simpson AJ. Endogenous Pulmonary Antibiotics. Scott Med J 2016; 51:37-42. [PMID: 16722137 DOI: 10.1258/rsmsmj.51.2.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The human lung produces a variety of peptides and proteins which have intrinsic antimicrobial activity. In general these molecules have broad spectra of antimicrobial activity, kill micro-organisms rapidly, and evade resistance generated by pathogens. In recent years it has become increasingly apparent that the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) simultaneously possess immunomodulatory functions, suggesting complex roles for these molecules in regulating the clearance of, and immune response to, invading pathogens. These collective properties have stimulated considerable interest in the potential clinical application of endogenous AMPs. This article outlines the biology of AMPs, their pattern of expression in the lung, and their functions, with reference to both antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activity. We then consider the biological importance of AMPs, before concentrating on the potential to use AMPs to therapeutic effect. The principles discussed in the article apply to innate immune defence throughout the body, but particular emphasis is placed on AMPs in the lung and the potential application to pulmonary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Gibbons
- Rayne Laboratory, MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh University Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK
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20
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Fernandez-Fuertes B, Narciandi F, O'Farrelly C, Kelly AK, Fair S, Meade KG, Lonergan P. Cauda Epididymis-Specific Beta-Defensin 126 Promotes Sperm Motility but Not Fertilizing Ability in Cattle. Biol Reprod 2016; 95:122. [PMID: 27707713 PMCID: PMC5333942 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.116.138792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine beta-defensin 126 (BBD126) exhibits preferential expression for the cauda epididymis of males, where it is absorbed onto the tail and postacrosomal region of the sperm. The aim of this study was to examine the role of BBD126 in bull sperm function. Fresh and frozen-thawed semen were incubated in the presence of different capacitating agents as well as with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. These treatments, which have been successful in releasing beta-defensin 126 from macaque sperm, proved to be ineffective in bull sperm. This finding suggests that the protein behaves in a different manner in the bovine. The lack of success in removing BBD126 led us to use corpus epididymis sperm, a model in which the protein is not present, to study its functional role. Corpus sperm were incubated with cauda epididymal fluid (CEF) in the absence or presence of BBD126 antibody or with recombinant BBD126 (rBBD126). Confocal microscopy revealed that rBBD126 binds to corpus sperm with the same pattern observed for BBD126 in cauda sperm, whereas an aberrant binding pattern is observed when sperm are subject to CEF incubation. Addition of CEF increased motility as well as the number of corpus sperm migrating through cervical mucus from estrus cows. However, it decreased the ability of sperm to fertilize in vitro matured oocytes. The presence of the antibody failed to abrogate these effects. Furthermore, when rBBD126 was added in the absence of other factors and proteins from the CEF, an increase in motility was also observed and no negative effects in fertility were seen. These results suggest that BBD126 plays a key role in the acquisition of sperm motility in the epididymis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan K Kelly
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sean Fair
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kieran G Meade
- Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Patrick Lonergan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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21
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LeMessurier KS, Lin Y, McCullers JA, Samarasinghe AE. Antimicrobial peptides alter early immune response to influenza A virus infection in C57BL/6 mice. Antiviral Res 2016; 133:208-17. [PMID: 27531368 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Influenza is a disease of the respiratory system caused by single stranded RNA viruses with varying genotypes. Immunopathogenesis to influenza viruses differs based on virus strain, dose, and mouse strain used in laboratory models. Although effective mucosal immune defenses are important in early host defense against influenza, information on the kinetics of these immune defense mechanisms during the course of influenza infection is limited. We investigated changes to antimicrobial peptides and primary innate immune cells at early time points after infection and compared these variables between two prominent H1N1 influenza A virus (IAV) strains, A/CA/04/2009 and A/PR/08/1934 in C57BL/6 mice. Alveolar and parenchymal macrophage ratios were altered after IAV infection and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages was induced after IAV infection. Genes encoding antimicrobial peptides, β-defensin (Defb4), bactericidal-permeability increasing protein (Bpifa1), and cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (Camp), were differentially regulated after IAV infection and the kinetics of Defb4 expression differed in response to each virus strain. Beta-defensin reduced infectivity of A/CA/04/2009 virus but not A/PR/08/1934. Beta defensins also changed the innate immune cell profile wherein mice pre-treated with β-defensin had increased alveolar macrophages and CD103(+) dendritic cells, and reduced CD11b(+) dendritic cells and neutrophils. In addition to highlighting that immune responses may vary based on influenza virus strain used, our data suggest an important role for antimicrobial peptides in host defense against influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S LeMessurier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Yanyan Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Jonathan A McCullers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Amali E Samarasinghe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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22
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Findlay F, Proudfoot L, Stevens C, Barlow PG. Cationic host defense peptides; novel antimicrobial therapeutics against Category A pathogens and emerging infections. Pathog Glob Health 2016; 110:137-47. [PMID: 27315342 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2016.1195036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic Host Defense Peptides (HDP, also known as antimicrobial peptides) are crucial components of the innate immune system and possess broad-spectrum antibacterial, antiviral, and immunomodulatory activities. They can contribute to the rapid clearance of biological agents through direct killing of the organisms, inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators such as lipopolysaccharide, and by modulating the inflammatory response to infection. Category A biological agents and materials, as classified by the United States National Institutes for Health, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the US Department of Homeland Security, carry the most severe threat in terms of human health, transmissibility, and preparedness. As such, there is a pressing need for novel frontline approaches for prevention and treatment of diseases caused by these organisms, and exploiting the broad antimicrobial activity exhibited by cationic host defense peptides represents an exciting priority area for clinical research. This review will summarize what is known about the antimicrobial and antiviral effects of the two main families of cationic host defense peptides, cathelicidins, and defensins in the context of Category A biological agents which include, but are not limited to; anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), plague (Yersinia pestis), smallpox (Variola major), tularemia (Francisella tularensis). In addition, we highlight priority areas, particularly emerging viral infections, where more extensive research is urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fern Findlay
- a School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences , Edinburgh Napier University , Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN , UK
| | - Lorna Proudfoot
- a School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences , Edinburgh Napier University , Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN , UK
| | - Craig Stevens
- a School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences , Edinburgh Napier University , Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN , UK
| | - Peter G Barlow
- a School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences , Edinburgh Napier University , Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN , UK
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23
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Abstract
β-defensin peptides are a large family of antimicrobial peptides. Although they kill microbes in vitro and interact with immune cells, the precise role of these genes in vivo remains uncertain. Despite their inducible presence at mucosal surfaces, their main site of expression is the epididymis. Recent evidence suggests that a major function of these peptides is in sperm maturation. In addition to previous work suggesting this, work at the MRC Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, has shown that homozygous deletion of a cluster of nine β-defensin genes in the mouse results in profound male sterility. The spermatozoa derived from the mutants had reduced motility and increased fragility. Epididymal spermatozoa isolated from the cauda region of the homozygous mutants demonstrated precocious capacitation and increased spontaneous acrosome reactions compared with those from wild-types. Despite this, these mutant spermatozoa had reduced ability to bind to the zona pellucida of oocytes. Ultrastructural examination revealed a disintegration of the microtubule structure of mutant-derived spermatozoa isolated from the epididymal cauda region, but not from the caput. Consistent with premature acrosome reaction and hyperactivation, spermatozoa from mutant animals had significantly increased intracellular calcium content. This work demonstrates that in vivo β-defensins are essential for successful sperm maturation, and that their disruption alters intracellular calcium levels, which most likely leads to premature activation and spontaneous acrosome reactions that result in hyperactivation and loss of microtubule structure of the axoneme. Determining which of the nine genes are responsible for the phenotype and the relevance to human sperm function is important for future work on male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Dorin
- Formerly at MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, now at MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Björkgren I, Alvarez L, Blank N, Balbach M, Turunen H, Laajala TD, Toivanen J, Krutskikh A, Wahlberg N, Huhtaniemi I, Poutanen M, Wachten D, Sipilä P. Targeted inactivation of the mouse epididymal beta-defensin 41 alters sperm flagellar beat pattern and zona pellucida binding. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 427:143-54. [PMID: 26987518 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During epididymal maturation, sperm acquire the ability to swim progressively by interacting with proteins secreted by the epididymal epithelium. Beta-defensin proteins, expressed in the epididymis, continue to regulate sperm motility during capacitation and hyperactivation in the female reproductive tract. We characterized the mouse beta-defensin 41 (DEFB41), by generating a mouse model with iCre recombinase inserted into the first exon of the gene. The homozygous Defb41(iCre/iCre) knock-in mice lacked Defb41 expression and displayed iCre recombinase activity in the principal cells of the proximal epididymis. Heterozygous Defb41(iCre/+) mice can be used to generate epididymis specific conditional knock-out mouse models. Homozygous Defb41(iCre/iCre) sperm displayed a defect in sperm motility with the flagella primarily bending in the pro-hook conformation while capacitated wild-type sperm more often displayed the anti-hook conformation. This led to a reduced straight line motility of Defb41(iCre/iCre) sperm and weaker binding to the oocyte. Thus, DEFB41 is required for proper sperm maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Björkgren
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku Doctoral Programme of Biomedical Sciences, Turku, Finland
| | - Luis Alvarez
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (Caesar), Department of Molecular Sensory Systems, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nelli Blank
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (Caesar), Minerva Research Group Molecular Physiology, Bonn, Germany
| | - Melanie Balbach
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (Caesar), Minerva Research Group Molecular Physiology, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heikki Turunen
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku Doctoral Programme of Biomedical Sciences, Turku, Finland
| | - Teemu Daniel Laajala
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Toivanen
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anton Krutskikh
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ilpo Huhtaniemi
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dagmar Wachten
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (Caesar), Minerva Research Group Molecular Physiology, Bonn, Germany
| | - Petra Sipilä
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Andersson D, Hughes D, Kubicek-Sutherland J. Mechanisms and consequences of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial peptides. Drug Resist Updat 2016; 26:43-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Wertenbruch S, Drescher H, Grossarth V, Kroy D, Giebeler A, Erschfeld S, Heinrichs D, Soehnlein O, Trautwein C, Brandenburg LO, Streetz K. The Anti-Microbial Peptide LL-37/CRAMP Is Elevated in Patients with Liver Diseases and Acts as a Protective Factor during Mouse Liver Injury. Digestion 2016; 91:307-17. [PMID: 25998843 DOI: 10.1159/000368304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are an important defense mechanism of the innate immune system and can modulate the course of various diseases. However, their significance during liver pathogenesis is currently not well defined. METHODS Patients with liver diseases were analyzed for LL-37/CRAMP, human beta-defensin-2 (hBD2), and complement 5a (C5a) serum levels. Mice deficient in CRAMP (Cathelicidin-related Antimicrobial Peptide), the mouse homolog for human LL-37, were fed with a methionine- and choline-deficient diet (MCD) and underwent bile-duct ligation (BDL). RESULTS First, serum samples from patients with chronic liver diseases were investigated. Therefore, significantly enhanced levels for LL-37, hBD2, and complement C5a were detected, all of which comprise antimicrobial properties. Next, CRAMP-knockout (CRAMP-KO) mice were investigated, to better define a functional role of LL-37/CRAMP in animal models of liver diseases. MCD feeding and bile-duct ligation of CRAMP-KO mice resulted in an enhanced degree of liver injury during the early treatment phase. MCD feeding in CRAMP-KO mice led to stronger intrahepatic fat accumulation and significantly enhanced matrix remodeling, whereas BDL caused more extensive liver necrosis. At the late 28 days time point, MCD-fed CRAMP-KO mice displayed a higher intrahepatic fat load. Long-term changes in bile-duct-ligated mice included higher collagen content as a sign of enhanced fibrosis progression if CRAMP was absent. CONCLUSION The study shows a clear correlation of antimicrobial peptide serum levels in patients with chronic liver diseases. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate protective functions of LL-37/CRAMP in two independent mouse models of chronic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Wertenbruch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Dai C, Basilico P, Cremona TP, Collins P, Moser B, Benarafa C, Wolf M. CXCL14 displays antimicrobial activity against respiratory tract bacteria and contributes to clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae pulmonary infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5980-9. [PMID: 25964486 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CXCL14 is a chemokine with an atypical, yet highly conserved, primary structure characterized by a short N terminus and high sequence identity between human and mouse. Although it induces chemotaxis of monocytic cells at high concentrations, its physiological role in leukocyte trafficking remains elusive. In contrast, several studies have demonstrated that CXCL14 is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide that is expressed abundantly and constitutively in epithelial tissues. In this study, we further explored the antimicrobial properties of CXCL14 against respiratory pathogens in vitro and in vivo. We found that CXCL14 potently killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in a dose-dependent manner in part through membrane depolarization and rupture. By performing structure-activity studies, we found that the activity against Gram-negative bacteria was largely associated with the N-terminal peptide CXCL141-13. Interestingly, the central part of the molecule representing the β-sheet also maintained ∼62% killing activity and was sufficient to induce chemotaxis of THP-1 cells. The C-terminal α-helix of CXCL14 had neither antimicrobial nor chemotactic effect. To investigate a physiological function for CXCL14 in innate immunity in vivo, we infected CXCL14-deficient mice with lung pathogens and we found that CXCL14 contributed to enhanced clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae, but not Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Our comprehensive studies reflect the complex bactericidal mechanisms of CXCL14, and we propose that different structural features are relevant for the killing of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Taken together, our studies show that evolutionary-conserved features of CXCL14 are important for constitutive antimicrobial defenses against pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Dai
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; and
| | - Paola Basilico
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; and
| | | | - Paul Collins
- Department of Medical, Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Department of Medical, Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Charaf Benarafa
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; and
| | - Marlene Wolf
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; and
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Voss M, Wonnenberg B, Honecker A, Kamyschnikow A, Herr C, Bischoff M, Tschernig T, Bals R, Beisswenger C. Cigarette smoke-promoted acquisition of bacterial pathogens in the upper respiratory tract leads to enhanced inflammation in mice. Respir Res 2015; 16:41. [PMID: 25890119 PMCID: PMC4395896 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0204-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial colonization and recurrent infections of the respiratory tract contribute to the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There is evidence that exacerbations of COPD are provoked by new bacterial strains acquired from the environment. Using a murine model of colonization, we examined whether chronic exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) promotes nasopharyngeal colonization with typical lung pathogens and whether colonization is linked to inflammation in the respiratory tract. METHODS C57BL/6 N mice were chronically exposed to CS. The upper airways of mice were colonized with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) or Streptococcus pneumoniae. Bacterial colonization was determined in the upper respiratory tract and lung tissue. Inflammatory cells and cytokines were determined in lavage fluids. RT-PCR was performed for inflammatory mediators. RESULTS Chronic CS exposure resulted in significantly increased numbers of viable NTHi in the upper airways, whereas NTHi only marginally colonized air-exposed mice. Colonization with S. pneumoniae was enhanced in the upper respiratory tract of CS-exposed mice and was accompanied by increased translocation of S. pneumoniae into the lung. Bacterial colonization levels were associated with increased concentrations of inflammatory mediators and the number of immune cells in lavage fluids of the upper respiratory tract and the lung. Phagocytosis activity was reduced in whole blood granulocytes and monocytes of CS-exposed mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that exposure to CS impacts the ability of the host to control bacterial colonization of the upper airways, resulting in enhanced inflammation and susceptibility of the host to pathogens migrating into the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Voss
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Bodo Wonnenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Anja Honecker
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Andreas Kamyschnikow
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Christian Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Thomas Tschernig
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Robert Bals
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Christoph Beisswenger
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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Hiemstra PS, McCray PB, Bals R. The innate immune function of airway epithelial cells in inflammatory lung disease. Eur Respir J 2015; 45:1150-62. [PMID: 25700381 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00141514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The airway epithelium is now considered to be central to the orchestration of pulmonary inflammatory and immune responses, and is also key to tissue remodelling. It acts as the first barrier in the defence against a wide range of inhaled challenges, and is critically involved in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses to these challenges. Recent progress in our understanding of the developmental regulation of this tissue, the differentiation pathways, recognition of pathogens and antimicrobial responses is now exploited to help understand how epithelial cell function and dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory lung diseases. Herein, advances in our knowledge of the biology of airway epithelium, as well as its role and (dys)function in asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary fibrosis and cystic fibrosis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter S Hiemstra
- Dept of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul B McCray
- Dept of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Robert Bals
- Dept of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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30
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Tomalka J, Azodi E, Narra HP, Patel K, O'Neill S, Cardwell C, Hall BA, Wilson JM, Hise AG. β-Defensin 1 plays a role in acute mucosal defense against Candida albicans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1788-95. [PMID: 25595775 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Candida is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that colonizes the mucosal tract of humans. Pathogenic infection occurs in the presence of conditions causing perturbations to the commensal microbiota or host immunity. Early innate immune responses by the epithelium, including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and cytokines, are critical for protection against overgrowth. Reduced salivary AMP levels are associated with oral Candida infection, and certain AMPs, including human β-defensins 1-3, have direct fungicidal activity. In this study, we demonstrate that murine β-defensin 1 (mBD1) is important for control of early mucosal Candida infection and plays a critical role in the induction of innate inflammatory mediators. Mice deficient in mBD1, as compared with wild-type mice, exhibit elevated oral and systemic fungal burdens. Neutrophil infiltration to the sites of mucosal Candida invasion, an important step in limiting fungal infection, is significantly reduced in mBD1-deficient mice. These mice also exhibit defects in the expression of other AMPs, including mBD2 and mBD4, which may have direct anti-Candida activity. We also show that mBD1 deficiency impacts the production of important antifungal inflammatory mediators, including IL-1β, IL-6, KC, and IL-17. Collectively, these studies demonstrate a role for the mBD1 peptide in early control of Candida infection in a murine model of mucosal candidiasis, as well as in the modulation of host immunity through augmentation of leukocyte infiltration and inflammatory gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Tomalka
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Elaheh Azodi
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106; Department of Research, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; and
| | - Hema P Narra
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Krupen Patel
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Samantha O'Neill
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Cisley Cardwell
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Brian A Hall
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - James M Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Amy G Hise
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106; Department of Research, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; and
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31
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Hakansson AP. Protective effects of human milk antimicrobial peptides against bacterial infection. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2015; 91:4-5. [PMID: 25458872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anders P Hakansson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, United States; The Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, United States.
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Hakansson AP. Protective effects of human milk antimicrobial peptides against bacterial infection. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Complexity of antimicrobial peptide regulation during pathogen-host interactions. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 45:447-54. [PMID: 25532742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a key component of the immune system and are expressed by a large variety of organisms. AMPs are capable of eliminating a broad range of micro-organisms, illustrated by murine models where lack of AMP expression resulted in enhanced susceptibility to infection. Despite the importance of AMPs in immune defences, it is not clear whether a change in AMP expression is pathogen-specific or reflects a general response to groups of pathogens. Furthermore, it is unclear how the evoked change in AMP expression affects the host. To fully exploit the therapeutic potential of AMPs - by direct application of peptides or by using AMP-inducers - it is crucial to gain an insight into the complexity involved in pathogen-mediated regulation of AMP expression. This review summarises current knowledge on how AMP expression is affected by pathogens. In addition, the relevance and specificity of these changes in AMPs during infection will be discussed.
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Diao R, Fok KL, Chen H, Yu MK, Duan Y, Chung CM, Li Z, Wu H, Li Z, Zhang H, Ji Z, Zhen W, Ng CF, Gui Y, Cai Z, Chan HC. Deficient human β-defensin 1 underlies male infertility associated with poor sperm motility and genital tract infection. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:249ra108. [PMID: 25122636 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Genital tract infection and reduced sperm motility are considered two pivotal etiological factors for male infertility associated with leukocytospermia and asthenozoospermia, respectively. We demonstrate that the amount of human β-defensin 1 (DEFB1) in sperm from infertile men exhibiting either leukocytospermia or asthenozoospermia, both of which are associated with reduced motility and reduced bactericidal activity in sperm, is much lower compared to that in normal fertile sperm. Interference with DEFB1 function also decreases both motility and bactericidal activity in normal sperm, whereas treatment with recombinant DEFB1 markedly restores DEFB1 expression, bactericidal activity, sperm quality, and egg-penetrating ability in sperm from both asthenozoospermia and leukocytospermia patients. DEFB1 interacts with chemokine receptor type 6 (CCR6) in sperm and triggers Ca(2+) mobilization, which is important for sperm motility. Interference with CCR6 function also reduces motility and bactericidal activity of normal sperm. The present finding explains a common defect in male infertility associated with both asthenozoospermia and leukocytospermia, indicating a dual role of DEFB1 in defending male fertility. These results also suggest that the expression of DEFB1 and CCR6 may have diagnostic potential and that treatment of defective sperm with recombinant DEFB1 protein may be a feasible therapeutic approach for male infertility associated with poor sperm motility and genital tract infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Diao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China. Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Kin Lam Fok
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China. Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Mei Kuen Yu
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yonggang Duan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China. Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Chin Man Chung
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhao Li
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China. Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Hanwei Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Zesong Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China. Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Ziliang Ji
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China. Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Wanhua Zhen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Chi Fai Ng
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yaoting Gui
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Zhiming Cai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China. Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China.
| | - Hsiao Chang Chan
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. Sichuan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610017, China.
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Quinton LJ, Mizgerd JP. Dynamics of lung defense in pneumonia: resistance, resilience, and remodeling. Annu Rev Physiol 2014; 77:407-30. [PMID: 25148693 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021014-071937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pneumonia is initiated by microbes in the lung, but physiological processes integrating responses across diverse cell types and organ systems dictate the outcome of respiratory infection. Resistance, or actions of the host to eradicate living microbes, in the lungs involves a combination of innate and adaptive immune responses triggered by air-space infection. Resilience, or the ability of the host tissues to withstand the physiologically damaging effects of microbial and immune activities, is equally complex, precisely regulated, and determinative. Both immune resistance and tissue resilience are dynamic and change throughout the lifetime, but we are only beginning to understand such remodeling and how it contributes to the incidence of severe pneumonias, which diminishes as childhood progresses and then increases again among the elderly. Here, we review the concepts of resistance, resilience, and remodeling as they apply to pneumonia, highlighting recent advances and current significant knowledge gaps.
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Ciro J, López A, Parra J. LIPOPOLISACÁRIDOS DE E. coli AUMENTA LA EXPRESIÓN MOLECULAR DE PΒD-2 EN YEYUNO DE LECHONES POSDESTETE. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA Y DE ZOOTECNIA 2014. [DOI: 10.15446/rfmvz.v61n2.44677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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37
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Abstract
Recent work in humans and mouse has confirmed the involvement of the host defence β-defensin peptides in male fertility. We discuss here the work that has implicated β-defensins in sperm function including the identification of the epididymis as the predominant site of expression of the peptides and the in vivo consequences of mutation and deletion. The potential dual role of these peptides in the regulation of infection and control of sperm maturation is compelling and may combine their antimicrobial activity with the ability of these molecules to interact with cell membrane receptors and modulate ion transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Dorin
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher L R Barratt
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Medical School, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
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38
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McKown RL, Coleman Frazier EV, Zadrozny KK, Deleault AM, Raab RW, Ryan DS, Sia RK, Lee JK, Laurie GW. A cleavage-potentiated fragment of tear lacritin is bactericidal. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22172-82. [PMID: 24942736 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.570143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are important as the first line of innate defense, through their tendency to disrupt bacterial membranes or intracellular pathways and potentially as the next generation of antibiotics. How they protect wet epithelia is not entirely clear, with most individually inactive under physiological conditions and many preferentially targeting Gram-positive bacteria. Tears covering the surface of the eye are bactericidal for Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Here we narrow much of the bactericidal activity to a latent C-terminal fragment in the prosecretory mitogen lacritin and report that the mechanism combines membrane permeabilization with rapid metabolic changes, including reduced levels of dephosphocoenzyme A, spermidine, putrescine, and phosphatidylethanolamines and elevated alanine, leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, proline, glycine, lysine, serine, glutamate, cadaverine, and pyrophosphate. Thus, death by metabolic stress parallels cellular attempts to survive. Cleavage-dependent appearance of the C-terminal cationic amphipathic α-helix is inducible within hours by Staphylococcus epidermidis and slowly by another mechanism, in a chymotrypsin- or leupeptin protease-inhibitable manner. Although bactericidal at low micromolar levels, within a biphasic 1-10 nM dose optimum, the same domain is mitogenic and cytoprotective for epithelia via a syndecan-1 targeting mechanism dependent on heparanase. Thus, the C terminus of lacritin is multifunctional by dose and proteolytic processing and appears to play a key role in the innate protection of the eye, with wider potential benefit elsewhere as lacritin flows from exocrine secretory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L McKown
- From the Department of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
| | - Erin V Coleman Frazier
- From the Department of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
| | - Kaneil K Zadrozny
- From the Department of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
| | - Andrea M Deleault
- From the Department of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
| | - Ronald W Raab
- From the Department of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
| | - Denise S Ryan
- the Warfighter Refractive Eye Surgery Program and Research Center at Fort Belvoir, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060, and
| | - Rose K Sia
- the Warfighter Refractive Eye Surgery Program and Research Center at Fort Belvoir, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060, and
| | - Jae K Lee
- the Departments of Public Health Sciences, Systems and Information Engineering
| | - Gordon W Laurie
- Cell Biology, Ophthalmology, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
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39
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Abstract
There is a pressing need to develop new antiviral treatments; of the 60 drugs currently available, half are aimed at HIV-1 and the remainder target only a further six viruses. This demand has led to the emergence of possible peptide therapies, with 15 currently in clinical trials. Advancements in understanding the antiviral potential of naturally occurring host defence peptides highlights the potential of a whole new class of molecules to be considered as antiviral therapeutics. Cationic host defence peptides, such as defensins and cathelicidins, are important components of innate immunity with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory capabilities. In recent years they have also been shown to be natural, broad-spectrum antivirals against both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, including HIV-1, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and herpes simplex virus. Here we review the antiviral properties of several families of these host peptides and their potential to inform the design of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Gwyer Findlay
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ Scotland, UK
| | - Silke M. Currie
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ Scotland, UK
| | - Donald J. Davidson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ Scotland, UK
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40
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Activity of potent and selective host defense peptide mimetics in mouse models of oral candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:3820-7. [PMID: 24752272 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02649-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a strong need for new broadly active antifungal agents for the treatment of oral candidiasis that not only are active against many species of Candida, including drug-resistant strains, but also evade microbial countermeasures which may lead to resistance. Host defense peptides (HDPs) can provide a foundation for the development of such agents. Toward this end, we have developed fully synthetic, small-molecule, nonpeptide mimetics of the HDPs that improve safety and other pharmaceutical properties. Here we describe the identification of several HDP mimetics that are broadly active against C. albicans and other species of Candida, rapidly fungicidal, and active against yeast and hyphal cultures and that exhibit low cytotoxicity for mammalian cells. Importantly, specificity for Candida over commensal bacteria was also evident, thereby minimizing potential damage to the endogenous microbiome which otherwise could favor fungal overgrowth. Three compounds were tested as topical agents in two different mouse models of oral candidiasis and were found to be highly active. Following single-dose administrations, total Candida burdens in tongues of infected animals were reduced up to three logs. These studies highlight the potential of HDP mimetics as a new tool in the antifungal arsenal for the treatment of oral candidiasis.
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41
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Li W, Feng Y, Kuang Y, Zeng W, Yang Y, Li H, Jiang Z, Li M. Construction of eukaryotic expression vector with mBD1-mBD3 fusion genes and exploring its activity against influenza A virus. Viruses 2014; 6:1237-52. [PMID: 24632574 PMCID: PMC3970148 DOI: 10.3390/v6031237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza (flu) pandemics have exhibited a great threat to human health throughout history. With the emergence of drug-resistant strains of influenza A virus (IAV), it is necessary to look for new agents for treatment and transmission prevention of the flu. Defensins are small (2–6 kDa) cationic peptides known for their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Beta-defensins (β-defensins) are mainly produced by barrier epithelial cells and play an important role in attacking microbe invasion by epithelium. In this study, we focused on the anti-influenza A virus activity of mouse β-defensin 1 (mBD1) and β defensin-3 (mBD3) by synthesizing their fusion peptide with standard recombinant methods. The eukaryotic expression vectors pcDNA3.1(+)/mBD1-mBD3 were constructed successfully by overlap-PCR and transfected into Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. The MDCK cells transfected by pcDNA3.1(+)/mBD1-mBD3 were obtained by G418 screening, and the mBD1-mBD3 stable expression pattern was confirmed in MDCK cells by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence assay. The acquired stable transfected MDCK cells were infected with IAV (A/PR/8/34, H1N1, 0.1 MOI) subsequently and the virus titers in cell culture supernatants were analyzed by TCID50 72 h later. The TCID50 titer of the experimental group was clearly lower than that of the control group (p < 0.001). Furthermore, BALB/C mice were injected with liposome-encapsulated pcDNA3.1(+)/mBD1-mBD3 through muscle and then challenged with the A/PR/8/34 virus. Results showed the survival rate of 100% and lung index inhibitory rate of 32.6% in pcDNA3.1(+)/mBD1-mBD3group; the TCID50 titer of lung homogenates was clearly lower than that of the control group (p < 0.001). This study demonstrates that mBD1-mBD3 expressed by the recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1(+)/mBD1-mBD3 could inhibit influenza A virus replication both in vitro and in vivo. These observations suggested that the recombinant mBD1-mBD3 might be developed into an agent for influenza prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyi Li
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yan Feng
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yu Kuang
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Wei Zeng
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Hong Li
- West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Zhonghua Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Mingyuan Li
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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42
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Lineage -CD34+CD31+ cells that appear in association with severe burn injury are inhibitory on the production of antimicrobial peptides by epidermal keratinocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e82926. [PMID: 24498256 PMCID: PMC3911902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are major host defense effectors against Pseudomonas aeruginosa skin infections. Due to the lack of such peptide production, severely burned hosts are greatly susceptible to P. aeruginosa burn wound infection. β-Defensin (HBD) production by normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) was inhibited by lineage−CD34+ cells isolated from peripheral blood of severely burned patients. Lineage−CD34+ cells obtained from severely burned patients were characterized as CD31+, while healthy donor lineage−CD34+ cells were shown to be CD31− cells. Lineage−CD34+CD31− cells did not show any inhibitory activities on HBD-1 production by NHEK. CCL2 and IL-10 released from lineage−CD34+CD31+ cells were shown to be inhibitory on the peptide production by NHEK, while these soluble factors were not produced by lineage−CD34+CD31− cells. After treatment with a mixture of mAbs for CCL2 and IL-10, the culture fluids of lineage−CD34+CD31+ cells did not show any inhibitory activities on HBD-1 production by NHEK. Lineage−CD34+CD31+ cells that appear in association with burn injuries play a role on the inhibition of antimicrobial peptide production by skin keratinocytes through the production of CCL2 and IL-10.
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43
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Meade KG, Cormican P, Narciandi F, Lloyd A, O'Farrelly C. Bovine β-defensin gene family: opportunities to improve animal health? Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:17-28. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00085.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent analysis of the bovine genome revealed an expanded suite of β-defensin genes that encode what are referred to as antimicrobial or host defense peptides (HDPs). Whereas primate genomes also encode α- and θ-defensins, the bovine genome contains only the β-defensin subfamily of HDPs. β-Defensins perform diverse functions that are critical to protection against pathogens but also in regulation of the immune response and reproduction. As the most comprehensively studied subclass of HDPs, β-defensins possess the widest taxonomic distribution, found in invertebrates as well as plants, indicating an ancient point of origin. Cross-species comparison of the genomic arrangement of β-defensin gene repertoire revealed them to vary in number among species presumably due to differences in pathogenic selective pressures but also genetic drift. β-Defensin genes exist in a single cluster in birds, but four gene clusters exist in dog, rat, mouse, and cow. In humans and chimpanzees, one of these clusters is split in two as a result of a primate-specific pericentric inversion producing five gene clusters. A cluster of β-defensin genes on bovine chromosome 13 has been recently characterized, and full genome sequencing has identified extensive gene copy number variation on chromosome 27. As a result, cattle have the most diverse repertoire of β-defensin genes so far identified, where four clusters contain at least 57 genes. This expansion of β-defensin HDPs may hold significant potential for combating infectious diseases and provides opportunities to harness their immunological and reproductive functions in commercial cattle populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. G. Meade
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - P. Cormican
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - F. Narciandi
- Comparative Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; and
| | - A. Lloyd
- Department of Science & Health, Carlow Institute of Technology, Co. Carlow, Ireland
| | - C. O'Farrelly
- Comparative Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; and
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44
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Muc5b is required for airway defence. Nature 2013; 505:412-6. [PMID: 24317696 DOI: 10.1038/nature12807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 545] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory surfaces are exposed to billions of particulates and pathogens daily. A protective mucus barrier traps and eliminates them through mucociliary clearance (MCC). However, excessive mucus contributes to transient respiratory infections and to the pathogenesis of numerous respiratory diseases. MUC5AC and MUC5B are evolutionarily conserved genes that encode structurally related mucin glycoproteins, the principal macromolecules in airway mucus. Genetic variants are linked to diverse lung diseases, but specific roles for MUC5AC and MUC5B in MCC, and the lasting effects of their inhibition, are unknown. Here we show that mouse Muc5b (but not Muc5ac) is required for MCC, for controlling infections in the airways and middle ear, and for maintaining immune homeostasis in mouse lungs, whereas Muc5ac is dispensable. Muc5b deficiency caused materials to accumulate in upper and lower airways. This defect led to chronic infection by multiple bacterial species, including Staphylococcus aureus, and to inflammation that failed to resolve normally. Apoptotic macrophages accumulated, phagocytosis was impaired, and interleukin-23 (IL-23) production was reduced in Muc5b(-/-) mice. By contrast, in mice that transgenically overexpress Muc5b, macrophage functions improved. Existing dogma defines mucous phenotypes in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as driven by increased MUC5AC, with MUC5B levels either unaffected or increased in expectorated sputum. However, in many patients, MUC5B production at airway surfaces decreases by as much as 90%. By distinguishing a specific role for Muc5b in MCC, and by determining its impact on bacterial infections and inflammation in mice, our results provide a refined framework for designing targeted therapies to control mucin secretion and restore MCC.
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45
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Zhou YS, Webb S, Lettice L, Tardif S, Kilanowski F, Tyrrell C, MacPherson H, Semple F, Tennant P, Baker T, Hart A, Devenney P, Perry P, Davey T, Barran P, Barratt CL, Dorin JR. Partial deletion of chromosome 8 β-defensin cluster confers sperm dysfunction and infertility in male mice. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003826. [PMID: 24204287 PMCID: PMC3812073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
β-defensin peptides are a family of antimicrobial peptides present at mucosal surfaces, with the main site of expression under normal conditions in the male reproductive tract. Although they kill microbes in vitro and interact with immune cells, the precise role of these genes in vivo remains uncertain. We show here that homozygous deletion of a cluster of nine β-defensin genes (DefbΔ9) in the mouse results in male sterility. The sperm derived from the mutants have reduced motility and increased fragility. Epididymal sperm isolated from the cauda should require capacitation to induce the acrosome reaction but sperm from the mutants demonstrate precocious capacitation and increased spontaneous acrosome reaction compared to wild-types but have reduced ability to bind the zona pellucida of oocytes. Ultrastructural examination reveals a defect in microtubule structure of the axoneme with increased disintegration in mutant derived sperm present in the epididymis cauda region, but not in caput region or testes. Consistent with premature acrosome reaction, sperm from mutant animals have significantly increased intracellular calcium content. Thus we demonstrate in vivo that β-defensins are essential for successful sperm maturation, and their disruption leads to alteration in intracellular calcium, inappropriate spontaneous acrosome reaction and profound male infertility. β-defensins are small molecules, considered primarily to be antimicrobials and important in the first defence response to invading organisms. They are predominantly produced at surfaces in contact with the outside environment and these include skin, airway and reproductive tract. We show here that when we delete from the mouse a subset of nine β-defensin genes, surprisingly the main consequence is that the male mice are completely infertile. When normal sperm leave the male and enter the female reproductive tract they are triggered to undergo a reaction that alters the membrane properties of the sperm and allows fertilisation. We show here that sperm isolated from the male mice, that no longer make these β-defensins, are prematurely ready to fertilise an egg. It is far too early for this to happen and as a consequence the sperm are severely reduced in their ability to move and have a major defect in the structure of their tail. We provide evidence that the reason this has happened is due to a dysregulation of calcium transport. This work is important for understanding defensin gene function in a living organism and may enable the design of novel contraceptives with additional antibiotic ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu S. Zhou
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila Webb
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Lettice
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Tardif
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Medical School, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Kilanowski
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Tyrrell
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Heather MacPherson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Semple
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Tennant
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Tina Baker
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Hart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Devenney
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Perry
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey Davey
- EM Research Services, Newcastle Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle, England, United Kingdom
| | - Perdita Barran
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Chris L. Barratt
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Medical School, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Julia R. Dorin
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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46
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Becknell B, Spencer JD, Carpenter AR, Chen X, Singh A, Ploeger S, Kline J, Ellsworth P, Li B, Proksch E, Schwaderer AL, Hains DS, Justice SS, McHugh KM. Expression and antimicrobial function of beta-defensin 1 in the lower urinary tract. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77714. [PMID: 24204930 PMCID: PMC3804605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta defensins (BDs) are cationic peptides with antimicrobial activity that defend epithelial surfaces including the skin, gastrointestinal, and respiratory tracts. However, BD expression and function in the urinary tract are incompletely characterized. The purpose of this study was to describe Beta Defensin-1 (BD-1) expression in the lower urinary tract, regulation by cystitis, and antimicrobial activity toward uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) in vivo. Human DEFB1 and orthologous mouse Defb1 mRNA are detectable in bladder and ureter homogenates, and human BD-1 protein localizes to the urothelium. To determine the relevance of BD-1 to lower urinary tract defense in vivo, we evaluated clearance of UPEC by Defb1 knockout (Defb1-/-) mice. At 6, 18, and 48 hours following transurethral UPEC inoculation, no significant differences were observed in bacterial burden in bladders or kidneys of Defb1-/- and wild type C57BL/6 mice. In wild type mice, bladder Defb1 mRNA levels decreased as early as two hours post-infection and reached a nadir by six hours. RT-PCR profiling of BDs identified expression of Defb3 and Defb14 mRNA in murine bladder and ureter, which encode for mBD-3 and mBD-14 protein, respectively. MBD-14 protein expression was observed in bladder urothelium following UPEC infection, and both mBD-3 and mBD-14 displayed dose-dependent bactericidal activity toward UPEC in vitro. Thus, whereas mBD-1 deficiency does not alter bladder UPEC burden in vivo, we have identified mBD-3 and mBD-14 as potential mediators of mucosal immunity in the lower urinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Becknell
- Section of Nephrology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John David Spencer
- Section of Nephrology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ashley R. Carpenter
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xi Chen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Aspinder Singh
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Suzanne Ploeger
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Kline
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Patrick Ellsworth
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Birong Li
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Andrew L. Schwaderer
- Section of Nephrology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David S. Hains
- Section of Nephrology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sheryl S. Justice
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SSJ); (KMM)
| | - Kirk M. McHugh
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SSJ); (KMM)
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47
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Dangleben NL, Skibola CF, Smith MT. Arsenic immunotoxicity: a review. Environ Health 2013; 12:73. [PMID: 24004508 PMCID: PMC3848751 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-12-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to arsenic (As) is a global public health problem because of its association with various cancers and numerous other pathological effects, and millions of people worldwide are exposed to As on a regular basis. Increasing lines of evidence indicate that As may adversely affect the immune system, but its specific effects on immune function are poorly understood. Therefore, we conducted a literature search of non-cancer immune-related effects associated with As exposure and summarized the known immunotoxicological effects of As in humans, animals and in vitro models. Overall, the data show that chronic exposure to As has the potential to impair vital immune responses which could lead to increased risk of infections and chronic diseases, including various cancers. Although animal and in vitro models provide some insight into potential mechanisms of the As-related immunotoxicity observed in human populations, further investigation, particularly in humans, is needed to better understand the relationship between As exposure and the development of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nygerma L Dangleben
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christine F Skibola
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Martyn T Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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48
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Patel SR, Smith K, Letley DP, Cook KW, Memon AA, Ingram RJM, Staples E, Backert S, Zaitoun AM, Atherton JC, Robinson K. Helicobacter pylori downregulates expression of human β-defensin 1 in the gastric mucosa in a type IV secretion-dependent fashion. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:2080-92. [PMID: 23870035 PMCID: PMC4028989 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori establishes a chronic lifelong infection in the human gastric mucosa, which may lead to peptic ulcer disease or gastric adenocarcinoma. The human beta-defensins (hβDs) are antimicrobial peptides, hβD1 being constitutively expressed in the human stomach. We hypothesized that H. pylori may persist, in part, by downregulating gastric hβD1 expression. We measured hβD1 and hβD2 expression in vivo in relation to the presence, density and severity of H. pylori infection, investigated differential effects of H. pylori virulence factors, and studied underlying signalling mechanisms in vitro. Significantly lower hβD1 and higher hβD2 mRNA and protein concentrations were present in gastric biopsies from infected patients. Those patients with higher-level bacterial colonization and inflammation had significantly lower hβD1 expression, but there were no differences in hβD2. H. pylori infection of human gastric epithelial cell lines also downregulated hβD1. Using wild-type strains and isogenic mutants, we showed that a functionalcag pathogenicity island-encoded type IV secretion system induced this downregulation. Treatment with chemical inhibitors or siRNA revealed that H. pylori usurped NF-κB signalling to modulate hβD1 expression. These data indicate that H. pylori downregulates hβD1 expression via NF-κB signalling, and suggest that this may promote bacterial survival and persistence in the gastric niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Patel
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK; Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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Dan K, Akiyoshi H, Munakata K, Hasegawa H, Watanabe K. A Kampo (traditional Japanese herbal) medicine, Hochuekkito, pretreatment in mice prevented influenza virus replication accompanied with GM-CSF expression and increase in several defensin mRNA levels. Pharmacology 2013; 91:314-21. [PMID: 23796966 DOI: 10.1159/000350188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A Kampo medicine, Hochuekkito (TJ-41), with an influenza virus-preventing effect had life-extending effectiveness, and immunological responses other than interferon (IFN)-α release were examined. TJ-41 (1 g/kg) was given to C57BL/6 male mice orally once a day for 2 weeks. Mice were then intranasally infected with influenza virus. After infection, virus titers and various parameters, mRNA levels and protein expression, for immunoresponses in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or removed lung homogenate, were measured by plaque assay, quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA. IFN-α and -β levels of TJ-41-treated mice were higher than those of the control. Toll-like receptor TLR7 and TLR9 mRNAs were elevated after infection, but retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG-1) family mRNA levels, RIG-1, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 and Leishmania G protein 2 showed no response in either TJ-41 or control groups. Interferon regulatory transcription factor (IRF)-3 mRNA levels to stimulate type I (α/β) IFN were increased, but IRF-7 did not change. Only granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) after Hochuekkito treatment was significantly elevated 2 and 3 days after infection. The mRNA levels of 7 defensins after infection increased compared to preinfection values. The key roles of TJ-41 were not only stimulation of type I IFN release but also GM-CSF-derived anti-inflammation activity. Furthermore, defensin (antimicrobial peptide) mRNA levels increased by infection and were further enhanced by TJ-41 treatment. Defensin might prevent influenza virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuaki Dan
- Collaborative Research Resources, Core Instrumentation Facility, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Modulation of porcine β-defensins 1 and 2 upon individual and combined Fusarium toxin exposure in a swine jejunal epithelial cell line. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:2225-32. [PMID: 23354708 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03277-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Defensins are small antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that play an important role in the innate immune system of mammals. Since the effect of mycotoxin contamination of food and feed on the secretion of intestinal AMPs is poorly understood, the aim of this study was to elucidate the individual and combined effects of four common Fusarium toxins, deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), zearalenone (ZEA), and fumonisin B1 (FB1), on the mRNA expression, protein secretion, and corresponding antimicrobial effects of porcine β-defensins 1 and 2 (pBD-1 and pBD-2) using a porcine jejunal epithelial cell line, IPEC-J2. In general, upregulation of pBD-1 and pBD-2 mRNA expression occurred following exposure to Fusarium toxins, individually and in mixtures (P < 0.05). However, no significant increase in secreted pBD-1 and pBD-2 protein levels was observed, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Supernatants from IPEC-J2 cells exposed to toxins, singly or in combination, however, possessed significantly less antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli than untreated supernatants. When single toxins and two-toxin combinations were assessed, toxicity effects were shown to be nonadditive (including synergism, potentiation, and antagonism), suggesting interactive toxin effects when cells are exposed to mycotoxin combinations. The results show that Fusarium toxins, individually and in mixtures, activate distinct antimicrobial defense mechanisms possessing the potential to alter the intestinal microbiota through diminished antimicrobial effects. Moreover, by evaluating toxin mixtures, this improved understanding of toxin effects will enable more effective risk assessments for common mycotoxin combinations observed in contaminated food and feed.
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