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Sawoo R, Dey R, Ghosh R, Bishayi B. Exogenous IL-10 posttreatment along with TLR4 and TNFR1 blockade improves tissue antioxidant status by modulating sepsis-induced macrophage polarization. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:1549-1572. [PMID: 37177863 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Multi-organ dysfunction is one of the major reasons behind the high mortality of sepsis throughout the world. With the pathophysiology of sepsis remaining largely unknown, the uncontrolled reactive oxygen species (ROS) production along with the decreased antioxidants contributes to the progression toward septic shock. Being the effector cells of the innate immunity system, macrophages secrete both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators during inflammation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) releases TNF-α, which initiates pro-inflammatory events through tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) signaling. However, it is counteracted by the anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 (IL-10) causing decreased oxidative stress. Our study thus aimed to assess the effects of exogenous IL-10 treatment post-neutralization of TLR4 and TNFR1 (by anti-TLR4 antibody and anti-TNFR1 antibody, respectively) in an in vivo murine model of LPS-sepsis. We have also examined the tissue-specific antioxidant status in the spleen, liver, and lungs along with the serum cytokine levels in adult male Swiss albino mice to determine the functional association with the disease. The results showed that administration of recombinant IL-10 post-neutralization of the receptors was beneficial in shifting the macrophage polarization to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. IL-10 treatment significantly downregulated the free radicals production resulting in diminished lipid peroxidase (LPO) levels. The increased antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GRX ) conferred protection against LPS-induced sepsis. Western blot data further confirmed diminished expressions of TLR4 and TNFR1 along with suppressed stress-activated protein kinases/Jun amino-terminal kinases (SAPK/JNK) and increased SOD and CAT expressions, which altogether indicated that neutralization of TLR4 and TNFR1 along with IL-10 posttreatment might be a potential therapeutic measure for the treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritasha Sawoo
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, Calcutta, India
| | - Rajen Dey
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, Calcutta, India
| | - Rituparna Ghosh
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, Calcutta, India
| | - Biswadev Bishayi
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, Calcutta, India
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Li B, Hong L, Luo Y, Zhang B, Yu Z, Li W, Cao N, Huang Y, Xu D, Li Y, Tian Y. LPS-Induced Liver Injury of Magang Geese through Toll-like Receptor and MAPK Signaling Pathway. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010127. [PMID: 36611736 PMCID: PMC9817723 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is one of the main virulence factors of Gram-negative bacteria. In the process of waterfowl breeding, an inflammatory reaction due to LPS infection is easily produced, which leads to a decline in waterfowl performance. The liver plays a vital role in the immune response and the removal of toxic components. Therefore, it is necessary to study the mechanism of liver injury induced by LPS in goose. In this study, a total of 100 1-day-old goslings were randomly divided into a control group and LPS group after 3 days of pre-feeding. On days 21, 23, and 25 of the formal experiment, the control group was intraperitoneally injected with 0.5 mL normal saline, and the LPS group was intraperitoneally injected with LPS 2 mg/(kg body weight) once a day. On day 25 of the experiment, liver samples were collected 3 h after the injection of saline and LPS. The results of histopathology and biochemical indexes showed that the livers of the LPS group had liver morphological structure destruction and inflammatory cell infiltration, and the levels of ALT and AST were increased. Next, RNA sequencing analysis was used to determine the abundances and characteristics of the transcripts, as well as the associated somatic mutations and alternative splicing. We screened 727 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with p < 0.05 and |log2(Fold Change)| ≥ 1, as the thresholds; GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that LPS-induced liver injury may be involved in the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, FoxO, and PPAR signaling pathway. Finally, we intersected the genes enriched in the key pathway of LPS-induced liver injury with the top 50 key genes in protein−protein interaction networks to obtain 28 more critical genes. Among them, 17 genes were enriched in Toll-like signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway. Therefore, these results suggest that LPS-induced liver injury in geese may be the result of the joint action of Toll-like receptor, MAPK, NOD-like receptor, FoxO, and PPAR signaling pathway. Among them, the TLR7-mediated MAPK signaling pathway plays a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Li
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Longsheng Hong
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou 510225, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yindan Luo
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Bingqi Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Ziyu Yu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Wanyan Li
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Nan Cao
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Yunmao Huang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Danning Xu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Yugu Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou 510225, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yunbo Tian
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Correspondence:
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Zimmermann J, De Fazio L, Kaden-Volynets V, Hitzmann B, Bischoff SC. Consumption of Yeast-Fermented Wheat and Rye Breads Increases Colitis and Mortality in a Mouse Model of Colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:4422-4433. [PMID: 35394589 PMCID: PMC9352744 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cereals are known to trigger for wheat allergy, celiac disease and non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS). Inflammatory processes and intestinal barrier impairment are suspected to be involved in NCWS, although the molecular triggers are unclear. AIMS We were interested if different bread types influence inflammatory processes and intestinal barrier function in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS Epithelial caspase-8 gene knockout (Casp8ΔIEC) and control (Casp8fl) mice were randomized to eight groups, respectively. The groups received different diets for 28 days (gluten-free diet, gluten-rich diet 5 g%, or different types of bread at 50 g%). Breads varied regarding grain, milling and fermentation. All diets were isocaloric. RESULTS Regardless of the diet, Casp8ΔIEC mice showed pronounced inflammation in colon compared to ileum, whereas Casp8fl mice were hardly inflamed. Casp8fl mice could tolerate all bread types. Especially yeast fermented rye and wheat bread from superfine flour but not pure gluten challenge increased colitis and mortality in Casp8ΔIEC mice. Hepatic expression of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and colonic expression of tumor necrosis factor-α genes were inversely related to survival. The bread diets, but not the gluten-rich diet, also decreased colonic tight junction expression to variable degrees, without clear association to survival and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Bread components, especially those from yeast-fermented breads from wheat and rye, increase colitis and mortality in Casp8ΔIEC mice highly susceptible to intestinal inflammation, whereas control mice can tolerate all types of bread without inflammation. Yet unidentified bread components other than gluten seem to play the major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zimmermann
- Department of Nutritional Medicine/Prevention, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Luigia De Fazio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Kaden-Volynets
- Department of Nutritional Medicine/Prevention, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bernd Hitzmann
- Department of Process Analytics and Cereal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 23, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stephan C. Bischoff
- Department of Nutritional Medicine/Prevention, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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The Role of Myeloid Cells in Hepatotoxicity Related to Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081913. [PMID: 35454819 PMCID: PMC9027811 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immune-modulating cancer treatments have proved to be highly effective in a wide range of tumour types. They interrupt the usual communication between cells in the immune system, encouraging them to become more active in identifying and destroying cancer cells. Although these therapies are very successful in treating cancer, patients frequently experience liver injury as a side effect related to over activation of the immune system. If cancer patients develop this side effect, they need to stop their cancer therapy and be given strong immunosuppressants. Researchers are now working on understanding the mechanisms involved in the development of liver inflammation. In this review we will summarise findings identifying classes of immune cells that are of particular importance in this context and highlight ways in which we can use this knowledge to improve the safety of these new cancer drugs. Abstract Drug-related hepatotoxicity is an emerging clinical challenge with the widening use of immunotherapeutic agents in the field of oncology. This is an important complication to consider as more immune oncological targets are being identified to show promising results in clinical trials. The application of these therapeutics may be complicated by the development of immune-related adverse events (irAEs), a serious limitation often requiring high-dose immunosuppression and discontinuation of cancer therapy. Hepatoxicity presents one of the most frequently encountered irAEs and a better understanding of the underlying mechanism is crucial for the development of alternative therapeutic interventions. As a novel drug side effect, the immunopathogenesis of the condition is not completely understood. In the liver, myeloid cells play a central role in the maintenance of homeostasis and promotion of inflammation. Recent research has identified myeloid cells to be associated with hepatic adverse events of various immune modulatory monoclonal antibodies. In this review article, we provide an overview of the role of myeloid cells in the immune pathogenesis during hepatoxicity related to cancer immunotherapies and highlight potential treatment options.
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Zheng Z, Gao M, Tang C, Huang L, Gong Y, Liu Y, Wang J. E. coli JM83 damages the mucosal barrier in Ednrb knockout mice to promote the development of Hirschsprung‑associated enterocolitis via activation of TLR4/p‑p38/NF‑κB signaling. Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:168. [PMID: 35302172 PMCID: PMC8971921 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC) is characterized by intestinal mucosal damage and an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota. Recent studies have indicated that the TLR4/p-p38/NF-κB signaling pathway in the intestine is of great importance to intestinal mucosal integrity. The present study aimed to investigate the role of TLR4/phosphorylated (p-)38/NF-κB signaling in the pathogenesis of HAEC in E. coli JM83-infected endothelin receptor B (Ednrb)−/− mice. Ednrb−/− mice were infected with E. coli JM83 by oral gavage to establish the HAEC model. Wild-type and Ednrb−/− mice were randomly divided into uninfected and E. coli groups. The role of TLR4/p-p38/NF-κB signaling was further evaluated by in vivo and in vitro analyses. The activation of the TLR4/p-p38/NF-κB signaling pathway induced by E. coli JM83 resulted in HAEC in Ednrb−/− mice, which was evidenced by a significant increase in the expression of TNF-α, TGF-β and IL-10, and a decreased density of F-actin protein expression. TLR4 knockdown reduced the severity of enterocolitis and attenuated the expression of IL-10, TNF-α and TGF-β, whilst increasing the density of F-actin protein in Ednrb−/− mice after E. coli infection. These results indicated that E. coli JM83 activates TLR4/p-p38/NF-κB signaling in Ednrb−/− to promote the development of HAEC. Thus, inhibition of this signaling pathway may benefit the treatment and prevention of HAEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebing Zheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Pediatric Research Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Mingjuan Gao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Chengyan Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Gong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Yuanmei Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Pediatric Research Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
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Luo W, Ye L, Hu XT, Wang MH, Wang MX, Jin LM, Xiao ZX, Qian JC, Wang Y, Zuo W, Huang LJ, Liang G. MD2 deficiency prevents high-fat diet-induced AMPK suppression and lipid accumulation through regulating TBK1 in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e777. [PMID: 35343085 PMCID: PMC8958353 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most predominant form of liver diseases worldwide. Recent evidence shows that myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2), a protein in innate immunity and inflammation, regulates liver injury in models of NAFLD. Here, we investigated a new mechanism by which MD2 participates in the pathogenesis of experimental NAFLD. METHODS Wild-type, Md2-/- and bone marrow reconstitution mice fed with high-fat diet (HFD) were used to identify the role of hepatocyte MD2 in NAFLD. Transcriptomic RNA-seq and pathway enrich analysis were performed to explore the potential mechanisms of MD2. In vitro, primary hepatocytes and macrophages were cultured for mechanistic studies. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis and bone marrow reconstitution studies showed that hepatocyte MD2 may participate in regulating lipid metabolism in models with NAFLD. We then discovered that Md2 deficiency in mice prevents HFD-mediated suppression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). This preservation of AMPK in Md2-deficient mice was associated with normalized sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) transcriptional program and a lack of lipid accumulation in both hepatocytes and liver. We then showed that hepatocyte MD2 links HFD to AMPK/SREBP1 through TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1). In addition, MD2-increased inflammatory factor from macrophages induces hepatic TBK1 activation and AMPK suppression. CONCLUSION Hepatocyte MD2 plays a pathogenic role in NAFLD through TBK1-AMPK/SREBP1 and lipid metabolism pathway. These studies provide new insight into a non-inflammatory function of MD2 and evidence for the important role of MD2 in NALFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lin Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xue-Ting Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mei-Hong Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Min-Xiu Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lei-Ming Jin
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Xiang Xiao
- Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Yueqing, China
| | - Jian-Chang Qian
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wei Zuo
- Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Yueqing, China
| | - Li-Jiang Huang
- Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital, Wenzhou Medial University (Xiangshan First People's Hospital Medical and Health Group), Xiangshan, China
| | - Guang Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Center SA, Randolph JF, Warner KL, McDonough SP, Lucy JM, Sapa KC. Bacterial culture and immunohistochemical detection of bacteria and endotoxin in cats with suppurative cholangitis-cholangiohepatitis syndrome. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 260:194-211. [PMID: 34936576 DOI: 10.2460/javma.20.10.0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the frequency and type of bacterial infection by culture- and immunohistochemical (IHC)-based methods and determine the impact of infection on clinical features and survival time in cats with suppurative cholangitis-cholangiohepatitis syndrome (S-CCHS). ANIMALS 168 client-owned cats with S-CCHS (cases). PROCEDURES Clinical features, bacterial culture results, culture-inoculate sources, and survival details were recorded. Cases were subcategorized by comorbidity (extrahepatic bile duct obstruction, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, ductal plate malformation, biopsy-confirmed inflammatory bowel disease, and biopsy-confirmed pancreatitis) or treatment by cholecystectomy or cholecystoenterostomy. Culture results, bacterial isolates, Gram-stain characteristics, and IHC staining were compared among comorbidities. Lipoteichoic acid IHC staining detected gram-positive bacterial cell wall components, and toll-like receptor expression IHC reflected pathologic endotoxin (gram-negative bacteria) exposure. RESULTS Clinical features were similar among cases except for more frequent abdominal pain and lethargy in cats with positive culture results and pyrexia, abdominal pain, and hepatomegaly for cats with polymicrobial infections. Bacteria were cultured in 93 of 135 (69%) cats, with common isolates including Enterococcus spp and Escherichia coli. IHC staining was positive in 142 of 151 (94%) cats (lipoteichoic acid, 107/142 [75%]; toll-like receptor 4, 99/142 [70%]). With in-parallel interpretation of culture and IHC-based bacterial detection, 154 of 166 (93%) cats had bacterial infections (gram-positive, 118/154 [77%]; gram-negative, 111/154 [72%]; polymicrobial, 79/154 [51%]). Greater frequency of bacterial isolation occurred with combined tissue, bile, and crushed cholelith inoculates. Infection and gram-positive bacterial isolates were associated with significantly shorter long-term survival times. CLINICAL RELEVANCE S-CCHS was associated with bacterial infection, pathologic endotoxin exposure, and frequent polymicrobial infection in cats. Combined tissue inoculates improved culture detection of associated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Center
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - John F Randolph
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Karen L Warner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Sean P McDonough
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | | | - Kirk C Sapa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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Kordes M, Ormond L, Rausch S, Matuschewski K, Hafalla JCR. TLR9 signalling inhibits Plasmodium liver infection by macrophage activation. Eur J Immunol 2021; 52:270-284. [PMID: 34773640 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) plays a pivotal role in first-line pathogen defense. TLRs are also likely triggered during a Plasmodium infection in vivo by parasite-derived components. However, the contribution of innate responses to liver infection and to the subsequent clinical outcome of a blood infection is not well understood. To assess the potential effects of enhanced TLR-signalling on Plasmodium infection, we systematically examined the effect of agonist-primed immune responses to sporozoite inoculation in the P. berghei/C57Bl/6 murine malaria model. We could identify distinct stage-specific effects on the course of infection after stimulation with two out of four TLR-ligands tested. Priming with a TLR9 agonist induced killing of pre-erythrocytic stages in the liver that depended on macrophages and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). These factors have previously not been recognized as antigen-independent effector mechanisms against Plasmodium liver stages. Priming with TLR4 and -9 agonists also translated into blood stage-specific protection against experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). These insights are relevant to the activation of TLR signalling pathways by adjuvant systems of antimalaria vaccine strategies. The protective role of TLR4-activation against ECM might also explain some unexpected clinical effects observed with pre-erythrocytic vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Kordes
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Louise Ormond
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Rausch
- Institute of Immunology, Centre of Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Matuschewski
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julius Clemence R Hafalla
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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The Role and Mechanism of Oxidative Stress and Nuclear Receptors in the Development of NAFLD. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6889533. [PMID: 34745420 PMCID: PMC8566046 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6889533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequent oxidative stress contribute to the pathogenesis of acute and chronic liver diseases. It is now acknowledged that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized as a redox-centered disease due to the role of ROS in hepatic metabolism. However, the underlying mechanisms accounting for these alternations are not completely understood. Several nuclear receptors (NRs) are dysregulated in NAFLD, and have a direct influence on the expression of a set of genes relating to the progress of hepatic lipid homeostasis and ROS generation. Meanwhile, the NRs act as redox sensors in response to metabolic stress. Therefore, targeting NRs may represent a promising strategy for improving oxidation damage and treating NAFLD. This review summarizes the link between impaired lipid metabolism and oxidative stress and highlights some NRs involved in regulating oxidant/antioxidant turnover in the context of NAFLD, shedding light on potential therapies based on NR-mediated modulation of ROS generation and lipid accumulation.
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Relation between levels of toll-like receptors 3 and 7 and clinical profile of Child-Pugh B cirrhotic patients. Clin Exp Hepatol 2021; 7:293-296. [PMID: 34712831 PMCID: PMC8527339 DOI: 10.5114/ceh.2021.109336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study Growing data show that toll-like receptors (TLRs) have considerable roles in the pathogenesis of many liver diseases. We aimed to study the relation between TLR3 and TLR7 levels and clinical manifestations of liver decompensation among hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected Child-Pugh B patients. Material and methods This study included 60 adult patients with Child-Pugh B liver cirrhosis on top of untreated HCV infection. We performed a two-step clustering algorithm depending on TLR-3 gene expression, TLR-7 gene expression, and other influential patients’ characteristics. Results Patients were optimally divided into 2 clusters, each cluster containing 30 patients. The average silhouette score of the clustering algorithm was 0.52, indicating a good clustering power of the model. Patients in cluster 1 showed lower relative expression of TLR3 (0.188 vs. 0.29). The same was true of TLR7 (0.20 vs. 0.31). All patients within cluster 1 had lower limb edema and 93% of them had ascites. On the other hand, no one within cluster 2 had ascites or lower limb edema. The mean platelet count was lower in patients within cluster 1 (74,000 vs. 100,000 cell/mm3). The mean international normalized ratio (INR) level was higher in cluster 1 (1.61 vs. 1.3). The mean Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score was higher in cluster 1 (15 vs. 10). Conclusions From these results, we can suggest that lower TLR3 and TLR7 can lead to worse clinical manifestations among patients with HCV-related liver cirrhosis. A deeper exploration of this point can open the door for new approaches for managing decompensated cirrhosis.
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Bile acid activated receptors: Integrating immune and metabolic regulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. LIVER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Martín AI, Priego T, Moreno-Ruperez Á, González-Hedström D, Granado M, López-Calderón A. IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in Inflammatory Cachexia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179469. [PMID: 34502376 PMCID: PMC8430490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation induces a wide response of the neuroendocrine system, which leads to modifications in all the endocrine axes. The hypothalamic–growth hormone (GH)–insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis is deeply affected by inflammation, its response being characterized by GH resistance and a decrease in circulating levels of IGF-1. The endocrine and metabolic responses to inflammation allow the organism to survive. However, in chronic inflammatory conditions, the inhibition of the hypothalamic–GH–IGF-1 axis contributes to the catabolic process, with skeletal muscle atrophy and cachexia. Here, we review the changes in pituitary GH secretion, IGF-1, and IGF-1 binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), as well as the mechanism that mediated those responses. The contribution of GH and IGF-1 to muscle wasting during inflammation has also been analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Martín
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.M.); (Á.M.-R.)
| | - Teresa Priego
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Álvaro Moreno-Ruperez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.M.); (Á.M.-R.)
| | - Daniel González-Hedström
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.G.-H.); (M.G.)
- Pharmactive Biotech Products S.L. Parque Científico de Madrid, Avenida del Doctor Severo Ochoa, 37 Local 4J, 28108 Alcobendas, Spain
| | - Miriam Granado
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.G.-H.); (M.G.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Asunción López-Calderón
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.M.); (Á.M.-R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-913-941-491
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Shao C, Yang X, Jing Y, Hou X, Huang Y, Zong C, Gao L, Liu W, Jiang J, Ye F, Shi J, Zhao Q, Li R, Zhang X, Wei L. The stemness of hepatocytes is maintained by high levels of lipopolysaccharide via YAP1 activation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:342. [PMID: 34112239 PMCID: PMC8193885 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02421-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The liver possesses a powerful regeneration ability, which is correlated with the stemness of hepatocytes in the portal vein (PV). However, the mechanism underlying the maintenance of hepatocyte stemness has not been elucidated. Here, we hypothesized that high levels of lipopolysaccharide from the portal vein might maintain the stemness of hepatocytes in the PV area. Methods First, we examined the location of hepatic stem cells and the concentration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the portal vein and inferior vena cava. Then, we assessed the effect of LPS on stemness maintenance in mice by using antibiotics to eliminate LPS and knocking out the LPS receptor, TLR4. In vitro, the effect of LPS on the stemness of hepatocytes was investigated by colony and sphere formation assays and assessment of pluripotent and stem cell marker expression. Furthermore, we studied the mechanism by which LPS regulates the stemness of hepatocytes. Finally, we ligated the portal vein branch to further verify the effect of LPS. Results We found that a high level of LPS from the portal vein was correlated with the location of hepatic stem cells in the PV area, and elimination of LPS by antibiotics inhibited the expression of the stemness marker. LPS promoted colony and sphere formation and induced the upregulation of pluripotent and stem cell markers in AML12 cells. Furthermore, in the reprogramming medium, LPS facilitated the dedifferentiation of mature hepatocytes into hepatic progenitor-like cells, which exhibited a bipotent differentiation capacity in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, LPS bound TLR4 to regulate stemness of hepatocytes via the activation of YAP1 signaling, and blockade of YAP1 abolished the LPS-induced cell stemness and upregulation of pluripotent markers. Conclusions Our study implies a correlation between LPS/TLR4/YAP1 signaling and cell stemness, and LPS was shown to be involved in stemness maintenance of hepatocytes in the PV area. LPS might be used to induce the dedifferentiation of mature hepatocytes into progenitor-like cells for repair of liver injury. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02421-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchun Shao
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yingying Jing
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xiaojuan Hou
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yihua Huang
- Department of Pathology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Chen Zong
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Wenting Liu
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jinghua Jiang
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Junxia Shi
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Qiudong Zhao
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Rong Li
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiaoren Zhang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Lixin Wei
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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Taurine ameliorates thioacetamide induced liver fibrosis in rats via modulation of toll like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12296. [PMID: 34112866 PMCID: PMC8192756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a significant health problem that can cause serious illness and death. Unfortunately, a standard treatment for liver fibrosis has not been approved yet due to its complicated pathogenesis. The current study aimed at assessing the anti-fibrotic effect of taurine against thioacetamide induced liver fibrosis in rats through the modulation of toll like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. Both concomitant and late taurine treatment (100 mg/kg, IP, daily) significantly reduced the rise in serum ALT and AST activities and significantly reversed the decrease in serum albumin and total protein. These results were confirmed by histopathological examinations and immunehistochemical inspection of α-SMA, caspase-3 and NF-κB. The antioxidant potential of taurine was verified by a marked increase of GSH content and a reduction of MDA level in liver tissue. The anti-fibrotic effects of taurine were evaluated by investigating the expression of TLR4, NF-κB. The protein levels of IL-6, LPS, MyD88, MD2, CD14, TGF-β1 and TNF-α were determined. Docking studies were carried out to understand how taurine interacts inside TLR4-MD2 complex and it showed good binding with the hydrophobic binding site of MD2. We concluded that the anti-fibrotic effect of taurine was attributable to the modulation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling.
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15
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Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor roscovitine attenuates liver inflammation and fibrosis by influencing initiating steps of liver injury. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:925-941. [PMID: 33786590 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver diseases present a significant public health burden worldwide. Although the mechanisms of liver diseases are complex, it is generally accepted that inflammation is commonly involved in the pathogenesis. Ongoing inflammatory responses exacerbate liver injury, or even result in fibrosis and cirrhosis. Here we report that roscovitine, a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor, exerts beneficial effects on acute and chronic liver inflammation as well as fibrosis. Animal models of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/d-galactosamine- and acute or chronic CCl4-induced liver injury showed that roscovitine administration markedly attenuated liver injury, inflammation and histological damage in LPS/d-galactosamine- and CCl4-induced acute liver injury models, which is consistent with the results in vitro. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis showed that roscovitine treatment repressed the transcription of a broad set of pro-inflammatory genes involved in many aspects of inflammation, including cytokine production and immune cell proliferation and migration, and inhibited the TGF-β signaling pathway and the biological process of tissue remodeling. For further validation, the beneficial effect of roscovitine against inflammation was evaluated in chronic CCl4-challenged mice. The anti-inflammation effect of roscovitine was observed in this model, accompanied with reduced liver fibrosis. The anti-fibrotic mechanism involved inhibition of profibrotic genes and blocking of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation. Our data show that roscovitine administration protects against liver diseases through inhibition of macrophage inflammatory actions and HSC activation at the onset of liver injury.
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Dong W, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Fan Z, Zhang Z, Fan X, Xu Y. BRG1 Links TLR4 Trans-Activation to LPS-Induced SREBP1a Expression and Liver Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:617073. [PMID: 33816466 PMCID: PMC8012493 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.617073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple organ failure is one of the most severe consequences in patients with septic shock. Liver injury is frequently observed during this pathophysiological process. In the present study we investigated the contribution of Brahma related gene 1 (BRG1), a chromatin remodeling protein, to septic shock induced liver injury. When wild type (WT) and liver conditional BRG1 knockout (LKO) mice were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), liver injury was appreciably attenuated in the LKO mice compared to the WT mice as evidenced by plasma ALT/AST levels, hepatic inflammation and apoptosis. Of interest, there was a down-regulation of sterol response element binding protein 1a (SREBP1a), known to promote liver injury, in the LKO livers compared to the WT livers. BRG1 did not directly bind to the SREBP1a promoter. Instead, BRG1 was recruited to the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) promoter and activated TLR4 transcription. Ectopic TLR4 restored SREBP1a expression in BRG1-null hepatocytes. Congruently, adenovirus carrying TLR4 or SREBP1a expression vector normalized liver injury in BRG1 LKO mice injected with LPS. Finally, a positive correlation between BRG1 and TLR4 expression was detected in human liver biopsy specimens. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that a BRG1-TLR4-SREBP1a axis that mediates LPS-induced liver injury in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Invention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuwen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Invention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yangxi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Invention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiwen Fan
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China.,Central Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiangshan Fan
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Invention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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Tang XH, Melis M, Mai K, Gudas LJ, Trasino SE. Fenretinide Improves Intestinal Barrier Function and Mitigates Alcohol Liver Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:630557. [PMID: 33815111 PMCID: PMC8012525 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.630557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of liver-related mortality globally, yet there remains an unmet demand for approved ALD drugs. The pathogenesis of ALD involves perturbations to the intestinal barrier and subsequent translocation of bacterial endotoxin that, acting through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), promotes hepatic inflammation and progression of ALD. In the present study we investigated the ability of fenretinide (Fen) [N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide], a synthetic retinoid with known anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties, to modulate intestinal permeability and clinical hallmarks of ALD in a mouse model of chronic ethanol (EtOH) exposure. Our results show that EtOH-treated mice had reductions in mRNA and protein expression of intestinal tight junction proteins, including claudin one and occludin, and increases in intestinal permeability and endotoxemia compared to pair-fed mice. Also, EtOH-treated mice had marked increases in hepatic steatosis, liver injury, and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, and TLR4-positive macrophages, Kupffer cells, and hepatocytes in the intestines and liver, respectively. In contrast, EtOH + Fen-treated mice were resistant to the effects of EtOH on promoting intestinal permeability and had higher intestinal protein levels of claudin one and occludin. Also, EtOH + Fen-treated mice had significantly lower plasma levels of endotoxin, and reductions in expression of TNF-α and TLR4 positive macrophages, Kupffer cells, and hepatocytes in the intestine and liver. Lastly, we found that EtOH + Fen-treated mice exhibited major reductions in hepatic triglycerides, steatosis, and liver injury compared to EtOH-treated mice. Our findings are the first to demonstrate that Fen possesses anti-ALD properties, potentially through modulation of the intestinal barrier function, endotoxemia, and TLR4-mediated inflammation. These data warrant further pre-clinical investigations of Fen as a potential anti-ALD drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Han Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marta Melis
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Karen Mai
- Nutrition Program, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lorraine J Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Steven E Trasino
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States.,Nutrition Program, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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Ablation of Aquaporin-9 Ameliorates the Systemic Inflammatory Response of LPS-Induced Endotoxic Shock in Mouse. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020435. [PMID: 33670755 PMCID: PMC7922179 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Septic shock is the most severe complication of sepsis, being characterized by a systemic inflammatory response following bacterial infection, leading to multiple organ failure and dramatically high mortality. Aquaporin-9 (AQP9), a membrane channel protein mainly expressed in hepatocytes and leukocytes, has been recently associated with inflammatory and infectious responses, thus triggering strong interest as a potential target for reducing septic shock-dependent mortality. Here, we evaluated whether AQP9 contributes to murine systemic inflammation during endotoxic shock. Wild type (Aqp9+/+; WT) and Aqp9 gene knockout (Aqp9−/−; KO) male mice were submitted to endotoxic shock by i.p. injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 40 mg/kg) and the related survival times were followed during 72 h. The electronic paramagnetic resonance and confocal microscopy were employed to analyze the nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion (O2−) production, and the expression of inducible NO-synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2), respectively, in the liver, kidney, aorta, heart and lung of the mouse specimens. LPS-treated KO mice survived significantly longer than corresponding WT mice, and 25% of the KO mice fully recovered from the endotoxin treatment. The LPS-injected KO mice showed lower inflammatory NO and O2− productions and reduced iNOS and COX-2 levels through impaired NF-κB p65 activation in the liver, kidney, aorta, and heart as compared to the LPS-treated WT mice. Consistent with these results, the treatment of FaO cells, a rodent hepatoma cell line, with the AQP9 blocker HTS13268 prevented the LPS-induced increase of inflammatory NO and O2−. A role for AQP9 is suggested in the early acute phase of LPS-induced endotoxic shock involving NF-κB signaling. The modulation of AQP9 expression/function may reveal to be useful in developing novel endotoxemia therapeutics.
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TLR4 Signaling Selectively and Directly Promotes CGRP Release from Vagal Afferents in the Mouse. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0254-20.2020. [PMID: 33318075 PMCID: PMC7877464 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0254-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a long-standing debate regarding the role of peripheral afferents in mediating rapid-onset anorexia among other responses elicited by peripheral inflammatory insults. Thus, the current study assessed the sufficiency of peripheral afferents expressing toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to the initiation of the anorexia caused by peripheral bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We generated a Tlr4 null (Tlr4LoxTB) mouse in which Tlr4 expression is globally disrupted by a loxP-flanked transcription blocking (TB) cassette. This novel mouse model allowed us to restore the endogenous TLR4 expression in specific cell types. Using Zp3-Cre and Nav1.8-Cre mice, we produced mice that express TLR4 in all cells (Tlr4LoxTB X Zp3-Cre) and in peripheral afferents (Tlr4LoxTB X Nav1.8-Cre), respectively. We validated the Tlr4LoxTB mice, which were phenotypically identical to previously reported global TLR4 knock-out mice. Contrary to our expectations, the administration of LPS did not cause rapid-onset anorexia in mice with Nav1.8-restricted TLR4. The later result prompted us to identify Tlr4-expressing vagal afferents using in situ hybridization (ISH). In vivo, we found that Tlr4 mRNA was primarily enriched in vagal Nav1.8 afferents located in the jugular ganglion that co-expressed calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). In vitro, the application of LPS to cultured Nav1.8-restricted TLR4 afferents was sufficient to stimulate the release of CGRP. In summary, we demonstrated using a new mouse model that vagally-expressed TLR4 is selectively involved in stimulating the release of CGRP but not in causing anorexia.
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3D-Hepatocyte Culture Applied to Parasitology: Immune Activation of Canine Hepatic Spheroids Exposed to Leishmania infantum. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120628. [PMID: 33352885 PMCID: PMC7766187 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of innovative three-dimensional (3D) spheroids cell culture strategy to Parasitology offers the opportunity to closely explore host–parasite interactions. Here we present a first report on the application of 3D hepatic spheroids to unravel the immune response of canine hepatocytes exposed to Leishmania infantum. The liver, usually considered a major metabolic organ, also performs several important immunological functions and constitutes a target organ for L. infantum infection, the etiological agent of canine leishmaniasis (CanL), and a parasitic disease of major veterinary and public health concern. 3D hepatic spheroids were able to sense and immunologically react to L. infantum parasites, generating an innate immune response by increasing nitric oxide (NO) production and enhancing toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and interleukin-10 gene expression. The immune response orchestrated by canine hepatocytes also lead to the impairment of several cytochrome P450 (CYP450) with possible implications for liver natural xenobiotic metabolization capacity. The application of meglumine antimoniate (MgA) increased the inflammatory response of 3D hepatic spheroids by inducing the expression of Nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD) -like receptors 1 and NOD2 and TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 and enhancing gene expression of tumour necrosis factor α. It is therefore suggested that hepatocytes are key effector cells and can activate and orchestrate the immune response to L. infantum parasites.
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Mohs A, Kuttkat N, Otto T, Youssef SA, De Bruin A, Trautwein C. MyD88-dependent signaling in non-parenchymal cells promotes liver carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2020; 41:171-181. [PMID: 30770929 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In Western countries, a rising incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes correlates with an increase of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-a major risk factor for liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NASH is associated with chronic liver injury, triggering hepatocyte death and enhanced translocation of intestinal bacteria, leading to persistent liver inflammation through activation of Toll-like receptors and their adapter protein myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88). Therefore, we investigated the role of MyD88 during progression from NASH to HCC using a mouse model of chronic liver injury (hepatocyte-specific deletion of nuclear factor κB essential modulator, Nemo; NemoΔhepa). NemoΔhepa; NemoΔhepa/MyD88-/- and NemoΔhepa/MyD88Δhepa were generated and the impact on liver disease progression was investigated. Ubiquitous MyD88 ablation (NemoΔhepa/MyD88-/-) aggravated the degree of liver damage, accompanied by an overall decrease in inflammation, whereas infiltrating macrophages and natural killer cells were elevated. At a later stage, MyD88 deficiency impaired HCC formation. In contrast, hepatocyte-specific MyD88 deletion (NemoΔhepa/MyD88Δhepa) did not affect disease progression. These results suggest that signaling of Toll-like receptors through MyD88 in non-parenchymal liver cells is required for carcinogenesis during chronic liver injury. Hence, blocking MyD88 signaling may offer a therapeutic option to prevent HCC formation in patients with NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Mohs
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen Pauwelsstrasse, Germany
| | - Nadine Kuttkat
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen Pauwelsstrasse, Germany
| | - Tobias Otto
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen Pauwelsstrasse, Germany
| | - Sameh A Youssef
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Utrecht University, Yalelaan, TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alain De Bruin
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Utrecht University, Yalelaan, TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen Pauwelsstrasse, Germany
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Zheng Q, Martin RC, Shi X, Pandit H, Yu Y, Liu X, Guo W, Tan M, Bai O, Meng X, Li Y. Lack of FGF21 promotes NASH-HCC transition via hepatocyte-TLR4-IL-17A signaling. Theranostics 2020; 10:9923-9936. [PMID: 32929325 PMCID: PMC7481424 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been increasingly recognized in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is reported to prevent NASH and delay HCC development. In this study, the effects of FGF21 on NASH progression and NASH-HCC transition and the potential mechanism(s) were investigated. Methods: NASH models and NASH-HCC models were established in FGF21Knockout (KO) mice to evaluate NASH-HCC transition. IL-17A signaling was investigated in the isolated hepatic parenchymal cells, splenocytes, and hepatocyte and HCC cell lines. Results: Lack of FGF21 caused significant up-regulation of the hepatocyte-derived IL-17A via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and NF-κB signaling. Restoration of FGF21 alleviated the high NAFLD activity score (NAS) and attenuated the TLR4-triggered hepatocyte-IL-17A expression. The HCC nodule number and tumor size were significantly alleviated by treatments of anti-IL-17A antibody. Conclusion: This study revealed a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of FGF21 via inhibiting the hepatocyte-TLR4-IL-17A signaling in NASH-HCC models. The negative feedback loop on the hepatocyte-TLR4-IL-17A axis could be a potential anti-carcinogenetic mechanism for FGF21 to prevent NASH-HCC transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zheng
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Robert C. Martin
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Xiaoju Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Harshul Pandit
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Youxi Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xingkai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Min Tan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Ou Bai
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xin Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Transcriptional Regulation in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10070283. [PMID: 32660130 PMCID: PMC7408131 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10070283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is the primary risk factor for the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the worldwide prevalence of which continues to increase dramatically. The liver plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of whole-body lipid and glucose homeostasis. This is mainly mediated by the transcriptional activation of hepatic pathways that promote glucose and lipid production or utilization in response to the nutritional state of the body. However, in the setting of chronic excessive nutrition, the dysregulation of hepatic transcriptional machinery promotes lipid accumulation, inflammation, metabolic stress, and fibrosis, which culminate in NAFLD. In this review, we provide our current understanding of the transcription factors that have been linked to the pathogenesis and progression of NAFLD. Using publicly available transcriptomic data, we outline the altered activity of transcription factors among humans with NAFLD. By expanding this analysis to common experimental mouse models of NAFLD, we outline the relevance of mouse models to the human pathophysiology at the transcriptional level.
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Jiang Y, Que W, Zhu P, Li XK. The Role of Diverse Liver Cells in Liver Transplantation Tolerance. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1203. [PMID: 32595648 PMCID: PMC7304488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the ideal treatment approach for a variety of end-stage liver diseases. However, life-long, systemic immunosuppressive treatment after transplantation is required to prevent rejection and graft loss, which is associated with severe side effects, although liver allograft is considered more tolerogenic. Therefore, understanding the mechanism underlying the unique immunologically privileged liver organ is valuable for transplantation management and autoimmune disease treatment. The unique hepatic acinus anatomy and a complex cellular network constitute the immunosuppressive hepatic microenvironment, which are responsible for the tolerogenic properties of the liver. The hepatic microenvironment contains a variety of hepatic-resident immobile non-professional antigen-presenting cells, including hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells, that are insufficient to optimally prime T cells locally and lead to the removal of alloreactive T cells due to the low expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory molecules and proinflammatory cytokines but a rather high expression of coinhibitory molecules and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Hepatic dendritic cells (DCs) are generally immature and less immunogenic than splenic DCs and are also ineffective in priming naïve allogeneic T cells via the direct recognition pathway in recipient secondary lymphoid organs. Although natural killer cells and natural killer T cells are reportedly associated with liver tolerance, their roles in liver transplantation are multifaceted and need to be further clarified. Under these circumstances, T cells are prone to clonal deletion, clonal anergy and exhaustion, eventually leading to tolerance. Other proposed liver tolerance mechanisms, such as soluble donor MHC class I molecules, passenger leukocytes theory and a high-load antigen effect, have also been addressed. We herein comprehensively review the current evidence implicating the tolerogenic properties of diverse liver cells in liver transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhi Jiang
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weitao Que
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Molinaro A, Koh A, Wu H, Schoeler M, Faggi MI, Carreras A, Hallén A, Bäckhed F, Caesar R. Hepatic expression of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (Lbp) is induced by the gut microbiota through Myd88 and impairs glucose tolerance in mice independent of obesity. Mol Metab 2020; 37:100997. [PMID: 32305515 PMCID: PMC7229497 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.100997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Gut-derived inflammatory factors can impair glucose homeostasis, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated how hepatic gene expression is regulated by gut colonization status through myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) and how one of the regulated genes, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (Lbp), affects insulin signaling and systemic glucose homeostasis. Methods Liver transcriptomics analysis was conducted on four groups of mice fed a chow diet: conventionally raised (CONV-R) wild-type, germ-free (GF) wild-type, CONV-R Myd88 KO, and GF Myd88 KO. Primary hepatocytes were exposed to combinations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LBP, and the LBP-blocking peptide LBPK95A, and the effect on insulin signaling was determined. To assess how LBP affects glucose metabolism in vivo, two mouse models were applied: treatment with LBPK95A and hepatic knockdown of Lbp using CRISPR-CAS9. Results We showed that the colonization status regulates gene expression in the liver and that a subset of these genes, including Lbp, is regulated through MYD88. Furthermore, we demonstrated that LBP impairs insulin signaling in hepatocytes in the presence of low levels of LPS and that the effect of LBP is abolished by LBPK95A. We showed that both systemic pharmacological blocking of LBP by LBPK95A and CRISPR-CAS9-mediated downregulation of hepatic Lbp improve glucose homeostasis. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the gut microbiota regulates hepatic expression of Lbp through MYD88-dependent signaling. LBP potentiates LPS inhibition of insulin signaling in vitro and impairs systemic glucose homeostasis in vivo. Gut microbiota induces hepatic expression of Lbp through MYD88. LBP impairs insulin signalling in hepatocytes in the presence of low levels of LPS. Pharmacological blocking of LBP improves systemic glucose homeostasis. Knockdown of hepatic Lbp improves systemic glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Molinaro
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ara Koh
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hao Wu
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marc Schoeler
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Ilaria Faggi
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alba Carreras
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Hallén
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Caesar
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Chungen Y, Dongfang Z, Guoyuan X. MicroRNA-146a Protects Against Ischemia/Reperfusion Liver Injury Through Inhibition of Toll-like Receptor 4 Signaling Pathway in Rats. Transplant Proc 2020; 52:1007-1013. [PMID: 32143869 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is a severe and common clinical challenge involved in liver surgery and transplantation. MicroRNA-146a (miR-146a) has recently been reported to be abnormally expressed in hepatic IRI, but the underlying mechanism is not fully elucidated. Accumulating evidences showed miR-146a targets Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway. Here, we found that miR-146a inhibited TLR4 signaling pathway accompanied by attenuated liver dysfunction, histologic injury and inflammation. Conversely, miR-146a inhibition increased TLR4 and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase, accompanied by exacerbated hepatic IRI and inflammation. Taken together, these data indicated that miR-146a protect against hepatic IRI via inhibiting TLR4 signaling pathway. In addition, we verified ultrasound microbubble-mediated gene transfection improved miR-146a transfection efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chungen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhu Dongfang
- Department of Lab Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xia Guoyuan
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
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27
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Shepard CR. TLR9 in MAFLD and NASH: At the Intersection of Inflammation and Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:613639. [PMID: 33584545 PMCID: PMC7880160 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.613639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-Like Receptor 9 (TLR9) is an ancient receptor integral to the primordial functions of inflammation and metabolism. TLR9 functions to regulate homeostasis in a healthy system under acute stress. The literature supports that overactivation of TLR9 under the chronic stress of obesity is a critical driver of the pathogenesis of NASH and NASH-associated fibrosis. Research has focused on the core contributions of the parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells in the liver, adipose, and gut compartments. TLR9 is activated by endogenous circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Chronically elevated circulating levels of mtDNA, caused by the stress of overnutrition, are observed in obesity, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and NASH. Clinical evidence is supportive of TLR9 overactivation as a driver of disease. The role of TLR9 in metabolism and energy regulation may have an underappreciated contribution in the pathogenesis of NASH. Antagonism of TLR9 in NASH and NASH-associated fibrosis could be an effective therapeutic strategy to target both the inflammatory and metabolic components of such a complex disease.
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28
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Perugorria MJ, Esparza-Baquer A, Oakley F, Labiano I, Korosec A, Jais A, Mann J, Tiniakos D, Santos-Laso A, Arbelaiz A, Gawish R, Sampedro A, Fontanellas A, Hijona E, Jimenez-Agüero R, Esterbauer H, Stoiber D, Bujanda L, Banales JM, Knapp S, Sharif O, Mann DA. Non-parenchymal TREM-2 protects the liver from immune-mediated hepatocellular damage. Gut 2019; 68:533-546. [PMID: 29374630 PMCID: PMC6580759 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Liver injury impacts hepatic inflammation in part via Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM-2) modulates TLR4-mediated inflammation in bone marrow (BM)-derived macrophages but its function in liver injury is unknown. Here we hypothesised that the anti-inflammatory effects of TREM-2 on TLR signalling may limit hepatic injury. DESIGN TREM-2 expression was analysed in livers of humans with various forms of liver injury compared with control individuals. Acute and chronic liver injury models were performed in wild type and Trem-2-/- mice. Primary liver cells from both genotypes of mice were isolated for in vitro experiments. RESULTS TREM-2 was expressed on non-parenchymal hepatic cells and induced during liver injury in mice and man. Mice lacking TREM-2 exhibited heightened liver damage and inflammation during acute and repetitive carbon tetrachloride and acetaminophen (APAP) intoxication, the latter of which TREM-2 deficiency was remarkably associated with worsened survival. Liver damage in Trem-2-/- mice following chronic injury and APAP challenge was associated with elevated hepatic lipid peroxidation and macrophage content. BM transplantation experiments and cellular reactive oxygen species assays revealed effects of TREM-2 in the context of chronic injury depended on both immune and resident TREM-2 expression. Consistent with effects of TREM-2 on inflammation-associated injury, primary hepatic macrophages and hepatic stellate cells lacking TREM-2 exhibited augmented TLR4-driven proinflammatory responses. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that by acting as a natural brake on inflammation during hepatocellular injury, TREM-2 is a critical regulator of diverse types of hepatotoxic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Perugorria
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Aitor Esparza-Baquer
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Fiona Oakley
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ibone Labiano
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ana Korosec
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine I, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Jais
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jelena Mann
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Dina Tiniakos
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alvaro Santos-Laso
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ander Arbelaiz
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Riem Gawish
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine I, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Sampedro
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Elizabeth Hijona
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Raul Jimenez-Agüero
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Harald Esterbauer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Stoiber
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luis Bujanda
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jesus María Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Sylvia Knapp
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine I, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Omar Sharif
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine I, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Derek A Mann
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Interplay between early-life malnutrition, epigenetic modulation of the immune function and liver diseases. Nutr Res Rev 2019; 32:128-145. [PMID: 30707092 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422418000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Early-life nutrition plays a critical role in fetal growth and development. Food intake absence and excess are the two main types of energy malnutrition that predispose to the appearance of diseases in adulthood, according to the hypothesis of 'developmental origins of health and disease'. Epidemiological data have shown an association between early-life malnutrition and the metabolic syndrome in later life. Evidence has also demonstrated that nutrition during this period of life can affect the development of the immune system through epigenetic mechanisms. Thus, epigenetics has an essential role in the complex interplay between environmental factors and genetics. Altogether, this leads to the inflammatory response that is commonly seen in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. In conjunction, DNA methylation, covalent modification of histones and the expression of non-coding RNA are the epigenetic phenomena that affect inflammatory processes in the context of NAFLD. Here, we highlight current understanding of the mechanisms underlying developmental programming of NAFLD linked to epigenetic modulation of the immune system and environmental factors, such as malnutrition.
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30
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DNase II activated by the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway regulates RIP1-dependent non-apoptotic hepatocyte death via the TLR9/IFN-β signaling pathway. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:470-486. [PMID: 29855540 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death, including apoptotic and non-apoptotic cell death, is frequently observed in liver disease. Upon activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, mitochondria release not only apoptogenic cytochrome c but also mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) into the cytosol. The impact of DNase II, a lysosomal acid DNase that degrades mtDNA, on hepatocyte death remains unclear. Administration of ABT-737, a Bcl-xL inhibitor, upregulated DNase II activity in murine hepatocyte cell line BNL CL.2 cells and induced apoptosis. In cells treated with DNase II siRNA, ABT-737 led to accumulation of mtDNA in the cytosol and increased expression of interferon (IFN)-β and induction of propidium iodide (PI)-positive cells, in addition to apoptosis. Induced PI-positive cells were suppressed by RIP1 inhibitor, Necrostatin-1, but not by pan-caspase inhibitor, ZVAD-FMK, suggesting non-apoptotic cell death. Both the increase in IFN-β and the induction of non-apoptotic cell death were abolished by administering a TLR9 antagonist, ODN2088, or by the removal of mtDNA from cells with ethidium bromide. Hepatocyte-specific Mcl-1 knockout mice developed hepatocyte apoptosis accompanied by upregulated DNase II activity in their livers. Further knockout of DNase II induced IFN-β expression and RIP1-dependent non-apoptotic hepatocyte death, both of which were suppressed by the administration of ODN2088. Mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), an obesity-associated fatty liver model, showed increased expression of IFN-β with suppression of DNase II activity in their livers and developed not only hepatocyte apoptosis but also non-apoptotic hepatocyte death. Hepatocyte-specific knockout of DNase II exacerbated HFD-induced non-apoptotic hepatocyte death and liver fibrosis. In conclusion, without DNase II, apoptotic stimulation on hepatocytes induces TLR9-dependent IFN-β production and RIP1-dependent non-apoptotic cell death originating from mtDNA. In fatty livers, DNase II activity is suppressed in contrast to simple inactivation of Bcl-xL or Mcl-1, and both apoptotic and non-apoptotic hepatocyte death can develop, leading to the progression of liver fibrosis.
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31
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Hepatocyte toll-like receptor 4 deficiency protects against alcohol-induced fatty liver disease. Mol Metab 2018; 14:121-129. [PMID: 29884546 PMCID: PMC6034037 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Recent studies have suggested a critical role for toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the development of alcoholic liver disease. As TLR4 is widely expressed throughout the body, it is unclear which TLR4-expressing cell types contribute to alcohol-induced liver damage. Methods We selectively ablated TLR4 in hepatocytes and myeloid cells. Male mice were fed a liquid diet containing either 5% alcohol or pair-fed a control diet for 4 weeks to examine chronic alcohol intake-induced liver damage and inflammation. In addition, mice were administered a single oral gavage of alcohol to investigate acute alcohol drinking-associated liver injury. Results We found that selective hepatocyte TLR4 deletion protected mice from chronic alcohol-induced liver injury and fatty liver. This result was in part due to decreased expression of endogenous lipogenic genes and enhanced expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation. In addition, mice lacking hepatocyte TLR4 exhibited reduced mRNA expression of inflammatory genes in white adipose tissue. Furthermore, in an acute alcohol binge model, hepatocyte TLR4 deficient mice had significantly decreased plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) levels and attenuated hepatic triglyceride content compared to their alcohol-gavaged control mice. In contrast, deleting TLR4 in myeloid cells did not affect the development of chronic-alcohol induced fatty liver, despite the finding that mice lacking myeloid cell TLR4 had significantly reduced circulating ALT concentrations. Conclusions These findings suggest that hepatocyte TLR4 plays an important role in regulating alcohol-induced liver damage and fatty liver disease. Hepatocyte TLR4 ablated mice were protected from both chronic and acute alcohol-induced hepatic triglyceride accumulation. Hepatocyte TLR4 ablated mice showed attenuated inflammation in the fat pad and the circulation after chronic alcohol intake. Loss of TLR4 in myeloid cells did not affect alcohol-induced development of fatty liver.
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32
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Layoun A, Samba-Mondonga M, Fragoso G, Calvé A, Santos MM. MyD88 Adaptor Protein Is Required for Appropriate Hepcidin Induction in Response to Dietary Iron Overload in Mice. Front Physiol 2018; 9:159. [PMID: 29556203 PMCID: PMC5845127 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron homeostasis is tightly regulated to provide virtually all cells in the body, particularly red blood cells, with this essential element while defending against its toxicity. The peptide hormone hepcidin is central to the control of the amount of iron absorbed from the diet and iron recycling from macrophages. Previously, we have shown that hepcidin induction in macrophages following Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation depends on the presence of myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88). In this study, we analyzed the regulation of iron metabolism in MyD88−/− mice to further investigate MyD88 involvement in iron sensing and hepcidin induction. We show that mice lacking MyD88 accumulate significantly more iron in their livers than wild-type counterparts in response to dietary iron loading as they are unable to appropriately control hepcidin levels. The defect was associated with inappropriately low levels of Smad4 protein and Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation in liver samples found in the MyD88−/− mice compared to wild-type mice. In conclusion, our results reveal a previously unknown link between MyD88 and iron homeostasis, and provide new insights into the regulation of hepcidin through the iron-sensing pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Layoun
- Nutrition and Microbiome Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Macha Samba-Mondonga
- Nutrition and Microbiome Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriela Fragoso
- Nutrition and Microbiome Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Annie Calvé
- Nutrition and Microbiome Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Manuela M Santos
- Nutrition and Microbiome Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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33
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Zhang WY, Wang H, Qi S, Wang X, Li X, Zhou K, Zhang Y, Gao MQ. CYP1A1 Relieves Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:4093285. [PMID: 29686530 PMCID: PMC5854104 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4093285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) enzyme is changed in various organs during the host response to inflammation or infection, leading to alterations in the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous compounds. Results of this study showed that CYP1A1 expression was significantly downregulated in the mammary tissue of bovine with mastitis, in inflammatory epithelial cells (INEs) extracted from the tissue, and in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced INEs compared with their corresponding counterparts. Overexpression of CYP1A1 in bovine mammary epithelial cells alleviated the LPS-induced inhibition of epithelial proliferation, abated the LPS-induced increase of gene expression and protein secretion of inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6, and attenuated the LPS-induced activation of NF-κB signaling. These findings suggest that CYP1A1 has immense potential in the regulation of inflammatory responses in bovine mammary epithelial cells during mastitis and may serve as a useful therapeutic target in mitigating injuries caused by inflammatory overreaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shaopei Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xixi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xueru Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ming-Qing Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Lee YS, Kim YH, Jung YS, Kim KS, Kim DK, Na SY, Lee JM, Lee CH, Choi HS. Hepatocyte toll-like receptor 4 mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced hepcidin expression. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e408. [PMID: 29217822 PMCID: PMC5750473 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin expression is induced by inflammatory molecules such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via a macrophage-mediated pathway. Although hepatocytes directly respond to LPS, the molecular mechanism underlying toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent hepcidin expression by hepatocytes is mostly unknown. Here we show that LPS can directly induce the mRNA expression and secretion of hepcidin by hepatocytes via TLR4 activation. Using hepatocytes deficient in TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-β (TRIF), we demonstrated that LPS-induced hepcidin expression by hepatocytes is regulated by its specific receptor, TLR4, via a MyD88-dependent signaling pathway. Hepcidin promoter activity was significantly increased by MyD88-dependent downstream signaling molecules (interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), which activate c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and activator protein-1 (AP-1). We then confirmed that LPS stimulation induced the phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun, and observed strong occupancy of the hepcidin promoter by c-Jun. Promoter mutation analysis also identified the AP-1-binding site on the hepcidin promoter. Finally, bone marrow transplantation between wild-type and TLR4 knockout mice revealed that hepatic TLR4-dependent hepcidin expression was comparable to macrophage TLR4-dependent hepcidin expression induced by LPS. Taken together, these results suggest that TLR4 expressed by hepatocytes regulates hepcidin expression via the IRAK–TRAF6–JNK–AP-1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Soo Lee
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Seok Jung
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Sun Kim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Don-Kyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Young Na
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Lee
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hueng-Sik Choi
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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35
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Singh A, Koduru B, Carlisle C, Akhter H, Liu RM, Schroder K, Brandes RP, Ojcius DM. NADPH oxidase 4 modulates hepatic responses to lipopolysaccharide mediated by Toll-like receptor-4. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14346. [PMID: 29085012 PMCID: PMC5662726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14574-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation plays a key role in development of many liver diseases. Stimulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) initiates inflammation and promotes development of hepatocellular carcinoma and other liver diseases. NADPH oxidases contribute to LPS-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and modulate TLR responses, but whether these enzymes function in TLR4 responses of hepatocytes is unknown. In the present work, we examined the role of NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) in LPS-induced TLR4 responses in human hepatoma cells and wildtype and Nox4-deficient mice. We found that LPS increased expression of Nox4, TNF-α, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Nox4 silencing suppressed LPS-induced TNF-α and PCNA increases in human cells. The LPS-induced TNF-α increases were MyD88-dependent, and were attenuated in primary hepatocytes isolated from Nox4-deficient mice. We found that Nox4 mediated LPS-TLR4 signaling in hepatocytes via NF-ĸB and AP-1 pathways. Moreover, the effect of Nox4 depletion was time-dependent; following six weeks of repeated LPS stimulation in vivo, hepatic TNF-α and PCNA responses subsided in Nox4-deficient mice compared with wildtype mice. Therefore, our data suggest that Nox4 mediates LPS-TLR4 signaling in human hepatoma cells and murine hepatocytes and may contribute to the ability of LPS to stimulate liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Singh
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Bhargav Koduru
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Cameron Carlisle
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Hasina Akhter
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rui-Ming Liu
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Katrin Schroder
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - David M Ojcius
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA. .,University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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36
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Song IJ, Yang YM, Inokuchi-Shimizu S, Roh YS, Yang L, Seki E. The contribution of toll-like receptor signaling to the development of liver fibrosis and cancer in hepatocyte-specific TAK1-deleted mice. Int J Cancer 2017; 142:81-91. [PMID: 28875549 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte death is associated with liver inflammation, fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Damaged cells trigger inflammation through activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Although the role of TLR4 in HCC development has been reported, the role of TLR9 in the development of HCC remains elusive. To investigate the role of TLR4 and TLR9 signaling in liver inflammation-fibrosis-cancer axis, we took advantage of mice with hepatic deletion of transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (Tak1ΔHep) that develop spontaneous liver injury, inflammation, fibrosis, and HCC, recapitulating the pathology of human HCC. We generated double knockout mice lacking genes of our interest with hepatic Tak1. Tak1ΔHep mice and Tlr4-deficient Tak1ΔHep mice had similar serum ALT levels, but Tlr4-deficient Tak1ΔHep mice exhibited significantly reduced macrophage infiltration, myofibroblast activation and tumor formation. Ablation of TLR9 reduced spontaneous liver injury, inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer development in Tak1ΔHep mice. In addition, the common adaptor, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-deficient Tak1ΔHep mice also attenuated liver injury, macrophage recruitment, collagen deposition, and tumor growth compared with control Tak1ΔHep mice. Genetic ablation of TNF receptor type I (TNFR) in Tak1ΔHep mice remarkably reduced liver inflammation-fibrosis-cancer axis. Surprisingly, disruption of interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) had no effect on liver injury and tumor formation, although Il1r-deficient Tak1ΔHep showed attenuated macrophage infiltration and collagen deposition. In conclusion, TLR4- and TLR9-MyD88 are driving forces of progression to HCC accompanied by liver inflammation and fibrosis in Tak1ΔHep mice. Importantly, TLR4 and TLR9 downstream TNFR, but not IL-1R signaling is crucial for the development of HCC in Tak1ΔHep mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Jingyi Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Yoon Mee Yang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA
| | - Sayaka Inokuchi-Shimizu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Yoon Seok Roh
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA.,Department of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University College of Pharmacy, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, South Korea
| | - Ling Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA.,Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA
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37
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Macpherson AJ, Heikenwalder M, Ganal-Vonarburg SC. The Liver at the Nexus of Host-Microbial Interactions. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 20:561-571. [PMID: 27832587 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver receives blood from the intestine, from the spleen, and directly from the heart and holds a vital position in vertebrate physiology. It plays a role in intermediary metabolism, bile secretion, maintaining blood sterility, serum homeostasis, xenobiotic detoxification, and immunological activity. This article provides our perspective on the liver as a nexus in establishing and maintaining host microbial mutualism. We discuss the role of the liver not only in sanitizing the blood stream from penetrant live microbes, but also in metabolizing xenobiotics that are synthesized or modified by intestinal microbes, and how microbiota modify the signaling potential of bile acids. The combination of bile acids as hormones and the metabolic control from pervasive effects of other absorbed microbial molecules powerfully shape hepatic metabolism. In addition, intestinal microbial metabolites can be sensed by liver-resident immune cells, which may disturb liver homeostasis, leading to fibrosis and liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Macpherson
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, Murtenstrasse 35, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Ganal-Vonarburg
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, Murtenstrasse 35, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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38
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Park J, Kim H, Lee IS, Kim KH, Kim Y, Na YC, Lee JH, Jang HJ. The therapeutic effects of Yongdamsagan-tang on autoimmune hepatitis models. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:244-255. [PMID: 28763748 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an immunity disorder that is the result of antibodies in the liver tissue of the patient that are attacked by activated immune cells due to an unknown cause. In this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of Yongdamsagan-tang (YST) extracts and confirm effects on autoimmune hepatitis models as the therapeutic agent using the YST extracted by various solvents. YST, a mixture of 11 herbal extracts, is known in traditional Korean medicine as a widely used treatment for inflammatory diseases. We proposed the AIH-condition in vitro model by the addition of recombinant IL-17A and then observed several markers linked to AIH symptoms, including an increase of IL-6 expression, lipid accumulation, and fibrosis. In AIH-condition hepatic cell model, YST reduced IL-6 expression and lipid accumulation caused by treatment of IL-17 combination in hepatocyte cells. Also, YST blocked several activated fibrosis factors including transforming growth factor-β (TGF- β1), collagen type 1 (Col-α1(I)), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in liver stellate cells. Furthermore, pretreatment with YST protected hepatic damage and reduces histological injury by suppressing apoptosis mediator and inflammatory cytokines expression in concanavalin A (Con A)-induced autoimmune hepatitis mice model. The findings here improve our understanding of YST extracted by 80% ethanol, suggesting that YST can be used as a therapeutic treatment for AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Park
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyung Hee Dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayeon Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyung Hee Dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seung Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyung Hee Dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyung Hee Dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumi Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyung Hee Dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Cheol Na
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hoon Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyung Hee Dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyeung-Jin Jang
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyung Hee Dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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39
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Adhikari A, Martel C, Marette A, Olivier M. Hepatocyte SHP-1 is a Critical Modulator of Inflammation During Endotoxemia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2218. [PMID: 28533521 PMCID: PMC5440389 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver hepatocytes (Hep) are known to be central players during the inflammatory response to systemic infection. Interestingly, the protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) SHP-1, has been recognized as a major regulator of inflammation; however their implication in the control of Hep-mediated inflammatory response is still unknown. To study its implication in the regulation of the Hep-mediated inflammatory response during endotoxemia, Cre-Lox mice with a Hep-specific Ptpn6 deletion (Ptpn6H-KO) were injected with LPS. In contrast to the wild-type mice (Ptpn6f/f) that started to die by 24 hrs post-inoculation, the Ptpn6H-KO mice exhibited mortality by 6 hrs. In parallel, higher amounts of metabolic markers, pro-inflammatory mediators and circulating cytokines were detected in Ptpn6H-KO mice. Primary Hep obtained from Ptpn6H-KO, also showed increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) comparatively to its wild type (Ptpn6f/f) counterpart. Pharmacological approaches to block TNF-α and NO production protected both the Ptpn6f/f and the Ptpn6H-KO mice against deadly LPS-mediated endotoxemia. Collectively, these results establish hepatocyte SHP-1 is a critical player regulating systemic inflammation. Our findings further suggest that SHP-1 activation could represent a new therapeutic avenue to better control inflammatory-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Adhikari
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Caroline Martel
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - André Marette
- Heart and Lung Institute (Laval Hospital), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada. .,The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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40
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Yan L, Hu X, Wu Q, Jiang R, Zhang S, Ling Q, Liu H, Jiang X, Wan J, Liu Y. CQMUH-011, a novel adamantane sulfonamide compound, inhibits lipopolysaccharide- and D-galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatic failure in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 47:231-243. [PMID: 28433945 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CQMUH-011, a novel adamantane sulfonamide compound, was shown to suppress macrophage activation and proliferation in our previous study. However, it is unknown whether CQMUH-011 has anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties. In this study, we investigated the potential effects and mechanisms of CQMUH-011 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cell activation in vitro and LPS- and D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) in vivo. The results showed that in RAW264.7 cells challenged by LPS, CQMUH-011 inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Furthermore, CQMUH-011 reduced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β production and down-regulated the overexpression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB induced by LPS in RAW264.7 cells. In vivo, CQMUH-011 reduced serum levels of aspartic aminotransferase and alanine transaminase and improved the mortality and hepatic pathological damage induced by LPS/D-GalN in mice. Moreover, CQMUH-011 significantly inhibited the serum levels of proinflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, nitric oxide (NO), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and down-regulated the protein expression of TLR4, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, NF-κB, NF-κB inhibitor α (IκBα), IκB kinase β (IKKβ), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible NO synthases (iNOS) induced by LPS/D-GalN in mice. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that CQMUH-011 has a notable anti-inflammatory effect and protects mice from LPS/D-GalN-induced FHF and that the molecular mechanisms might be related to the inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway activation, the subsequent decrease in proinflammatory mediator production, and the inhibition of macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Yan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiangnan Hu
- College of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qihong Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Rong Jiang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Sisi Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qiao Ling
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hailin Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jingyuan Wan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yingju Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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41
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Noor MT, Manoria P. Immune Dysfunction in Cirrhosis. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2017; 5:50-58. [PMID: 28507927 PMCID: PMC5411357 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2016.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis due to any etiology disrupts the homeostatic role of liver in the body. Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction leads to alterations in both innate and acquired immunity, due to defects in the local immunity of liver as well as in systemic immunity. Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction is a dynamic phenomenon, comprised of both increased systemic inflammation and immunodeficiency, and is responsible for 30% mortality. It also plays an important role in acute as well as chronic decompensation. Immune paralysis can accompany it, which is characterized by increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines and suppression of proinflammatory cytokines. There is also presence of increased gut permeability, reduced gut motility and altered gut flora, all of which leads to increased bacterial translocation. This increased bacterial translocation and consequent endotoxemia leads to increased blood stream bacterial infections that cause systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, multiorgan failure and death. The gut microbiota of cirrhotic patients has more pathogenic microbes than that of non-cirrhotic individuals, and this disturbs the homeostasis and favors gut translocation. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of such infections are necessary for better survival. We have reviewed the various mechanisms of immune dysfunction and its consequences in cirrhosis. Recognizing the exact pathophysiology of immune dysfunction will help treating clinicians in avoiding its complications in their patients and can lead to newer therapeutic interventions and reducing the morbidity and mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Talha Noor
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sri Aurobindo Medical College and Post Graduate Institute, Indore, India
- *Correspondence to: Mohd Talha Noor, Department of Gastroenterology, Sri Aurobindo Medical College and Post Graduate Institute, Indore 453 111, India. Tel: +91-7314231751, +91-8305421496, Fax: +91-7314231012, E-mail: ,
| | - Piyush Manoria
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sri Aurobindo Medical College and Post Graduate Institute, Indore, India
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42
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Saad MJA, Santos A, Prada PO. Linking Gut Microbiota and Inflammation to Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 31:283-93. [PMID: 27252163 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00041.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance are the major predisposing factors to comorbidities, such as Type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, and several types of cancer. The prevalence of obesity is still increasing worldwide and now affects a large number of individuals. Here, we review the role of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance/obesity. The human intestine is colonized by ∼100 trillion bacteria, which constitute the gut microbiota. Studies have shown that lean and overweight rodents and humans may present differences in the composition of their intestinal flora. Over the past 10 years, data from different sources have established a causal link between the intestinal microbiota and obesity/insulin resistance. It is important to emphasize that diet-induced obesity promotes insulin resistance by mechanisms independent and dependent on gut microbiota. In this review, we present several mechanisms that contribute to explaining the link between intestinal flora and insulin resistance/obesity. The LPS from intestinal flora bacteria can induce a chronic subclinical inflammatory process and obesity, leading to insulin resistance through activation of TLR4. The reduction in circulating SCFA may also have an essential role in the installation of reduced insulin sensitivity and obesity. Other mechanisms include effects of bile acids, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), and some other lesser-known factors. In the near future, this area should open new therapeutic avenues for obesity/insulin resistance and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J A Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil; and
| | - A Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil; and
| | - P O Prada
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil; and School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
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43
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Aravalli RN, Steer CJ. Immune-Mediated Therapies for Liver Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:E76. [PMID: 28218682 PMCID: PMC5333065 DOI: 10.3390/genes8020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, immunotherapy has gained renewed interest as an alternative therapeutic approach for solid tumors. Its premise is based on harnessing the power of the host immune system to destroy tumor cells. Development of immune-mediated therapies, such as vaccines, adoptive transfer of autologous immune cells, and stimulation of host immunity by targeting tumor-evasive mechanisms have advanced cancer immunotherapy. In addition, studies on innate immunity and mechanisms of immune evasion have enhanced our understanding on the immunology of liver cancer. Preclinical and clinical studies with immune-mediated therapies have shown potential benefits in patients with liver cancer. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and recent developments in tumor immunology by focusing on two main primary liver cancers: hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajagopal N Aravalli
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, 200 Union Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Clifford J Steer
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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44
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Ho TY, Li CC, Lo HY, Chen FY, Hsiang CY. Corn Silk Extract and Its Bioactive Peptide Ameliorated Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in Mice via the Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:759-768. [PMID: 28064493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive peptides derived from foods have shown beneficial anti-inflammatory potential. Inhibitory κB kinase-β (IKKβ) plays a crucial role in the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a transcription factor involved in inflammation. Here we applied proteomic and bioinformatics approaches to identify anti-inflammatory peptides that target IKKβ from corn silk. Corn silk extract significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NF-κB activities [(1.7 ± 0.2)-fold vs (3.0 ± 0.6)-fold, p < 0.05] in cells. Trypsin hydrolysate of corn silk also suppressed LPS-induced NF-κB activities [(1.1 ± 0.3)-fold vs 3.3 ± 0.5 fold, p < 0.01]. In addition, both corn silk extract and trypsin hydrolysate significantly inhibited LPS-induced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production by 58.3 ± 4.5 and 55.1 ± 7.4%, respectively. A novel peptide, FK2, docked into the ATP-binding pocket of IKKβ, was further identified from trypsin hydrolysis of corn silk. FK2 inhibited IKKβ activities, IκB phosphorylation, and subsequent NF-κB activation [(2.3 ± 0.4)-fold vs (5.5 ± 0.4)-fold, p < 0.001]. Moreover, FK2 significantly reduced NF-κB-driven luminescent signals in organs by 5-11-fold and suppressed LPS-induced NF-κB activities and IL-β production in tissues. In conclusion, our findings indicated that corn silk displayed anti-inflammatory abilities. In addition, we first identified an anti-inflammatory peptide FK2 from corn silk. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effect of FK2 might be through IKKβ-NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin-Yun Ho
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cheng Li
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Lo
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yun Hsiang
- Department of Microbiology, China Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan
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Hirashima R, Itoh T, Tukey RH, Fujiwara R. Prediction of drug-induced liver injury using keratinocytes. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 37:863-872. [PMID: 28138970 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the most common adverse drug reactions. DILI is often accompanied by skin reactions, including rash and pruritus. However, it is still unknown whether DILI-associated genes such as S100 calcium-binding protein A and interleukin (IL)-1β are involved in drug-induced skin toxicity. In the present study, most of the tested hepatotoxic drugs such as pioglitazone and diclofenac induced DILI-associated genes in human and mouse keratinocytes. Keratinocytes of mice at higher risk for DILI exhibited an increased IL-1β basal expression. They also showed a higher inducibility of IL-1β when treated by pioglitazone. Mice at higher risk for DILI showed even higher sums of DILI-associated gene basal expression levels and induction rates in keratinocytes. Our data suggest that DILI-associated genes might be involved in the onset and progression of drug-induced skin toxicity. Furthermore, we might be able to identify individuals at higher risk of developing DILI less invasively by examining gene expression patterns in keratinocytes. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Hirashima
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tomoo Itoh
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ryoichi Fujiwara
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
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Zhao D, Yang LY, Wang XH, Yuan SS, Yu CG, Wang ZW, Lang JN, Feng YM. Different relationship between ANGPTL3 and HDL components in female non-diabetic subjects and type-2 diabetic patients. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:132. [PMID: 27620179 PMCID: PMC5020513 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) is a major lipoprotein regulator and shows positive correlation with high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) in population studies and ANGPTL3 mutated subjects. However, no study has looked its correlation with HDL components nor with HDL function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods We studied 298 non-diabetic subjects and 300 T2DM patients who were randomly recruited in the tertiary referral centre. Plasma levels of ANGPTL3 were quantified by ELISA. Plasma samples were fractionated to obtain HDLs. HDL components including apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), triglyceride, serum amyloid A (SAA), phospholipid and Sphingosine-1-phosphate were measured. HDLs were isolated from female controls and T2DM patients by ultracentrifugation to assess cholesterol efflux against HDLs. A Pearson unadjusted correlation analysis and a linear regression analysis adjusting for age, body mass index and lipid lowering drugs were performed in male or female non-diabetic participants or diabetic patients, respectively. Results We demonstrated that plasma level of ANGPTL3 was lower in female T2DM patients than female controls although no difference of ANGPTL3 levels was detected between male controls and T2DM patients. After adjusting for confounding factors, one SD increase of ANGPTL3 (164.6 ng/ml) associated with increase of 2.57 mg/dL cholesterol and 1.14 μg/mL apoA-I but decrease of 47.07 μg/L of SAA in HDL particles of non-diabetic females (p < 0.05 for cholesterol and SAA; p < 0.0001 for apoA-I). By contrast, 1-SD increase of ANGPTL3 (159.9 ng/ml) associated with increase of 1.69 mg/dl cholesterol and 1.25 μg/mL apoA-I but decrease of 11.70 μg/L of SAA in HDL particles of female diabetic patients (p < 0.05 for cholesterol; p < 0.0001 for apoA-I; p = 0.676 for SAA). Moreover, one SD increase of ANGPTL3 associated with increase of 2.11 % cholesterol efflux against HDLs in non-diabetic females (p = 0.071) but decrease of 1.46 % in female T2DM patients (p = 0.13) after adjusting for confounding factors. Conclusions ANGPTL3 is specifically correlated with HDL-c, apoA-I, SAA and HDL function in female non-diabetic participants. The decrease of ANGPTL3 level in female T2DM patients might contribute to its weak association to HDL components and function. ANGPTL3 could be considered as a novel therapeutic target for HDL metabolism for treating diabetes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12933-016-0450-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Long-Yan Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Xu-Hong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Sha-Sha Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Cai-Guo Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Zong-Wei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Jia-Nan Lang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Ying-Mei Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China. .,Stem Cell Institute, University of Leuven, 3000, Louvain, Belgium.
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47
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Weber SN, Bohner A, Dapito DH, Schwabe RF, Lammert F. TLR4 Deficiency Protects against Hepatic Fibrosis and Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Pre-Carcinogenic Liver Injury in Fibrotic Liver. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158819. [PMID: 27391331 PMCID: PMC4938399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common consequence of advanced liver fibrosis but the interactions between fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis are still poorly understood. Recently it has been shown that HCC promotion depends on Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4. Pre-cancerogenous events can be modelled in mice by the administration of a single dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN), with HCC formation depending amongst others on interleukin (IL) 6 production. Mice lacking the hepatocanalicular phosphatidylcholine transporter ABCB4 develop liver fibrosis spontaneously, resemble patients with sclerosing cholangitis due to mutations of the orthologous human gene, and represent a valid model to study tumour formation in pre-injured cholestatic liver. The aim of this study was to investigate DEN-induced liver injury in TLR4-deficient mice with biliary fibrosis. METHODS ABCB4-deficient mice on the FVB/NJ genetic background were crossed to two distinct genetic backgrounds (TLR4-sufficient C3H/HeN and TLR4-deficient C3H/HeJ) for more than 10 generations. The two congenic knockout and the two corresponding wild-type mouse lines were treated with a single dose of DEN for 48 hours. Phenotypic differences were assessed by measuring hepatic collagen contents, inflammatory markers (ALT, CRP, IL6) as well as hepatic apoptosis (TUNEL) and proliferation (Ki67) rates. RESULTS Hepatic collagen accumulation is significantly reduced in ABCB4-/-:TLR4-/-double-deficient mice. After DEN challenge, apoptosis, proliferation and inflammatory markers are decreased in TLR4-deficient in comparison to TLR4-sufficient mice. When combining ABCB4 and TLR4 deficiency with DEN treatment, hepatic IL6 expression and proliferation rates are lowest in fibrotic livers from the double-deficient line. Consistent with these effects, selective digestive tract decontamination in ABCB4-/- mice also led to reduced tumor size and number after DEN. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that liver injury upon DEN challenge depends on pre-existing fibrosis and genetic background. The generation of ABCB4-/: TLR4-/- double-deficient mice illustrates that TLR4-deficiency protects against hepatic injury in a preclinical mouse model of chronic liver disease.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/metabolism
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/chemically induced
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Diethylnitrosamine/toxicity
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Liver Cirrhosis/chemically induced
- Liver Cirrhosis/genetics
- Liver Cirrhosis/metabolism
- Liver Cirrhosis/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasm Proteins/deficiency
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Precancerous Conditions/chemically induced
- Precancerous Conditions/genetics
- Precancerous Conditions/metabolism
- Precancerous Conditions/pathology
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/deficiency
- ATP-Binding Cassette Sub-Family B Member 4
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annika Bohner
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Dianne H. Dapito
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Schwabe
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Frank Lammert
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
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48
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Zhang L, Xiang W, Wang G, Yan Z, Zhu Z, Guo Z, Sengupta R, Chen AF, Loughran PA, Lu B, Wang Q, Billiar TR. Interferon β (IFN-β) Production during the Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) Response in Hepatocytes Involves Coordinated and Feedforward Signaling through Toll-like Receptor 3 (TLR3), RNA-dependent Protein Kinase (PKR), Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), and Src Protein. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15093-107. [PMID: 27226571 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.717942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensing of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in the liver is important for antiviral defenses but can also contribute to sterile inflammation during liver injury. Hepatocytes are often the target of viral infection and are easily injured by inflammatory insults. Here we sought to establish the pathways involved in the production of type I interferons (IFN-I) in response to extracellular poly(I:C), a dsRNA mimetic, in hepatocytes. This was of interest because hepatocytes are long-lived and, unlike most immune cells that readily die after activation with dsRNA, are not viewed as cells with robust antimicrobial capacity. We found that poly(I:C) leads to rapid up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), and Src. The production of IFN-β was dependent on iNOS, PKR, and Src and partially dependent on TLR3/Trif. iNOS and Src up-regulation was partially dependent on TLR3/Trif but entirely dependent on PKR. The phosphorylation of TLR3 on tyrosine 759 was shown to increase in parallel to IFN-β production in an iNOS- and Src-dependent manner, and Src was found to directly interact with TLR3 in the endosomal compartment of poly(I:C)-treated cells. Furthermore, we identified a robust NO/cGMP/PKG-dependent feedforward pathway for the amplification of iNOS expression. These data identify iNOS/NO as an integral component of IFN-β production in response to dsRNA in hepatocytes in a pathway that involves the coordinated activities of TLR3/Trif and PKR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Zhang
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Wenpei Xiang
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, the Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoliang Wang
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Zhengzheng Yan
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Zhaowei Zhu
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Zhong Guo
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Rajib Sengupta
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Alex F Chen
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Patricia A Loughran
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, the Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and
| | - Ben Lu
- the Xiangya Third Hospital and Central South University School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Qingde Wang
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213,
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49
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Baranova IN, Souza ACP, Bocharov AV, Vishnyakova TG, Hu X, Vaisman BL, Amar MJ, Chen Z, Kost Y, Remaley AT, Patterson AP, Yuen PST, Star RA, Eggerman TL. Human SR-BI and SR-BII Potentiate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation and Acute Liver and Kidney Injury in Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:3135-47. [PMID: 26936883 PMCID: PMC4856165 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The class B scavenger receptors BI (SR-BI) and BII (SR-BII) are high-density lipoprotein receptors that recognize various pathogens, including bacteria and their products. It has been reported that SR-BI/II null mice are more sensitive than normal mice to endotoxin-induced inflammation and sepsis. Because the SR-BI/II knockout model demonstrates multiple immune and metabolic disorders, we investigated the role of each receptor in the LPS-induced inflammatory response and tissue damage using transgenic mice with pLiv-11-directed expression of human SR-BI (hSR-BI) or human SR-BII (hSR-BII). At 6 h after i.p. LPS injection, transgenic hSR-BI and hSR-BII mice demonstrated markedly higher serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines and 2- to 3-fold increased expression levels of inflammatory mediators in the liver and kidney, compared with wild-type (WT) mice. LPS-stimulated inducible NO synthase expression was 3- to 6-fold higher in the liver and kidney of both transgenic strains, although serum NO levels were similar in all mice. Despite the lower high-density lipoprotein plasma levels, both transgenic strains responded to LPS by a 5-fold increase of plasma corticosterone levels, which were only moderately lower than in WT animals. LPS treatment resulted in MAPK activation in tissues of all mice; however, the strongest response was detected for hepatic extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 and kidney JNK of both transgenic mice. Histological examination of hepatic and renal tissue from LPS-challenged mice revealed more injury in hSR-BII, but not hSR-BI, transgenic mice versus WT controls. Our findings demonstrate that hSR-BII, and to a lesser extent hSR-BI, significantly increase LPS-induced inflammation and contribute to LPS-induced tissue injury in the liver and kidney, two major organs susceptible to LPS toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina N Baranova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ana C P Souza
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alexander V Bocharov
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
| | - Tatyana G Vishnyakova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Xuzhen Hu
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Boris L Vaisman
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Marcelo J Amar
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yana Kost
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alan T Remaley
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Amy P Patterson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Peter S T Yuen
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Robert A Star
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Thomas L Eggerman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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50
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Lopes JAG, Borges-Canha M, Pimentel-Nunes P. Innate immunity and hepatocarcinoma: Can toll-like receptors open the door to oncogenesis? World J Hepatol 2016; 8:162-182. [PMID: 26839640 PMCID: PMC4724579 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i3.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocarcinoma (HCC) is a highly prevalent cancer worldwide and its inflammatory background was established long ago. Recent studies have shown that innate immunity is closely related to the HCC carcinogenesis. An effective innate immunity response relies on the toll-like receptors (TLR) found in several different liver cells which, through different ligands and many signaling pathways can elicit, not only a pro-inflammatory but also an oncogenic or anti-oncogenic response. Our aim was to study the role of TLRs in the liver oncogenesis and as a consequence their value as potential therapeutic targets. We performed a systematic review of PubMed searching for original articles studying the relationship between HCC and TLRs until March 2015. TLR2 appears to be a fundamental stress-sensor as its absence reveals an augmented tendency to accumulate DNA-damages and to cell survival. However, pathways are still not fully understood as TLR2 up-regulation was also associated to enhanced tumorigenesis. TLR3 has a well-known protective role influencing crucial processes like angiogenesis, cell growth or proliferation. TLR4 works as an interesting epithelial-mesenchymal transition’s inducer and a promoter of cell survival probably inducing HCC carcinogenesis even though an anti-cancer role has already been observed. TLR9’s influence on carcinogenesis is also controversial and despite a potential anti-cancer capacity, a pro-tumorigenic role is more likely. Genetic polymorphisms in some TLRs have been found and its influence on the risk of HCC has been reported. As therapeutic targets, TLRs are already in use and have a great potential. In conclusion, TLRs have been shown to be an interesting influence on the HCC’s microenvironment, with TLR3 clearly determining an anti-tumour influence. TLR4 and TLR9 are considered to have a positive relationship with tumour development even though, in each of them anti-tumorigenic signals have been described. TLR2 presents a more ambiguous role, possibly depending on the stage of the inflammation-HCC axis.
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