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Wiśniewski P, Gajewska J, Zadernowska A, Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W. Identification of the Enterotoxigenic Potential of Staphylococcus spp. from Raw Milk and Raw Milk Cheeses. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 16:17. [PMID: 38251234 PMCID: PMC10819113 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to genotypic and phenotypic analyses of the enterotoxigenic potential of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from raw milk and raw milk cheeses. The presence of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), including the classical enterotoxins (sea-see), non-classical enterotoxins (seg-seu), exfoliative toxins (eta-etd) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tst-1) were investigated. Isolates positive for classical enterotoxin genes were then tested by SET-RPLA methods for toxin expression. Out of 75 Staphylococcus spp. (19 Staphylococcus aureus and 56 CoNS) isolates from raw milk (49/65.3%) and raw milk cheese samples (26/34.7%), the presence of enterotoxin genes was confirmed in 73 (97.3%) of them. Only one isolate from cheese sample (1.3%) was able to produce enterotoxin (SED). The presence of up to eight different genes encoding enterotoxins was determined simultaneously in the staphylococcal genome. The most common toxin gene combination was sek, eta present in fourteen isolates (18.7%). The tst-1 gene was present in each of the analyzed isolates from cheese samples (26/34.7%). Non-classical enterotoxins were much more frequently identified in the genome of staphylococcal isolates than classical SEs. The current research also showed that genes tagged in S. aureus were also identified in CoNS, and the total number of different genes detected in CoNS was seven times higher than in S. aureus. The obtained results indicate that, in many cases, the presence of a gene in Staphylococcus spp. is not synonymous with the ability of enterotoxins production. The differences in the number of isolates with genes encoding SEs and enterotoxin production may be mainly due to the limit of detection of the toxin production method used. This indicates the need to use high specificity and sensitivity methods for detecting enterotoxin in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Wiśniewski
- Department of Food Microbiology, Meat Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.G.); (A.Z.); (W.C.-W.)
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2
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Jiang JH, Cameron DR, Nethercott C, Aires-de-Sousa M, Peleg AY. Virulence attributes of successful methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineages. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0014822. [PMID: 37982596 PMCID: PMC10732075 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00148-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of severe and often fatal infections. MRSA epidemics have occurred in waves, whereby a previously successful lineage has been replaced by a more fit and better adapted lineage. Selection pressures in both hospital and community settings are not uniform across the globe, which has resulted in geographically distinct epidemiology. This review focuses on the mechanisms that trigger the establishment and maintenance of current, dominant MRSA lineages across the globe. While the important role of antibiotic resistance will be mentioned throughout, factors which influence the capacity of S. aureus to colonize and cause disease within a host will be the primary focus of this review. We show that while MRSA possesses a diverse arsenal of toxins including alpha-toxin, the success of a lineage involves more than just producing toxins that damage the host. Success is often attributed to the acquisition or loss of genetic elements involved in colonization and niche adaptation such as the arginine catabolic mobile element, as well as the activity of regulatory systems, and shift metabolism accordingly (e.g., the accessory genome regulator, agr). Understanding exactly how specific MRSA clones cause prolonged epidemics may reveal targets for therapies, whereby both core (e.g., the alpha toxin) and acquired virulence factors (e.g., the Panton-Valentine leukocidin) may be nullified using anti-virulence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhih-Hang Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David R. Cameron
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cara Nethercott
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marta Aires-de-Sousa
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institutode Tecnologia Químicae Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa-Lisboa (ESSCVP-Lisboa), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anton Y. Peleg
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre to Impact Antimicrobial Resistance, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Shimamura Y, Noaki R, Oura Y, Ichikawa K, Kan T, Masuda S. Regulation of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin-Induced Inflammation in Spleen Cells from Diabetic Mice by Polyphenols. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041039. [PMID: 37110462 PMCID: PMC10143252 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with diabetes are known to be more susceptible to infections following the establishment of Staphylococcus aureus in their nasal passages and on their skin. The present study evaluated the effects of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) on the immune responses of spleen cells derived from diabetic mice, and examined the effects of polyphenols, catechins, and nobiletin on inflammation-related gene expression associated with the immune response. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), possessing hydroxyl groups, interacted with SEA, whereas nobiletin, possessing methyl groups, did not interact with SEA. The exposure of spleen cells derived from diabetic mice to SEA enhanced the expression of interferon gamma, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3, Janus kinase 2, and interferon regulatory factor 3, suggesting that SEA sensitivity is variable in the development of diabetes. Both EGCG and nobiletin changed the expression of genes related to SEA-induced inflammation in spleen cells, suggesting that they inhibit inflammation through different mechanisms. These results may lead to a better understanding of the SEA-induced inflammatory response during diabetogenesis, and the establishment of methods to control these effects with polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Shimamura
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Rina Noaki
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yukino Oura
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kenya Ichikawa
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kan
- Department of Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shuichi Masuda
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Genomic analysis, antibiotic resistance, and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus from food and food outbreaks: A potential public concern. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 377:109825. [PMID: 35834921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Transmission and outbreaks of Staphylococcus aureus among retail food highlights the need to comprehensive analysis the molecular characteristic of Staphylococcus aureus in foods. However, the information about Staphylococcus aureus in north China is limited. In this study, 97 and 28 S. aureus strains were isolated for analysis from 4262 samples of retail food and 61 samples food outbreaks with prevalence rate 2.28 % and 45.9 %, respectively in Jilin, China from 2014 to 2018. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of S. aureus isolates and characterize by antimicrobial resistance testing, virulence profiles, spa typing, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis. 60 % (75/125) of the isolates contained at least enterotoxin genes including classic and new SEs genes as following: sea (40/125,32 %), see (36/125,28.8 %), sec (29/125,23.2 %), sell (29/125,23.2 %), seb (25/125,20 %), seh (22/125,17.6 %), sed (6/125,4.8 %), selq (6/125,4.8 %), and selk (6/125,4.8 %). In antimicrobial susceptibility tests, 59.2 % of the isolates (74/125) were considered as multi-drug-resistant isolates and four MRSA strains were all found with high multi-drug-resistance. Phenotype resistance to penicillin (94.4 %), erythromycin (84.2 %), clindamycin (63.9 %), and tetracycline (47.2 %) was observed which was corresponding with genotype resistance. The strains were classified to twenty-two sequence types (STs), fourteen clonal complexes (CCs), and forty-seven spa types. The predominant ST and spa types were ST1(22/125,17.6 %), ST25(20/125,16.00 %), ST398 (14/125,11.2 %) and t127 (20/125,16 %), t078 (14/125,11.2 %), t803 (7/125,5.6 %). The wgSNP analysis of these isolates in food represents showed close relatedness with food outbreaks which pose a potential health risk for consumers and warrants further attention.
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Nouws S, Bogaerts B, Verhaegen B, Denayer S, Laeremans L, Marchal K, Roosens NHC, Vanneste K, De Keersmaecker SCJ. Whole Genome Sequencing Provides an Added Value to the Investigation of Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Outbreaks. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:750278. [PMID: 34795649 PMCID: PMC8593433 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.750278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Through staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) production, Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of food poisoning. Detection of staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is mostly performed using immunoassays, which, however, only detect five of 27 SEs described to date. Polymerase chain reactions are, therefore, frequently used in complement to identify a bigger arsenal of SE at the gene level (se) but are labor-intensive. Complete se profiling of isolates from different sources, i.e., food and human cases, is, however, important to provide an indication of their potential link within foodborne outbreak investigation. In addition to complete se gene profiling, relatedness between isolates is determined with more certainty using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, Staphylococcus protein A gene typing and other methods, but these are shown to lack resolution. We evaluated how whole genome sequencing (WGS) can offer a solution to these shortcomings. By WGS analysis of a selection of S. aureus isolates, including some belonging to a confirmed foodborne outbreak, its added value as the ultimate multiplexing method was demonstrated. In contrast to PCR-based se gene detection for which primers are sometimes shown to be non-specific, WGS enabled complete se gene profiling with high performance, provided that a database containing reference sequences for all se genes was constructed and employed. The custom compiled database and applied parameters were made publicly available in an online user-friendly interface. As an all-in-one approach with high resolution, WGS additionally allowed inferring correct isolate relationships. The different DNA extraction kits that were tested affected neither se gene profiling nor relatedness determination, which is interesting for data sharing during SFP outbreak investigation. Although confirming the production of enterotoxins remains important for SFP investigation, we delivered a proof-of-concept that WGS is a valid alternative and/or complementary tool for outbreak investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Nouws
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.,IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University - IMEC, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Bogaerts
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.,IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University - IMEC, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bavo Verhaegen
- National Reference Laboratory for Foodborne Outbreaks (NRL-FBO) and for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci (NRL-CPS), Foodborne Pathogens, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Denayer
- National Reference Laboratory for Foodborne Outbreaks (NRL-FBO) and for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci (NRL-CPS), Foodborne Pathogens, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lasse Laeremans
- Organic Contaminants and Additives, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Marchal
- IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University - IMEC, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nancy H C Roosens
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kevin Vanneste
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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Sato'o Y, Omoe K, Aikawa Y, Kano M, Ono HK, Hu DL, Nakane A, Sugai M. Investigation of Staphylococcus aureus positive for Staphylococcal enterotoxin S and T genes. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1120-1127. [PMID: 34039784 PMCID: PMC8349821 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus produces staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) and causes food poisoning. It is known that almost all SE-encoding genes are present on various types of mobile genetic elements and can mobilize among S. aureus populations. Further, plasmids comprise one of SE gene carriers. Previously, we reported novel SEs, SES and SET, harbored by the plasmid pF5 from Fukuoka5. In the present study, we analyzed the distribution of these SEs in various S. aureus isolates in Japan. We used 526 S. aureus strains and found 311 strains positive for at least one SE/SE-like toxin gene, but only two strains (Fukuoka5 and Hiroshima3) were positive for ses and set among the specimens. We analyzed two plasmids (pF5 and pH3) from these strains and found that they were different. Whereas these plasmids partially shared similar sequences involved in the ser/selj/set/ses gene cluster, other sequences were different. A comparison of these plasmids with those deposited in the NCBI database revealed that only one plasmid had the ser/selj/set/ses cluster with a stop mutation in set similar to that in pH3. In addition, the chromosomes of Fukuoka5 and Hiroshima3, positive for ses and set, were classified into different genotypes. Despite the low rate of gene positivity for these SEs, it is suggested that there is diversity in plasmids and strains carrying these two SEs. Consequently, regarding the entire feature of SE prevalence, we improved the multiplex PCR detection method for the SE superfamily to obtain further insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sato'o
- Department of Bacteriology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Present address: Division of Bacteriology, Department of infection and immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 323-0498, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Omoe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yasuko Aikawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Mayuko Kano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Hisaya K Ono
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8560, Japan.,Laboratory of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Dong-Liang Hu
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Akio Nakane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8560, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Sugai
- Department of Bacteriology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.,Present address: Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Murayama, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan
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Hu DL, Li S, Fang R, Ono HK. Update on molecular diversity and multipathogenicity of staphylococcal superantigen toxins. ANIMAL DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-021-00007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractStaphylococcal superantigen (SAg) toxins are the most notable virulence factors associated with Staphylococcus aureus, which is a pathogen associated with serious community and hospital acquired infections in humans and various diseases in animals. Recently, SAg toxins have become a superfamily with 29 types, including staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) with emetic activity, SE-like toxins (SEls) that do not induce emesis in primate models or have yet not been tested, and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). SEs and SEls can be subdivided into classical types (SEA to SEE) and novel types (SEG to SElY, SE01, SE02, SEl26 and SEl27). The genes of SAg toxins are located in diverse accessory genetic elements and share certain structural and biological properties. SAg toxins are heat-stable proteins that exhibit pyrogenicity, superantigenicity and capacity to induce lethal hypersensitivity to endotoxin in humans and animals. They have multiple pathogenicities that can interfere with normal immune function of host, increase the chances of survival and transmission of pathogenic bacteria in host, consequently contribute to the occurrence and development of various infections, persistent infections or food poisoning. This review focuses on the following aspects of SAg toxins: (1) superfamily members of classic and novelty discovered staphylococcal SAgs; (2) diversity of gene locations and molecular structural characteristics; (3) biological characteristics and activities; (4) multi-pathogenicity of SAgs in animal and human diseases, including bovine mastitis, swine sepsis, abscesses and skin edema in pig, arthritis and septicemia in poultry, and nosocomial infections and food-borne diseases in humans.
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Belen SM, Sofía NT, Romina M, Belén AM, Santiago C, María Julieta FL, Pablo R, Cristina V, Martín D, Mauricio DM, Emilio M, Marisa F. Optimized surface plasmon resonance immunoassay for staphylococcal enterotoxin G detection using silica nanoparticles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 558:168-174. [PMID: 33932776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins are one of the most important causative agents of food poisoning. These molecules function as both gastrointestinal toxins and superantigens (SAgs) which can simultaneously bind MHC-II and T cell receptor leading to a non-specific polyclonal T cell activation and massive proinflammatory cytokine release. Common symptoms include vomiting and diarrhea; however, in more severe cases, systemic dissemination may result in toxic shock syndrome and can be lethal in a few hours. Only small amounts of these heat-stable toxins are needed to cause the disease. Therefore, it is highly important to detect quickly low concentrations of SAgs in biological samples. In this work, we report a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based capture immunoassay for the detection of the SAg SEG. We analyzed the use of different amplification strategies. The SPR-based double-antibody sandwich approach could detect picomolar levels of SEG. The use of antibody-coated silica nanoparticles (AbSiNPs) as an alternative enhancing reagent also detected SEG in the picomolar range. Although AbSiNPs did not improve the limit of detection, for the same amount of SAg tested, AbSiNPs gave a higher response level than free antibodies. This work highlights the suitability of silica nanoparticles for signal amplification in SPR-based biosensors. Overall, SPR biosensors offer the capability for continuous real-time monitoring and high sensitivity that can be befitting for the detection of enterotoxins in food industries, laboratories and regulatory agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarratea Maria Belen
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología and Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral Ricardo A. Margni (IDEHU), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Noli Truant Sofía
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología and Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral Ricardo A. Margni (IDEHU), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mitarotonda Romina
- Universidad Nacional de Luján, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Luján, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Luján, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES)-CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonoglou María Belén
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología and Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral Ricardo A. Margni (IDEHU), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Chiappini Santiago
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología and Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral Ricardo A. Margni (IDEHU), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernández Lynch María Julieta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología and Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral Ricardo A. Margni (IDEHU), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romasanta Pablo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología and Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral Ricardo A. Margni (IDEHU), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vescina Cristina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Analítica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Desimone Martín
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - De Marzi Mauricio
- Universidad Nacional de Luján, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Luján, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Luján, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES)-CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Malchiodi Emilio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología and Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral Ricardo A. Margni (IDEHU), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernández Marisa
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología and Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral Ricardo A. Margni (IDEHU), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Grispoldi L, Karama M, Armani A, Hadjicharalambous C, Cenci-Goga BT. Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin in food of animal origin and staphylococcal food poisoning risk assessment from farm to table. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1871428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Musafiri Karama
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Andrea Armani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Perugia, Italy
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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10
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Wan TW, Liu YJ, Wang YT, Lin YT, Hsu JC, Tsai JC, Chiu HC, Hsueh PR, Hung WC, Teng LJ. Potentially conjugative plasmids harboring Tn6636, a multidrug-resistant and composite mobile element, in Staphylococcus aureus. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2021; 55:225-233. [PMID: 33840606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to provide detailed genetic characterization of Tn6636, a multidrug-resistant and composite mobile element, in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS A total of 112 ermB-positive methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and 224 ermB-positive methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates collected from 2000 to 2015 were tested for the presence of Tn6636. Detection of the plasmids harboring Tn6636 was performed by S1 nuclease digestion pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis, conjugation test, and whole genome sequencing (WGS). RESULTS Prevalence of Tn6636 in MSSA is higher than that in MRSA. Ten MSSA isolates and 10 MRSA isolates carried Tn6636. The 10 MSSA isolates belonged to three sequence types (ST), including ST7 (n = 6), ST5 (n = 3), and ST59 (n = 1). The 10 MRSA isolates belonged to ST188 (n = 8) and ST965 (n = 2). Analysis of plasmid sequences revealed that Tn6636 was harbored by six different mosaic plasmids. In addition to resistance genes, some plasmids also harbored toxin genes. CONCLUSION The presence of multi-resistant Tn6636 in plasmids of both MSSA and MRSA with various STs suggests its broad dissemination. Results indicate that Tn6636 has existed for at least 16 years in Taiwan. The mosaic plasmids harboring Tn6636 can be transferred by conjugation. Ongoing surveillance of Tn6636 is essential to avoid continued spreading of resistant plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Wen Wan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan UniversityCollege of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jung Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan UniversityCollege of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Wang
- Division of Research and Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tzu Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Chuan Hsu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan UniversityCollege of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chang Tsai
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chieh Chiu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan UniversityCollege of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ren Hsueh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Hung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Lee-Jene Teng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan UniversityCollege of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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11
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Noone JC, Stegger M, Lilje B, Stavem K, Helmersen K, Skråmm I, Aamot HV. Molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus associated prosthetic joint infections after hip fractures treated with hemiarthroplasty: a retrospective genome-wide association study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16553. [PMID: 33024212 PMCID: PMC7538562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73736-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A retrospective study of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from orthopaedic patients treated between 2000 and 2017 at Akershus University Hospital, Norway was performed using a genome-wide association approach. The aim was to characterize and investigate molecular characteristics unique to S. aureus isolates from HHA associated prosthetic joint infections and potentially explain the HHA patients' elevated 1-year mortality compared to a non-HHA group. The comparison group consisted of patients with non-HHA lower-extremity implant-related S. aureus infections. S. aureus isolates from diagnostic patient samples were whole-genome sequenced. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to detect group-associated genetic signatures. A total of 62 HHA patients and 73 non-HHA patients were included. Median age (81 years vs. 74 years; p < 0.001) and 1-year mortality (44% vs. 15%, p < 0.001) were higher in the HHA group. A total of 20 clonal clusters (CCs) were identified; 75% of the isolates consisted of CC45, CC30, CC5, CC15, and CC1. Analyses of core and accessory genome content, including virulence, resistance genes, and k-mer analysis revealed few group-associated variants, none of which could explain the elevated 1-year mortality in HHA patients. Our findings support the premise that all S. aureus can cause invasive infections given the opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christopher Noone
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Berit Lilje
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Knut Stavem
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- HØKH, Department of Health Services Research, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Karin Helmersen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Inge Skråmm
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Hege Vangstein Aamot
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway
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12
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Etter D, Schelin J, Schuppler M, Johler S. Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C-An Update on SEC Variants, Their Structure and Properties, and Their Role in Foodborne Intoxications. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E584. [PMID: 32927913 PMCID: PMC7551944 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins are the most common cause of foodborne intoxications (staphylococcal food poisoning) and cause a wide range of diseases. With at least six variants staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC) stands out as particularly diverse amongst the 25 known staphylococcal enterotoxins. Some variants present unique and even host-specific features. Here, we review the role of SEC in human and animal health with a particular focus on its role as a causative agent for foodborne intoxications. We highlight structural features unique to SEC and its variants, particularly, the emetic and superantigen activity, as well as the roles of SEC in mastitis and in dairy products. Information about the genetic organization as well as regulatory mechanisms including the accessory gene regulator and food-related stressors are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danai Etter
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Jenny Schelin
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Markus Schuppler
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Sophia Johler
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
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13
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Li H, Tang T, Stegger M, Dalsgaard A, Liu T, Leisner JJ. Characterization of antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from retail foods in Beijing, China. Food Microbiol 2020; 93:103603. [PMID: 32912578 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen leading to food poisoning as well as human infections. The present study examined the prevalence and characterization of antimicrobial-resistant S. aureus in sushi from 42 outlets and in pork products from eight outlets in Beijing, China. The total bacterial counts were between 3.0 and 8.9 log CFU/g (mean 5.5 ± 1.5 log CFU/g) in sushi products and 4.8 to 7.4 log CFU/g (mean 5.6 ± 0.8 log CFU/g) in pork products. The mean counts of coliforms were 2.7 and 2.9 log CFU/g in sushi and pork, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from seven sushi outlets (13 isolates) and two pork outlets (2 isolates) with average counts below 2 log CFU/g in all cases. A total of 15 S. aureus isolates were further characterized. Six lineages of S. aureus were present, including ST398 (n = 5), ST25 (n = 4), ST15 (n = 2), ST59 (n = 2), ST8 (n = 1) and ST2631 (n = 1). Thirteen isolates contained the scn virulence marker, whereas four and eight isolates contained the virulence marker edinB and enterotoxin genes, respectively. Characterization of antimicrobial resistance profiles documented resistances to ampicillin (n = 15), penicillin (n = 14), ceftazidime (n = 6), erythromycin (n = 4), tetracycline (n = 3), clindamycin (n = 3), and gentamicin (n = 1). Three MRSA isolates were obtained, one from pork (ST398) and two from one sushi outlet (ST59). They were all resistant to at least three classes of antimicrobials and two of them contained the scn gene and enterotoxin genes. Twelve sushi isolates and one of the pork isolates contained the scn gene, indicating that they were of human origin. This emphasizes the potential importance of transmission through foods of antimicrobial-resistant S. aureus including MRSA. We also showed that S. aureus exhibited geographical variation with regards to ST profiles, antimicrobial-resistance and virulence genes when comparing isolates from sushi products sold in Beijing and Copenhagen, Denmark. Whereas food safety is not compromised by the presence of low amounts of S. aureus in sushi, this study shows that with regards to public health such foods may serve as vehicles for transmission of multidrug-resistant S. aureus and MRSA lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Taya Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Road Yuanmingyuan, Beijing, PR China
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Anders Dalsgaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark; School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Tianlong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Road Yuanmingyuan, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jørgen J Leisner
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Rajkovic A, Jovanovic J, Monteiro S, Decleer M, Andjelkovic M, Foubert A, Beloglazova N, Tsilla V, Sas B, Madder A, De Saeger S, Uyttendaele M. Detection of toxins involved in foodborne diseases caused by Gram‐positive bacteria. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1605-1657. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Rajkovic
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Jelena Jovanovic
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Silvia Monteiro
- Laboratorio Analises, Instituto Superior TecnicoUniversidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal
| | - Marlies Decleer
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Mirjana Andjelkovic
- Operational Directorate Food, Medicines and Consumer SafetyService for Chemical Residues and Contaminants Brussels Belgium
| | - Astrid Foubert
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Natalia Beloglazova
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
- Nanotechnology Education and Research CenterSouth Ural State University Chelyabinsk Russia
| | - Varvara Tsilla
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Benedikt Sas
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Laboratorium for Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Mieke Uyttendaele
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
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15
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Occurrence and Characterization of Enterotoxigenic Staphylococci Isolated from Soft Cheeses in Serbia. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2020-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A total of 415 cheese samples produced with raw or cooked milk collected from local markets were analysed for the presence of coagulase-positive staphylococci. In 85 (20.48%) samples the presence of coagulase positive staphylococci was detected. The ELFA technique VIDAS SET2 (BioMerieux, France) was used for testing coagulase-positive staphylococci strains to produce classical enterotoxins (SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, SEE), and to determine the enterotoxins in cheese samples. The number of coagulase-positive staphylococci in cheese samples ranged from 1-5.79 log CFU g-1. Out of 85 coagulase-positive strains 26 (30.59%) produced enterotoxins. The presence of genes for the synthesis of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) in the obtained extracts of DNA from 26 enterotoxigenic strains was detected by conventional multiplex PCR technique (for genes sea and seb) i.e. the Real-Time PCR technique for genes sec, sed and see. In all 26 strains of coagulase-positive staphylococci (originating from cheeses produced from raw or cooked milk, which were enterotoxin producers) sea was present, and in 24 strains in addition to sea gene, seb was detected. None of the isolates possessed genes for the synthesis of enterotoxin C (SEC), D (SED) and E (SEE). Out of 26 tested cheese samples positive for enterotoxigenic coagulase-positive staphylococci, enterotoxin was detected in 2 (7.69%) samples of sweet-coagulating cheese, in which the number of enterotoxigenic coagulase-positive staphylococci exceeded 5 log CFU g-1. In sweet-coagulating cheeses in which the number of coagulase-positive staphylococci exceeds 5 log CFU g-1 and the pH value was higher than 5.0, enterotoxins may be present in amounts sufficient to cause intoxication.
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16
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Isolation and application of bacteriophages alone or in combination with nisin against planktonic and biofilm cells of Staphylococcus aureus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:5145-5158. [PMID: 32248441 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10581-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious foodborne pathogen since it has ability to produce variety of toxins including heat-stable enterotoxin, form biofilm, and acquire resistance to antibiotics. Biocontrol of foodborne pathogens by lytic bacteriophages garners increasing interest from both researchers and food industry. In the present study, 29 phages against S. aureus were successfully isolated from chicken, pork, and fish. Characterization of the isolates revealed that phage SA46-CTH2 belonging to Podoviridae family had a number of features suitable for food industry applications such as wide host range, short latent period, large burst size, high stress tolerance, and a genome free of virulence genes. Furthermore, phage SA46-CTH2 alone or in combination with nisin exhibited great efficacy in reducing planktonic and biofilm cells of S. aureus at various conditions tested. The combination of phage SA46-CTH2 and nisin was also found to be able to inhibit the regrowth of S. aureus at both 37 and 24 °C.Key points• A total of 29 S. aureus phages were successfully isolated from fish, pork, and chicken products. • Phage SA46-CTH2 was characterized by host range, morphology, and genome sequencing. • SA46-CTH2 significantly reduced both planktonic and biofilm cells of S. aureus. • Combination of SA46-CTH2 and nisin inhibited the regrowth of S. aureus.
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17
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Chieffi D, Fanelli F, Cho GS, Schubert J, Blaiotta G, Franz CMAP, Bania J, Fusco V. Novel insights into the enterotoxigenic potential and genomic background of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk. Food Microbiol 2020; 90:103482. [PMID: 32336356 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 53 Staphylococcus (S.) aureus strains were typed by 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region (ISR) typing and staphylococcal enterotoxin gene (SEg) typing for all the staphylococcal enterotoxin (se) and staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxin (sel) genes known to date, revealing a higher discriminatory power than that of multi locus sequence typing. Six strains, one of each ISR- and SEg-type, were genome sequenced and the ability to produce some classical and new SEs when growing in milk was investigated. The manual analysis of the six genomes allowed us to confirm, correct and expand the results of common available genomic data pipelines such as VirulenceFinder. Moreover, it enabled us to (i) investigate the actual location of se and sel genes, even for genes such as selY, whose location (in the core genome) was so far unknown, (ii) find novel allelic variants of se and sel genes and pseudogenes, (iii) correctly annotate se and sel genes and pseudogenes, and (iv) discover a novel type of enterotoxin gene cluster (egc), i.e. the egc type 5 in strains 356P and 364P, while S. argenteus MSHR1132 harbored the egc type 6. Four of the six S. aureus strains produced sufficient amounts of SEA, SEC, SED and SEH in milk to cause staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP), with S. aureus 372 P being the highest producer of SED in milk found to date, producing as much as ca. 47,300 ng/mL and 49,200 ng/mL of SED, after 24 and 48 h of incubation in milk at 37 °C, respectively. S. aureus 372 P released a low amount of SER in milk, most likely because the seR gene was present as a pseudogene, putatively encoding only 51 amino acids. These findings confirm that not only the classical SEs, but also the new ones can represent a potential hazard for the consumers' health if produced in foods in sufficient amounts. Therefore, the detection of SEs in foods, especially if involved in SFP cases, should focus not only on classical, but also on all the new SEs and SEls known to date. Where reference methods are unavailable, the presence of the relevant genes, by using the conventional and real time PCR protocols we exhaustively provided herein, and their nucleotide sequences, should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Chieffi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
| | - Gyu-Sung Cho
- Max Rubner-Institut, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103, Kiel, Germany
| | - Justyna Schubert
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Giuseppe Blaiotta
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Vine and Wine Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Viale Italia, 83100, Avellino, Italy
| | - Charles M A P Franz
- Max Rubner-Institut, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jacek Bania
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Vincenzina Fusco
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy.
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18
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Zeng C, Liu Z, Han Z. Structure of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin N: Implications for Binding Properties to Its Cellular Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235921. [PMID: 31775346 PMCID: PMC6928602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus strains produce a unique family of immunostimulatory exotoxins termed as bacterial superantigens (SAgs), which cross-link major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecule and T-cell receptor (TCR) to stimulate large numbers of T cells at extremely low concentrations. SAgs are associated with food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome. To date, 26 genetically distinct staphylococcal SAgs have been reported. This study reports the first X-ray structure of newly characterized staphylococcal enterotoxin N (SEN). SEN possesses the classical two domain architecture that includes an N-terminal oligonucleotide-binding fold and a C-terminal β-grasp domain. Amino acid and structure alignments revealed that several critical amino acids that are proposed to be responsible for MHC II and TCR molecule engagements are variable in SEN, suggesting that SEN may adopt a different binding mode to its cellular receptors. This work helps better understand the mechanisms of action of SAgs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zeng
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (C.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Hubei Province Fresh Food Engineering Research Center, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Zhaoxin Liu
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (C.Z.); (Z.L.)
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhenggang Han
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (C.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Suzuki Y. Current Studies of Staphylococcal Food Poisoning. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2019; 60:27-37. [DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.60.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Ono HK, Hirose S, Narita K, Sugiyama M, Asano K, Hu DL, Nakane A. Histamine release from intestinal mast cells induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) evokes vomiting reflex in common marmoset. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007803. [PMID: 31112582 PMCID: PMC6546250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) produced by Staphylococcus aureus are known as causative agents of emetic food poisoning. We previously demonstrated that SEA binds with submucosal mast cells and evokes mast cell degranulation in a small emetic house musk shrew model. Notably, primates have been recognized as the standard model for emetic assays and analysis of SE emetic activity. However, the mechanism involved in SEA-induced vomiting in primates has not yet been elucidated. In the present study, we established common marmosets as an emetic animal model. Common marmosets were administered classical SEs, including SEA, SEB and SEC, and exhibited multiple vomiting responses. However, a non-emetic staphylococcal superantigen, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, did not induce emesis in these monkeys. These results indicated that the common marmoset is a useful animal model for assessing the emesis-inducing activity of SEs. Furthermore, histological analysis uncovered that SEA bound with submucosal mast cells and induced mast cell degranulation. Additionally, ex vivo and in vivo pharmacological results showed that SEA-induced histamine release plays a critical role in the vomiting response in common marmosets. The present results suggested that 5-hydroxytryptamine also plays an important role in the transmission of emetic stimulation on the afferent vagus nerve or central nervous system. We conclude that SEA induces histamine release from submucosal mast cells in the gastrointestinal tract and that histamine contributes to the SEA-induced vomiting reflex via the serotonergic nerve and/or other vagus nerve. Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) is a bacterial toxin that has been recognized as a leading causative agent of staphylococcal food poisoning since 1930. The primary symptoms of staphylococcal food poisoning are nausea and emesis, which develop up to 1–6 h after ingestion of the causative foods contaminated by the bacteria. In the present study, we established the common marmoset as an emetic animal model and investigated the mechanisms of SEA-induced emesis in the primate model. Common marmosets that received SEA showed multiple emetic responses. We observed that SEA bound with submucosal mast cells in the intestinal tract and induced mast cell degranulation. Furthermore, SEA promoted histamine release from mast cells. We also demonstrated that histamine plays an important role in the SEA-induced emetic response in common marmosets. We conclude that SEA induces histamine release from submucosal mast cells in the intestinal tract and that the stimulation is transmitted from intestine to the brain via nerves, causing emesis. Our study provides a novel insight into functions of submucosal mast cells in the digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaya K. Ono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - Shouhei Hirose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kouji Narita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- Institute for Animal Experimentation, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Makoto Sugiyama
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Japan
| | - Krisana Asano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Dong-Liang Hu
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - Akio Nakane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen that has evolved a complex regulatory network to control virulence. One of the main functions of this interconnected network is to sense various environmental cues and respond by altering the production of virulence factors necessary for survival in the host, including cell surface adhesins and extracellular enzymes and toxins. Of these S. aureus regulatory systems, one of the best studied is the accessory gene regulator (agr), which is a quorum-sensing system that senses the local concentration of a cyclic peptide signaling molecule. This system allows S. aureus to sense its own population density and translate this information into a specific gene expression pattern. Besides agr, this pathogen uses other two-component systems to sense specific cues and coordinates responses with cytoplasmic regulators of the SarA protein family and alternative sigma factors. These divergent regulatory systems integrate the various environmental and host-derived signals into a network that ensures optimal pathogen response to the changing conditions. This article gives an overview of the most important and best-studied S. aureus regulatory systems and summarizes the functions of these regulators during host interactions. The regulatory systems discussed include the agr quorum-sensing system; the SaeRS, SrrAB, and ArlRS two-component systems, the cytoplasmic SarA-family regulators (SarA, Rot, and MgrA); and the alternative sigma factors (SigB and SigH).
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23
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Bukowski M, Piwowarczyk R, Madry A, Zagorski-Przybylo R, Hydzik M, Wladyka B. Prevalence of Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistance Determinants and Virulence-Related Genetic Elements in Plasmids of Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:805. [PMID: 31068910 PMCID: PMC6491766 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of antibiotics on a mass scale, particularly in farming, and their release into the environment has led to a rapid emergence of resistant bacteria. Once emerged, resistance determinants are spread by horizontal gene transfer among strains of the same as well as disparate bacterial species. Their accumulation in free-living as well as livestock and community-associated strains results in the widespread multiple-drug resistance among clinically relevant species posing an increasingly pressing problem in healthcare. One of these clinically relevant species is Staphylococcus aureus, a common cause of hospital and community outbreaks. Among the rich diversity of mobile genetic elements regularly occurring in S. aureus such as phages, pathogenicity islands, and staphylococcal cassette chromosomes, plasmids are the major mean for dissemination of resistance determinants and virulence factors. Unfortunately, a vast number of whole-genome sequencing projects does not aim for complete sequence determination, which results in a disproportionately low number of known complete plasmid sequences. To address this problem we determined complete plasmid sequences derived from 18 poultry S. aureus strains and analyzed the prevalence of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance determinants, genes of virulence factors, as well as genetic elements relevant for their maintenance. Some of the plasmids have been reported before and are being found in clinical isolates of strains typical for humans or human ones of livestock origin. This shows that livestock-associated staphylococci are a significant reservoir of resistance determinants and virulence factors. Nevertheless, nearly half of the plasmids were unknown to date. In this group we found a potentially mobilizable plasmid pPA3 being a unique example of accumulation of resistance determinants and virulence factors likely stabilized by a presence of a toxin–antitoxin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bukowski
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Rafal Piwowarczyk
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Madry
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Rafal Zagorski-Przybylo
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Hydzik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Benedykt Wladyka
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract
Strains of Staphylococcus aureus, and to a lesser extent other staphylococcal species, are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. An important factor in the notoriety of these organisms stems from their frequent resistance to many antimicrobial agents used for chemotherapy. This review catalogues the variety of mobile genetic elements that have been identified in staphylococci, with a primary focus on those associated with the recruitment and spread of antimicrobial resistance genes. These include plasmids, transposable elements such as insertion sequences and transposons, and integrative elements including ICE and SCC elements. In concert, these diverse entities facilitate the intra- and inter-cellular gene mobility that enables horizontal genetic exchange, and have also been found to play additional roles in modulating gene expression and genome rearrangement.
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Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dairy industries in north-central and north-eastern Greece. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 291:35-41. [PMID: 30445283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of food intoxication, whereas methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) constitutes a serious public-health concern due to its ability to colonize and infect humans and animals. S. aureus and MRSA have often been isolated from milk and dairy products. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and the antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus and MRSA in four Greek dairy industries, to identify virulence factors of MRSA isolates and to describe their genetic diversity, in order to identify possible epidemiological links and evaluate the risk of MRSA dissemination to the community. S. aureus was isolated from 67 out of 305 (22.0%) dairy industry samples (bulk-tank milk, dairy products, employee nasal swabs and equipment/surface swabs). Almost all (99%) of the 227 corresponding S. aureus isolates (approximately 4 isolates per positive sample) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and 22% were multi-drug resistant (MDR). MRSA were isolated from 11 different samples (3.6%) originating from three of the dairy plants. All MRSA isolates were capable of forming biofilms, while staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes were detected in 91% of the MRSA isolates, with sec being the most frequent. All of the MRSA isolates harbored the mecA gene but the mecC and Pandon-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) genes were not detected. Pulse-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis showed genetic diversity among the MRSA isolates and indicated clonal circulation in one of the dairy plants. Seven spa types were identified among the MRSA isolates with the most prevalent (t065) isolated only in one dairy plant. Certain spa types (t065, t337 and t3536) were isolated for the first time in Greece. The presence of MDR, biofilm-forming and enterotoxigenic MRSA strains in dairy plant facilities may lead to their dissemination to the community, but also to staphylococcal food poisoning, when conditions are favorable. The study's findings highlight the need for continuous monitoring of the dairy production chain, the need for re-evaluating the implemented cleaning and sanitizing processes and the adoption of preventive strategies in order to minimize public-health risks.
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26
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Ono HK, Hachiya N, Suzuki Y, Naito I, Hirose S, Asano K, Omoe K, Nakane A, Hu DL. Development of an Immunoassay for Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin-Like J, A Non-Characterized Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10110458. [PMID: 30404173 PMCID: PMC6266802 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are the cause of staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) outbreaks. Recently, many new types of SEs and SE-like toxins have been reported, but it has not been proved whether these new toxins cause food poisoning. To develop an immunoassay for detection of SE-like J (SElJ), a non-characterized toxin in SFP, a mutant SElJ with C-terminus deletion (SElJ∆C) was expressed and purified in an E. coli expression system. Anti-SElJ antibody was produced in rabbits immunized with the SElJ∆C. Western blotting and sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detection systems were established and showed that the antibody specifically recognizes SElJ without cross reaction to other SEs tested. The limit of detection for the sandwich ELISA was 0.078 ng/mL, showing high sensitivity. SElJ production in S. aureus was detected by using the sandwich ELISA and showed that selj-horboring isolates produced a large amount of SElJ in the culture supernatants, especially in that of the strain isolated from a food poisoning outbreak in Japan. These results demonstrate that the immunoassay for detection of SElJ is specific and sensitive and is useful for determining the native SElJ production in S. aureus isolated from food poisoning cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaya K Ono
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, 35-1 Higashi-23-ban-cho, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Nobuaki Hachiya
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, 35-1 Higashi-23-ban-cho, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
| | - Yasunori Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan.
| | - Ikunori Naito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
| | - Shouhei Hirose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Krisana Asano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiko Omoe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
| | - Akio Nakane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Dong-Liang Hu
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, 35-1 Higashi-23-ban-cho, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
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Mekonnen SA, Lam TJGM, Hoekstra J, Rutten VPMG, Tessema TS, Broens EM, Riesebos AE, Spaninks MP, Koop G. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk samples of dairy cows in small holder farms of North-Western Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:246. [PMID: 30139356 PMCID: PMC6107951 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is a contagious, opportunistic pathogen that causes clinical or subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. The genetic background and antimicrobial resistance of isolates from Ethiopian dairy farms has not been studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize S. aureus from Ethiopian hand milked dairy cows, by spa, MLST and virulence factor typing, and by assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility. A total of 79 S. aureus isolates from intramammary infections was studied. A PCR was used to detect lukM-lukF’ and pvl genes encoding the bovine and human associated bi-component leukocidins, and the toxic shock syndrome toxin gene-1 (tst). Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the broth microdilution method. Results Twenty different spa types were identified, most isolates were t042 (58%), and the closely related t15786 (11%). The proportion of isolates positive for lukM-lukF’, tst and pvl was low at 0.04, 0.10 and 0.09 respectively, with lukM-lukF’ often co-occurring with tst, but not with pvl. Methicillin-resistance was not found, but resistance to penicillin/ampicillin (86%) and tetracycline (54%) was very common. Conclusions We found a high degree of relatedness among bovine S. aureus isolates in North-Western Ethiopia, suggesting contagious within and between farm transmission of strains that are often resistant to commonly used antimicrobials. This highlights the need for effective preventive measures that aim at limiting transmission of bacteria rather than using antimicrobials to control S. aureus mastitis in Ethiopia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1558-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Mekonnen
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - T J G M Lam
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,GD Animal Health, P.O. Box 9, 7400 AA, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - J Hoekstra
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - V P M G Rutten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - T S Tessema
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - E M Broens
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A E Riesebos
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M P Spaninks
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G Koop
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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29
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Cai R, Shi L, Li C, Yan H. Prevalence of Enterotoxin Genes in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Pork Production. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:437-443. [PMID: 29672171 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, 130 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from samples associated with pork production were tested for prevalence of 18 staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes. Approximately 94.6% (123/130) of isolates from different stages of pork production harbored one or more SE genes forming 37 different enterotoxin gene profiles. Seb was present in 60.0% of the S. aureus isolates, the highest among the genes tested. The genes, sed, sej, seo, sep, ser, and seu, were not found. The five classical SE genes (including sea, seb, sec, sed, see) had lower prevalence than the egc gene cluster (seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, or seu). Notably, ∼6.9% (9/130) isolates harbored five SE genes. Classical SE genes were relatively higher in raw meat isolates than swine farm isolates, suggesting that raw meat isolates have a greater potential for classical staphylococcal food poisoning. Incomplete egc clusters were mainly distributed in swine farm isolates, and some of them coexisted with other classical SE genes (seb, sec), showing that swine farms could be potential sources of enterogenic S. aureus of food safety concern. Characterizing the distributions of enterotoxin genes among S. aureus may provide epidemiological information for the benefit of public health and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- 1 School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yage Wang
- 1 School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, China
| | - Rujian Cai
- 2 Institute of Animal Health Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Shi
- 3 Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University , Guangzhou, China .,4 State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products, Fujian, China
| | - Chunling Li
- 2 Institute of Animal Health Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou, China
| | - He Yan
- 1 School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, China .,4 State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products, Fujian, China
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30
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Costa FN, Belo NO, Costa EA, Andrade GI, Pereira LS, Carvalho IA, Santos RL. Frequency of enterotoxins, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, and biofilm formation genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cows with mastitis in the Northeast of Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:1089-1097. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1534-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Benkerroum N. Staphylococcal enterotoxins and enterotoxin-like toxins with special reference to dairy products: An overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1943-1970. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1289149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noreddine Benkerroum
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald-Stewart Building, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
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32
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Ono HK, Hirose S, Naito I, Sato'o Y, Asano K, Hu DL, Omoe K, Nakane A. The emetic activity of staphylococcal enterotoxins, SEK, SEL, SEM, SEN and SEO in a small emetic animal model, the house musk shrew. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 61:12-16. [PMID: 28042656 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) produced by Staphylococcus aureus are the most recognizable causative agents of emetic food poisoning in humans. New types of SEs and SE-like (SEl) toxins have been reported. Several epidemiological investigations have shown that the SEs and SEl genes, particularly, SEK, SEL, SEM, SEN and SEO genes, are frequently detected in strains isolated from patients with food poisoning. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the emetic activity of recently identified SEs using a small emetic animal model, the house musk shrew. The emetic activity of these SEs in house musk shrews was evaluated by intraperitoneal administration and emetic responses, including the number of shrews that vomited, emetic frequency and latency of vomiting were documented. It was found that SEs induce emetic responses in these animals. This is the first time to demonstrate that SEK, SEL, SEM, SEN and SEO possess emetic activity in the house musk shrew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaya K Ono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562.,Laboratory of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, 35-1 Higashi-23-ban-cho, Towada, Aomori 034-8628
| | - Shouhei Hirose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562
| | - Ikunori Naito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550
| | - Yusuke Sato'o
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Krisana Asano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562
| | - Dong-Liang Hu
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, 35-1 Higashi-23-ban-cho, Towada, Aomori 034-8628
| | - Katsuhiko Omoe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550
| | - Akio Nakane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562
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33
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Wei L, Wang X, Lu D, Li Y, Pang G, Xie J. A Novel Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Q Immunosensor Prepared with Self-Assembly Method Based on Horseradish Peroxidase and Double-Layer Gold Nanoparticles. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0632-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Schubert J, Podkowik M, Bystroń J, Bania J. Production of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins D and R in Milk and Meat Juice byStaphylococcus aureusStrains. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:223-230. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Schubert
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Podkowik
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jarosław Bystroń
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Bania
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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35
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Pompilio A, Riviello A, Crocetta V, Di Giuseppe F, Pomponio S, Sulpizio M, Di Ilio C, Angelucci S, Barone L, Di Giulio A, Di Bonaventura G. Evaluation of antibacterial and antibiofilm mechanisms by usnic acid against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:1315-1338. [PMID: 27633726 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm mechanisms of usnic acid (USN) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from cystic fibrosis patients. MATERIALS & METHODS The effects exerted by USN at subinhibitory concentrations on S. aureus Sa3 strain was evaluated by proteomic, real-time PCR and electron microscopy analyses. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Proteomic analysis showed that USN caused damage in peptidoglycan synthesis, as confirmed by microscopy. Real-time PCR analysis showed that antibiofilm activity of USN is mainly due to impaired adhesion to the host matrix binding proteins, and decreasing lipase and thermonuclease expression. Our data show that USN exerts anti-staphylococcal effects through multitarget inhibitory effects, thus confirming the rationale for considering it 'lead compound' for the treatment of cystic fibrosis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Pompilio
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonella Riviello
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy.,Stem TeCh Group, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy
| | - Valentina Crocetta
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Di Giuseppe
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy.,Stem TeCh Group, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Pomponio
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marilisa Sulpizio
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy.,Stem TeCh Group, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy
| | - Carmine Di Ilio
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy.,Stem TeCh Group, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefania Angelucci
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy.,Stem TeCh Group, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy
| | - Luana Barone
- Department of Science, LIME, University Roma Tre, Viale G Marconi 446, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Giulio
- Department of Science, LIME, University Roma Tre, Viale G Marconi 446, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Bonaventura
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy
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Virulence gene profiles in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cows with subclinical mastitis in eastern Poland. J DAIRY RES 2016; 83:228-35. [PMID: 27032339 DOI: 10.1017/s002202991600008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is arguably the most important pathogen involved in bovine mastitis. The aim of this study was to determine the virulence gene profiles of 124 Staph. aureus isolates from subclinical mastitis in cows in eastern Poland. The presence of 30 virulence genes encoding adhesins, proteases and superantigenic toxins was investigated by PCR. The 17 different combinations of adhesin genes were identified. Occurrence of eno (91·1%) and fib (82·3%) genes was found to be common. The frequency of other adhesion genes fnbA, fnbB, ebps were 14·5, 50, 25%, respectively, and for cna and bbp were 1·6%. The etA and etD genes, encoding exfoliative toxins, were present in genomes of 5·6 and 8·9% isolates, respectively. The splA and sspA, encoding serine protease, were detected in above 90% isolates. The most frequent enterotoxin genes were sei (21%), sem (19·4%), sen (19·4%), seg (18·5%) and seo (13·7%). The tst gene was harboured by 2·4% isolates. The 19 combinations of the superantigenic toxin genes were obtained and found in 35·5% of isolates. Three of them (seg, sei, sem, sen, seo; sec, seg, sei, sem, sen, seo and seg, sei, sem, sen) were the most frequent and found in 16·1% of the isolates. The most common virulotype, present in 17·7% of the isolates, was fib, eno, fnbB, splA, splE, sspA. The results indicate the variation in the presence of virulence genes in Staph. aureus isolates and considerable diversity of isolates that are able to cause mastitis in cows.
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Comparative genomics of toxigenic and non-toxigenic Staphylococcus hyicus. Vet Microbiol 2016; 185:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Al-Ashmawy MA, Sallam KI, Abd-Elghany SM, Elhadidy M, Tamura T. Prevalence, Molecular Characterization, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Milk and Dairy Products. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:156-62. [PMID: 26836943 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work was undertaken to study the prevalence, molecular characterization, virulence factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in raw milk and dairy products in Mansoura City, Egypt. MRSA was detected in 53% (106/200) among all milk and dairy products with prevalence rates of 75%, 65%, 40%, 50%, and 35% in raw milk, Damietta cheese, Kareish cheese, ice cream, and yogurt samples, respectively. The mean S. aureus counts were 3.49, 3.71, 2.93, 3.40, and 3.23 log10 colony-forming units (CFU)/g among tested raw milk, Damietta cheese, Kareish cheese, ice cream and yogurt, respectively, with an overall count of 3.41 log10 CFU/g. Interestingly, all recovered S. aureus isolates were genetically verified as MRSA strains by molecular detection of the mecA gene. Furthermore, genes encoding α-hemolysin (hla) and staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec) were detected in all isolates. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of recovered MRSA isolates against 13 tested antimicrobials revealed that the least effective drugs were penicillin G, cloxacillin, tetracycline, and amoxicillin with bacterial resistance percentages of 87.9%, 75.9%, 65.2%, and 55.6%, respectively. These findings suggested that milk and dairy products represent a potential infection risk threat of multidrug-resistant and toxigenic S. aureus in Egypt due to neglected hygienic practices during production, retail, or storage stages. These findings highlighted the crucial importance of applying more restrictive hygienic measures in dairy production in Egypt for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Abdou Al-Ashmawy
- 1 Departments of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Khalid Ibrahim Sallam
- 1 Departments of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Samir Mohammed Abd-Elghany
- 1 Departments of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elhadidy
- 2 Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Tomohiro Tamura
- 3 Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Sapporo, Japan
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Safety Evaluation of the Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Microbiota of Salami: Superantigenic Toxin Production and Antimicrobial Resistance. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:483548. [PMID: 26697486 PMCID: PMC4677167 DOI: 10.1155/2015/483548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The risks of contracting staphylococci food poisoning by the consumption of improperly manufactured salami and the possibility of this food being reservoirs for antibiotic resistance were evaluated. Nineteen coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) strains were found in commercial and artisanal salami. The species in commercial salami were S. saprophyticus, S. sciuri, S. xylosus, and S. carnosus. Artisanal salami showed S. succinus, S. epidermidis, and S. hominis but no S. carnosus. Phylogenetic analyses grouped the strains into three major staphylococcal species groups, comprised of 4 refined clusters with similarities superior to 90%. Fifteen strains harbored multiple enterotoxin genes, with high incidence of seb/sec and sea, 57% and 50%, respectively, intermediate incidence of sed/seh/selm and sei/seln/tst-H, 33% and 27%, correspondingly, and low incidence of see/selj/selo and seg, of respectively 13% and 1%. Real time RT-PCR and enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assays confirmed the enterotoxigenicity of the strains, which expressed and produced enterotoxins in vitro. The CNS strains showed multiresistance to several antimicrobials of therapeutic importance in both human and veterinarian medicine, such as β-lactams, vancomycin, and linezolid. The effective control of undue staphylococci in fermented meat products should be adopted to prevent or limit the risk of food poisoning and the spread of antimicrobial-resistant strains.
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Roussel S, Felix B, Vingadassalon N, Grout J, Hennekinne JA, Guillier L, Brisabois A, Auvray F. Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with food poisoning outbreaks in France: comparison of different molecular typing methods, including MLVA. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:882. [PMID: 26441849 PMCID: PMC4566840 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks (SFPOs) are frequently reported in France. However, most of them remain unconfirmed, highlighting a need for a better characterization of isolated strains. Here we analyzed the genetic diversity of 112 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from 76 distinct SFPOs that occurred in France over the last 30 years. We used a recently developed multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) protocol and compared this method with pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), spa-typing and carriage of genes (se genes) coding for 11 staphylococcal enterotoxins (i.e., SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, SEE, SEG, SEH, SEI, SEJ, SEP, SER). The strains known to have an epidemiological association with one another had identical MLVA types, PFGE profiles, spa-types or se gene carriage. MLVA, PFGE and spa-typing divided 103 epidemiologically unrelated strains into 84, 80, and 50 types respectively demonstrating the high genetic diversity of S. aureus strains involved in SFPOs. Each MLVA type shared by more than one strain corresponded to a single spa-type except for one MLVA type represented by four strains that showed two different-but closely related-spa-types. The 87 enterotoxigenic strains were distributed across 68 distinct MLVA types that correlated all with se gene carriage except for four MLVA types. The most frequent se gene detected was sea, followed by seg and sei and the most frequently associated se genes were sea-seh and sea-sed-sej-ser. The discriminatory ability of MLVA was similar to that of PFGE and higher than that of spa-typing. This MLVA protocol was found to be compatible with high throughput analysis, and was also faster and less labor-intensive than PFGE. MLVA holds promise as a suitable method for investigating SFPOs and tracking the source of contamination in food processing facilities in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Roussel
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Food Safety Laboratory, European Union Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci, Maisons-AlfortFrance
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Positive Regulation of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin H by Rot (Repressor of Toxin) Protein and Its Importance in Clonal Complex 81 Subtype 1 Lineage-Related Food Poisoning. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:7782-90. [PMID: 26341202 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01936-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated the clonal complex 81 (CC81) subtype 1 lineage is the major staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP)-associated lineage in Japan (Y. Sato'o et al., J Clin Microbiol 52:2637-2640, 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00661-14). Strains of this lineage produce staphylococcal enterotoxin H (SEH) in addition to SEA. However, an evaluation of the risk for the recently reported SEH has not been sufficiently conducted. We first searched for staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes and SE proteins in milk samples that caused a large SFP outbreak in Japan. Only SEA and SEH were detected, while there were several SE genes detected in the samples. We next designed an experimental model using a meat product to assess the productivity of SEs and found that only SEA and SEH were detectably produced in situ. Therefore, we investigated the regulation of SEH production using a CC81 subtype 1 isolate. Through mutant analysis of global regulators, we found the repressor of toxin (Rot) functioned oppositely as a stimulator of SEH production. SEA production was not affected by Rot. seh mRNA expression correlated with rot both in media and on the meat product, and the Rot protein was shown to directly bind to the seh promoter. The seh promoter sequence was predicted to form a loop structure and to hide the RNA polymerase binding sequences. We propose Rot binds to the promoter sequence of seh and unfolds the secondary structure that may lead the RNA polymerase to bind the promoter, and then seh mRNA transcription begins. This alternative Rot regulation for SEH may contribute to sufficient toxin production by the CC81 subtype 1 lineage in foods to induce SFP.
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Identification and Characterization of a Novel Staphylococcal Emetic Toxin. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:7034-40. [PMID: 26231643 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01873-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) produced by Staphylococcus aureus have superantigenic and emetic activities, which cause toxic shock syndrome and staphylococcal food poisoning, respectively. Our previous study demonstrated that the sequence of SET has a low level of similarity to the sequences of other SEs and exhibits atypical bioactivities. Hence, we further explored whether there is an additional SET-related gene in S. aureus strains. One SET-like gene was found in the genome of S. aureus isolates that originated from a case of food poisoning, a human nasal swab, and a case of bovine mastitis. The deduced amino acid sequence of the SET-like gene showed 32% identity with the amino acid sequence of SET. The SET-like gene product was designated SElY. In the food poisoning and nasal swab isolates, mRNA encoding SElY was highly expressed in the early log phase of cultivation, whereas a high level of expression of this mRNA was found in the bovine mastitis isolate at the early stationary phase. To estimate whether SElY has both superantigenic and emetic activities, recombinant SElY was prepared. Cell proliferation and cytokine production were examined to assess the superantigenic activity of SElY. SElY exhibited superantigenic activity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells but not in mouse splenocytes. In addition, SElY exhibited emetic activity in house musk shrews after intraperitoneal and oral administration. However, the stability of SElY against heating and pepsin and trypsin digestion was different from that of SET and SEA. From these results, we identified SElY to be a novel staphylococcal emetic toxin.
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Suzuki Y, Kobayashi M, Matsushita S, Uehara S, Kato R, Sato'o Y, Ono HK, Sadamasu K, Kai A, Kamata Y. Detection of the staphylococcal enterotoxin D-like gene from staphylococcal food poisoning isolates over the last two decades in Tokyo. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:905-11. [PMID: 25797800 PMCID: PMC4565811 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasmid is a very well-known mobile genetic element that participates in the acquisition of virulence genes, such as staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), via horizontal transfer. SEs are emetic toxins and causative agents in staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP). We herein identified the types of plasmids harbored by seven SFP isolates and examined their production of plasmid-related SE/SEl to determine whether the new types of plasmid-related SE or SE-like (SEl) toxins (i.e. SElJ and SER) were involved in SFP. These isolates harbored pIB485-like plasmids, and all, except for one isolate, produced SElJ and SER. The amount of SER produced by each isolate accounted for the highest or second highest percentage of the total amount of SE/SEl produced. These new types of plasmid-related SE/SEls as well as classical SE may play a role in SFP. The seven isolates were classified into two SED-production types; a high SED-production type (>500 ng/ml) and no SED-production type. A nucleotide sequencing analysis revealed that three plasmids harbored by the SED-non-producing isolates had a single-base deletion in the sed gene with a resulting stop codon (from 233 amino acids of the intact SED to 154 amino acids of the mutant SED (mSED)). A real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed that the mRNA of the msed gene was transcribed in the isolates. If the msed gene was translated as a protein, mSED may act as an emetic toxin instead of intact SED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Suzuki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka-shi, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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Current Issues in Foodborne Illness Caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800245-2.00009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Abstract
Gram-positive bacteria are leading causes of many types of human infection, including pneumonia, skin and nasopharyngeal infections, as well as urinary tract and surgical wound infections among hospitalized patients. These infections have become particularly problematic because many of the species causing them have become highly resistant to antibiotics. The role of mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids, in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance among Gram-positive bacteria has been well studied; less well understood is the role of mobile elements in the evolution and spread of virulence traits among these pathogens. While these organisms are leading agents of infection, they are also prominent members of the human commensal ecology. It appears that these bacteria are able to take advantage of the intimate association between host and commensal, via virulence traits that exacerbate infection and cause disease. However, evolution into an obligate pathogen has not occurred, presumably because it would lead to rejection of pathogenic organisms from the host ecology. Instead, in organisms that exist as both commensal and pathogen, selection has favored the development of mechanisms for variability. As a result, many virulence traits are localized on mobile genetic elements, such as virulence plasmids and pathogenicity islands. Virulence traits may occur within a minority of isolates of a given species, but these minority populations have nonetheless emerged as a leading problem in infectious disease. This chapter reviews virulence plasmids in nonsporulating Gram-positive bacteria, and examines their contribution to disease pathogenesis.
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Song M, Bai Y, Xu J, Carter MQ, Shi C, Shi X. Genetic diversity and virulence potential of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from raw and processed food commodities in Shanghai. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 195:1-8. [PMID: 25485928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The risk of zoonotic transmission to humans highlights the need to understand the molecular ecology of Staphylococcus aureus in foods. In this study, 142 S. aureus isolates obtained from various raw and processed foods from Shanghai, China were characterized to determine their genetic diversity and virulence gene content. A total of 16 clonal complexes (CCs), 34 staphylococcal protein A (spa) types, and 6 accessory gene regulator (agr) allelic groups were identified and analyzed among the 142 S. aureus isolates. Among these, the genotype CC188-t189-agr Ι was the most prevalent, constituting 28.2% of all isolates. The presence of virulence genes encoding 20 staphylococcal enterotoxins (se), toxic shock syndrome toxin (tsst1), exfoliative toxins (eta, etb, and etd), Panton-Valentine leukocidin (lukS-PV and lukF-PV), as well as methicillin resistance gene (mecA), was determined by PCR. Of these S. aureus isolates, 72.5% harbored toxin genes, in which the most frequent toxin gene was sep (43.7%), followed by sej (26.1%) and pvl (21.1%). In contrast, see, ses, set, tsst1, etb, and etd were not found in any of the isolates tested. Eight S. aureus isolates (5.6%, 8/142), seven from raw milk and one from frozen food, were mecA positive and resistant to oxacillin, thus were MRSA. The 142 S. aureus isolates displayed 52 different toxin gene profiles. Although no direct association was found between toxin gene profile and the S. aureus genotype, the isolates belonging to CC5, CC9, CC20, CC50, and CC72 clonal lineages in general carried more toxin genes (>5) compared with the isolates in other CCs. It was also revealed that raw milk and raw meat were the major sources of isolates containing multiple toxin genes. S. aureus isolates from food that were genetically highly related, displayed diverse toxin gene profiles, implying the significant role of horizontal gene transfer in the emergence of highly toxigenic S. aureus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Song
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Yalong Bai
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Jie Xu
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Michelle Qiu Carter
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Chunlei Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Xianming Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
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Suzuki Y, Omoe K, Hu DL, Sato'o Y, Ono HK, Monma C, Arai T, Konishi N, Kato R, Hirai A, Nakama A, Kai A, Kamata Y. Molecular epidemiological characterization ofStaphylococcus aureusisolates originating from food poisoning outbreaks that occurred in Tokyo, Japan. Microbiol Immunol 2014; 58:570-80. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Suzuki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Agriculture; Iwate University; 3-18-8 Ueda Morioka City Iwate 020-8550
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido Gifu City Gifu 501-1193
- Department of Microbiology; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health; 3-24-1 Hyakunin-cho Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-0073
| | - Katsuhiko Omoe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Agriculture; Iwate University; 3-18-8 Ueda Morioka City Iwate 020-8550
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido Gifu City Gifu 501-1193
| | - Dong-Liang Hu
- School of Veterinary Medicine; Kitasato University; 23-35-1 Higashi Towada City Aomori 034-8628
| | - Yusuke Sato'o
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Agriculture; Iwate University; 3-18-8 Ueda Morioka City Iwate 020-8550
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido Gifu City Gifu 501-1193
- Department of Bacteriology; Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences; 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku Hiroshima City Hiroshima 734-8551
| | - Hisaya K. Ono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; 5 Zaifu-cho Hirosaki-city Aomori 036-8562 Japan
| | - Chie Monma
- Department of Microbiology; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health; 3-24-1 Hyakunin-cho Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-0073
| | - Teruyoshi Arai
- Department of Microbiology; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health; 3-24-1 Hyakunin-cho Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-0073
| | - Noriko Konishi
- Department of Microbiology; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health; 3-24-1 Hyakunin-cho Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-0073
| | - Rei Kato
- Department of Microbiology; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health; 3-24-1 Hyakunin-cho Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-0073
| | - Akihiko Hirai
- Department of Microbiology; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health; 3-24-1 Hyakunin-cho Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-0073
| | - Akiko Nakama
- Department of Microbiology; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health; 3-24-1 Hyakunin-cho Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-0073
| | - Akemi Kai
- Department of Microbiology; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health; 3-24-1 Hyakunin-cho Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-0073
| | - Yoichi Kamata
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Agriculture; Iwate University; 3-18-8 Ueda Morioka City Iwate 020-8550
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido Gifu City Gifu 501-1193
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Prevalence of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in organic milk and cheese in Tabriz, Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2014; 6:345-9. [PMID: 25848526 PMCID: PMC4385576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Staphylococcal food poisoning is a gastrointestinal disease, which is caused by consumption of contaminated food with enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus (SEs). Milk and its products are known sources of food borne diseases. This study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence of enterotoxigenic S. aureus strains in organic milk and cheese in Tabriz - Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 200 samples (100 milk samples and 100 cheese samples) were collected from farms and milk collection points in Tabriz - Iran. The samples were cultured and identified by standard bacteriological methods, then PCR was performed to detect sea gene. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Staphylococcus aureus was found in 27% of all samples (milk and cheese). Results of PCR showed that 12.96% of S. aureus isolates possessed sea gene. It suggested the potential public health threat of S. aureus resulting from contamination of dairy products. So, efforts are required to improve safety standards for preventing staphylococcal food poisoning.
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Gustafson JE, Muthaiyan A, Dupre JM, Ricke SC. WITHDRAWN: Staphylococcus aureus and understanding the factors that impact enterotoxin production in foods: A review. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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