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Chen C, Su J, Lu M, Xu L, Yan R, Li X, Song X. Protective efficacy of multiepitope vaccines constructed from common antigens of Eimeria species in chickens. Vet Res 2023; 54:119. [PMID: 38093398 PMCID: PMC10720236 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical avian coccidiosis is typically caused by coinfection with several Eimeria species. Recombinant protein and DNA vaccines have shown promise in controlling coccidiosis. On this basis, DNA vaccines that encode multiple epitopes from different Eimeria species may provide broad protection against coinfections. In this study, we designed a fusion gene fragment, 14EGT, that contained concentrated T-cell epitopes from four common antigens of Eimeria species (14-3-3, elongation factor 2, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and transhydrogenase). The multiepitope DNA vaccine pVAX1-14EGT and recombinant protein vaccine pET-32a-14EGT (r14EGT) were then created based on the 14EGT fragment. Subsequently, cellular and humoral immune responses were measured in vaccinated chickens. Vaccination-challenge trials were also conducted, where the birds were vaccinated with the 14EGT preparations and later exposed to single or multiple Eimeria species to evaluate the protective efficacy of the vaccines. According to the results, vaccination with 14EGT preparations effectively increased the proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and the levels of Th1 and Th2 hallmark cytokines. The levels of serum IgG antibodies were also significantly increased. Animal vaccination trials revealed alleviated enteric lesions, weight loss, and oocyst output compared to those of the control groups. The preparations were found to be moderately effective against single Eimeria species, with the anticoccidial index (ACI) ranging from 160 to 180. However, after challenge with multiple Eimeria species, the protection provided by the 14EGT preparations was not satisfactory, with ACI values of 142.18 and 146.41. Collectively, the results suggest that a multiepitope vaccine that encodes the T-cell epitopes of common antigens derived from Eimeria parasites could be a potential and effective strategy to control avian coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Junzhi Su
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingmin Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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He W, Hao G, Xiong C, Xiao J, Pu J, Chen H, Xu L, Zhu Y, Yang G. Protection against Eimeria intestinalis infection in rabbits immunized with the recombinant elongation factors EF1α and EFG. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0020823. [PMID: 37823630 PMCID: PMC10652966 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00208-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Eimeria intestinalis is the most pathogenic species of rabbit coccidiosis, causing weight loss, diarrhea, and even acute death. The currently used anticoccidial drugs against E. intestinalis in rabbits are associated with drug resistance and residues. Immunological control might be a potential alternative. We cloned and expressed the E. intestinalis recombinant EF1α and EFG (rEi-EF1α and rEi-EFG, respectively). Rabbits were immunized subcutaneously every 14 days with 100 µg of rEi-EF1α and rEi-EFG and followed by 5 × 104 E. intestinalis sporulated oocysts orally challenge. Serum samples were collected every 7 days to measure the levels of specific antibodies and cytokines. On post-challenge day 14, rabbits were sacrificed and the anticoccidial index was evaluated. The rabbits of PBS challenged groups exhibited anorexia, diarrhea, marked intestinal wall thickening, and white nodules that formed patches, while rabbits from the rEi-EF1α or rEi-EFG challenged group exhibited milder symptoms. The rEi-EF1α group showed a 75.18% oocyst reduction and 89.01%wt gain; the rEi-EFG group had a 60.58% oocyst reduction and 56.04%wt gain. After vaccination, specific IgG levels increased and stayed high (P < 0.05). The IL-4 and IL-2 levels of rEi-EF1α immunized groups showed a significant increase after immunization (P < 0.05). Both rEi-EF1α and rEi-EFG could induce humoral and cellular immune responses. In contrast, rabbits immunized with rEi-EF1α were better protected from challenge by E. intestinalis than rEi-EFG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Ge Hao
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Changming Xiong
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiayan Pu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Liwen Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuhua Zhu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
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Lee Y, Lillehoj HS. Development of a new immunodiagnostic tool for poultry coccidiosis using an antigen-capture sandwich assay based on monoclonal antibodies detecting an immunodominant antigen of Eimeria. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102790. [PMID: 37302331 PMCID: PMC10404777 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to develop an antigen-capture ELISA that detects an immunodominant antigen of Eimeria, 3-1E which is present in all Eimeria species, using a set of 3-1E-specific mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Highly sensitive 3-1E-specific antigen-capture ELISA was established using compatible mAb pairs (#318 and #320) selected from 6 mAbs (#312, #317, #318, #319, #320, and #323) with high binding activity against recombinant 3-1E protein. These anti-3-1E mAbs specifically recognized E. tenella sporozoites and a higher level of 3-1E was detected in the lysate of sporozoites than in sporocysts. Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using 2 mAbs (#318 and #320) showed specific staining around the membrane of E. tenella sporozoites. In order to measure the changes in the 3-1E level during in coccidiosis, serum, feces, jejunal, and cecal contents were individually collected daily for 7-days postinfection (dpi) with E. maxima and E. tenella. The new ELISA was sensitive and specific for 3-1E detection in all samples collected daily from E. maxima- and E. tenella-infected chickens for a week, and the detection sensitivity ranges were 2 to 5 ng/mL and 1 to 5 ng/mL in serum, 4 to 25 ng/mL and 4 to 30 ng/mL in feces, 1 to 3 ng/mL and 1 to 10 ng/mL in cecal contents, and 3 to 65 ng/mL and 4 to 22 ng/mL in jejunal contents. Following coccidiosis, the overall 3-1E levels started to increase from 4 dpi, and the highest production was shown on 5 dpi. Among the samples collected from Eimeria-infected chickens, the highest detection level was found in the jejunal contents of E. maxima-infected chickens. Furthermore, the level of IFN-γ in serum was significantly (P < 0.05) increased from 3 dpi and peaked on 5 dpi post E. maxima infection. Post E. tenella infection, the level of IFN-γ in serum gradually (P < 0.05) increased from 2 to 5 dpi and plateaued at 7 dpi. The level of TNF-α in serum was rapidly (P < 0.05) increased from 4 dpi and those levels were kept until 7 dpi post both Eimeria infections (E. maxima and E. tenella). More importantly, the daily changes in the 3-1E levels in different samples from E. maxima- and E. tenella-infected chickens were effectively monitored with this new antigen-capture ELISA. Therefore, this new immunoassay is a sensitive diagnostic tool to monitor coccidiosis in a large field population in the commercial poultry farms before clinical symptoms develop using serum, feces, and gut samples during the entire period of infection cycle starting from 1 d after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsub Lee
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Wickramasuriya SS, Park I, Lee Y, Richer LM, Przybyszewski C, Gay CG, van Oosterwijk JG, Lillehoj HS. Orally delivered Bacillus subtilis expressing chicken NK-2 peptide stabilizes gut microbiota and enhances intestinal health and local immunity in coccidiosis-infected broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102590. [PMID: 36940653 PMCID: PMC10033313 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported a stable Bacillus subtilis-carrying chicken NK-lysin peptide (B. subtilis-cNK-2) as an effective oral delivery system of an antimicrobial peptide to the gut with therapeutic effect against Eimeria parasites in broiler chickens. To further investigate the effects of a higher dose of an oral B. subtilis-cNK-2 treatment on coccidiosis, intestinal health, and gut microbiota composition, 100 (14-day-old) broiler chickens were allocated into 4 treatment groups in a randomized design: 1) uninfected control (CON), 2) infected control without B. subtilis (NC), 3) B. subtilis with empty vector (EV), and 4) B. subtilis with cNK-2 (NK). All chickens, except the CON group, were infected with 5,000 sporulated Eimeria acervulina (E. acervulina) oocysts on d 15. Chickens given B. subtilis (EV and NK) were orally gavaged (1 × 1012 cfu/mL) daily from d 14 to 18. Growth performances were measured on d 6, 9, and 13 postinfection (dpi). Spleen and duodenal samples were collected on 6 dpi to assess the gut microbiota, and gene expressions of gut integrity and local inflammation makers. Fecal samples were collected from 6 to 9 dpi to enumerate oocyst shedding. Blood samples were collected on 13 dpi to measure the serum 3-1E antibody levels. Chickens in the NK group showed significantly improved (P < 0.05) growth performance, gut integrity, reduced fecal oocyst shedding and mucosal immunity compared to NC. Interestingly, there was a distinct shift in the gut microbiota profile in the NK group compared to that of NC and EV chickens. Upon challenge with E. acervulina, the percentage of Firmicutes was reduced and that of Cyanobacteria increased. In NK chickens, however, the ratio between Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria was not affected and was similar to that of CON chickens. Taken together, NK treatment restored dysbiosis incurred by E. acervulina infection and showed the general protective effects of orally delivered B. subtilis-cNK-2 on coccidiosis infection. This includes reduction of fecal oocyst shedding, enhancement of local protective immunity, and maintenance of gut microbiota homeostasis in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiru S Wickramasuriya
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Inkyung Park
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Youngsub Lee
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | | | | | - Cyril G Gay
- Office of National Program-Animal Health, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | | | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Xiao J, Chen H, Zheng R, Pu J, Gu X, Xie Y, He R, Xu J, Jing B, Peng X, Yang G. Recombinant GMA56 and ROP17 of Eimeria magna conferred protection against infection by homologous species. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1037949. [PMID: 36713437 PMCID: PMC9879601 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1037949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most common rabbits coccidia species, Eimeria magna is mainly parasitic in the ileal and jejunal epithelial cells. E. magna infection can affect the growth performance of rabbits or cause other secondary diseases. Traditional methods of anticoccidial treatment typically result in drug resistance and drug residue. Therefore, vaccination is a promising alternative. Gametocyte antigen 56 (GAM56) and rhoptry kinase family proteins (ROPs) are involved in oocyst wall formation and parasite invasion, respectively. A virulence factor, ROP17 contains a serine/threonine kinase catalytic domain. In this study, recombinant E. magna GAM56 (rEmGAM56) and ROP17 (rEmROP17) proteins were obtained from a prokaryotic expression system and their reactogenicity was investigated with immunoblotting. To assess the potential of rEmGAM56 and rEmROP17 as coccidiosis vaccines, New Zealand White rabbits were subcutaneously immunized with 100 μg rEmGAM56 (rGC group) or rEmROP17 (rRC group) twice at 2-week intervals followed by homologous oocyst challenge. The rabbit serum was collected weekly to detect the specific antibody levels. The cytokine levels of pre-challenge serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the rabbits were observed and recorded post-challenge for the onset of clinical symptoms. The weight gain, oocyst output, and feed conversion ratio were calculated at the end of the experiment. The results showed that both rEmGAM56 and rEmROP17 had good reactogenicity. The rEmGAM56- or rEmROP17-immunized rabbits had milder clinical symptoms and feed conversion ratios of 3.27:1 and 3.37:1, respectively. The rEmGAM56-immunized rabbits had 81.35% body weight gain and 63.85% oocyst output reduction; the rEmROP17-immunized rabbits had 79.03% body weight gain and 80.10% oocyst output reduction. The ACI of rGC and rRC groups were 162.35 and 171.03, respectively. The specific antibody levels increased rapidly after immunization. Significantly increased interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-γ, and IL-17 levels were evident in the rGC and rRC groups (p < 0.05). The rEmGAM56 and rEmROP17 elicited humoral and cellular responses, which protected against E. magna infection in rabbits. Thus, rEmGAM56 and rEmROP17 are potential vaccine candidates against E. magna, and rEmROP17 performed better than rEmGAM56.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiao
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruoyu Zheng
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayan Pu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ran He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Guangyou Yang,
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Evaluation of the immune protective effects of rEmMIC2 and rEmMIC3 from Eimeria magna in rabbits. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:661-669. [PMID: 36572833 PMCID: PMC9792316 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria magna is a common pathogen in rabbits, which results in lethargy, weight loss, diarrhea, and even death in severe cases after infection. The current method for preventing rabbit coccidiosis is to add anticoccidial drugs to the diet. However, there are many concerns about drug resistance and drug residues. In our study, the rEmMIC2 and rEmMIC3 proteins were cloned and expressed to evaluate potential as recombinant subunit vaccine candidate antigens. The protective effects of rEmMIC2 and rEmMIC3 were evaluated by the relative weight gain ratio, oocyst decrease rate, anticoccidial index, feed conversion ratio, pathological alterations, clinical symptoms, specific IgG antibody, and cytokine levels in rabbits. The molecular weights of rEmMIC2 and rEmMIC3 were 18.69 kDa and 17.47 kDa, respectively. After the coccidia challenge, the control groups showed anorexia and soft poop, whereas the experimental group showed few anorexia symptoms. Significantly different from the control group, the relative weight gain ratios of the immunized rEmMIC2 and rEmMIC3 groups were 78.37% and 75.29%, respectively, and the oocyst reduction was 77.95% and 76.09%, respectively, and the anticoccidial index was 171.12 and 169.29, respectively. IgG antibody, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17 levels were significantly increased in the experimental group. The results showed that rEmMIC2 and rEmMIC3 have potential as vaccine candidate antigens.
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Lu M, Lee Y, Lillehoj HS. Evolution of developmental and comparative immunology in poultry: The regulators and the regulated. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 138:104525. [PMID: 36058383 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Avian has a unique immune system that evolved in response to environmental pressures in all aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses, including localized and circulating lymphocytes, diversity of immunoglobulin repertoire, and various cytokines and chemokines. All of these attributes make birds an indispensable vertebrate model for studying the fundamental immunological concepts and comparative immunology. However, research on the immune system in birds lags far behind that of humans, mice, and other agricultural animal species, and limited immune tools have hindered the adequate application of birds as disease models for mammalian systems. An in-depth understanding of the avian immune system relies on the detailed studies of various regulated and regulatory mediators, such as cell surface antigens, cytokines, and chemokines. Here, we review current knowledge centered on the roles of avian cell surface antigens, cytokines, chemokines, and beyond. Moreover, we provide an update on recent progress in this rapidly developing field of study with respect to the availability of immune reagents that will facilitate the study of regulatory and regulated components of poultry immunity. The new information on avian immunity and available immune tools will benefit avian researchers and evolutionary biologists in conducting fundamental and applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Lu
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Youngsub Lee
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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Chen C, Zhang Y, Liu J, Wang M, Lu M, Xu L, Yan R, Li X, Song X. An Eimeria maxima Antigen: Its Functions on Stimulating Th1 Cytokines and Protective Efficacy Against Coccidiosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:872015. [PMID: 35669766 PMCID: PMC9163350 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.872015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A consensus is that the Th1 immune response plays a predominant role against avian coccidiosis. Therefore, an antigen with the ability to induce Th1 cytokine responses is an ideal candidate for the development of coccidiosis vaccines. In our previous study, EmARM-β, a Th1 cytokines-stimulating antigen, was screened from the cDNA expression library of Eimeria maxima (E. maxima). Herein, we verified its stimulative effects on Th1 cytokine productions and evaluated its protective efficacy against E. maxima infection. Recombinant EmARM-β protein was expressed, and eukaryotic expression plasmid pVAX1-EmARM-β was also constructed for the immunization of birds. An immunofluorescence assay was performed to detect the native form of EmARM-β protein in the stage of sporozoites. Expressions of specific transcription factors and cytokines in immunized chickens were measured using qPCR and ELISA to verify its stimulating function on Th1 cytokines. Specific IgG antibody levels and T lymphocyte subpopulation in the immunized chickens were detected using ELISA and indirect flow cytometry to determine induced immune responses. The results showed that EmARM-β native protein is massively expressed in the sporozoites stage of E. maxima. Effective stimulation from the EmARM-β antigen to T-bet and Th1 cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-γ) was observed in vivo. After being immunized with rEmARM-β or pVAX1-EmARM-β, significant promotion to the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and the level of antigen-specific IgG antibodies in immunized chickens was also observed. Furthermore, vaccination with rEmARM-β antigen or pVAX1-EmARM-β resulted in alleviated weight loss and enteric lesion, reduced oocyst output, and higher anticoccidial index (ACI) in challenged birds. These results indicate that EmARM-β antigen can effectively stimulate the expression of Th1 cytokines and initiate host immune responses, providing moderate protective efficacy against E. maxima. Notably, EmARM-β protein is a promising candidate for developing a novel anticoccidial vaccine.
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Coccidiosis: Recent Progress in Host Immunity and Alternatives to Antibiotic Strategies. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020215. [PMID: 35214673 PMCID: PMC8879868 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis is an avian intestinal disease caused by several distinct species of Eimeria parasites that damage the host’s intestinal system, resulting in poor nutrition absorption, reduced growth, and often death. Increasing evidence from recent studies indicates that immune-based strategies such as the use of recombinant vaccines and various dietary immunomodulating feed additives can improve host defense against intracellular parasitism and reduce intestinal damage due to inflammatory responses induced by parasites. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions between the host immune system, gut microbiota, enteroendocrine system, and parasites that contribute to the outcome of coccidiosis is necessary to develop logical strategies to control coccidiosis in the post-antibiotic era. Most important for vaccine development is the need to understand the protective role of the local intestinal immune response and the identification of various effector molecules which mediate anti-coccidial activity against intracellular parasites. This review summarizes the current understanding of the host immune response to coccidiosis in poultry and discusses various non-antibiotic strategies which are being developed for coccidiosis control. A better understanding of the basic immunobiology of pertinent host–parasite interactions in avian coccidiosis will facilitate the development of effective anti-Eimeria strategies to mitigate the negative effects of coccidiosis.
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Chen C, Tian D, Su J, Liu X, Shah MAA, Li X, Xu L, Yan R, Song X. Protective Efficacy of Rhomboid-Like Protein 3 as a Candidate Antigen Against Eimeria maxima in Chickens. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:614229. [PMID: 34025594 PMCID: PMC8131851 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.614229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian coccidiosis brings tremendous economic loss to the poultry industry worldwide. The third generation vaccine, including subunit and DNA vaccines, exhibited promising developmental prospects. In a previous study, we found rhomboid-like protein 3 of Eimeria maxima (EmROM3) was involved in infections by Eimeria species. However, the protective efficacy of EmROM3 against Eimeria maxima (E. maxima) remains unknown. In this study, chickens were intramuscularly immunized with the recombinant protein EmROM3 (rEmROM3) or pVAX1-EmROM3 to determine the EmROM3-induced immune response. The induced humoral immune response was determined by measuring serum IgG antibody levels in immunized chickens. The induced cellular immune response was detected by measuring the transcription level of immune related cytokines and the proportion of T cell subsets of the immunized chickens. Finally, the protective efficacy of the EmROM3 vaccine against E. maxima was evaluated by immunization-challenge trials. Results revealed that the purified rEmROM3 reacted with chicken anti-E. maxima serum. The recombinant plasmid of pVAX1-EmROM3 was transcribed and translated in the injected muscle from the vaccinated chickens. In experimental groups, the IgG titers, proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and transcription level of splenic cytokines were significantly increased compared with the control groups. The immunization-challenge trial revealed that immunization with rEmROM3 or pVAX1-EmROM3 led to restored weight gain, alleviated enteric lesion, decreased oocyst output as well as the higher anticoccidial index (ACI), indicating partial protection against E. maxima. These results indicate that EmROM3 is an effective candidate antigen for developing novel vaccines against infection by E. maxima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Di Tian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Ringpai Vet Hospital Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Junzhi Su
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Ali A Shah
- Department of Pathobiology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Zhao H, Zhu S, Zhao Q, Huang B, Liu G, Li Z, Wang L, Dong H, Han H. Molecular characterization and protective efficacy of a new conserved hypothetical protein of Eimeria tenella. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:40. [PMID: 33944773 PMCID: PMC8095096 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria tenella is an obligate intracellular parasite that actively invades cecal epithelial cells of chickens. This parasite encodes a genome of more than 8000 genes. However, more than 70% of the gene models for this species are currently annotated as hypothetical proteins. In this study, a conserved hypothetical protein gene of E. tenella, designated EtCHP18905, was cloned and identified, and its immune protective effects were evaluated. The open reading frame of EtCHP18905 was 1053bp and encoded a protein of 350 amino acids with a molecular weight of 38.7kDa. The recombinant EtCHP18905 protein (rEtCHP18905) was expressed in E. coli. Using western blot, the recombinant protein was successfully recognized by anti GST-Tag monoclonal antibody and anti-sporozoites protein rabbit serum. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the EtCHP18905 mRNA levels were higher in sporozoites than in unsporulated oocysts, sporulated oocysts and second-generation merozoites. Western blot analysis showed that EtCHP18905 protein expression levels were lower in sporozoites than in other stages. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated that the EtCHP18905 protein was located on the surface of sporozoites and second-generation merozoites. Inhibition experiments showed that the ability of sporozoites to invade host cells was significantly decreased after treatment with the anti-rEtCHP18905 polyclonal antibody. Vaccination with rEtCHP18905 protein was able to significantly decrease mean lesion scores and oocyst outputs as compared to non-vaccinated controls. The results suggest that the rEtCHP18905 protein can induce partial immune protection against infection with E. tenella and could be an effective candidate for the development of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanzhi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shunhai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qiping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Bing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Guiling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China - College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 200234 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhihang Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China - College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 200234 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
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12
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The Construction and Immunoadjuvant Activities of the Oral Interleukin-17B Expressed by Lactobacillus plantarum NC8 Strain in the Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccination of Chickens. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020282. [PMID: 32517220 PMCID: PMC7350006 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17B (IL-17B) is a protective cytokine of the IL-17 family and plays an essential role in the regulation of mucosal inflammation. However, little is known about the role of IL-17B in the control of viral infections. In this study, a recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum, designated as NC8-ChIL17B, was constructed to express the chicken IL-17B (ChIL-17B) gene. The recombinant ChIL17B (rChIL17B) protein was about 14 kDa and was anchored to the surface of NC8 cells. In vitro, it was found that the rChIL17B protein inhibited the proliferation of the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) through activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and the JAK (Janus kinase)-STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) signaling. Moreover, to evaluate the immunoadjuvant activities of NC8-ChIL17B, 40 three-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were divided into four groups. Three groups were orally vaccinated with fresh NC8, NC8-ChIL17B, and phosphate buffered saline (PBS), along with the infectious bronchitis virus vaccine, and the other group was the PBS-negative control. The results of the IBV-specific antibody titer and the concentration of the cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in sera, as well as the concentration of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in the tracheal and small intestinal mucosa, the number of cluster of differentiation 4 positive (CD4+) and cluster of differentiation 8 positive (CD8+) T cells in the blood, and the expression of immune-related genes all indicated that NC8-ChIL17B efficiently enhanced the humoral and cellular immune responses to IBV vaccine. Moreover, the viral loads in the NC8-ChIL17B- and IBV-vaccinated group were significantly lower than in the control groups, suggesting a significant promotion of the immunoprotection of IBV vaccination against the virulent IBV strain. Therefore, ChIL-17B is a promising, effective adjuvant candidate for chicken virus vaccines.
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Wang XH, Yu HL, Zou WB, Mi CH, Dai GJ, Zhang T, Zhang GX, Xie KZ, Wang JY. Study of the Relationship between Polymorphisms in the IL-8 Gene Promoter Region and Coccidiosis Resistance Index in Jinghai Yellow Chickens. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11050476. [PMID: 32349370 PMCID: PMC7291339 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 8 (IL-8) participates in the immune response and has the function of inducing neutrophils to release lysosomal enzymes and eliminate pathogens. This study was to investigate the effect of single nucleotide mutations in the IL-8 gene promoter region on the coccidiosis resistance index. In this study, 180 infected Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) Jinghai yellow chickens were used as experimental samples. DNA sequencing technology was used to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL-8 gene promoter region. The association between these SNPs and coccidiosis resistance indexes (including superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), catalase (CAT), nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)) were analyzed. Three SNPs (T-550C, G-398T, and T-360C) were detected. Significant associations were found between each genotype at the T-550C site with NO (p-value = 0.006) and IL-8 (p-value = 0.034) indexes. Significant associations were found between each genotype at the G-398T site with SOD (p-value = 0.042), CAT (p-value = 0.049), NO (p-value = 0.008), and IL-2 (p-value = 0.044) indexes. Significant associations were found between each genotype at the T-360C site with SOD (p-value = 0.007), NO (p-value = 0.046), IL-2 (p-value = 0.041), IL-8 (p-value = 0.039), and IFN-γ (p-value = 0.042) indexes. Haplotype analysis showed that multiple indexes of the H1H3 haplotype combination were significantly higher than other haplotype combinations. Therefore, mutation of the IL-8 gene promoter region has a significant regulatory effect on the coccidiosis resistance index, with a change in transcription factor binding potentially altering IL-8 gene expression, thereby further affecting the IL-8 level in plasma. However, the specific mechanism needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; (X.-H.W.); (H.-L.Y.); (W.-B.Z.); (C.-H.M.); (T.Z.); (G.-X.Z.); (K.-Z.X.); (J.-Y.W.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Hai-Liang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; (X.-H.W.); (H.-L.Y.); (W.-B.Z.); (C.-H.M.); (T.Z.); (G.-X.Z.); (K.-Z.X.); (J.-Y.W.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Wen-Bin Zou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; (X.-H.W.); (H.-L.Y.); (W.-B.Z.); (C.-H.M.); (T.Z.); (G.-X.Z.); (K.-Z.X.); (J.-Y.W.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Chang-Hao Mi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; (X.-H.W.); (H.-L.Y.); (W.-B.Z.); (C.-H.M.); (T.Z.); (G.-X.Z.); (K.-Z.X.); (J.-Y.W.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Guo-Jun Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; (X.-H.W.); (H.-L.Y.); (W.-B.Z.); (C.-H.M.); (T.Z.); (G.-X.Z.); (K.-Z.X.); (J.-Y.W.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-139-5275-0903
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; (X.-H.W.); (H.-L.Y.); (W.-B.Z.); (C.-H.M.); (T.Z.); (G.-X.Z.); (K.-Z.X.); (J.-Y.W.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Gen-Xi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; (X.-H.W.); (H.-L.Y.); (W.-B.Z.); (C.-H.M.); (T.Z.); (G.-X.Z.); (K.-Z.X.); (J.-Y.W.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Kai-Zhou Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; (X.-H.W.); (H.-L.Y.); (W.-B.Z.); (C.-H.M.); (T.Z.); (G.-X.Z.); (K.-Z.X.); (J.-Y.W.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jin-Yu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; (X.-H.W.); (H.-L.Y.); (W.-B.Z.); (C.-H.M.); (T.Z.); (G.-X.Z.); (K.-Z.X.); (J.-Y.W.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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Panebra A, Lillehoj HS. Eimeria tenella Elongation Factor-1α (EF-1α) Coadministered with Chicken IL-7 (chIL-7) DNA Vaccine Emulsified in Montanide Gel 01 Adjuvant Enhanced the Immune Response to E. acervulina Infection in Broiler Chickens. Avian Dis 2020; 63:342-350. [PMID: 31251536 DOI: 10.1637/11976-092418-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The current study was undertaken to assess the vaccine efficacy of Eimeria tenella EF-1α/chicken IL-7 (chIL-7) DNA vaccine when administered with Montanide Gel 01 adjuvant against live Eimeria acervulina challenge in commercial broiler chickens. The criteria used for the evaluation of vaccine efficacy were weight gain, duodenal lesion scores, oocyst counts, humoral antibody response, and duodenal proinflammatory cytokine gene expression. Chickens vaccinated with EF-1α (100 µg)/chIL-7 (20 µg) in Gel 01 PR adjuvant showed body weight gain similar to the uninfected control and higher oocyst shedding, a lower gut lesion score, and higher proinflammatory cytokine gene expression than did the infected controls. Moreover, chickens vaccinated with chIL-7 (20 µg) in Gel 01 PR adjuvant shed fewer oocysts with reduced gut lesion scores and produced higher levels of anti-EF-1α serum antibody than did the infected control. Chickens vaccinated with EF-1α (50 µg)/chIL-7 (20 µg) in Gel 01 PR adjuvant showed higher weight gains than did the infected control and shed significantly fewer oocysts than the infected control. Furthermore, chickens vaccinated with EF-1α (100 µg) in Gel 01 PR adjuvant demonstrated the lowest anti-EF-1α serum antibody levels. This study demonstrated the beneficial effects of using EF-1α and/or host cytokine chIL-7 DNA vaccine together with Gel 01 PR adjuvant to improve T-cell-mediated effector function in broiler chickens challenged with live E. acervulina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Panebra
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Service, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Service, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705,
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15
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Jin H, Haicheng Y, Caiyun Z, Yong Z, Jinrong W. The Expression of NF-kB Signaling Pathway Was Inhibited by Silencing TGF-b4 in Chicken IECs Infected with E. tenella. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2020-1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Jin
- Henan University of Technology, China
| | | | - Z Caiyun
- Henan University of Technology, China
| | - Z Yong
- Henan University of Technology, China
| | - W Jinrong
- Henan University of Technology, China
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16
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Ren Z, Bütz DE, Whelan R, Naranjo V, Arendt MK, Ramuta MD, Yang X, Crenshaw TD, Cook ME. Effects of dietary methionine plus cysteine levels on growth performance and intestinal antibody production in broilers during Eimeria challenge. Poult Sci 2019; 99:374-384. [PMID: 32416822 PMCID: PMC7587792 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has shown that methionine+ cysteine (M+C) requirements may be higher when chickens are infected with Eimeria app. In a 4 × 2 factorial design, broilers (11 to 21 D) were fed one of 4 corn–soybean meal-based diets containing either 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, or 1.0% standardized ileal digestible (SID) M+C; on day 14, broilers from each diet were gavaged with either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or a commercial coccidiosis vaccine (at 100 × vaccine dose) which provide a mixture of live Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria tenella oocysts. Growth performance was recorded from day 11 to 21. Plasma and intestinal luminal samples were collected on days 14 and 21. Intestine lesion scores and fecal oocyst counts were conducted on day 21. Regardless of dietary SID M+C levels, compared to PBS gavaged broilers, the Eimeria-challenged broilers had (1) decreased (P < 0.05) body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F); (2) increased (P < 0.05) intestinal lesion scores and fecal oocyst counts; (3) increased (P < 0.05) plasma anti-Eimeria IgG, and intestinal luminal total IgA and anti-Eimeria IgA concentrations; and (4) increased (P < 0.05) levels of duodenum luminal gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), as well as jejunum and cecum luminal IFN-γ concentrations. Regardless of Eimeria challenge, when compared to 0.6% SID M+C, broilers fed ≥0.8% SID M+C had (1) increased (P < 0.05) BWG, FI, and G:F and (2) increased (P < 0.05) levels of jejunum luminal total IgA. After Eimeria challenge, broilers fed 0.8% SID M+C had increased (P < 0.05) levels of jejunum luminal anti-Eimeria IgA compared to broilers fed diets containing 0.6 and 1.0% SID M+C. Collectively, in 11- to 21-D broilers, the growth suppression caused by Eimeria infection could not be mitigated by further increasing dietary M+C alone ≥0.8%. Further research should investigate interactions between dietary M+C and other nutrients for support of immune function and growth in pathogen-challenged broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouzheng Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Daniel E Bütz
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Rose Whelan
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, 4 Rodenbacher Chaussee, Hanau-Wolfgang 63457, Germany
| | - Victor Naranjo
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, 4 Rodenbacher Chaussee, Hanau-Wolfgang 63457, Germany
| | - Maria K Arendt
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mitchell D Ramuta
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Thomas D Crenshaw
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mark E Cook
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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17
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Zhao H, Zhao Q, Zhu S, Huang B, Lv L, Liu G, Li Z, Wang L, Dong H, Han H. Molecular characterization and immune protection of an AN1-like zinc finger protein of Eimeria tenella. Parasitol Res 2019; 119:623-635. [PMID: 31758298 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is caused by multiple species of the apicomplexan protozoa Eimeria. Among them, Eimeria tenella is frequently considered to be the most pathogenic. Zinc finger proteins (ZnFPs) are a type of protein containing zinc finger domains. In the present study, a putative Eimeria tenella AN1-like ZnFP (E. tenella AN1-like zinc finger domain-containing protein, putative partial mRNA, EtAN1-ZnFP) was cloned and characterized, and its immune protective effects were evaluated. The 798-bp ORF sequence of EtAN1-ZnFP that encoded a protein of approximately 27.0 kDa was obtained. The recombinant EtAN1-ZnFP protein (rEtAN1-ZnFP) was expressed in Escherichia coli. Western blot analysis showed that the recombinant protein was recognized by the anti-GST monoclonal antibody and anti-sporozoite protein rabbit serum. qPCR analysis revealed that EtAN1-ZnFP was highly expressed in unsporulated oocysts and sporozoites. Immunostaining with an anti-rEtAN1-ZnFP antibody indicated that EtAN1-ZnFP was uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm of sporozoites, except for the refractive body; furthermore, this protein was evenly distributed in the cytoplasm of immature schizonts but seldom distributed in mature schizonts. The results of the in vitro invasion inhibition assay indicated that the antibodies against rEtAN1-ZnFP efficiently reduced the ability of E. tenella sporozoites to invade host cells. Animal challenge experiments demonstrated that the chickens immunized with rEtAN1-ZnFP protein significantly decreased mean lesion scores and fecal oocyst output compared with challenged control group. The results suggest that EtAN1-ZnFP can induce partial immune protection against infection with E. tenella and could be an effective candidate for the development of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanzhi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qiping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Shunhai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Bing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ling Lv
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Guiling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China.,College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Zhihang Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China.,College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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18
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Liu X, Adams LJ, Zeng X, Lin J. Evaluation of in ovo vaccination of DNA vaccines for Campylobacter control in broiler chickens. Vaccine 2019; 37:3785-3792. [PMID: 31171394 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter is the leading bacterial cause of human enteritis in developed countries. Chicken is a major natural host of Campylobacter. Thus, on-farm control of Campylobacter load in poultry would reduce the risk of human exposure to this pathogen. Vaccination is an attractive intervention measure to mitigate Campylobacter in poultry. Our previous studies have demonstrated that Campylobacter outer membrane proteins CmeC (a component of multidrug efflux pump) and CfrA (ferric enterobactin receptor) are feasible and promising candidates for vaccine development. In this study, by targeting these two attractive vaccine candidates, we explored and evaluated a new vaccination strategy, which combines the in ovo vaccination route and novel DNA vaccine formulation, for Campylobacter control in broilers. We observed that direct cloning of cfrA or cmeC gene into the eukaryotic expression vector pCAGGS did not lead to sufficient level of production of the target proteins in the eukaryotic HEK-293 cell line. However, introduction of the Kozak consensus sequence (ACCATGG) in the cloned bacterial genes greatly enhanced production of inserted gene in eukaryotic cells, creating desired DNA vaccines. Subsequently, the validated DNA vaccines were prepared and used for two independent in ovo vaccination trials to evaluate their immune response and protective efficacy. However, single in ovo injection of specific DNA vaccine at 18th day of embryonation, regardless using neutral lipid-protected vector or not, failed to trigger significant IgG and IgA immune responses and did not confer protection against C. jejuni colonization in the intestine of chickens. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the Kozak sequence is critically important for construction of the DNA vaccine expressing prokaryotic gene. The optimal regimen for in ovo vaccination of DNA vaccine for Campylobacter control in poultry needs to be determined in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, 2506 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Lindsay Jones Adams
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, 2506 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Ximin Zeng
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, 2506 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, 2506 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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19
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Saeed M, Babazadeh D, Naveed M, Alagawany M, Abd El-Hack ME, Arain MA, Tiwari R, Sachan S, Karthik K, Dhama K, Elnesr SS, Chao S. In ovo delivery of various biological supplements, vaccines and drugs in poultry: current knowledge. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:3727-3739. [PMID: 30637739 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The technique of delivering various nutrients, supplements, immunostimulants, vaccines, and drugs via the in ovo route is gaining wide attention among researchers worldwide for boosting production performance, immunity and safeguarding the health of poultry. It involves direct administration of the nutrients and biologics into poultry eggs during the incubation period and before the chicks hatch out. In ovo delivery of nutrients has been found to be more effective than post-hatch administration in poultry production. The supplementation of feed additives, nutrients, hormones, probiotics, prebiotics, or their combination via in ovo techniques has shown diverse advantages for poultry products, such as improved growth performance and feed conversion efficiency, optimum development of the gastrointestinal tract, enhancing carcass yield, decreased embryo mortality, and enhanced immunity of poultry. In ovo delivery of vaccination has yielded a better response against various poultry pathogens than vaccination after hatch. So, this review has aimed to provide an insight on in ovo technology and its potential applications in poultry production to deliver different nutrients, supplements, beneficial microbes, vaccines, and drugs directly into the developing embryo to achieve an improvement in post-hatch growth, immunity, and health of poultry. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saeed
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, PR China
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, The Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Muhammad A Arain
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Pakistan
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Swati Sachan
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Shaaban S Elnesr
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Production, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Sun Chao
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, PR China
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Guo M, Tang X, Sheng X, Xing J, Zhan W. Comparative study of the adjuvant potential of four Th0 cytokines of flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) on an E. tarda subunit vaccine. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 86:147-155. [PMID: 29746982 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines have the potential as adjuvants for the application of vaccines in mammals. However, the adjuvant potential of teleost cytokines was limited. In the present work, the adjuvant effects of four recombinant cytokines including IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α and G-CSF on E. tarda subunit vaccine rOmpV were comparatively investigated in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Compared with control, the levels of specific serum antibodies and IgM + B lymphocytes were significantly enhanced by rIL-1β, rIL-8 and rG-CSF, whereas rIL-1β and rIL-8 induced significantly higher levels than rG-CSF. All four cytokines enhanced the expression of genes involved in humoral and/or cellular immunities, whereas rIL-1β and rIL-8 induced highest levels of genes involved in humoral immunities and cellular immunities, respectively. Compared to the relative percent survivals (RPS) of control group (40%) and rOmpV plus rG-CSF group (54%), rOmpV plus rIL-1β or rIL-8 produced higher RPS of 75% and 68%, respectively. Our results indicated that rIL-1β and rIL-8 are promising adjuvants for subunit vaccines against E. tarda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Guo
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Transgenic Eimeria tenella Expressing Profilin of Eimeria maxima Elicits Enhanced Protective Immunity and Alters Gut Microbiome of Chickens. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00888-17. [PMID: 29967093 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00888-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis is one of the most serious diseases of livestock and birds in the world. Vaccination with live-parasite anticoccidial vaccines with genetic manipulation improving the immunogenicity of vaccine strains would be the best means for controlling coccidiosis in breeder and layer stocks, even in fast-growing broilers. Profilin from apicomplexan parasites is the first molecularly defined ligand for Toll-like receptor 11 (TLR11) and TLR12 in mice and is a potential molecular adjuvant. Here, we constructed a transgenic Eimeria tenella line (Et-EmPro) expressing the profilin of Eimeria maxima, the most immunogenic species of chicken coccidia, and evaluated the adjuvant effects of EmPro on the immunogenicity of E. tenella We found that immunization with the transgenic Eimeria parasites, compared with the wild type, elicited greater parasite antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity, characterized by increased numbers of interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-secreting lymphocytes. The transgenic parasite also induced better protective immunity against E. tenella challenge than the wild type. In addition, the diversity of the fecal microbiome of the birds immunized with the transgenic parasite differed from that of the microbiome of the wild-type-immunized birds, indicating interactions of Eimeria with the gut microbiome of chickens. Our results showing enhanced immunogenicity of E. tenella by use of EmPro as a molecular adjuvant derived from the most immunogenic affinis species represent a large step forward in the development of the next generation of coccidiosis vaccines using Eimeria as a vaccine platform expressing molecular adjuvants and potentially other pathogen antigens against not only coccidiosis but also other infectious diseases.
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Liu T, Huang J, Li Y, Ehsan M, Wang S, Zhou Z, Song X, Yan R, Xu L, Li X. Molecular characterisation and the protective immunity evaluation of Eimeria maxima surface antigen gene. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:325. [PMID: 29848353 PMCID: PMC5977735 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coccidiosis is recognised as a major parasitic disease in chickens. Eimeria maxima is considered as a highly immunoprotective species within the Eimeria spp. family that infects chickens. In the present research, the surface antigen gene of E. maxima (EmSAG) was cloned, and the ability of EmSAG to stimulate protection against E. maxima was evaluated. METHODS Prokaryotic and eukaryotic plasmids expressing EmSAG were constructed. The EmSAG transcription and expression in vivo was performed based on the RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis. The expression of EmSAG in sporozoites and merozoites was detected through immunofluorescence analyses. The immune protection was assessed based on challenge experiments. Flow cytometry assays were used to determine the T cell subpopulations. The serum antibody and cytokine levels were evaluated by ELISA. RESULTS The open reading frame (ORF) of EmSAG gene contained 645 bp encoding 214 amino acid residues. The immunoblot and RT-PCR analyses indicated that the EmSAG gene were transcribed and expressed in vivo. The EmSAG proteins were expressed in sporozoite and merozoite stages of E. maxima by the immunofluorescence assay. Challenge experiments showed that both pVAX1-SAG and the recombinant EmSAG (rEmSAG) proteins were successful in alleviating jejunal lesions, decreasing loss of body weight and the oocyst ratio. Additionally, these experiments possessed anticoccidial indices (ACI) of more than 170. Higher percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were detected in both EmSAG-inoculated birds than those of the negative control groups (P < 0.05). The EmSAG-specific antibody concentrations of both the rEmSAG and pVAX1-EmSAG groups were much higher than those of the negative controls (P < 0.05). Higher concentrations of IL-4, IFN-γ, TGF-β1 and IL-17 were observed more in both the rEmSAG protein and pVAX1-SAG inoculated groups than those of negative controls (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that EmSAG is capable of eliciting a moderate immune protection and could be used as an effective vaccine candidate against E. maxima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingqi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwei Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Ehsan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhouyang Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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Vaezirad MM, Koene MG, Wagenaar JA, van Putten JPM. Chicken immune response following in ovo delivery of bacterial flagellin. Vaccine 2018. [PMID: 29530633 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In ovo immunization of chicken embryos with live vaccines is an effective strategy to protect chickens against several viral pathogens. We investigated the immune response of chicken embryos to purified recombinant protein. In ovo delivery of Salmonella flagellin to 18-day old embryonated eggs resulted in elevated pro-inflammatory chIL-6 and chIL-8 (CXCL8-CXCLi2) cytokine transcript levels in the intestine but not in the spleen at 24 h post-injection. Analysis of the chicken Toll-like receptor (TLR) repertoire in 19-day old embryos revealed gene transcripts in intestinal and spleen tissue for most chicken TLRs, including TLR5 which recognizes Salmonella flagellin (FliC). The in ovo administration of FliC did not alter TLR transcript levels, except for an increase in intestinal chTLR15 expression. Measurement of the antibody response in sera collected at day 11 and day 21 post-hatch demonstrated high titers of FliC-specific antibodies for the animals immunized at the late-embryonic stage in contrast to the mock-treated controls. The successful in ovo immunization with purified bacterial antigen indicates that the immune system of the chicken embryo is sufficiently mature to yield a strong humoral immune response after single exposure to purified protein. This finding strengthens the basis for the development of in ovo protein-based subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Vaezirad
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - M G Koene
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - J A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - J P M van Putten
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Liu T, Huang J, Ehsan M, Wang S, Fei H, Zhou Z, Song X, Yan R, Xu L, Li X. Protective immunity against Eimeria maxima induced by vaccines of Em14-3-3 antigen. Vet Parasitol 2018; 253:79-86. [PMID: 29605008 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria maxima 14-3-3 (Em14-3-3) open reading frame (ORF) which consisted of 861 bp encoding a protein of 286 amino acids was successfully amplified and sequenced. Subsequently, the Em14-3-3 ORF was subcloned into pET-32a (+) and pVAX1, respectively. RT-PCR and immunoblot analyses confirmed that the target gene was successfully transcribed and expressed in vivo. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that Em14-3-3 was expressed in both the sporozoites and merozoites. The animal experiments demonstrated that both rEm14-3-3 and pVAX1-14-3-3 could clearly alleviate jejunum lesions and body weight loss. The Em14-3-3 vaccines could increase oocyst decrease ratio, as well as produce an anticoccidial index of more than 165. The percentages of CD4+ in both the Em14-3-3 immunized groups were much higher, when compared with those of PBS, pET32a (+), and pVAX1 controls (P < 0.05). Similarly, the anti-Em14-3-3 antibody titers of both rEm14-3-3 and pVAX1-14-3-3 immunized groups showed higher levels compared with those of PBS, pET32a (+), and pVAX1 controls (P < 0.05). The IFN-γ and tumor growth factor-β (TGF-β) levels showed significant increments in the rEm14-3-3 and pVAX1-14-3-3 immunized groups, when compared with those in the negative controls (P < 0.05). These results demonstrated that Em14-3-3 could be used as a promising antigen candidate for developing vaccines against E. maxima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingqi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Jingwei Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Muhammad Ehsan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Hong Fei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Zhouyang Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Lixin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China.
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Recombinant anticoccidial vaccines - a cup half full? INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 55:358-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Lillehoj HS, Jang SI, Panebra A, Lillehoj EP, Dupuis L, Ben Arous J, Lee SK, Oh ST. In ovo vaccination using Eimeria profilin and Clostridium perfringens NetB proteins in Montanide IMS adjuvant increases protective immunity against experimentally-induced necrotic enteritis. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 30:1478-1485. [PMID: 28335090 PMCID: PMC5582334 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of vaccinating 18-day-old chicken embryos with the combination of recombinant Eimeria profilin plus Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) NetB proteins mixed in the Montanide IMS adjuvant on the chicken immune response to necrotic enteritis (NE) were investigated using an Eimeria maxima (E. maxima)/C. perfringens co-infection NE disease model that we previously developed. METHODS Eighteen-day-old broiler embryos were injected with 100 μL of phosphate-buffered saline, profilin, profilin plus necrotic enteritis B-like (NetB), profilin plus NetB/Montanide adjuvant (IMS 106), and profilin plus Net-B/Montanide adjuvant (IMS 101). After post-hatch birds were challenged with our NE experimental disease model, body weights, intestinal lesions, serum antibody levels to NetB, and proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine mRNA levels in intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes were measured. RESULTS Chickens in ovo vaccinated with recombinant profilin plus NetB proteins/IMS106 and recombinant profilin plus NetB proteins/IMS101 showed significantly increased body weight gains and reduced gut damages compared with the profilin-only group, respectively. Greater antibody response to NetB toxin were observed in the profilin plus NetB/IMS 106, and profilin plus NetB/IMS 101 groups compared with the other three vaccine/adjuvant groups. Finally, diminished levels of transcripts encoding for proinflammatory cytokines such as lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-α factor, tumor necrosis factor superfamily 15, and interleukin-8 were observed in the intestinal lymphocytes of chickens in ovo injected with profilin plus NetB toxin in combination with IMS 106, and profilin plus NetB toxin in combination with IMS 101 compared with profilin protein alone bird. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the Montanide IMS adjuvants potentiate host immunity to experimentally-induced avian NE when administered in ovo in conjunction with the profilin and NetB proteins, and may reduce disease pathology by attenuating the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines implicated in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Soon Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Seung Ik Jang
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
- Institute of Health and Environment, Daejeon Metropolitan City, Daejeon 305–338, Korea
| | - Alfredo Panebra
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Erik Peter Lillehoj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | | | - Seung Kyoo Lee
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Sung Taek Oh
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Yang G, Yao J, Yang W, Jiang Y, Du J, Huang H, Gu W, Hu J, Ye L, Shi C, Shan B, Wang C. Construction and immunological evaluation of recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum expressing SO7 of Eimeria tenella fusion DC-targeting peptide. Vet Parasitol 2017; 236:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Effect of threonine deficiency on intestinal integrity and immune response to feed withdrawal combined with coccidial vaccine challenge in broiler chicks. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:2030-2043. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516003238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AbstractFor this study, threonine (Thr) deficiency was hypothesised to exacerbate the intestinal damage induced by feed withdrawal with coccidial infection because of its high obligatory requirement by the gut; two dietary Thr treatments (0·49 and 0·90 %) were applied to chicks from 0 to 21 d of age. At 13 d of age, feed was withdrawn for 24 h from one-half of birds of each dietary treatment with subsequent gavage of a 25× dose of coccidial vaccine. Overall, there were four treatments with eight replicate cages per treatment. Under combined challenge, birds fed the Thr-deficient diet had 38 % lower 13–21-d body weight gain (P≤0·05) compared with birds fed the Thr-control diet. At 21 d, the challenged group fed low Thr had higher number of oocysts (+40 %, P=0·03) and lower crypt depth (−31 %, P<0·01). In addition, birds fed the low-Thr diet had higher gut permeability as measured after 2 h of administration of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (3–5 kDa, P<0·01), which may be attributed to decreased IgA production (P=0·03) in the ileum. In caecal tonsils, the challenged group fed low Thr had lower CD3:Bu-1 ratio (P≤0·05), along with a tendency for lower CCR9 mRNA expression in birds fed the low-Thr diet (P=0·10). In addition, Thr deficiency tended to increase IL-10 mRNA expression regardless of infection (P=0·06), but did not change interferon-γ mRNA expression upon coccidial infection (P>0·05). Overall, Thr deficiency worsened the detrimental effects of combined feed withdrawal and coccidial infection on growth performance and oocyst shedding by impairing intestinal morphology, barrier function, lymphocyte profiles and their cytokine expressions.
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Radomska KA, Vaezirad MM, Verstappen KM, Wösten MMSM, Wagenaar JA, van Putten JPM. Chicken Immune Response after In Ovo Immunization with Chimeric TLR5 Activating Flagellin of Campylobacter jejuni. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164837. [PMID: 27760175 PMCID: PMC5070796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the main cause of bacterial food-borne diseases in developed countries. Chickens are the most important source of human infection. Vaccination of poultry is an attractive strategy to reduce the number of C. jejuni in the intestinal tract of chickens. We investigated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant C. jejuni flagellin-based subunit vaccine with intrinsic adjuvant activity. Toll-like receptor activation assays demonstrated the purity and TLR5 stimulating (adjuvant) activity of the vaccine. The antigen (20–40 μg) was administered in ovo to 18 day-old chicken embryos. Serum samples and intestinal content were assessed for antigen-specific systemic and mucosal humoral immune responses. In ovo vaccination resulted in the successful generation of IgY and IgM serum antibodies against the flagellin-based subunit vaccine as determined by ELISA and Western blotting. Vaccination did not induce significant amounts of flagellin-specific secretory IgA in the chicken intestine. Challenge of chickens with C. jejuni yielded similar intestinal colonization levels for vaccinated and control animals. Our results indicate that in ovo delivery of recombinant C. jejuni flagellin subunit vaccine is a feasible approach to yield a systemic humoral immune response in chickens but that a mucosal immune response may be needed to reduce C. jejuni colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A. Radomska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mahdi M. Vaezirad
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen M. Verstappen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc M. S. M. Wösten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap A. Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jos P. M. van Putten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Effects of Chicken Interferon Gamma on Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccine Immunogenicity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159153. [PMID: 27409587 PMCID: PMC4943709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
More effective vaccines are needed to control avian diseases. The use of chicken interferon gamma (chIFNγ) during vaccination is a potentially important but controversial approach that may improve the immune response to antigens. In the present study, three different systems to co-deliver chIFNγ with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antigens were evaluated for their ability to enhance the avian immune response and their protective capacity upon challenge with virulent NDV. These systems consisted of: 1) a DNA vaccine expressing the Newcastle disease virus fusion (F) protein co-administered with a vector expressing the chIFNγ gene for in ovo and booster vaccination, 2) a recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing the chIFNγ gene (rZJ1*L/IFNγ) used as a live vaccine delivered in ovo and into juvenile chickens, and 3) the same rZJ1*L/IFNγ virus used as an inactivated vaccine for juvenile chickens. Co-administration of chIFNγ with a DNA vaccine expressing the F protein resulted in higher levels of morbidity and mortality, and higher amounts of virulent virus shed after challenge when compared to the group that did not receive chIFNγ. The live vaccine system co-delivering chIFNγ did not enhanced post-vaccination antibody response, nor improved survival after hatch, when administered in ovo, and did not affect survival after challenge when administered to juvenile chickens. The low dose of the inactivated vaccine co-delivering active chIFNγ induced lower antibody titers than the groups that did not receive the cytokine. The high dose of this vaccine did not increase the antibody titers or antigen-specific memory response, and did not reduce the amount of challenge virus shed or mortality after challenge. In summary, regardless of the delivery system, chIFNγ, when administered simultaneously with the vaccine antigen, did not enhance Newcastle disease virus vaccine immunogenicity.
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Identification and immunogenicity of microneme protein 2 (EbMIC2) of Eimeria brunetti. Exp Parasitol 2015; 162:7-17. [PMID: 26743188 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There have been only a few antigen genes of Eimeria brunetti reported up to now. In this study, the gene encoding the microneme protein 2 (EbMIC2) was isolated from oocysts of E. brunetti by RT-PCR and the immunogenicity of recombinant EbMIC2 was observed. The EbMIC2 was cloned into vector pMD19-T for sequencing. The sequence was compared with the published EbMIC2 gene from GenBank revealed homology of the nucleotide sequence and amino acids sequence were 99.43 and 98.63%, respectively. The correct recombinant pMD-EbMIC2 plasmid was inserted into the pET-28a (+) expressing vector and transformed into competent Escherichia coli BL21 cells for expression. The expressed product was analyzed using SDS-PAGE and Western-blot. The results indicated that the recombinant EbMIC2 protein was recognized strongly by serum from naturally infected chicken with E. brunetti. Rat rcEbMIC2 antisera bound to bands of about 36 kDa in the somatic extract of E. brunetti sporozoites. The recombinant plasmid pVAX1-EbMIC2 was constructed and then the efficacies of recombinant plasmid and recombinant protein were evaluated. The results of IgG antibody level and cytokines concentration suggested that recombinant EbMIC2 could increase the IgG antibody level and induce the expressions of cytokines. Animal challenge experiments demonstrated that the recombinant EbMIC2 protein and recombinant plasmid pVAX1-EbMIC2 could significantly increase the average body weight gains, decrease the mean lesion scores and the oocyst outputs of the immunized chickens and presented high anti-coccidial index. All results suggested that EbMIC2 could become an effective candidate for the development of new vaccine against E. brunetti infection.
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Song X, Gao Y, Xu L, Yan R, Li X. Partial protection against four species of chicken coccidia induced by multivalent subunit vaccine. Vet Parasitol 2015; 212:80-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Song X, Zhang R, Xu L, Yan R, Li X. Chimeric DNA vaccines encoding Eimeria acervulina macrophage migration inhibitory factor (E.MIF) induce partial protection against experimental Eimeria infection. Acta Parasitol 2015. [PMID: 26204190 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2015-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric DNA vaccines co-expressing Eimeria acervulina macrophage migration inhibitory factor (E.MIF) and chicken IL-2 (IL-2) or interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were constructed and their efficacies against E. acervulina were evaluated. The open reading frame (ORF) of E.MIF was cloned from E. acervulina merozoites and subcloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pVAX1 with chicken cytokine gene IFN-γ or IL-2 to construct the DNA vaccines pVAX-E.MIF-IFN-γ, pVAX-E.MIF-IL-2 and pVAX-E.MIF. The in vivo transfection of the target genes was detected by use of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot. Immunizations were carried out by vaccinating chickens twice with a dose rate of 100 μg intramuscularly. Seven days post second immunization, all chickens except the unchallenged control group were challenged orally with 1 × 105 sporulated oocysts of E. acervulina. Seven days later, the duodenum was collected. The results showed that the target genes were expressed effectively in vivo. DNA vaccines and the recombinant E.MIF protein could alleviate body weight loss and duodenal lesions significantly compared to the control groups. Furthermore, pVAX-E.MIF-IL-2 and pVAX-E.MIF-IFN-γ induced anticoccidial indexs (ACIs) of 179.12 and 170, respectively, which were significantly higher than that of pVAX-E.MIF (ACI = 162.31). Our results demonstrated that E.MIF is a potential vaccine candidate against E. acervulina and chicken IFN-γ or IL- 2 may be used as genetic adjuvants to improve the efficacies of DNA vaccines against avian coccidiosis.
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Song X, Xu L, Yan R, Huang X, Li X. Construction of Eimeria tenella multi-epitope DNA vaccines and their protective efficacies against experimental infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 166:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Song X, Ren Z, Yan R, Xu L, Li X. Induction of protective immunity against Eimeria tenella, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria maxima and Eimeria acervulina infections using multivalent epitope DNA vaccines. Vaccine 2015; 33:2764-70. [PMID: 25921712 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Avian coccidiosis is mostly caused by mixed infection of several Eimeria species under natural conditions and immunity to avian coccidiosis is largely dependent on T-cell immune response. In this study, 14 T-cell epitope fragments from eight antigens of Eimeria tenella (E. tenella), Eimeria necatrix (E. necatrix), Eimeria maxima (E. maxima) and Eimeria acervulina (E. acervulina) were ligated with pVAX1 producing 14 monovalent DNA vaccines, respectively. Protective immunity of the monovalent DNA vaccines was assessed by in vivo challenge experiments and then four most protective fragments of each species were chosen to construct multivalent epitope DNA vaccines with or without chicken IL-2 as genetic adjuvant. Protective efficacies of the epitope DNA vaccines on chickens against E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. maxima and E. acervulina were evaluated. The results showed that the constructed multivalent epitope DNA vaccines significantly increased body weight gain, alleviated enteric lesions and reduced oocyst output of the infected birds. Especially, the multivalent epitope DNA vaccines of pVAX1-NA4-1-TA4-1-LDH-2-EMCDPK-1 and pVAX1-NA4-1-TA4-1-LDH-2-EMCDPK-1-IL-2 not only significantly increased body weight gain, alleviated enteric lesions and reduced oocyst output of the infected birds, but also resulted in anti-coccidial index (ACI) more than 170 against E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. maxima and E. acervulina, which indicated they could induce protective immunity against E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. maxima and E. acervulina. Our findings suggest the constructed multivalent epitope DNA vaccines are the potential candidate multivalent vaccines against mixed infection of Eimeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokai Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Lixin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China.
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Barjesteh N, Brisbin JT, Behboudi S, Nagy É, Sharif S. Induction of antiviral responses against avian influenza virus in embryonated chicken eggs with toll-like receptor ligands. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:192-200. [PMID: 25874816 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2014.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Early responses against viruses, such as avian influenza virus (AIV), may be induced by Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways. In the present study, an in ovo model was employed to study the antiviral activities of TLR ligands. It was hypothesized that administration of TLR ligands in ovo at the appropriate dose and time can reduce AIV titer in embryonated chicken eggs. Moreover, the study aimed to determine the mechanisms involved in the TLR-mediated antiviral responses in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Embryonated eggs (10-14 day old) were treated with TLR2, 4, 7, and 21 ligands using different doses and times pre- and post-AIV infection. The results revealed that treatment of embryonated chicken eggs with TLR ligands reduced AIV replication. Further analysis showed that TLR ligands induced interferon (IFN)-γ and IFN stimulatory genes in the CAM, which may have played a role in the reduction of the AIV titer. The timing and dose of TLR ligands administration had significant impacts on the outcome of the treated eggs. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the in ovo route may be employed to determine the antiviral characteristics of TLR ligands against AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Barjesteh
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada
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Wang Q, Chen L, Li J, Zheng J, Cai N, Gong P, Li S, Li H, Zhang X. A novel recombinant BCG vaccine encoding eimeria tenella rhomboid and chicken IL-2 induces protective immunity against coccidiosis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 52:251-6. [PMID: 25031464 PMCID: PMC4096635 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel recombinant Bacille Calmette-Guerin (rBCG) vaccine co-expressed Eimeria tenella rhomboid and cytokine chicken IL-2 (chIL-2) was constructed, and its efficacy against E. tenella challenge was observed. The rhomboid gene of E. tenella and chIL-2 gene were subcloned into integrative expression vector pMV361, producing vaccines rBCG pMV361-rho and pMV361-rho-IL2. Animal experiment via intranasal and subcutaneous route in chickens was carried out to evaluate the immune efficacy of the vaccines. The results indicated that these rBCG vaccines could obviously alleviate cacal lesions and oocyst output. Intranasal immunization with pMV361-rho and pMV361-rho-IL2 elicited better protective immunity against E. tenella than subcutaneous immunization. Splenocytes from chickens immunized with either rBCG pMV361-rho and pMV361-rho-IL2 had increased CD4+ and CD8+ cell production. Our data indicate recombinant BCG is able to impart partial protection against E. tenella challenge and co-expression of cytokine with antigen was an effective strategy to improve vaccine immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Wang
- Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hebei Province, Qinhuangdao 066600, China
| | - Lifeng Chen
- Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hebei Province, Qinhuangdao 066600, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, JiLin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, JiLin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ning Cai
- Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Foreign language institute, Qinhuangdao 066600, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, JiLin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shuhong Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, JiLin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - He Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, JiLin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, JiLin University, Changchun 130062, China
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Co-expression of EtMic2 protein and chicken interleukin-18 for DNA vaccine against chicken coccidiosis. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:64-70. [PMID: 24856455 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a naked EtMIC2 DNA vaccine, a ChIL-18 expression vector and a EtMIC2 and ChIL-18 co-expression DNA vaccine were constructed and their protective efficacies against homologous challenge were compared and evaluated by examining the body weight gain, oocyst shedding, cecal lesion, ACI as well as specific anti-EtMic2 antibody level, the proliferation ability and percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ of splenocytes. The results showed the naked EtMIC2 DNA vaccine could increase the weight gain and decrease the oocyst shedding, but could not alleviate the cecal lesion of immunized chickens compared to unimmunized chickens. Chickens immunized with the co-expression vector pVAX1-MIC2-IL-18 exhibited much improved immune protection against challenge compared to chickens immunized with naked EtMIC2 DNA vaccine, or with naked EtMIC2 DNA vaccine and ChIL-18 expression vector applied separately. These results suggest that the co-expression of ChIL-18 with EtMic2 together could significantly improve the immune protection of the EtMic2 protein.
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Hoan TD, Thao DT, Gadahi JA, Song X, Xu L, Yan R, Li X. Analysis of humoral immune response and cytokines in chickens vaccinated with Eimeria brunetti apical membrane antigen-1 (EbAMA1) DNA vaccine. Exp Parasitol 2014; 144:65-72. [PMID: 24815774 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the changes of cytokines, specific serum IgG and several parameters in chickens vaccinated with DNA vaccine encoding Eimeria brunetti apical membrane antigen-1 (EbAMA1) antigen. Two-week-old chickens were divided into five groups (four groups for experiment) randomly. Experimental groups of chickens were immunized with DNA vaccine while control group of chickens were injected with pVAX1 plasmid alone or TE buffer solution. All immunizations were boosted 2 weeks later. The EbAMA1 specific IgG antibody responses were measured at weeks 1-6 post-second immunizations and several parameters were also identified. The result showed that the antibody titers in chickens vaccinated with DNA vaccines were significantly different from those of the control groups 1 week after the second immunization and reached the maximum values 3 weeks post-second immunization. IFN-γ concentration was increased the highest level against EbAMA1 of all chickens vaccinated with vaccines up to 56-fold, follow by the specific IgG antibody levels were increased 10-17-fold compared with those of TE solution and plasmid (pVAX1) control chickens 1-6 weeks post-second immunization. In case of the levels of IL-10 and IL-17 was increased in experimental chickens with 4-5-fold. Even though it was statistically significant, TGF-β and IL-4 levels were higher in vaccinated than unvaccinated chickens. The results suggested that DNA vaccines encoding E. brunetti apical membrane antigen-1 (EbAMA1) could increase serum specific IgG antibody and cytokines concentration and could give protection against E. brunetti infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Duc Hoan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China; Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Bacgiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Vietyen District, Bacgiang Province, Viet Nam
| | - Doan Thi Thao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Javaid Ali Gadahi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lixin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Shivaramaiah C, Barta JR, Hernandez-Velasco X, Téllez G, Hargis BM. Coccidiosis: recent advancements in the immunobiology of Eimeria species, preventive measures, and the importance of vaccination as a control tool against these Apicomplexan parasites. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2014; 5:23-34. [PMID: 32670843 PMCID: PMC7337151 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s57839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis, caused by parasites of the genus Eimeria, is probably the most expensive parasitic disease of poultry. Species of Eimeria are ubiquitous where poultry are raised and are known to cause drastic reductions in performance and induce mortality, thereby affecting the overall health status of poultry. Chemotherapy has been the predominant form of disease control for many years, even though vaccination is steadily gaining importance as a feasible control method. The objective of this review is to highlight recent advancements in understanding the role of host immunity against coccidiosis. In addition, pros and cons associated with chemotherapy and the role of vaccination as an increasingly popular disease control method are discussed. Finally, the role played by recombinant vaccines as a potential vaccination tool is highlighted. With interest growing rapidly in understanding host–parasite biology, recent developments in designing recombinant vaccines and potential epitopes that have shown promise are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John R Barta
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Guillermo Téllez
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Billy M Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Immunization with recombinant 3-1E protein in AbISCO®-300 adjuvant induced protective immunity against Eimeria acervulina infection in chickens. Exp Parasitol 2014; 141:75-81. [PMID: 24675417 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs), a kind of novel antigen presenting system, could enhance immune protection by antigen presentation. AbISCO®-300 comprising purified saponin, cholesterol and phosphatidyl choline is an effective ISCOM adjuvant. To evaluate the immune protection of recombinant 3-1E protein against Eimeria acervulina infection, chickens were immunized with recombinant 3-1E protein in combination with AbISCO®-300 or recombinant 3-1E protein alone in this study. The protective immunity was assessed with body weight gain, fecal oocyst output, detection of intestinal IgA positive cells and percentages of CD3(+), CD4(+) or CD8(+) intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). Chickens vaccinated with different doses of recombinant 3-1E protein plus AbISCO®-300 showed higher percentages of CD3(+), CD4(+), and CD8(+) intestinal IELs, increased positive expression rate of intestinal IgA, increased body weight gains and decreased oocyst shedding compared with recombinant 3-1E protein-only vaccinated groups. The results showed that immunization with various doses of the recombinant 3-1E protein in AbISCO®-300 adjuvant enhanced immune protection against avian coccidiosis.
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Dalloul RA, Lillehoj HS. Poultry coccidiosis: recent advancements in control measures and vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 5:143-63. [PMID: 16451116 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.1.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is recognized as the major parasitic disease of poultry and is caused by the apicomplexan protozoan Eimeria. Coccidiosis seriously impairs the growth and feed utilization of infected animals resulting in loss of productivity. Conventional disease control strategies rely heavily on chemoprophylaxis and, to a certain extent, live vaccines. Combined, these factors inflict tremendous economic losses to the world poultry industry in excess of USD 3 billion annually. Increasing regulations and bans on the use of anticoccidial drugs coupled with the associated costs in developing new drugs and live vaccines increases the need for the development of novel approaches and alternative control strategies for coccidiosis. This paper aims to review the current progress in understanding the host immune response to Eimeria and discuss current and potential strategies being developed for coccidiosis control in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami A Dalloul
- Animal & Natural Resources Institute, BARC-East, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Securing poultry production from the ever-present Eimeria challenge. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:12-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Min W, Kim WH, Lillehoj EP, Lillehoj HS. Recent progress in host immunity to avian coccidiosis: IL-17 family cytokines as sentinels of the intestinal mucosa. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:418-428. [PMID: 23583525 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to immune protection against coccidiosis are complex and include multiple aspects of innate and adaptive immunities. Innate immunity is mediated by various subpopulations of immune cells that recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through their pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) leading to the secretion of soluble factors with diverse functions. Adaptive immunity, which is important in conferring protection against subsequent reinfections, involves subtypes of T and B lymphocytes that mediate antigen-specific immune responses. Recently, global gene expression microarray analysis has been used in an attempt to dissect this complex network of immune cells and molecules during avian coccidiosis. These new studies emphasized the uniqueness of the innate immune response to Eimeria infection, and directly led to the discovery of previously uncharacterized host genes and proteins whose expression levels were modulated following parasite infection. Among these is the IL-17 family of cytokines. This review highlights recent progress in IL-17 research in the context of host immunity to avian coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wongi Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
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Ma D, Gao M, Li J, Ma C, Li G. Construction of novel cytokine by fusion of chicken IL-2 signal peptide to mature chicken IL-15 and comparison of the adjuvant effects by DNA immunization against Eimeria challenge. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 156:114-20. [PMID: 24139475 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel fusion cytokine was constructed by replacing signal peptide (SP) of chicken IL-15 (ChIL-15) with SP of chicken IL-2 (ChIL-2). The fusion cytokine (NChIL-15) was cloned into the expression vector pcDNA3.1(+) to generate pcDNA-NChIL-15. An animal experiment was carried out to evaluate the adjuvant effects of NChIL-15 on DNA vaccine pcDNA-3-1E against Eimeria acervulina challenge. The mRNA profiles of ChIL-2 and ChIFN-γ in spleen were characterized by means of real-time PCR. The recombinant positive eukaryotic expression plasmid pcDNA-NChIL-15 were constructed successfully. The protective effects provided by co-immunization with 100 μg pcDNA-3-1E and 50 μg pcDNA-NChIL-15, measured by relative body weight gain (BWG), average lesion score in duodenum and oocyst decrease ratio, showed no significant difference with 50 μg pcDNA-ChIL-15 as an adjuvant on day 6 post infection (PI). However, chickens co-immunized with pcDNA-3-1E and pcDNA-NChIL-15 exhibited significant upregulated level of ChIL-2 and ChIFN-γ transcripts in spleen. Our original data suggests the constructed novel cytokine NChIL-15 could be a potential adjuvant used to enhance the immune protective effects, although the optimized dosage need to be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexing Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Li WC, Zhang XK, Du L, Pan L, Gong PT, Li JH, Yang J, Li H, Zhang XC. Eimeria maxima: efficacy of recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG expressing apical membrane antigen1 against homologous infection. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:3825-33. [PMID: 23949244 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is one of the most important protozoan diseases and inflicts severe economic losses on the poultry industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) to deliver apical membrane antigen1 (AMA1) of Eimeria maxima to stimulate specific cellular and humoral immune responses in chickens. Day-old birds were immunized twice with rBCG/pMV261-AMA1, rBCG/pMV361-AMA1, or BCG via oral, intranasal, and subcutaneous routes and then orally challenged with homologous E. maxima sporulated oocysts. Gain of body weight, fecal oocyst output, lesion scores, serum antibody responses, numbers of splenocyte CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and gut cytokine transcript levels were assessed as measures of protective immunity. Challenge experiments demonstrated that rBCG vaccination via intranasal or subcutaneous routes could increase weight gain, decrease intestinal lesions, and reduce fecal oocyst shedding, and the subcutaneous and intranasal routes were superior to the oral route based on the immune effects. Furthermore, intranasal rBCG immunization could also lead to a significant increase in serum antibody, the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte cells, and the levels of IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-15, and IL-10 mRNAs compared with the control group. These results suggested that intranasal rBCG immunization could induce a strong humoral and cellular response directed against homologous E. maxima infection. This study provides data for the use of rBCG to develop a prophylactic vaccine against coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chao Li
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
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47
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Jang SI, Kim DK, Lillehoj HS, Lee SH, Lee KW, Bertrand F, Dupuis L, Deville S, Ben Arous J, Lillehoj EP. Evaluation of Montanide™ ISA 71 VG adjuvant during profilin vaccination against experimental coccidiosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59786. [PMID: 23593150 PMCID: PMC3620231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chickens were immunized subcutaneously with an Eimeria recombinant profilin protein plus Montanide™ ISA 70 VG (ISA 70) or Montanide™ ISA 71 VG (ISA 71) water-in-oil adjuvants, or with profilin alone, and comparative RNA microarray hybridizations were performed to ascertain global transcriptome changes induced by profilin/ISA 70 vs. profilin alone and by profilin/ISA 71 vs. profilin alone. While immunization with profilin/ISA 70 vs. profilin alone altered the levels of more total transcripts compared with profilin/ISA 71 vs. profilin alone (509 vs. 296), the latter was associated with a greater number of unique biological functions, and a larger number of genes within these functions, compared with the former. Further, canonical pathway analysis identified 10 pathways that were associated with genes encoding the altered transcripts in animals immunized with profilin/ISA 71 vs. profilin alone, compared with only 2 pathways in profilin/ISA 70 vs. profilin alone. Therefore, ISA 71 was selected as a candidate adjuvant in conjunction with profilin vaccination for in vivo disease protection studies. Vaccination with profilin/ISA 71 was associated with greater body weight gain following E. acervulina infection, and decreased parasite fecal shedding after E. maxima infection, compared with profilin alone. Anti-profilin antibody levels were higher in sera of E. maxima- and E. tenella-infected chickens vaccinated with profilin/ISA 71 compared with profilin alone. Finally, the levels of transcripts encoding interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10, and IL-17A were increased in intestinal lymphocytes from E. acervulina-, E. maxima-, and/or E. tenella-infected chickens vaccinated with profilin/ISA 71 compared with profilin alone. None of these effects were seen in chickens injected with ISA 71 alone indicating that the adjuvant was not conferring non-specific immune stimulation. These results suggest that profilin plus ISA 71 augments protective immunity against selective Eimeria species in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung I. Jang
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service-U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Duk Kyung Kim
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service-U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hyun S. Lillehoj
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service-U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sung Hyen Lee
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service-U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kyung Woo Lee
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service-U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Erik P. Lillehoj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Shanmugasundaram R, Selvaraj RK. In ovo injection of anti-chicken CD25 monoclonal antibodies depletes CD4+CD25+ T cells in chickens. Poult Sci 2013; 92:138-42. [PMID: 23243240 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD4(+)CD25(+) cells have T regulatory cell properties in chickens. This study investigated the effect of in ovo injection of anti-chicken CD25 monoclonal antibodies (0.5 mg/egg) on CD4(+)CD25(+) cell depletion and on amounts of interleukin-2 mRNA and interferon-γ mRNA in CD4(+)CD25(-) cells posthatch. Anti-chicken CD25 or PBS (control) was injected into 16-d-old embryos. Chicks hatched from eggs injected with anti-chicken CD25 antibodies had a lower CD4(+)CD25(+) cell percentage in the blood until 25 d posthatch. The anti-chicken CD25 antibody injection nearly depleted CD4(+)CD25(+) cells in the blood until 16 d posthatch. At 30 d posthatch, the CD4(+)CD25(+) cell percentage in the anti-CD25-antibody-injected group was comparable with the percentage in the control group. At 16 d posthatch, the anti-chicken CD25 antibody injection decreased CD4(+)CD25(+) cell percentages in the thymus, spleen, and cecal tonsils. Chickens hatched from anti-CD25-antibody-injected eggs had approximately 25% of CD4(+)CD25(+) cells in the cecal tonsils and thymus compared with those in the cecal tonsils and thymus of the control group. The CD4(+)CD25(-) cells from the spleen and cecal tonsils of chicks hatched from anti-chicken-CD25-injected eggs had higher amounts of interferon-γ and interleukin-2 mRNA than CD4(+)CD25(-) cells from the control group. It could be concluded that injecting anti-chicken CD25 antibodies in ovo at 16 d of incubation nearly depleted the CD4(+)CD25(+) cells until 25 d posthatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster 44691, USA
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Lee KW, Lillehoj HS, Jang SI, Lee SH, Bautista DA, Donald Ritter G, Lillehoj EP, Siragusa GR. Comparison of live Eimeria vaccination with in-feed salinomycin on growth and immune status in broiler chickens. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:110-4. [PMID: 23465765 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis vaccines and anticoccidial drugs are commonly used to control Eimeria infection during commercial poultry production. The present study was conducted to compare the relative effectiveness of these two disease control strategies in broiler chickens in an experimental research facility. Birds were orally vaccinated with a live, attenuated vaccine (Inovocox), or were provided with in-feed salinomycin (Bio-Cox), and body weights, serum levels of nitric oxide (NO) and antibodies against Eimeria profilin and Clostridium perfringens PFO proteins, and intestinal levels of cytokine gene transcripts were measured. Vaccinated chickens had increased body weights, greater NO levels, and higher profilin and PFO antibody levels compared with salinomycin-fed birds. Transcripts for interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor superfamily 15, and interferon-γ were increased, while mRNAs for IL-4 and IL-10 were decreased, in immunized chickens compared with salinomycin-treated chickens. In conclusion, vaccination against avian coccidiosis may be more effective compared with dietary salinomycin for increasing body weight and augmenting pro-inflammatory immune status during commercial poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Woo Lee
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
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Zhang L, Liu R, Song M, Hu Y, Pan B, Cai J, Wang M. Eimeria tenella: interleukin 17 contributes to host immunopathology in the gut during experimental infection. Exp Parasitol 2012. [PMID: 23201216 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although IL-17 is a key factor in Th17 lineage host responses and plays critical roles in immunological control of a variety of infectious diseases, the contribution of IL-17 to immune function during Eimeria tenella infection is unknown. In the present study, we used an experimental E. tenella infection model to clarify the role of Th17-associated response in the resulting immune response by quantitative real-time PCR assays. We observed robust production of STAT-3 (the transcription factors), IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-17 in cecal intraepithelial lymphocytes during the early infection, peaking at 6h p.i. and declining thereafter. The expression of TGF-β was moderately upregulated and had 2 peaks at 6 and 72h p.i. during the early infection. To further investigate the role of chIL-17 during the infection, we treated the infected chickens with IL-17 and its neutralized antibody. As a result, the reduced fecal oocyst shedding and cecal lesion scores, but enhanced body weight gains were observed in IL-17 neutralized chickens. The results of histopathology showed that the neutrophils recruitment diminished and the parasite burden in IL-17 neutralized chickens decreased. These results may be due to the significant decrease in the production of IL-17, IL-6 and TGF-β, but enhanced IL-12 and IFN-γ expression in IL-17 neutralized chickens. The converse results were shown in IL-17 treated infected-chickens in which chickens showed increased fecal oocyst shedding, exacerbated lesion scores, and reduced body weight gains. These results suggested that chicken IL-17 might mediate E. tenella - induced immunopathology during the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
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