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Liebold I, Al Jawazneh A, Casar C, Lanzloth C, Leyk S, Hamley M, Wong MN, Kylies D, Gräfe SK, Edenhofer I, Aranda-Pardos I, Kriwet M, Haas H, Krause J, Hadjilaou A, Schromm AB, Richardt U, Eggert P, Tappe D, Weidemann SA, Ghosh S, Krebs CF, A-Gonzalez N, Worthmann A, Lohse AW, Huber S, Rothlin CV, Puelles VG, Jacobs T, Gagliani N, Bosurgi L. Apoptotic cell identity induces distinct functional responses to IL-4 in efferocytic macrophages. Science 2024; 384:eabo7027. [PMID: 38574142 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo7027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages are functionally heterogeneous cells essential for apoptotic cell clearance. Apoptotic cells are defined by homogeneous characteristics, ignoring their original cell lineage identity. We found that in an interleukin-4 (IL-4)-enriched environment, the sensing of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages triggered their tissue remodeling signature. Engulfment of apoptotic hepatocytes promoted a tolerogenic phenotype, whereas phagocytosis of T cells had little effect on IL-4-induced gene expression. In a mouse model of parasite-induced pathology, the transfer of macrophages conditioned with IL-4 and apoptotic neutrophils promoted parasitic egg clearance. Knockout of phagocytic receptors required for the uptake of apoptotic neutrophils and partially T cells, but not hepatocytes, exacerbated helminth infection. These findings suggest that the identity of apoptotic cells may contribute to the development of distinct IL-4-driven immune programs in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Liebold
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Amirah Al Jawazneh
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Casar
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Bioinformatics Core, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Clarissa Lanzloth
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Leyk
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Madeleine Hamley
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Milagros N Wong
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dominik Kylies
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie K Gräfe
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ilka Edenhofer
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Marie Kriwet
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Jenny Krause
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexandros Hadjilaou
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andra B Schromm
- Division of Immunobiophysics, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Ulricke Richardt
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petra Eggert
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sören A Weidemann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christian F Krebs
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Anna Worthmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN-RARE LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Victor G Puelles
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lidia Bosurgi
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Gomides TAR, de Souza MLM, de Figueiredo AB, Lima MR, Silveira AMS, de Assis GFM, Fraga LAO, Silveira-Nunes G, Martucci L, Garcia JD, Afonso LCC, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Leite PM. Expression of SmATPDases 1 and 2 in Schistosoma mansoni eggs favours IL-10 production in infected individuals. Parasite Immunol 2024; 46:e13017. [PMID: 37922505 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
A role of IL-10 is down-regulating T-cell responses to schistosome antigens. Since SmATPDases can be correlated to modulation of the immune response, we evaluated the expression of enzymes in S. mansoni eggs. Faecal samples were collected from 40 infected individuals to detect coding regions of the SmATPDases. The cytokines were measured in supernatants of PBMC. The analysis was performed by the global median determination and set up high producers (HP) of cytokines. Six individuals expressed SmATPDase1, six expressed SmATPDase2 and six expressed both enzymes. The group who expressed only SmATPDase1 showed a high frequency of IFN-γ, TNF IL-4 HP; individuals who expressed only SmATPDase2 showed a high frequency of IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-4 HP; and individuals who expressed both enzymes showed a high frequency of IL-10 HP. The comparison of the IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio presented higher indices in the group who had SmATPDase 2 expression than those who had the expression of both enzymes. The positive correlation between infection intensity and IL-10 levels remained only in the positive SmATPDase group. The IL-10 is the only cytokine induced by the expression of both enzymes. Our data suggest that the expression of both enzymes seems to be a factor that modulates the host immune response by inducing high IL-10 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalisson Artur Ribeiro Gomides
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunologia da Universidade Vale do Rio Doce, Govenador Valadares, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Braga de Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Alda Maria Soares Silveira
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Campus Avançado de Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | | | - Lúcia Alves Oliveira Fraga
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Campus Avançado de Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Silveira-Nunes
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Campus Avançado de Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Letícia Martucci
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Campus Avançado de Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Delgado Garcia
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Campus Avançado de Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Luís Carlos Crocco Afonso
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pauline Martins Leite
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Campus Avançado de Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil
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Lam HYP, Wu WJ, Liang TR, Li HC, Chang KC, Peng SY. Salmonella typhimurium exacerbates injuries but resolves fibrosis in liver and spleen during Schistosoma mansoni infection. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2023:S1684-1182(23)00070-1. [PMID: 36964051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In most developing or undeveloped countries, patients are often co-infected with multiple pathogens rather than a single pathogen. While different pathogens have their impact on morbidity and mortality, co-infection of more than one pathogen usually made the disease outcome different. Many studies reported the co-infection of Schistosoma with Salmonella in pandemic areas. However, the link or the underlying mechanism in the pathogenesis caused by Schistosoma-Salmonella co-infection is still unknown. METHODS In this study, Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) was challenged to Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni)-infected mice. Further experiments such as bacterial culture, histopathological examination, western blotting, and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate the outcomes of the infection. Cytokine responses of the mice were also determined by ELISA and real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that co-infected mice resulted in higher bacterial excretion in the acute phase but higher bacterial colonization in the chronic phase. Lesser egg burden was also observed during chronic schistosomiasis. Infection with S. typhimurium during schistosomiasis induces activation of the inflammasome and apoptosis, thereby leading to more drastic tissue damage. Interestingly, co-infected mice showed a lower fibrotic response in the liver and spleen. Further, co-infection alters the immunological functioning of the mice, possibly the reason for the observed pathological outcomes. CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings here demonstrated that S. mansoni-infected mice challenged with S. typhimurium altered their immunological responses, thereby leading to different pathological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yin Pekkle Lam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jui Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ruei Liang
- Ph.D. Program in Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Li
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chih Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Yi Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
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da Silva JV, Moreira CC, Montija EDA, Feitosa KA, Correia RDO, Domingues NLDC, Soares EG, Allegretti SM, Afonso A, Anibal FDF. Schiff bases complexed with iron and their relation with the life cycle and infection by Schistosoma mansoni. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1021768. [PMID: 36618401 PMCID: PMC9811594 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1021768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The trematode Schistosoma mansoni causes schistosomiasis, and this parasite's life cycle depends on the mollusk Biomphalaria glabrata. The most effective treatment for infected people is administering a single dose of Praziquantel. However, there are naturally resistant to treatment. This work has developed, considering this parasite's complex life cycle. Methods The synthetics compound were evaluated: i) during the infection of B. glabrata, ii) during the infection of BALB/c mice, and iii) during the treatment of mice infected with S. mansoni. Results and Discussion For the first objective, snails infected with miracidia treated with compounds C1 and C3 at concentrations of 25% IC50 and 50% IC50, after 80 days of infection, released fewer cercariae than the infected group without treatment. For the second objective, compounds C1 and C3 did not show significant results in the infected group without treatment. For the third objective, the mice treated with C3 and C1 reduced the global and differential cell count. The results suggest that although the evaluated compounds do not present schistosomicidal properties when placed in cercariae suspension, they can stimulate an immune reaction in snails and decrease mice's inflammatory response. In general, we can conclude that compound C1 and C3 has an anti-schistosomicidal effect both in the larval phase (miracidia) and in the adult form of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Virginio da Silva
- Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia (DMP), Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas (LIDI), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Paulo, Brazil,*Correspondence: Juliana Virginio da Silva,
| | - Carla Cristina Moreira
- Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia (DMP), Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas (LIDI), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisandra de Almeida Montija
- Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia (DMP), Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas (LIDI), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina Alves Feitosa
- Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia (DMP), Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas (LIDI), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Oliveira Correia
- Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia (DMP), Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas (LIDI), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nelson Luis de Campos Domingues
- Laboratório de catálise orgânica e biocatálise, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Edson Garcia Soares
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silmara Marques Allegretti
- Departamento De Biologia Animal, Instituto de BiologiaEstadual de Campinas, Universidade, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Afonso
- Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia (DMP), Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas (LIDI), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Paulo, Brazil,Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Unidade de Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisboa, Portugal,Instituto de Química de São Carlos (IQSC), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil,Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., (INIAV), Laboratório de Parasitologia, Oeiras, Portugal,Laboratório de Parasitologia, Quantoom’s Bioscience, Nivelles, Bélgica, Belgium
| | - Fernanda de Freitas Anibal
- Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia (DMP), Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas (LIDI), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Paulo, Brazil
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Hanton AJ, Scott F, Stenzel K, Nausch N, Zdesenko G, Mduluza T, Mutapi F. Frequency distribution of cytokine and associated transcription factor single nucleotide polymorphisms in Zimbabweans: Impact on schistosome infection and cytokine levels. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010536. [PMID: 35759449 PMCID: PMC9236240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines mediate T-helper (TH) responses that are crucial for determining the course of infection and disease. The expression of cytokines is regulated by transcription factors (TFs). Here we present the frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in cytokine and TF genes in a Zimbabwean population, and further relate SNPs to susceptibility to schistosomiasis and cytokine levels. Individuals (N = 850) were genotyped for SNPs across the cytokines IL4, IL10, IL13, IL33, and IFNG, and their TFs STAT4, STAT5A/B, STAT6, GATA3, FOXP3, and TBX21 to determine allele frequencies. Circulatory levels of systemic and parasite-specific IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and IFNγ were quantified via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Schistosoma haematobium infection was determined by enumerating parasite eggs excreted in urine by microscopy. SNP allele frequencies were related to infection status by case-control analysis and logistic regression, and egg burdens and systemic and parasite-specific cytokine levels by analysis of variance and linear regression. Novel findings were i) IL4 rs2070874*T’s association with protection from schistosomiasis, as carriage of ≥1 allele gave an odds ratio of infection of 0.597 (95% CIs, 0.421–0.848, p = 0.0021) and IFNG rs2069727*G’s association with susceptibility to schistosomiasis as carriage of ≥1 allele gave an odds ratio of infection of 1.692 (1.229–2.33, p = 0.0013). Neither IL4 rs2070874*T nor IFNG rs2069727*G were significantly associated with cytokine levels. This study found TH2-upregulating SNPs were more frequent among the Zimbabwean sample compared to African and European populations, highlighting the value of immunogenetic studies of African populations in the context of infectious diseases and other conditions, including allergic and atopic disease. In addition, the identification of novel infection-associated alleles in both TH1- and TH2-associated genes highlights the role of both in regulating and controlling responses to Schistosoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew John Hanton
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA), University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Fiona Scott
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA), University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katharina Stenzel
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Norman Nausch
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Grace Zdesenko
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA), University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Takafira Mduluza
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Francisca Mutapi
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA), University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Oliveira NF, Silva CLM. Unveiling the Potential of Purinergic Signaling in Schistosomiasis Treatment. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:193-204. [PMID: 32972342 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200924115113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease. It is related to long-lasting granulomatous fibrosis and inflammation of target organs, and current sub-optimal pharmacological treatment creates global public health concerns. Intravascular worms and eggs release antigens and extracellular vesicles that target host endothelial cells, modulate the immune system, and stimulate the release of damageassociated molecular patterns (DAMPs). ATP, one of the most studied DAMPs, triggers a cascade of autocrine and paracrine actions through purinergic P2X and P2Y receptors, which are shaped by ectonucleotidases (CD39). Both P2 receptor families, and in particular P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y12, and P2X7 receptors, have been attracting increasing interest in several inflammatory diseases and drug development. Current data obtained from the murine model unveiled a CD39-ADP-P2Y1/P2Y12 receptors signaling pathway linked to the liver and mesenteric exacerbations of schistosomal inflammation. Therefore, we proposed that members of this purinergic signaling could be putative pharmacological targets to reduce schistosomal morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Ferreira Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Lucia Martins Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ramez AM, Elmahallawy EK, Elshopakey GE, Saleh AA, Moustafa SM, Al-Brakati A, Abdo W, El-Shewehy DMM. Hepatosplenic Protective Actions of Spirulina platensis and Matcha Green Tea Against Schistosoma mansoni Infection in Mice via Antioxidative and Anti-inflammatory Mechanisms. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:650531. [PMID: 33996977 PMCID: PMC8119902 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.650531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, a major parasitic illness, has high morbidity and negative financial effects in subtropical and tropical countries, including Egypt. The present study investigated the therapeutic effects of Spirulina platensis (SP) and matcha green tea (MGT) in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice combined with tracing their possible antioxidant and anti-inflammatory impacts and their protective potency. A total of 60 Swiss albino mice were randomly allocated into six groups (n = 10): control group (CNT, received normal saline); SP–MGT group [received oral SP (3 g/kg bodyweight/day) plus MGT (3 g/kg bodyweight/day)]; S. mansoni group (infected with S. mansoni cercariae, 100 ± 10/mouse, using the tail immersion method); SP-infected group (infected with S. mansoni and received oral SP); MGT-infected group (received oral MGT after S. mansoni infection); and SP–MGT-infected group (received combined treatment of SP and MGT after S. mansoni infection). Treatment with SP and MGT started 4 weeks after S. mansoni infection and ended 10 weeks after. SP and MGT treatment (SP-infected and MGT-infected groups) and the combined treatment (SP–MGT-infected group) minimized the hepatic damage induced by S. mansoni; circulating alanine aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase decreased, and total protein, albumin, and globulin serum levels increased. The serum level of malondialdehyde significantly declined, and catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity increased in SP-infected, MGT-infected, and SP–MGT-infected groups compared with the infected group. Co-administration of SP and MGT reduced serum cytokine levels (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, and interleukin-13) and increased interleukin-10 levels after S. mansoni infection compared with the infected group. Moreover, treatment with SP and/or MGT decreased the number of granulomas in hepatic and splenic tissues compared with the infected group. Collectively, our results suggest that combined SP and MGT treatment is effective for S. mansoni infection. Liver and spleen tissue alterations were improved, the antioxidant systems were stimulated, and the inflammatory response was suppressed. Further research is recommended to investigate the mechanisms of the combined SP and MGT treatment effects to facilitate the development of novel therapies against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany M Ramez
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Gehad E Elshopakey
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amira A Saleh
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Samar M Moustafa
- Department of Zoonses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Al-Brakati
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walied Abdo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Dina M M El-Shewehy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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8
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Mawa PA, Kincaid-Smith J, Tukahebwa EM, Webster JP, Wilson S. Schistosomiasis Morbidity Hotspots: Roles of the Human Host, the Parasite and Their Interface in the Development of Severe Morbidity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635869. [PMID: 33790908 PMCID: PMC8005546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is the second most important human parasitic disease in terms of socioeconomic impact, causing great morbidity and mortality, predominantly across the African continent. For intestinal schistosomiasis, severe morbidity manifests as periportal fibrosis (PPF) in which large tracts of macro-fibrosis of the liver, visible by ultrasound, can occlude the main portal vein leading to portal hypertension (PHT), sequelae such as ascites and collateral vasculature, and ultimately fatalities. For urogenital schistosomiasis, severe morbidity manifests as pathology throughout the urinary system and genitals, and is a definitive cause of squamous cell bladder carcinoma. Preventative chemotherapy (PC) programmes, delivered through mass drug administration (MDA) of praziquantel (PZQ), have been at the forefront of schistosomiasis control programmes in sub-Saharan Africa since their commencement in Uganda in 2003. However, despite many successes, 'biological hotspots' (as distinct from 'operational hotspots') of both persistent high transmission and morbidity remain. In some areas, this failure to gain control of schistosomiasis has devastating consequences, with not only persistently high infection intensities, but both "subtle" and severe morbidity remaining prevalent. These hotspots highlight the requirement to revisit research into severe morbidity and its mechanisms, a topic that has been out of favor during times of PC implementation. Indeed, the focality and spatially-structured epidemiology of schistosomiasis, its transmission persistence and the morbidity induced, has long suggested that gene-environmental-interactions playing out at the host-parasite interface are crucial. Here we review evidence of potential unique parasite factors, host factors, and their gene-environmental interactions in terms of explaining differential morbidity profiles in the human host. We then take the situation of schistosomiasis mansoni within the Albertine region of Uganda as a case study in terms of elucidating the factors behind the severe morbidity observed and the avenues and directions for future research currently underway within a new research and clinical trial programme (FibroScHot).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice A. Mawa
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council-Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Immunology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Kincaid-Smith
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences (PPS), Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Herts, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joanne P. Webster
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences (PPS), Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Shona Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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9
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Santana JB, de Almeida TVVS, Lopes DM, Page B, Oliveira SC, Souza I, Ribeiro LEVS, Gutiérrez NAG, Carvalho EM, Cardoso LS. Phenotypic Characterization of CD4 + T Lymphocytes in Periportal Fibrosis Secondary to Schistosomiasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:605235. [PMID: 33692784 PMCID: PMC7937650 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.605235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that affects about 166 million people around the world. It is estimated that 5%-10% of individuals with schistosomiasis develop severe forms of the disease, which are characterized by pulmonary hypertension, ascites, periportal fibrosis, and other significant complications. The chronic phase of the disease is associated with a Th2 type immune response, but evidence also suggests there are roles for Th1 and Th17 in the development of severe disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the CD4+ T lymphocyte profile of patients with different degrees of periportal fibrosis secondary to schistosomiasis. These individuals had been treated for schistosomiasis, but since they live in a S. mansoni endemic area, they are at risk of reinfection. They were evaluated in relation to the degree of periportal fibrosis and classified into three groups: without fibrosis or with incipient fibrosis (WF/IFNE), n=12, possible periportal fibrosis/periportal fibrosis, n=13, and advanced periportal fibrosis/advanced periportal fibrosis with portal hypertension, n=4. We observed in the group without fibrosis a balance between the low expression of Th2 cytokines and high expression of T reg cells. As has already been described in the literature, we found an increase of the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in the group with periportal fibrosis. In addition, this group showed higher expression of IL-17 and IL-10 but lower IL-10/IL-13 ratio than patients in the WF/IFNE group. Cells from individuals who present any level of fibrosis expressed more TGF-β compared to the WF/IFNE group and a positive correlation with left lobe enlargement and portal vein wall thickness. There was a negative correlation between IL-17 and the thickness of the portal vein wall, but more studies are necessary in order to explore the possible protective role of this cytokine. Despite the fibrosis group having presented a higher expression of pro-fibrotic molecules compared to WF/IFNE patients, it seems there is a regulation through IL-10 and T reg cells that is able to maintain the low morbidity of this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana Batista Santana
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Diego Mota Lopes
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Brady Page
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sergio Costa Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT–DT/CNPq), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT–DT/CNPq), Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Luciana Santos Cardoso
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT–DT/CNPq), Salvador, Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
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10
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Franco KGS, de Amorim FJR, Santos MA, Rollemberg CVV, de Oliveira FA, França AVC, Santos CNO, Magalhães LS, Cazzaniga RA, de Lima FS, Benevides L, Carregaro V, Silva JS, Brito HLDF, Fernandes DA, da Silva ÂM, de Almeida RP, Bezerra-Santos M, de Jesus AR. Association of IL-9, IL-10, and IL-17 Cytokines With Hepatic Fibrosis in Human Schistosoma mansoni Infection. Front Immunol 2021. [PMID: 34970264 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.779534]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a case series study to evaluate immunological markers associated with schistosomiasis advanced fibrosis, including 69 patients from an endemic area from the State of Sergipe and from the Hepatology Service of the University Hospital in Sergipe, Brazil. Hepatic fibrosis was classified based on Niamey protocol for ultrasonography (US). Immune response to Schistosoma mansoni antigens was evaluated by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from these patients with either adult worm (SWAP-10 μg/ml) or egg (SEA-10 μg/ml) antigens or purified protein derivative of turberculin (PPD-10 μg/ml) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA-1 μg/ml) for 72 h. The levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-17 were measured in these supernatants by ELISA and IL-9 by Luminex. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in IL-17, IL10, and CD209 genes were genotyped using TaqMan probe by qPCR. Higher levels of IL-9, IL-10, and IL-17 were found in PBMC supernatants of patients with advanced hepatic fibrosis. Direct correlations were detected between IL-9 and IL-17 levels with US spleen sizes, portal vein diameters, and periportal thickening. The CD209 rs2287886 AG polymorphism patients produce higher IL-17 levels. Together, these data suggest a role of these cytokines in the immunopathogenesis of advanced fibrosis in human schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Garcez Schuster Franco
- Image and Graphic Methods Unit, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Fabio Jorge Ramalho de Amorim
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Mário Adriano Santos
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Carla Virgínia Vieira Rollemberg
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Alvisi de Oliveira
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Alex Vianey Callado França
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Hepatology Service, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Camilla Natália Oliveira Santos
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Lucas Sousa Magalhães
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Anselmo Cazzaniga
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Benevides
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Carregaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João Santana Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ângela Maria da Silva
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Infectology Service, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Roque Pacheco de Almeida
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Immunology Institute of Investigation (III), National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT), Brazilian Research and Technology Council (CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio Bezerra-Santos
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Amélia Ribeiro de Jesus
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Immunology Institute of Investigation (III), National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT), Brazilian Research and Technology Council (CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Franco KGS, de Amorim FJR, Santos MA, Rollemberg CVV, de Oliveira FA, França AVC, Santos CNO, Magalhães LS, Cazzaniga RA, de Lima FS, Benevides L, Carregaro V, Silva JS, Brito HLDF, Fernandes DA, da Silva ÂM, de Almeida RP, Bezerra-Santos M, de Jesus AR. Association of IL-9, IL-10, and IL-17 Cytokines With Hepatic Fibrosis in Human Schistosoma mansoni Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:779534. [PMID: 34970264 PMCID: PMC8712476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.779534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a case series study to evaluate immunological markers associated with schistosomiasis advanced fibrosis, including 69 patients from an endemic area from the State of Sergipe and from the Hepatology Service of the University Hospital in Sergipe, Brazil. Hepatic fibrosis was classified based on Niamey protocol for ultrasonography (US). Immune response to Schistosoma mansoni antigens was evaluated by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from these patients with either adult worm (SWAP-10 μg/ml) or egg (SEA-10 μg/ml) antigens or purified protein derivative of turberculin (PPD-10 μg/ml) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA-1 μg/ml) for 72 h. The levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-17 were measured in these supernatants by ELISA and IL-9 by Luminex. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in IL-17, IL10, and CD209 genes were genotyped using TaqMan probe by qPCR. Higher levels of IL-9, IL-10, and IL-17 were found in PBMC supernatants of patients with advanced hepatic fibrosis. Direct correlations were detected between IL-9 and IL-17 levels with US spleen sizes, portal vein diameters, and periportal thickening. The CD209 rs2287886 AG polymorphism patients produce higher IL-17 levels. Together, these data suggest a role of these cytokines in the immunopathogenesis of advanced fibrosis in human schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Garcez Schuster Franco
- Image and Graphic Methods Unit, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Fabio Jorge Ramalho de Amorim
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Mário Adriano Santos
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Carla Virgínia Vieira Rollemberg
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Alvisi de Oliveira
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Alex Vianey Callado França
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Hepatology Service, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Camilla Natália Oliveira Santos
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Lucas Sousa Magalhães
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Anselmo Cazzaniga
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Benevides
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Carregaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João Santana Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ângela Maria da Silva
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Infectology Service, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Roque Pacheco de Almeida
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Immunology Institute of Investigation (III), National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT), Brazilian Research and Technology Council (CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio Bezerra-Santos
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Amélia Ribeiro de Jesus
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Immunology Institute of Investigation (III), National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT), Brazilian Research and Technology Council (CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Amélia Ribeiro de Jesus,
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12
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Zhan T, Ma H, Jiang S, Zhong Z, Wang X, Li C, Yu D, Liu L, Xu J, Xia C. Interleukin-9 blockage reduces early hepatic granuloma formation and fibrosis during Schistosoma japonicum infection in mice. Immunology 2019; 158:296-303. [PMID: 31436861 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis induced by schistosomes is regulated by a complex network of cytokines. T helper type 9 (Th9) cells are a new type of effector T helper cells, which mainly secrete the specific cytokine interleukin-9 (IL-9). Interleukin-9 has been shown to contribute to liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B and in a mouse model due to carbon tetrachloride. However, the role of IL-9 in schistosomiasis fibrosis remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the roles of IL-9 in schistosomiasis through in vivo and in vitro studies. The in vivo studies found that neutralization of IL-9 reduced liver granulomatous inflammation and collagen deposition around parasite eggs. The in vitro studies found that the treatment of primary hepatic stellate cells with IL-9 induced a significant increase of collagen and α-smooth-muscle actin. Moreover, we also described the dynamics and relevance of IL-9 and IL-4 in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum. We found that IL-9 might appear more quickly and at higher levels than IL-4. Hence, our findings indicated that IL-9 might play a role in regulating hepatic fibrosis in early-stage schistosomiasis and become a promising approach for regulating hepatic fibrosis caused by S. japonicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingzheng Zhan
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Parasitology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Huihui Ma
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Suqin Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zirong Zhong
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Chunxiang Li
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chaoming Xia
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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13
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Dias MV, Castro AP, Campos CC, Souza-Silva TG, Gonçalves RV, Souza RLM, Marques MJ, Novaes RD. Doxycycline hyclate: A schistosomicidal agent in vitro with immunomodulatory potential on granulomatous inflammation in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 70:324-337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Castro VN, Rodrigues JL, Cardoso DT, Resende SD, Magalhães FC, Souza DC, Requeijo MH, Negrão-Corrêa D, Geiger SM. Systemic Cytokine and Chemokine Profiles in Individuals With Schistosoma mansoni Infection and Low Parasite Burden. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2975. [PMID: 30619332 PMCID: PMC6305627 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal schistosomiasis, caused by the parasitic trematode Schistosoma mansoni, is a chronic disease and the prolonged and continuous exposure to S. mansoni antigens results in a deviation of the host's immune response. For diagnosis, the Kato-Katz (KK) method is recommended, however, this method showed low accuracy in areas of low endemicity. This study aimed to characterize the cytokine and chemokine profile of individuals with an extremely low parasite load (<4 eggs per gram of feces), e.g., individuals who were detected by alternative parasitological methods, such as the saline gradient and/or Helmintex®. In order to search for immunological markers for infection, the immunological profile in serum samples of these individuals was then compared with patients detected with the KK method and with a higher parasite load and with individuals repetitively negative by extensive stool exams. The study was conducted in Northern Minas Gerais in a rural area of the Municipality of Januária. Serum samples of a total of 139 parasitologically well-characterized individuals were assessed for the following immunological markers by commercially available immunoassays: TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, IL-33, IL-27, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL10, CCL11, and CCL17. As a result, there were no significant differences in concentrations or frequencies for immunological markers between egg-negative individuals or individuals with ultra-low (<4 epg) or low (4-99 epg) parasite loads. However, we found significant correlations between egg counts and eosinophil counts and between egg counts and IL-1β or TNF-α concentrations. The most striking alterations were found in individuals with the highest parasite load (≥100 epg). They had significantly higher TNF-α concentrations in serum when compared with individuals with a low parasite load (4-99 epg) and CCL17 concentrations were significantly elevated when compared with egg-negative individuals. Radar diagrams of frequencies for cytokine and chemokine responders in each infection group confirmed a distinct profile only in the infection group with highest parasite loads (≥100 epg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa N. Castro
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jailza L. Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Diogo T. Cardoso
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Samira D. Resende
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C. Magalhães
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Dayane C. Souza
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maira H. Requeijo
- Faculdade da Saúde e Ecologia Humana (FASEH) Vespasiano, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Deborah Negrão-Corrêa
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Stefan M. Geiger
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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15
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Kamdem SD, Moyou-Somo R, Brombacher F, Nono JK. Host Regulators of Liver Fibrosis During Human Schistosomiasis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2781. [PMID: 30546364 PMCID: PMC6279936 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a wound-healing process purposely aimed at restoring organ integrity after severe injury caused by autoimmune reactions, mechanical stress or infections. The uncontrolled solicitation of this process is pathogenic and a pathognomonic feature of diseases like hepatosplenic schistosomiasis where exacerbated liver fibrosis is centrally positioned among the drivers of the disease morbidity and mortality. Intriguingly, however, liver fibrosis occurs and progresses dissimilarly in schistosomiasis-diseased individuals with the same egg burden and biosocial features including age, duration of residence in the endemic site and gender. This suggests that parasite-independent and currently poorly defined host intrinsic factors might play a defining role in the regulation of liver fibrosis, the hallmark of morbidity, during schistosomiasis. In this review, we therefore provide a comprehensive overview of all known host candidate regulators of liver fibrosis reported in the context of human schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin Donald Kamdem
- Cape Town Component, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, South African Medical Research Center, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Roger Moyou-Somo
- The Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Cape Town Component, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, South African Medical Research Center, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Justin Komguep Nono
- Cape Town Component, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, South African Medical Research Center, Cape Town, South Africa
- The Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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16
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Rodrigues Oliveira JL, Teixeira MM, Lambertucci JR, Antunes CMF, Carneiro M, Negrão-Corrêa D. Plasma levels of innate immune mediators are associated with liver fibrosis in low parasite burden Schistosoma mansoni-infected individuals. Scand J Immunol 2018; 87. [PMID: 29363152 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In the murine model, it was demonstrated that pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are essential to the formation and modulation of Schistosoma-induced granulomatous inflammation. However, the relationship of these immune mediators and disease severity is hard to be established in naturally infected individuals. The current study evaluates the association between plasma concentrations of MIF, sTNF-R1, CCL3, CCL7 and CCL24 and schistosomiasis morbidity in Schistosoma mansoni-infected patients with a low parasite burden. For this propose, 97 S. mansoni-infected individuals were subjected to abdominal ultrasound analysis and clinical examination. Among them, 88 had plasma concentration of immune mediators estimated by ELISA assay. Multivariate linear regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between the plasma concentration of immune mediators and the variables investigated. Although most individuals presented low parasite burden, over 30% of them showed signs of fibrosis defined by ultrasound measurements and 2 patients had a severe form of schistosomiasis. No association between parasite burden and the plasma levels of chemokine/cytokines or disease severity was observed. There was a positive association between plasma concentration of CCL4, sTNF-R1, CCL3 and MIF with gall bladder thickness and/or with portal vein thickness that are liver fibrosis markers. In contrast, no association was found between CCL7 plasma concentrations with any of the schistosomiasis morbidity parameters evaluated. The data showed that CCL24, sTNFR1, MIF and CCL3 can be detected in plasma of S. mansoni-infected individuals and their concentration would be used as prognostic makers of Schistosoma-induced liver fibrosis, even in individuals with low parasite burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Rodrigues Oliveira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M M Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - J R Lambertucci
- Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - C M F Antunes
- Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M Carneiro
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - D Negrão-Corrêa
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Mutengo MM, Mduluza T, Kelly P, Mwansa JCL, Kwenda G, Musonda P, Chipeta J. Low IL-6, IL-10, and TNF- α and High IL-13 Cytokine Levels Are Associated with Severe Hepatic Fibrosis in Schistosoma mansoni Chronically Exposed Individuals. J Parasitol Res 2018; 2018:9754060. [PMID: 29610679 PMCID: PMC5828471 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9754060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have attributed the etiopathogenesis of chronic Schistosoma mansoni related hepatic fibrosis to unregulated immune responses against trapped parasite ova in the host. However, there is limited data on immune profiles associated with varying degrees of the disease in a population under chronic exposure to the parasite. We therefore investigated the role of selected T-helper (Th)1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines in relation to hepatic fibrosis severity among individuals resident in a hyper-Schistosoma mansoni endemic region of Western Zambia. Two hundred and forty-four S. mansoni infected individuals with and without fibrosis were analysed for cytokine profiles. Based on hepatic fibrosis stage as determined by ultrasound, participants were categorized into Group 0, Group I, Group II, and Group III. Cytokines were measured in S. mansoni egg stimulated whole blood culture supernatants using the BD Cytometric Bead Array kits. Compared to the nonfibrotic group, participants in the severe hepatic fibrotic group produced less interleukin- (IL-) 6, IL-10, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). On the other hand, IL-13 was significantly elevated in this group compared to the nonfibrotic group (p < 0.001). Our results suggest that low IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α and high IL-13 levels may influence S. mansoni disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mable M. Mutengo
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
- University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Takafira Mduluza
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Paul Kelly
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - James C. L. Mwansa
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
- University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Geoffrey Kwenda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Patrick Musonda
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - James Chipeta
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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18
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Nono JK, Ndlovu H, Aziz NA, Mpotje T, Hlaka L, Brombacher F. Host regulation of liver fibroproliferative pathology during experimental schistosomiasis via interleukin-4 receptor alpha. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005861. [PMID: 28827803 PMCID: PMC5578697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4Rα) is critical for the initiation of type-2 immune responses and implicated in the pathogenesis of experimental schistosomiasis. IL-4Rα mediated type-2 responses are critical for the control of pathology during acute schistosomiasis. However, type-2 responses tightly associate with fibrogranulomatous inflammation that drives host pathology during chronic schistosomiasis. To address such controversy on the role of IL-4Rα, we generated a novel inducible IL-4Rα-deficient mouse model that allows for temporal knockdown of il-4rα gene after oral administration of Tamoxifen. Interrupting IL-4Rα mediated signaling during the acute phase impaired the development of protective type-2 immune responses, leading to rapid weight loss and premature death, confirming a protective role of IL-4Rα during acute schistosomiasis. Conversely, IL-4Rα removal at the chronic phase of schistosomiasis ameliorated the pathological fibro-granulomatous pathology and reversed liver scarification without affecting the host fitness. This amelioration of the morbidity was accompanied by a reduced Th2 response and increased frequencies of FoxP3+ Tregs and CD1dhiCD5+ Bregs. Collectively, these data demonstrate that IL-4Rα mediated signaling has two opposing functions during experimental schistosomiasis depending on the stage of advancement of the disease and indicate that interrupting IL-4Rα mediated signaling is a viable therapeutic strategy to ameliorate liver fibroproliferative pathology in diseases like chronic schistosomiasis. Liver fibroproliferative diseases drive a considerable fraction of the overall human mortality. This is closely linked to the absence of efficient control measures against such diseases. Schistosomiasis, a chronic disease that affects humans, preferentially causes liver fibrosis and is responsible for devastating economic losses in developing nations where the disease is still endemic. Using reverse genetics, loss-of-function mouse models have helped uncover a protective role for Interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4Rα) in the host survival to experimental schistosomiasis. However, given the contributing role for this receptor in the etiology of some models of tissue fibrosis, its role during chronic schistosomiasis where the highly fibrotic liver of the infected individuals mediate the morbidity had not been properly addressed hitherto. Taking advantage of a third generation mouse model of inducible loss of a gene, we found a debilitating role for IL-4 receptor during chronic schistosomiasis as signaling via this receptor supported both liver inflammation and fibrosis. These findings demonstrate that although the host requires IL-4Rα to survive the acute phase of schistosomiasis, the more clinically relevant morbid phase of the disease is driven by the excessive utilization of this receptor. A therapeutic potential of blocking IL-4Rα to ameliorate liver fibroproliferative disease is therefore suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Komguep Nono
- Cytokines and Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town & Immunology of Infectious Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa
- The Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies (IMPM), Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Hlumani Ndlovu
- Cytokines and Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town & Immunology of Infectious Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nada Abdel Aziz
- Cytokines and Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town & Immunology of Infectious Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Thabo Mpotje
- Cytokines and Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town & Immunology of Infectious Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lerato Hlaka
- Cytokines and Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town & Immunology of Infectious Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Cytokines and Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town & Immunology of Infectious Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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Elevated serum antibody against Schistosoma japonicum HSP60 as a promising biomarker for liver pathology in schistosomiasis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7765. [PMID: 28798366 PMCID: PMC5552731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathology associated with Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) infection in humans is attributed to parasite egg-induced granulomatous inflammation and fibrosis in the host liver. Currently, a marker that is reliable, cheap, less device-dependent, and can be easily and repeatedly used on a large scale to monitor the progression of liver pathology in schistosomiasis japonica endemic areas is lacking. The levels of serum S. japonicum heat shock protein 60 (SjHSP60)-specific IgG and its subtype antibodies in animals (mice and rabbits) or patients with schistosomiasis were measured by ELISA. Liver pathologies in mice and rabbits were evaluated by gross pathology and histopathology, and hepatic fibrosis in patients was examined with ultrasound imaging. The results revealed that the titers of the total IgG and subtype IgG1 anti-SjHSP60 antibodies were positively correlated with the severity of liver pathology after S. japonicum infection. Our findings indicate that the SjHSP60 IgG and IgG1 antibody levels can be used as potential candidate biomarkers for evaluation of liver pathology in schistosomiasis; however, validation remains to be explored in further work.
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20
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Surendar J, Indulekha K, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes? Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 27862000 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of both type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is drastically increasing, and it is predicted that the global prevalence of diabetes will reach almost 600 million cases by 2035. Even though the pathogenesis of both types of diabetes is distinct, the immune system is actively involved in both forms of the disease. Genetic and environmental factors determine the risk to develop T1D. On the other hand, sedentary life style, surplus of food intake and other lifestyle changes contribute to the increase of T2D incidence. Improved sanitation with high-quality medical treatment is such an environmental factor that has led to a continuous reduction of infectious diseases including helminth infections over the past decades. Recently, a growing body of evidence has implicated a negative association between helminth infections and diabetes in humans as well as animal models. In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D. Possible mechanisms are presented by which helminths prevent T1D onset by mitigating pancreatic inflammation and confer protection against T2D by improving insulin sensitivity, alleviating inflammation, augmenting browning of adipose tissue and improving lipid metabolism and insulin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Surendar
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - K Indulekha
- LIMES Institute, Membrane Biology & Lipid Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - M P Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Figueiredo ALC, Domingues ALC, Melo WG, Tashiro T, de Lorena VMB, Montenegro SML, Morais CNL. Receptor Antagonist of IL-13 Exerts a Potential Negative Regulation During Early Infection of Human Schistosomiasis. Scand J Immunol 2017; 84:284-290. [PMID: 27507682 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pathology of schistosomiasis is associated with the formation of granulomas, and this process is associated with liver fibrosis. Studies indicate that Th1 cytokines reduce fibrosis in schistosomiasis, while Th2 cytokines play a part in the progression of fibrosis, and IL-13 has a critical role in this process. The IL-13Rα2 receptor, known as a 'receptor antagonist' binds with high affinity to IL-13, and studies have identified that this plays a part in reducing fibrosis and the size of granulomas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the function of IL-13Rα2 and cellular immune response in hepatic fibrosis. A negative correlation between IL-13Rα2 and IL-13 was found, suggesting an increase in cytokine in early fibrosis. Initially, a negative correlation between IFN-γ and IL-13 was found in patients without fibrosis, and subsequently, this correlation was found to be positive in patients with severe fibrosis, thereby highlighting a new mechanism for regulating the progress of periportal fibrosis. There was a positive correlation between the profiles of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, suggesting the presence of both responses, thus regulating the disease. The results contribute to a better understanding of the immune mechanisms that control the process of hepatic fibrogenesis in schistosomiasis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A L C Domingues
- Gastroenterology Outpatients Clinic, Hospital das Clínicas, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - W G Melo
- Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - T Tashiro
- Department of Physical Education, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - C N L Morais
- Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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22
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Purinergic signaling in schistosomal infection. Biomed J 2016; 39:316-325. [PMID: 27884378 PMCID: PMC6138794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human schistosomiasis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by blood fluke worms belonging to the genus Schistosoma. Health metrics indicate that the disease is related to an elevated number of years lost-to-disability and years lost-to-life. Schistosomiasis is an intravascular disease that is related to a Th1 and Th2 immune response polarization, and the degree of polarization affects the outcome of the disease. The purinergic system is composed of adenosine and nucleotides acting as key messenger molecules. Moreover, nucleotide-transforming enzymes and cell-surface purinergic receptors are obligatory partners of this purinergic signaling. In mammalian cells, purinergic signaling modulates innate immune responses and inflammation among other functions; conversely purinergic signaling may also be modulated by inflammatory mediators. Moreover, schistosomes also express some enzymes of the purinergic system, and it is possible that worms modulate host purinergic signaling. Current data obtained in murine models of schistosomiasis support the notion that the host purinergic system is altered by the disease. The dysfunction of adenosine receptors, metabotropic P2Y and ionotropic P2X7 receptors, and NTPDases likely contributes to disease morbidity.
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23
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Recombinant Sj16 from Schistosoma japonicum contains a functional N-terminal nuclear localization signal necessary for nuclear translocation in dendritic cells and interleukin-10 production. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:4559-4571. [PMID: 27640151 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sj16 is a Schistosoma japonicum-derived protein (16 kDa in molecular weight) that has been identified as an immune modulation molecule, but the mechanisms of modulation of immune responses are not known. In this report, we aimed to investigate the host immune regulation mechanism by recombinant Sj16 (rSj16) and thus illuminate the molecular mechanism of immune evasion by S. japonicum. The effect of rSj16 and rSj16 mutants on the biology of dendritic cells (DCs) was assessed by examining DC maturation, cytokine production, and expression of surface markers by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found that rSj16 significantly stimulated interleukin (IL)-10 production and inhibited LPS-induced bone marrow-derived dendrite cell (BMDC) maturation in a dose-dependent manner. By using antibody neutralization experiments and IL-10-deficient (knockout) mice, we confirmed that the inhibitory effect of rSj16 on LPS-induced BMDCs is due to its induction of IL-10 production. To understand how rSj16 induces the production of IL-10, we analyzed the protein sequence and revealed two potential nuclear localization signals (NLS) in Sj16. The N-terminal NLS (NLS1) is both necessary and sufficient for translocation of rSj16 to the nucleus of BMDCs and is important for subsequent induction of IL-10 production and the inhibition of BMDC maturation by rSj16. The results of our study concluded that the ability of rSj16 to inhibit DC functions is IL-10 dependent which is operated by IL-10R signal pathway. This study also confirmed that NLS is an important domain associated with increased production of IL-10. Our findings will extend the current understanding on host-schistosome relationship and provide insight about bottleneck of parasitic control.
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Elbakry KA, Abdelaziz MM. Myrrh and artesunate modulate some Th1 and Th2 cytokines secretion in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice. Cent Eur J Immunol 2016; 41:138-42. [PMID: 27536198 PMCID: PMC4967647 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2016.60986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of artesunate and myrrh on S. mansoni infection and the levels of some Th1 and Th2 cytokines were evaluated in the present study. Six weeks after infection, a group of mice was treated with 4 mg/kg of artesunate and other group was treated with 10 mg/kg of myrrh for 3 successive days. Worm burden was reduced with a percentage of 53.7% and 58.78% after treatment with myrrh and artesunate respectively as well as the levels of IgG antibodies were significantly reduced compared with infected group. No obvious changes were observed in the level of interferon γ after treatment. After treatment with artesunate, interleukin 2 (IL-2) level was significantly decreased, while no significant difference was observed in myrrh-treated group compared with the infected group. On the other hand, the level of IL-10 was not significantly decreased after treatment with artesunate, but it was significantly increased after treatment with myrrh. However, IL-12 levels were significantly decreased after treatment with artesunate. The results demonstrated that, artesunate or myrrh treatment could give a level of protection against S. mansoni infection and modulate the levels of some Th1 and Th2 cytokines in mice infected with S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadry A. Elbakry
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
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25
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Ramalingam TR, Gieseck RL, Acciani TH, M Hart K, Cheever AW, Mentink-Kane MM, Vannella KM, Wynn TA. Enhanced protection from fibrosis and inflammation in the combined absence of IL-13 and IFN-γ. J Pathol 2016; 239:344-54. [PMID: 27125685 DOI: 10.1002/path.4733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Persistent or dysregulated IL-13 responses are key drivers of fibrosis in multiple organ systems, and this identifies this cytokine as an important therapeutic target. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which IL-13 blockade leads to the amelioration of fibrosis remain unclear. Because IFN-γ exhibits potent anti-fibrotic activity, and IL-4Rα signalling antagonizes IFN-γ effector function, compensatory increases in IFN-γ activity following IL-13/IL-4Rα blockade might contribute to the reduction in fibrosis. To investigate the role of IFN-γ, we developed novel IL-13(-/-) /IFN-γ(-/-) double cytokine-deficient mice and examined disease progression in models of type 2-driven fibrosis. As predicted, we showed that fibrosis in the lung and liver are both highly dependent on IL-13. We also observed increased IFN-γ production and inflammatory activity in the tissues of IL-13-deficient mice. Surprisingly, however, an even greater reduction in fibrosis was observed in IL-13/IFN-γ double deficient mice, most notably in the livers of mice chronically infected with Schistosoma mansoni. The increased protection was associated with marked decreases in Tgfb1, Mmp12, and Timp1 mRNA expression in the tissues; reduced inflammation; and decreased expression of important pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α. Experiments conducted with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to IL-13 and IFN-γ validated the findings with the genetically deficient mice. Together, these studies demonstrate that the reduction in fibrosis observed when IL-13 signalling is suppressed is not dependent on increased IFN-γ activity. Instead, by reducing compensatory increases in type 1-associated inflammation, therapeutic strategies that block IFN-γ and IL-13 activity simultaneously can confer greater protection from progressive fibrosis than IL-13 blockade alone. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirumalai R Ramalingam
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard L Gieseck
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas H Acciani
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin M Hart
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Allen W Cheever
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Kevin M Vannella
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas A Wynn
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
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26
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Kruschewsky RDA, Cardoso LS, Fernandes JS, Souza RDPD, Lopes DM, Carvalho OAMD, Araujo MI. Immunological Profile in Individuals with Schistosomal Myeloradiculopathy. Neuroimmunomodulation 2016; 23:157-167. [PMID: 27606627 DOI: 10.1159/000448521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomal myeloradiculopathy (SMR) is the most serious ectopic presentation of Schistosoma mansoni infection. The pathogenesis occurs mainly via the host inflammatory response to the eggs of the parasite that are stuck in the central nervous system, and the diagnosis is generally made by the exclusion of other neurological diseases. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the immune status of SMR patients and to identify a marker for SMR diagnosis. METHODS We enrolled 15 patients with a presumptive diagnosis of SMR, and the control groups included 17 patients with myelopathy associated with human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and 11 with other neurological disorders. The determination of soluble egg antigen-specific IgE and the levels of cytokines from Th1, Th2, Th17 and T-regulatory cell profiles and the chemokines MIP-1a and RANTES were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum using an ELISA technique. RESULTS We observed that SMR leads to an increase in IgE levels in the CSF compared to serum, and the levels of IL-13 and MIP-1α were significantly higher in the CSF and serum of the SMR patients than in the patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. The levels of MIP-1α and RANTES were higher in the CSF than in the serum of the SMR group. The ratio between levels of IL-13, MIP-1α and RANTES over IL-10 was positive in the CSF of the SMR patients. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that S. mansoni-specific IgE in the CSF is a promising marker for the diagnosis of SMR and that the cytokines and chemokines associated with the Th2 profile may be important factors in the immunopathogenesis of SMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon de Almeida Kruschewsky
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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Russell SB, Smith JC, Huang M, Trupin JS, Williams SM. Pleiotropic Effects of Immune Responses Explain Variation in the Prevalence of Fibroproliferative Diseases. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005568. [PMID: 26540410 PMCID: PMC4634921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many diseases are differentially distributed among human populations. Differential selection on genetic variants in ancestral environments that coincidentally predispose to disease can be an underlying cause of these unequal prevalence patterns. Selected genes may be pleiotropic, affecting multiple phenotypes and resulting in more than one disease or trait. Patterns of pleiotropy may be helpful in understanding the underlying causes of an array of conditions in a population. For example, several fibroproliferative diseases are more prevalent and severe in populations of sub-Saharan ancestry. We propose that this disparity is due to selection for an enhanced Th2 response that confers resistance to helminthic infections, and concurrently increases susceptibility to fibrosis due to the profibrotic action of Th2 cytokines. Many studies on selection of Th2-related genes for host resistance to helminths have been reported, but the pleiotropic impact of this selection on the distribution of fibrotic disorders has not been explicitly investigated. We discuss the disproportionate occurrence of fibroproliferative diseases in individuals of African ancestry and provide evidence that adaptation of the immune system has shaped the genetic structure of these human populations in ways that alter the distribution of multiple fibroproliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley B. Russell
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SBR); , (SMW)
| | - Joan C. Smith
- Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Minjun Huang
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Joel S. Trupin
- Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Williams
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SBR); , (SMW)
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Borthwick LA, Wynn TA. IL-13 and TGF-β1: Core Mediators of Fibrosis. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Hagen J, Scheerlinck JPY, Young ND, Gasser RB, Kalinna BH. Prospects for Vector-Based Gene Silencing to Explore Immunobiological Features of Schistosoma mansoni. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 88:85-122. [PMID: 25911366 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a prevalent, socioeconomically important disease of humans caused by parasites of the genus Schistosoma (schistosomes or blood flukes). Currently, more than 200 million people worldwide are infected with schistosomes. Despite major research efforts, there is only one drug routinely used for effective treatment, and no vaccine is available to combat schistosomiasis. The purpose of the present article is to (1) provide a background on the parasites and different forms of disease; (2) describe key immunomolecular aspects of disease induced in the host; and (3) critically appraise functional genomic methods employed to explore parasite biology, parasite-host interactions and disease at the molecular level. Importantly, the article also describes the features and advantages of lentiviral delivery of artificial microRNAs to silence genes. It also discusses the first successful application of such an approach in schistosomes, in order to explore the immunobiological role of selected target proteins known to be involved in egg-induced disease. The lentiviral transduction system provides exciting prospects for future, fundamental investigations of schistosomes, and is likely to have broad applicability to other eukaryotic pathogens and infectious diseases. The ability to achieve effective and stable gene perturbation in parasites has major biotechnological implications, and might facilitate the development of radically new methods for the treatment and control of parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hagen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jean-Pierre Y Scheerlinck
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil D Young
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bernd H Kalinna
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Colley DG, Secor WE. Immunology of human schistosomiasis. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:347-57. [PMID: 25142505 PMCID: PMC4278558 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There is a wealth of immunologic studies that have been carried out in experimental and human schistosomiasis that can be classified into three main areas: immunopathogenesis, resistance to reinfection and diagnostics. It is clear that the bulk of, if not all, morbidity due to human schistosomiasis results from immune-response-based inflammation against eggs lodged in the body, either as regulated chronic inflammation or resulting in fibrotic lesions. However, the exact nature of these responses, the antigens to which they are mounted and the mechanisms of the critical regulatory responses are still being sorted out. It is also becoming apparent that protective immunity against schistosomula as they develop into adult worms develops slowly and is hastened by the dying of adult worms, either naturally or when they are killed by praziquantel. However, as with anti-egg responses, the responsible immune mechanisms and inducing antigens are not clearly established, nor are any potential regulatory responses known. Finally, a wide variety of immune markers, both cellular and humoral, can be used to demonstrate exposure to schistosomes, and immunologic measurement of schistosome antigens can be used to detect, and thus diagnose, active infections. All three areas contribute to the public health response to human schistosome infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Colley
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Disease, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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El-Sayed NM, Fathy GM, Abdel-Rahman SAR, El-Shafei MAA. Cytokine patterns in experimental schistosomiasis mansoni infected mice treated with silymarin. J Parasit Dis 2014; 40:922-9. [PMID: 27605811 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0606-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine cytokine patterns in experimental schistosomiasis mansoni infected mice treated with silymarin. The study was conducted upon 100 mice that were divided into five groups; 20 each: uninfected control group, Schistosoma mansoni infected untreated mice (infected control), infected mice treated with praziquantel (PZQ), infected mice treated with silymarin and infected mice treated with both praziquantel and silymarin. 10 mice from each group were sacrificed at 10th and 18th weeks post infection respectively. Histopathological investigations were performed. Liver sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome stain to evaluate changes of granuloma sizes and numbers. Serum levels of the cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4 and TGF-β1) were assessed in the sera of all groups by immunoassay. The measured levels of cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-4, TNF-α, TGF-β1) were found to be significantly increased in infected mice compared to normal control. At the same time, treated groups with silymarin alone or combined with PZQ showed significant decrease in IL-4, TNF-α and TGF-β1 levels compared to infected control. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in IFN-γ level observed in all treated groups compared to infected control. In addition, the histopathological examination of the liver in the group treated with PZQ showed a reduction in the number of livers eggs granuloma at all periods of sacrification compared with the infected untreated group. However, there was more decrease in granulomas diameter in both silymarin treated group or combined with PZQ at all periods of sacrification when compared to infected untreated group. In conclusion; treatment with silymarin combined with PZQ in murine schistosomiasis could reduce hepatic fibrosis by their action on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa Mostafa El-Sayed
- Parasitology Department, Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Ministry of Scientific Research & Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ghada Mahmoud Fathy
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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The WHO ultrasonography protocol for assessing hepatic morbidity due to Schistosoma mansoni. Acceptance and evolution over 12 years. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:3915-25. [PMID: 25260691 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to review the worldwide acceptance of the World Health Organization (WHO) ultrasound protocol for assessing hepatosplenic morbidity due to Schistosoma mansoni since its publication in 2000. A PubMed literature research using the keywords "schistosomiasis and ultrasound," "schistosomiasis and ultrasonography," and "S. mansoni and ultrasound" from 2001 to 2012 was performed. Case reports, reviews, reports on abnormalities due to parasites other than S. mansoni, organ involvement other than the human liver, and reports where ultrasound method was not described were excluded. Six studies were retrieved from other Brazilian sources. Sixty studies on 37,424 patients from 15 countries were analyzed. The WHO protocol was applied with increasing frequency from 43.75% in the years 2001 to 2004 to 84.61% in 2009 to 2012. Results obtained using the pictorial image pattern approach of the protocol are reported in 38/41 studies, whereas measurements of portal branch walls were applied in 19/41 and results reported in 2/41 studies only. The practical usefulness of the pictorial approach of the WHO protocol is confirmed by its wide acceptance. This approach alone proved satisfactory in terms of reproducibility, assessment of evolution of pathology, and comparability between different settings. The measurements of portal branches, also part of the protocol, may be omitted without losing relevant information since results obtained by these measurements are nonspecific. This would save resources by reducing the time required for each examination. It is also more feasible for examiners who are not specialized in medical imaging. As with all protocols, incipient liver fibrosis is difficult to distinguish from normal ultrasound findings of the liver. The ability of this protocol to predict complications in severe cases should be further evaluated in a higher number of patients.
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Silva PCV, Gomes AV, de Souza TKG, Coêlho MRCD, Cahu GGDOM, Muniz MTC, Domingues ALC. Association of SNP (-G1082A) IL-10 with increase in severity of periportal fibrosis in schistosomiasis, in the northeast of Brazil. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2014; 18:646-52. [PMID: 25079344 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2014.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is an important anti-inflammatory cytokine that modulates severe periportal fibrosis (PPF). We hypothesized that genetic polymorphisms (-G1082A/-C819T/-C592A) of the IL-10 gene and classic factors (age, sex, alcohol, exposure, and specific treatment) are associated with the severity of PPF and that these polymorphisms influence IL-10 expression. In this cross-sectional study, we genotyped these polymorphisms within the IL-10 gene in 203 Brazilian subjects infected with Schistosoma mansoni, with different patterns of PPF. There was an association of protection between the ages of 41 and 60 years and advanced standard PPF. The -1082AA genotype was significantly associated with severity in PPF when compared with the -1082GG genotype. Similarly, when analyzed together, both the -1082GA+AA genotypes were significantly associated. The ACC and GTA haplotypes indicated a protective effect against PPF, while the ATA haplotype was significantly associated with PPF severity when compared with the GCC haplotype. There was no significant difference between average levels of IL-10 between clinical groups, and there was no association between average serum levels of IL-10 and (-G1082A) IL-10 polymorphism. Our results suggest that (-G1082A) IL-10 polymorphism and putative haplotypes are associated with PPF severity in the Brazilian population.
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The effect of recombinant sTGFβ1RII and sIL13Rα2 receptor proteins on schistosomiasis japonica, hepatic fibrosis and signal transduction in a mouse model of schistosome disease. Exp Parasitol 2014; 142:17-26. [PMID: 24746639 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effect of recombinant sTGFβ1RII and sIL13Rα2 receptor proteins on schistosomiasis japonica, hepatic fibrosis and the expression of SMAD3 and STAT6. The proteins sTGFβ1RII and sIL13Rα2 were expressed in Escherichiacoli, purified using affinity chromatography and characterized by Western blotting. Female BALB/C mice (48) were randomly divided into eight groups and infected with Schistosoma japonicum. Five weeks after infection, test groups were injected with the recombinant proteins at different doses. Eight weeks after infection, lung and hepatic tissue samples were obtained and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Masson's trichrome. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of SMAD3 and STAT6. The recombinant proteins sTGFβ1RII and sIL13Rα2 were successfully expressed, purified, and characterized. The granuloma area, hepatic hydroxyproline (HYP) level and hepatic fibrosis of the protein therapeutic groups were significantly smaller than those of the positive control group (P<0.01). Treatment with sTGFβ1RII was more effective when the protein was administered for 4weeks rather than 2 (P<0.01). Hepatic fibrosis in the groups using a low dose of protein sTGFβ1 was lower that of the combination group (P<0.05). The expression level of STAT6 was significantly lower in groups treated with sIL13Rα2 than in groups not treated with the protein (P<0.01). The recombinant proteins TGFβ1RII and sIL13Rα2 were able to decrease granuloma area and hepatic fibrosis in schistosomiasis japonica, and also reduced the expression of the signal transduction proteins SMAD3 and STAT6. The proteins were more effective when used in combination than when applied singly.
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Monocyte subsets in schistosomiasis patients with periportal fibrosis. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:703653. [PMID: 24757288 PMCID: PMC3976880 DOI: 10.1155/2014/703653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A major issue with Schistosoma mansoni infection is the development of periportal fibrosis, which is predominantly caused by the host immune response to egg antigens. Experimental studies have pointed to the participation of monocytes in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. The aim of this study was to characterize the subsets of monocytes in individuals with different degrees of periportal fibrosis secondary to schistosomiasis. Monocytes were classified into classical (CD14++CD16−), intermediate (CD14++CD16+), and nonclassical (CD14+CD16++). The expressions of monocyte markers and cytokines were assessed using flow cytometry. The frequency of classical monocytes was higher than the other subsets. The expression of HLA-DR, IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β was higher in monocytes from individuals with moderate to severe fibrosis as compared to other groups. Although no differences were observed in receptors expression (IL-4R and IL-10R) between groups of patients, the expression of IL-12 was lower in monocytes from individuals with moderate to severe fibrosis, suggesting a protective role of this cytokine in the development of fibrosis. Our data support the hypothesis that the three different monocyte populations participate in the immunopathogenesis of periportal fibrosis, since they express high levels of proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines and low levels of regulatory markers.
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Negrão-Corrêa D, Fittipaldi JF, Lambertucci JR, Teixeira MM, Antunes CMDF, Carneiro M. Association of Schistosoma mansoni-specific IgG and IgE antibody production and clinical schistosomiasis status in a rural area of Minas Gerais, Brazil. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88042. [PMID: 24505371 PMCID: PMC3913716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies in murine models and human populations have indicated that the collagen-rich granulomatous response against parasite eggs trapped in the liver is associated with the development of severe hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, characterized by periportal fibrosis and portal hypertension. The role of the humoral response in parasite susceptibility has been well established, but its participation in disease severity remains poorly understood. In this work, we evaluated the relationship between parasite-reactive IgE and IgG levels and schistosomiasis morbidity in infected patients with similar parasite burdens. Methodology/Principal Findings Ninety-seven Schistosoma mansoni-infected individuals were subjected to clinical examination and abdominal ultrasound analysis. IgG reactivity and IgE concentration against Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigens (SEA) and adult worm antigen preparation (SWAP) were evaluated by ELISA assay. Multivariable linear regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between parasite-reactive antibodies and the co-variables investigated. The study population showed low parasite burden (median 30 eggs/g feces), constant re-infection, and signs of fibrosis was detected in more than 30% of individuals. Most infected individuals showed IgG reactivity, and the median concentrations of IgE anti-SEA and anti-SWAP antibodies were 1,870 and 1,375 ng/mL, respectively. There was no association between parasite burden and antibody response or any parameter of disease severity. However, IgG anti-SWAP level was positively associated with morbidity parameters, such as spleen size and thickness of portal vein at the entrance and secondary branch. In contrast, the data also revealed independent inverse correlations between concentration of parasite-reactive IgE and gallbladder wall thickness, a marker of fibrosis in schistosomiasis. Conclusions/Significance The data indicate that IgG anti-SWAP is positively associated with severe schistosomiasis, independently of parasite burden, while high production of parasite-specific IgE is associated with mild disease in the human population. Antibody profiles are good correlates for schistosomiasis severity and could be tested as biomarkers of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Negrão-Corrêa
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Juliana F. Fittipaldi
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Lambertucci
- Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Mariângela Carneiro
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Helpful or a Hindrance: Co-infections with Helminths During Malaria. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 828:99-129. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1489-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wilson S, Jones FM, Kenty LC, Mwatha JK, Kimani G, Kariuki HC, Dunne DW. Posttreatment changes in cytokines induced by Schistosoma mansoni egg and worm antigens: dissociation of immunity- and morbidity-associated type 2 responses. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:1792-800. [PMID: 24357629 PMCID: PMC4017363 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Human type 2 cytokine responsiveness to schistosome antigens increases after treatment; due either to removal of the immunosuppressive effects of active infection or immunological boosting by antigens released from dying parasites. We determined the responsiveness to Schistosoma mansoni over a 2-year period, when reinfection was restricted by interrupting transmission. Methods. The proinflammatory and type 2 responses of Kenyan schoolchildren were measured before, and 1 year and 2 years posttreatment in whole blood cultures stimulated with soluble egg antigen (SEA) or soluble worm antigen (SWA). The site of S. mansoni transmission was molluscicided throughout. Results. Pretreatment proinflammatory responses to SEA were high but reduced 1 and 2 years posttreatment, whereas type 2 responses were low pretreatment and increased 1 and 2 years posttreatment. Type 2 responses to SWA were high pretreatment and increased at 1 year, with no further increases at 2 years posttreatment. Children infected at follow-up had lower SEA, but not SWA, posttreatment type 2 responsiveness. Increases at 1 year in type 2 SWA, but not SEA, responsiveness correlated with pretreatment egg counts. Conclusions. Removal of immunosuppressive effects of active infection increases SEA type 2 responsiveness; long-term SWA type 2 responsiveness is due to treatment-induced immunological boosting. Dissociation of type 2 responses potentially protects against severe egg-associated immunopathology during infection, while allowing worm-antigen derived immunity to develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shona Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Expression of IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ in the liver tissue of cattle that are naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica. Vet Parasitol 2013; 195:177-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Xie H, Chen D, Luo X, Gao Z, Fang H, Huang J. Some characteristics of IL-5-producing T cells in mouse liver induced by Schistosoma japonicum infection. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:1945-51. [PMID: 23463138 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3350-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Schistosome infection could cause significant liver damage in animal; Th2 cells play an important role in the progress of this disease. In our study, C57BL/6 mice were infected by Schistosoma japonicum and lymphocytes were isolated from the liver to detect some characteristics of interleukin-5 (IL-5)-producing T cells by different methods. The results revealed that S. japonicum infection could induce a large amount of IL-5 in mouse liver T cells by the means of fluorescent bead immunoassay and RT-PCR. Although, mouse liver contained many T cell subsets, such as Th cells, Tc cells, NKT cells, and γδ T cells. Fluorescence activated cell sorting results indicated that Th cells were the main source of IL-5 in the T cell population after phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin stimulation. Moreover, the percentage of IL-5-producing Th cells continued to increase from 4 to 8 weeks after S. japonicum infection, which differed from the changes of IFN-γ(+) Th1 cells, IL-4(+) Th2 cells, and IL-17A(+) Th17 cells during S. japonicum infection. Additionally, cytokines co-expression results demonstrated that 36.2 % of IL-5(+) Th cells could express IL-4, and 10 % of it could produce IFN-γ or IL-17A. Collectively, these findings implied that IL-5-producing Th cells posses some properties which differ from other cytokines secreting Th cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Xie
- Department of Functional Experiment Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, 510182, Guangzhou, China.
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McDonald EA, Kurtis JD, Acosta L, Gundogan F, Sharma S, Pond-Tor S, Wu HW, Friedman JF. Schistosome egg antigens elicit a proinflammatory response by trophoblast cells of the human placenta. Infect Immun 2013; 81:704-12. [PMID: 23250950 PMCID: PMC3584891 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01149-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis affects nearly 40 million women of reproductive age. Many of these women are infected while pregnant and lactating. Several studies have demonstrated transplacental trafficking of schistosome antigens; however, little is known regarding how these antigens affect the developing fetus and placenta. To evaluate the impact of schistosomiasis on trophoblasts of the human placenta, we isolated primary trophoblast cells from healthy placentas delivered at term. These trophoblasts were placed in culture and treated with Schistosoma japonicum soluble egg antigens (SEA) or plasma from S. japonicum-infected pregnant women. Outcomes measured included cytokine production and activation of signal transduction pathways. Treatment of primary human trophoblast cells with SEA resulted in upregulation of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-8 and the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α). Cytokine production in response to SEA was dose dependent and reminiscent of production in response to other proinflammatory stimuli, such as Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 agonists. In addition, the signaling pathways extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), p38, and NF-κB were all activated by SEA in primary trophoblasts. These effects appeared to be mediated through both carbohydrate and protein epitopes of SEA. Finally, primary trophoblasts cocultured with plasma from S. japonicum-infected pregnant women produced increased levels of IL-8 compared to trophoblasts cocultured with plasma from uninfected pregnant women. We report here a direct impact of SEA on primary human trophoblast cells, which are critical for many aspects of a healthy pregnancy. Our data indicate that schistosome antigens can activate proinflammatory responses in trophoblasts, which might compromise maternal-fetal health in pregnancies complicated by schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A McDonald
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
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Fernandes DA, Chagas ACP, Jesus ARD, França AVC, Lima FSD, Silva ÂMD, Godinho AS, Franco KGS. Aspectos ultrassonográficos associados à morbidade de formas clínicas crônicas de esquistossomose mansônica, utilizando-se protocolo proposto pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Radiol Bras 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-39842013000100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Avaliar aspectos ultrassonográficos associados à morbidade em pacientes com formas clínicas crônicas de esquistossomose mansônica, utilizando-se protocolo proposto pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas duas populações distintas: a) área endêmica e b) institucional terciária, com histopatológico confirmando fibrose. Critérios de inclusão: diagnóstico confirmado por parasitológico de fezes para Schistosoma mansoni (método Kato-Katz). Critérios de exclusão: sorologia positiva para HIV, HTLV-1, VHB ou VHC. Foi utilizado protocolo ultrassonográfico de Niamey, proposto pela OMS. RESULTADOS: Avaliando-se isoladamente as medidas dos espaços periportais, estas se mostraram sem alterações em 21% dos indivíduos com doença avançada da instituição terciária. Utilizando-se todos os parâmetros do protocolo, 100% dos indivíduos da instituição terciária, com forma grave da doença, apresentaram fibrose periportal avançada. Em pacientes hepatoesplênicos da área endêmica não se identificou fibrose à ultrassonografia. CONCLUSÃO: O protocolo ultrassonográfico proposto pela OMS detecta fibrose periportal avançada nos pacientes com forma grave da doença, com maior sensibilidade do que a medida do espaço periportal isoladamente. A complexidade de identificação das fases iniciais da fibrose periportal, em áreas endêmicas, pela ultrassonografia, pode suscitar o campo da complementação diagnóstica e a continuidade do aprimoramento dos protocolos ultrassonográficos nestas áreas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Atilano Salvador Godinho
- Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem; Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Brasil
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Kalinna B, Walduck A. Subversion of immunity by schistosomes. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/ma13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Cytokine and Chemokine Profile in Individuals with Different Degrees of Periportal Fibrosis due to Schistosoma mansoni Infection. J Parasitol Res 2012; 2012:394981. [PMID: 23320145 PMCID: PMC3540765 DOI: 10.1155/2012/394981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Periportal fibrosis in schistosomiasis has been associated to the host immune response to parasite antigens. We evaluated the immune response in S. mansoni infected individuals with different degrees of periportal fibrosis. Cytokine and chemokines were measured in serum and in supernatants of PBMC cultures stimulated with the soluble adult worm (SWAP) or egg (SEA) antigens, using a sandwich ELISA. The levels of IL-5 in response to SEA were higher in individuals with moderate to severe fibrosis (310.9 pg/mL) compared to individuals without fibrosis (36.8 pg/mL; P = 0.0418). There was also a higher production of TNF-α in cultures stimulated with SWAP in patients with insipient fibrosis (1446 pg/mL) compared to those without fibrosis (756.1 pg/mL; P = 0.0319). The serum levels of IL-13 and MIP-1α were higher in subjects without fibrosis than in those with moderate to severe fibrosis. However a positive association between serum levels of IL-13, TNF-α, MIP-1α, and RANTES and S. mansoni parasite burden was found. From these data we conclude that IL-5 and TNF-α may participate in liver pathology in schistosomiasis. The positive association between IL-13, TNF-α, MIP-1α, and RANTES with parasite burden, however, might predict the development of liver pathology.
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Ray D, Nelson TA, Fu CL, Patel S, Gong DN, Odegaard JI, Hsieh MH. Transcriptional profiling of the bladder in urogenital schistosomiasis reveals pathways of inflammatory fibrosis and urothelial compromise. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1912. [PMID: 23209855 PMCID: PMC3510078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Urogenital schistosomiasis, chronic infection by Schistosoma haematobium, affects 112 million people worldwide. S. haematobium worm oviposition in the bladder wall leads to granulomatous inflammation, fibrosis, and egg expulsion into the urine. Despite the global impact of urogenital schistosomiasis, basic understanding of the associated pathologic mechanisms has been incomplete due to the lack of suitable animal models. We leveraged our recently developed mouse model of urogenital schistosomiasis to perform the first-ever profiling of the early molecular events that occur in the bladder in response to the introduction of S. haematobium eggs. Microarray analysis of bladders revealed rapid, differential transcription of large numbers of genes, peaking three weeks post-egg administration. Many differentially transcribed genes were related to the canonical Type 2 anti-schistosomal immune response, as reflected by the development of egg-based bladder granulomata. Numerous collagen and metalloproteinase genes were differentially transcribed over time, revealing complex remodeling and fibrosis of the bladder that was confirmed by Masson's Trichrome staining. Multiple genes implicated in carcinogenesis pathways, including vascular endothelial growth factor-, oncogene-, and mammary tumor-related genes, were differentially transcribed in egg-injected bladders. Surprisingly, junctional adhesion molecule, claudin and uroplakin genes, key components for maintaining the urothelial barrier, were globally suppressed after bladder exposure to eggs. This occurred in the setting of urothelial hyperplasia and egg shedding in urine. Thus, S. haematobium egg expulsion is associated with intricate modulation of the urothelial barrier on the cellular and molecular level. Taken together, our findings have important implications for understanding host-parasite interactions and carcinogenesis in urogenital schistosomiasis, and may provide clues for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debalina Ray
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tyrrell A. Nelson
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Chi-Ling Fu
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Shailja Patel
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Diana N. Gong
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Justin I. Odegaard
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Michael H. Hsieh
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
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Role of resident liver cells in the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis. Trends Parasitol 2012; 28:572-9. [PMID: 23099112 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pathology in schistosomiasis occurs as a result of eggs deposited in the liver by the schistosome parasite. A granulomatous reaction occurs, resulting in portal hypertension and hepatic fibrosis. Resident non-parenchymal cells within the liver take part in this process, including hepatic stellate cells, which are responsible for collagen production, and Kupffer cells, the liver macrophages involved in both host protection and in pathology. Other cells such as liver sinusoidal endothelial cells or portal fibroblasts may also be involved in this process. This review discusses the possible role of these resident liver cells in the pathology associated with schistosomiasis and provides information which may assist our understanding of the mechanisms associated with chronic liver disease in general.
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Mbow M, Larkin BM, Meurs L, Wammes LJ, de Jong SE, Labuda LA, Camara M, Smits HH, Polman K, Dieye TN, Mboup S, Stadecker MJ, Yazdanbakhsh M. T-helper 17 cells are associated with pathology in human schistosomiasis. J Infect Dis 2012; 207:186-95. [PMID: 23087431 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosome infections are often clinically silent, but some individuals develop severe pathological reactions. In several disease processes, T-helper 17 (Th17) cells have been linked to tissue injuries, while regulatory T cells (Tregs) are thought to downmodulate inflammatory reactions. We assessed whether bladder pathology in human Schistosoma haematobium infection is related to the balance of Th17 cells and Tregs. We used a murine model of Schistosoma mansoni infection to further investigate whether the peripheral profiles reflected ongoing events in tissues. METHODS We characterized T-helper cell subsets in the peripheral blood of children residing in a S. haematobium-endemic area and in the peripheral blood, spleen, and hepatic granulomas of S. mansoni-infected high-pathology CBA mice and low-pathology C57BL/6 mice. RESULTS S. haematobium-infected children with bladder pathology had a significantly higher percentage of Th17 cells than those without pathology. Moreover, the Th17/Treg ratios were significantly higher in infected children with pathology, compared with infected children without pathology. Percentages of interleukin 17-producing cells were significantly higher in spleen and granulomas of CBA mice, compared with C57BL/6 mice. This difference was also reflected in the peripheral blood. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to indicate that Th17 cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of human schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustapha Mbow
- Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology, Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal.
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Abstract
Helminth parasites infect almost one-third of the world's population, primarily in tropical regions. However, regions where helminth parasites are endemic record much lower prevalences of allergies and autoimmune diseases, suggesting that parasites may protect against immunopathological syndromes. Most helminth diseases are spectral in nature, with a large proportion of relatively asymptomatic cases and a subset of patients who develop severe pathologies. The maintenance of the asymptomatic state is now recognized as reflecting an immunoregulatory environment, which may be promoted by parasites, and involves multiple levels of host regulatory cells and cytokines; a breakdown of this regulation is observed in pathological disease. Currently, there is much interest in whether helminth-associated immune regulation may ameliorate allergy and autoimmunity, with investigations in both laboratory models and human trials. Understanding and exploiting the interactions between these parasites and the host regulatory network are therefore likely to highlight new strategies to control both infectious and immunological diseases.
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Immunomodulatory effect of R848 on cytokine production associated with Schistosoma mansoni infection. Parasitol Res 2012; 112:135-40. [PMID: 22992895 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to determine the effect of resiquimod (R848), a low molecular weight imidazoquinolinamine compound with properties as immune response modifiers, on cytokine production in patients infected with Schistosoma mansoni with various degrees of hepatic fibrosis. Schistosoma-infected patients were classified into four groups according to the degree of hepatic fibrosis as examined by ultrasonography group 0 (no fibrosis), group I (incipient fibrosis), group II (moderate fibrosis), and group III (severe fibrosis). Levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-10, and IL-13 were measured by ELISA in the supernatants of cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in response to schistosoma egg soluble antigen (SEA) in the presence and absence of R848. R848 induced a significantly higher level of IL-10 in supernatants of SEA-stimulated PBMC of patients in all groups of hepatic fibrosis except group III. Moreover, we significantly found higher levels of IFN-γ in group 0 and group I and significantly lower level of IL-4 in group 0 after R848 stimulation. However, R848 had no effect on IL-13. Taken together, these results suggest that R848 might be used as an immunopotentiating agent in view of novel therapy or vaccine for S. mansoni infection.
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Advances in our understanding of the epidemiology of Plasmodium and schistosome infection: informing coinfection studies. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2012; 7:225-30. [PMID: 22327411 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e328351b9fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Schistosomes and Plasmodium parasites have complex patterns of transmission, leading to differing dynamics of host-parasite interactions across study sites and a bias of studying differing age groups in monoinfection studies. Combined, these infections lead to difficulties in conducting and interpreting human coinfection studies. RECENT FINDINGS Interactions between the two parasites may affect morbidity associated with either infection; both by influencing mechanisms directly associated with the development of those morbidities and by influencing mechanisms associated with resistance or susceptibility to the other infection. However, conflicting results are reported due to inherent difficulties in studying coinfections. More studies with stringent designs are required to clarify interactions between the two parasites. Recent monoinfection studies indicate that further coinfection studies may need to have a wider age range than previously studied. These studies also need to harness new techniques, both for data collection and analysis that are being developed for modern epidemiological studies. These techniques will allow an essential multidisciplinary approach to be taken. SUMMARY Coinfection with Plasmodium and schistosome infection has implications for the health of children of all ages in sub-Saharan Africa. It is important to gain further understanding of the interactions between the two parasites in all age groups.
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