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Pavez VB, Pacheco N, Castro-Severyn J, Pardo-Esté C, Álvarez J, Zepeda P, Krüger G, Gallardo K, Melo F, Vernal R, Aranda C, Remonsellez F, Saavedra CP. Characterization of biofilm formation by Exiguobacterium strains in response to arsenic exposure. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0265723. [PMID: 37819075 PMCID: PMC10714750 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02657-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In this work, we characterized the composition, structure, and functional potential for biofilm formation of Exiguobacterium strains isolated from the Salar de Huasco in Chile in the presence of arsenic, an abundant metalloid in the Salar that exists in different oxidation states. Our results showed that the Exiguobacterium strains tested exhibit a significant capacity to form biofilms when exposed to arsenic, which would contribute to their resistance to the metalloid. The results highlight the importance of biofilm formation and the presence of specific resistance mechanisms in the ability of microorganisms to survive and thrive under adverse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina B. Pavez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Castro-Severyn
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada y Extremófilos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Coral Pardo-Esté
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular y Microbiología Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Javiera Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Allergic Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Phillippi Zepeda
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriel Krüger
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karem Gallardo
- Centro de Investigación Tecnológica del Agua en el Desierto (CEITSAZA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Francisco Melo
- Laboratorio de Física no Lineal, Departamento de Física, USACH, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Laboratorio de Biología Periodontal, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Aranda
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Avanzada, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Francisco Remonsellez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada y Extremófilos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Tecnológica del Agua en el Desierto (CEITSAZA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Claudia P. Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Tian Y, Liu Y, Uwaremwe C, Zhao X, Yue L, Zhou Q, Wang Y, Tran LSP, Li W, Chen G, Sha Y, Wang R. Characterization of three new plant growth-promoting microbes and effects of the interkingdom interactions on plant growth and disease prevention. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:1757-1776. [PMID: 37674059 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The novel interkingdom PGPM consortia enhanced the ability of plant growth promotion and disease resistance, which would be beneficial to improve plant growth in sustainable agriculture through engineering microbiome. Plant growth-promoting microbes (PGPMs) play important roles in promoting plant growth and bio-controlling of pathogens. Much information reveals that the plant growth-promoting ability of individual PGPM affects plant growth. However, the effects of the PGPM consortia properties on plant growth remain largely unexplored. Here, we characterized three new PGPM strains including Rhodotorula graminis JJ10.1 (termed as J), Pseudomonas psychrotolerans YY7 (termed as Y) and P. chlororaphis T8 (termed as T), and assessed their effects in combination with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 (termed as F) on plant growth promotion and disease prevention in Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants by investigating morphological changes, whole-genome sequencing and plant growth promoting (PGP) characterization. Results revealed that the three new strains R. graminis JJ10.1, P. psychrotolerans YY7 and P. chlororaphis T8 had the potential for being combined with B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42 to form interkingdom PGPM consortia. The combinations of R. graminis JJ10.1, B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42, and P. psychrotolerans YY7, i. e. JF and JYF, exhibited the strongest ability of synergetic biofilm production. Furthermore, the growth-promotion abilities of the consortia were significantly enhanced compared with those of individual strains under both inoculation and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) treatment. Importantly, the consortia showed stronger abilities of in planta disease prevention than individual strains. Findings of our study may provide future guidance for engineering the minimal microbiome communities to improve plant growth and/or disease resistance in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Gansu Gaolan Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Agricultural Ecosystem, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Gansu Gaolan Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Agricultural Ecosystem, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Constantine Uwaremwe
- Gansu Gaolan Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Agricultural Ecosystem, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Gansu Gaolan Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Agricultural Ecosystem, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Yue
- Gansu Gaolan Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Agricultural Ecosystem, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Gansu Gaolan Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Agricultural Ecosystem, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Weiqiang Li
- Jilin Da'an Agro-Ecosystem National Observation Research Station, Changchun Jingyuetan Remote Sensing Experiment Station, State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun, 130102, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaofeng Chen
- Gansu Shangnong Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Baiyin, 730900, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuexia Sha
- Institute of Plant Protection, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Gansu Gaolan Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Agricultural Ecosystem, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
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Huijboom L, Tempelaars M, Fan M, Zhu Y, Boeren S, van der Linden E, Abee T. l-tyrosine modulates biofilm formation of Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579. Res Microbiol 2023; 174:104072. [PMID: 37080258 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a food-borne pathogen capable of producing biofilms. Following analysis of biofilm formation by B. cereus ATCC 14579 transposon mutants in defined medium (DM), a deletion mutant of bc2939 (Δbc2939) was constructed that showed decreased crystal violet biofilm staining and biofilm cell counts. In addition, Δbc2939 also produced smaller colony biofilms with lower cell counts and loss of wrinkly morphology. The bc2939 gene encodes for Prephenate dehydrogenase, which converts Prephenate to 4-Hydroxy-phenylpyruvate (4-HPPA) in the l-tyrosine branch of the Shikimate pathway. While growth of the mutant and WT in DM was similar, addition of l-tyrosine was required to restore WT-like (colony) biofilm formation. Comparative proteomics showed reduced expression of Tyrosine-protein kinase/phosphatase regulators and extracellular polysaccharide cluster 1 (EPS1) proteins, aerobic electron transfer chain cytochrome aa3/d quinol oxidases, and iso-chorismate synthase involved in menaquinone synthesis in DM grown mutant biofilm cells, while multiple oxidative stress-related catalases and superoxide dismutases were upregulated. Performance in shaking cultures showed a 100-fold lower concentration of menaquinone-7 and reduction in cell counts of DM grown Δbc2939 indicating increased oxygen sensitivity. Combining all results, points to an important role of Tyrosine-modulated EPS1 production and menaquinone-dependent aerobic respiration in B. cereus ATCC 14579 (colony) biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Huijboom
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Marcel Tempelaars
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Mingzhen Fan
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Yourong Zhu
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708, WE, the Netherlands.
| | - Erik van der Linden
- Laboratory of Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Tjakko Abee
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Gong H, Jiang W, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Chen X, Li W, Yang P, Wang Z, Wang Q, Li Y. Cyclic di-GMP regulates bacterial colonization and further biocontrol efficacy of Bacillus velezensis against apple ring rot disease via its potential receptor YdaK. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1034168. [PMID: 36590391 PMCID: PMC9800504 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1034168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus species are among the most investigated beneficial bacteria and widely used in agricultural systems as biological control agents. Its biocontrol efficacy is controlled by diverse regulators. Cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is a nearly universal second messenger in bacteria and modulates various important physiological processes, including motility, biofilm formation, antifungal antibiotic production and host colonization. However, the impact of c-di-GMP on biocontrol efficacy of beneficial bacteria is unknown. Bacillus velezensis PG12 is an effective biocontrol strain against apple ring rot disease caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea. In this study, the contribution of c-di-GMP to biocontrol efficacy of B. velezensis PG12 was investigated. Deletion of single gene encoding diguanylate cyclase or phosphodiesterase did not affect its biocontrol efficacy against apple ring rot. However, artificial modulation of c-di-GMP level in the cells leads to a significant change of biocontrol efficacy, suggesting that c-di-GMP positively regulates biocontrol efficacy of B. velezensis PG12 against apple ring rot disease. More evidences indicate that c-di-GMP does not affect the antagonistic activity of B. velezensis PG12 against B. dothidea in vitro and in vivo, but positively regulates biofilm formation of B. velezensis PG12 and its colonization on apple fruits. Importantly, deletion of ydaK could rescue the inhibition of biofilm formation, bacterial colonization and biocontrol efficacy caused by low c-di-GMP level, indicating that YdaK is the potential c-di-GMP receptor to regulate biofilm formation, colonization and effective biological control. However, YdaK did not affect the antagonistic activity of B. velezensis PG12 against B. dothidea. Based on these findings, we propose that c-di-GMP regulates biofilm formation, subsequently the bacterial colonization on apple fruits and thus biocontrol efficacy of B. velezensis through its receptor YdaK. This is the first report showing that c-di-GMP plays a role in biocontrol efficacy of beneficial bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Gong
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxiao Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xufei Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Panlei Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenshuo Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Yan Li,
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Qin Y, Angelini LL, Chai Y. Bacillus subtilis Cell Differentiation, Biofilm Formation and Environmental Prevalence. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061108. [PMID: 35744626 PMCID: PMC9227780 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a soil-dwelling, spore-forming Gram-positive bacterium capable of cell differentiation. For decades, B. subtilis has been used as a model organism to study development of specialized cell types. In this minireview, we discuss cell differentiation in B. subtilis, covering both past research and recent progresses, and the role of cell differentiation in biofilm formation and prevalence of this bacterium in the environment. We review B. subtilis as a classic model for studies of endospore formation, and highlight more recent investigations on cell fate determination and generation of multiple cell types during biofilm formation. We present mechanistic details of how cell fate determination and mutually exclusive cell differentiation are regulated during biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Q.); (Y.C.)
| | | | - Yunrong Chai
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Correspondence: (Y.Q.); (Y.C.)
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Gu M, Fang W, Li X, Yang W, Waigi MG, Kengara FO, Wu S, Han C, Zhang Y. Up-regulation of ribosomal and carbon metabolism proteins enhanced pyrene biodegradation in fulvic acid-induced biofilm system. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118602. [PMID: 34856247 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that enter the aqueous phase usually coexist with fulvic acid (FA). Therefore, we initiated this investigation to explore the influences of FA on bacterial biofilm formation and its potential to biodegrade pyrene (PYR), using electron microscopic techniques and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ). Our results revealed that FA stimulated biofilm formation and enhanced the biodegradation of PYR. First, FA favored the three-dimensional proliferation of bacteria, with an OD590/OD600 value of up to 14.78, and the extracellular surfaces covered by a layer of biomaterials. Distinctive intracellular morphologies of texture and organization were accompanied by reduced inter-bacterial distances of less than 0.31 μm. The biofilms formed displayed interactions between FA and surficial proteins, as noted by band shifts for the C-O and CO groups. Strikingly, FA triggered the upregulation of 130 proteins that were either operational in biofilm formation or in metabolic adjustments; with the changes supported by the increasing intensity of free amino acids and the newly generated N-O bonds. The results above revealed that the enhanced biodegradation was related to the up-regulation of the proteins functioned for ribosomal and carbon metabolism, and the ultra-structural changes in FA-induced biofilm system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minfen Gu
- Center for Analysis and Testing, School of Chemistry and Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - WenWen Fang
- Center for Analysis and Testing, School of Chemistry and Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- Center for Analysis and Testing, School of Chemistry and Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Weiben Yang
- Center for Analysis and Testing, School of Chemistry and Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Michael Gatheru Waigi
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, China
| | - Fredrick Orori Kengara
- School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Bomet University College, P.O. Box 701, 20400, Bomett, Kenya
| | - Shixi Wu
- Center for Analysis and Testing, School of Chemistry and Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Cheng Han
- Center for Analysis and Testing, School of Chemistry and Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Center for Analysis and Testing, School of Chemistry and Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Ding H, Mo W, Yu S, Cheng H, Peng L, Liu Z. Whole Genome Sequence of Bacillus velezensis Strain GUMT319: A Potential Biocontrol Agent Against Tobacco Black Shank Disease. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:658113. [PMID: 34295312 PMCID: PMC8291047 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.658113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora nicotianae causes black shank, a serious soil-borne disease, in tobacco. In this study, the Bacillus strain GUMT319 was isolated from the rhizosphere of healthy tobacco plants grown in a field in Guizhou with a high incidence of tobacco black shank. Genome sequencing revealed that GUMT319 contained a single circular chromosome 3,940,023 bp in length, with 4,053 predicted genes and an average GC content of 46.6%. Based on phylogenomic analyses, GUMT319 was designated as Bacillus velezensis. The genome of GUMT319 contained more than 60 genes and 13 gene clusters that have previously been found to be active in antifungal mechanisms, biofilm formation, and chemotaxis motility. Additionally, confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that GUMT319 formed a spatially organized biofilm in vivo. In addition, lauric acid negatively regulated biofilm formation. This is the first study to report that nicotine in tobacco root exudates was a chemoattractant for biocontrol Bacillus strains. In this study, we identified new interactions between beneficial microorganisms and tobacco roots in the rhizosphere. Moreover, dual culture tests in vitro showed that GUMT319 inhibited the growth of P. nicotianae and also displayed inhibitory effects against eight other plant pathogens, namely, Colletotrichum scovillei, Colletotrichum capsici, Fusarium carminascens, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Alternaria alternata, Phomopsis sp., Phyllosticta sorghina, and Exserohilum turcicum. Furthermore, GUMT319 exhibited > 70% control efficiency against tobacco black shank in field experiments conducted in 2018–2020. Thus, GUMT319 was more effective in controlling the incidence of tobacco black shank than other treatments including fungicide application. Overall, these results suggested that GUMT319 (B. velezensis) could be used as a potential biocontrol agent against tobacco black shank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Ding
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Weidi Mo
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shui Yu
- College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Huanhuan Cheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lijuan Peng
- College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zuoyi Liu
- Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
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Negative Interplay between Biofilm Formation and Competence in the Environmental Strains of Bacillus subtilis. mSystems 2020; 5:5/5/e00539-20. [PMID: 32873610 PMCID: PMC7470987 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00539-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis can form robust biofilms, which are important for its survival in the environment. B. subtilis also exhibits natural competence. By investigating competence development in B. subtilisin situ during biofilm formation, we reveal that robust biofilm formation often greatly reduces the frequency of competent cells within the biofilm. We then characterize a cross-pathway regulation that allows cells in these two developmental events to undergo mutually exclusive cell differentiation during biofilm formation. Finally, we discuss potential biological implications of limiting competence in a bacterial biofilm. Environmental strains of the soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis have valuable applications in agriculture, industry, and biotechnology; however, environmental strains are genetically less accessible. This reduced accessibility is in sharp contrast to laboratory strains, which are well known for their natural competence, and a limitation in their applications. In this study, we observed that robust biofilm formation by environmental strains of B. subtilis greatly reduced the frequency of competent cells in the biofilm. By using model strain 3610, we revealed a cross-pathway regulation that allows biofilm matrix producers and competence-developing cells to undergo mutually exclusive cell differentiation. We further demonstrated that the competence activator ComK represses the key biofilm regulatory gene sinI by directly binding to the sinI promoter, thus blocking competent cells from simultaneously becoming matrix producers. In parallel, the biofilm activator SlrR represses competence through three distinct mechanisms involving both genetic regulation and cell morphological changes. Finally, we discuss the potential implications of limiting competence in a bacterial biofilm. IMPORTANCE The soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis can form robust biofilms, which are important for its survival in the environment. B. subtilis also exhibits natural competence. By investigating competence development in B. subtilisin situ during biofilm formation, we reveal that robust biofilm formation often greatly reduces the frequency of competent cells within the biofilm. We then characterize a cross-pathway regulation that allows cells in these two developmental events to undergo mutually exclusive cell differentiation during biofilm formation. Finally, we discuss potential biological implications of limiting competence in a bacterial biofilm.
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Fu H, Chen F, Liu W, Kong W, Wang C, Fang X, Ye J. Adding nutrients to the biocontrol strain JK-SH007 promotes biofilm formation and improves resistance to stress. AMB Express 2020; 10:32. [PMID: 32048076 PMCID: PMC7013030 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pyrrocinia JK-SH007 is an important biocontrol strain for the prevention and treatment of poplar canker disease. Its powerful biocontrol function is inseparable from its successful colonization of poplar trees. Bacterial biofilms can ensure the long-term colonization of a host. To explore the mechanism of action of biofilms in the biocontrol process, we manipulated various exogenous factors to explore the morphology of the JK-SH007 biofilm in vitro. The addition of glycerol and MgSO4 to TSB medium stimulated biofilm production, increased the resistance of JK-SH007 to disease, enhanced the survival of JK-SH007 in nutrient-poor environments and maintained the antagonistic ability of JK-SH007 against the poplar canker pathogen. Therefore, we constructed and optimized a biofilm-forming system to produce a large number of stable JK-SH007 biofilms. The optimized system showed that the optimal incubation time for JK-SH007 biofilm formation was 14 h, the optimal temperature of the static culture was 25 °C, and the optimal pH was 5. The optimal medium for biofilm formation was TSB medium, 1% glycerol and 50 mM MgSO4. RT-qPCR experiments showed that an increase in the expression of the suhB gene promoted JK-SH007 biofilm formation, while an increase in the expression level of the ropN gene inhibited JK-SH007 biofilm formation. The possible mechanism by which JK-SH007 was inhibited by biofilm formation under natural culture was revealed. These results indicate the importance of adding nutrients to JK-SH007 biocides produced on a commercial scale. This is the first report of JK-SH007 producing a long-lasting biofilm that guarantees antagonism.
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Qin Y, He Y, She Q, Larese-Casanova P, Li P, Chai Y. Heterogeneity in respiratory electron transfer and adaptive iron utilization in a bacterial biofilm. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3702. [PMID: 31420537 PMCID: PMC6697725 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Bacillus subtilis, robust biofilm formation requires large quantities of ferric iron. Here we show that this process requires preferential production of a siderophore precursor, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate, instead of the siderophore bacillibactin. A large proportion of iron is associated extracellularly with the biofilm matrix. The biofilms are conductive, with extracellular iron potentially acting as electron acceptor. A relatively small proportion of ferric iron is internalized and boosts production of iron-containing enzymes involved in respiratory electron transfer and establishing strong membrane potential, which is key to biofilm matrix production. Our study highlights metabolic diversity and versatile energy generation strategies within B. subtilis biofilms. Biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis requires high levels of ferric iron. Here, Qin et al. show that iron accumulation requires production of dihydroxybenzoate (a precursor in siderophore biosynthesis), and matrix-associated iron may be acting as extracellular electron acceptor during respiratory electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Qin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.,Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yinghao He
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Qianxuan She
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Philip Larese-Casanova
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Pinglan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Yunrong Chai
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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11
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Lu X, Liu SF, Yue L, Zhao X, Zhang YB, Xie ZK, Wang RY. Epsc Involved in the Encoding of Exopolysaccharides Produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 Act to Boost the Drought Tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3795. [PMID: 30501023 PMCID: PMC6320885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria that stimulates plant growth, and enhances resistance to pathogens and tolerance of salt stress. Instead, the mechanistic basis of drought tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana induced by FZB42 remains unexplored. Here, we constructed an exopolysaccharide-deficient mutant epsC and determined the role of epsC in FZB42-induced drought tolerance in A. thaliana. Results showed that FZB42 significantly enhanced growth and drought tolerance of Arabidopsis by increasing the survival rate, fresh and dry shoot weights, primary root length, root dry weight, lateral root number, and total lateral root length. Coordinated changes were also observed in cellular defense responses, including elevated concentrations of proline and activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase, decreased concentrations of malondialdehyde, and accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in plants treated with FZB42. The relative expression levels of drought defense-related marker genes, such as RD29A, RD17, ERD1, and LEA14, were also increased in the leaves of FZB42-treated plants. In addition, FZB42 induced the drought tolerance in Arabidopsis by the action of both ethylene and jasmonate, but not abscisic acid. However, plants inoculated with mutant strain epsC were less able to resist drought stress with respect to each of these parameters, indicating that epsC are required for the full benefit of FZB42 inoculation to be gained. Moreover, the mutant strain was less capable of supporting the formation of a biofilm and of colonizing the A. thaliana root. Therefore, epsC is an important factor that allows FZB42 to colonize the roots and induce systemic drought tolerance in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Lu
- Gaolan Station of Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Shao-Fang Liu
- Gaolan Station of Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Liang Yue
- Gaolan Station of Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xia Zhao
- Gaolan Station of Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yu-Bao Zhang
- Gaolan Station of Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Zhong-Kui Xie
- Gaolan Station of Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Ruo-Yu Wang
- Gaolan Station of Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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12
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Gao T, Ding M, Yang CH, Fan H, Chai Y, Li Y. The phosphotransferase system gene ptsH plays an important role in MnSOD production, biofilm formation, swarming motility, and root colonization in Bacillus cereus 905. Res Microbiol 2018; 170:86-96. [PMID: 30395927 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The rhizosphere bacterium Bacillus cereus 905 is capable of promoting plant growth through effective colonization on plant roots. The sodA2-encoding manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD2) is important for survival of B. cereus 905 in the wheat rhizosphere. However, the genes involved in regulating sodA2 expression and the mechanisms of rhizosphere colonization of B. cereus 905 are not well elucidated. In this study, we found that the deletion of the ptsH gene, which encodes the histidine-phosphorylatable protein (HPr), a component of the phosphotransferase system (PTS), causes a decrease of about 60% in the MnSOD2 expression. Evidences indicate that the ptsH dramatically influences resistance to oxidative stress, glucose uptake, as well as biofilm formation and swarming motility of B. cereus 905. Root colonization assay demonstrated that ΔptsH is defective in colonizing wheat roots, while complementation of the sodA2 gene could partially restore the ability in utilization of arabinose, a non-PTS sugar, and root colonization caused by the loss of the ptsH gene. In toto, based on the current findings, we propose that PtsH contributes to root colonization of B. cereus 905 through multiple indistinct mechanisms, involving PTS and uptake of PTS-sugars, up-regulation of MnSOD2 production, and promotion of biofilm formation and swarming motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tantan Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Mingzheng Ding
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Ching-Hong Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA.
| | - Haiyan Fan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yunrong Chai
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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13
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Remonsellez F, Castro-Severyn J, Pardo-Esté C, Aguilar P, Fortt J, Salinas C, Barahona S, León J, Fuentes B, Areche C, Hernández KL, Aguayo D, Saavedra CP. Characterization and Salt Response in Recurrent Halotolerant Exiguobacterium sp. SH31 Isolated From Sediments of Salar de Huasco, Chilean Altiplano. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2228. [PMID: 30294311 PMCID: PMC6158405 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-extremophiles microorganisms have the capacity to inhabit hostile environments and can survive several adverse conditions that include as variations in temperature, pH, and salinity, high levels UV light and atmospheric pressure, and even the presence of toxic compounds and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A halotolerant Exiguobacterium strain was isolated from Salar de Huasco (Chilean Altiplano), a well-known shallow lake area with variable salinity levels, little human intervention, and extreme environmental conditions, which makes it ideal for the study of resistant mechanisms and the evolution of adaptations. This bacterial genus has not been extensively studied, although its cosmopolitan location indicates that it has high levels of plasticity and adaptive capacity. However, to date, there are no studies regarding the tolerance and resistance to salinity and osmotic pressure. We set out to characterize the Exiguobacterium sp. SH31 strain and describe its phenotypical and genotypical response to osmotic stress. In this context, as a first step to characterize the response to the SH31 strain to salinity and to establish the bases for a molecular study, we proposed to compare its response under three salt conditions (0, 25, and 50 g/l NaCl). Using different physiology, genomic, and transcriptomic approaches, we determined that the bacterium is able to grow properly in a NaCl concentration of up to 50 g/l; however, the best growth rate was observed at 25 g/l. Although the presence of flagella is not affected by salinity, motility was diminished at 25 g/l NaCl and abolished at 50 g/l. Biofilm formation was induced proportionally with increases in salinity, which was expected. These phenotypic results correlated with the expression of related genes: fliG and fliS Motility); opuBA and putP (transport); glnA, proC, gltA, and gbsA (compatible solutes); ywqC, bdlA, luxS y pgaC (biofilm and stress response); and therefore, we conclude that this strain effectively modifies gene expression and physiology in a differential manner when faced with different concentrations of NaCl and these modifications aid survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Remonsellez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Tecnológica del Agua en el Desierto (CEITSAZA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Juan Castro-Severyn
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Coral Pardo-Esté
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Aguilar
- Lake and Glacier Ecology Research Group, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jonathan Fortt
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Cesar Salinas
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Barahona
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Joice León
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Bárbara Fuentes
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Carlos Areche
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Klaudia L. Hernández
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Daniel Aguayo
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia P. Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
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14
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Yu Y, Yan F, He Y, Qin Y, Chen Y, Chai Y, Guo JH. The ClpY-ClpQ protease regulates multicellular development in Bacillus subtilis. Microbiology (Reading) 2018; 164:848-862. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University; Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fang Yan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University; Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yinghao He
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yuxuan Qin
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yun Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yunrong Chai
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jian-hua Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University; Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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15
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Gao T, Li Y, Ding M, Chai Y, Wang Q. The phosphotransferase system gene ptsI in Bacillus cereus regulates expression of sodA2 and contributes to colonization of wheat roots. Res Microbiol 2017; 168:524-535. [PMID: 28478075 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria effectively enhance plant growth and root colonization by the bacteria is a prerequisite during the process. Bacillus cereus 905, a rhizosphere bacterium originally isolated from wheat roots, colonizes the wheat rhizosphere with a large population size. We previously showed that a manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD2), encoded by the sodA2 gene, plays an important role in colonization of the wheat rhizosphere by B. cereus 905. In this study, we identified a gene, ptsI, which positively regulates transcription of sodA2. ptsI encodes Enzyme I of the phosphotransferase system (PTS), a major regulator of carbohydrate uptake in bacteria. Assays of β-galactosidase activity and real-time quantitative PCR showed that loss of ptsI caused a 70% reduction in sodA2 expression. The ΔptsI mutant also showed a 1000-fold reduction in colonization of wheat roots, as well as a reduced growth rate in minimal media with either glucose or succinate as the sole carbon source. Artificial induction of sodA2 in the ΔptsI mutant partially restored root colonizing ability and utilization of succinate, but not glucose. These results suggest that the PTS plays an important role in rhizosphere colonization by both promoting nutrient utilization and regulating sodA2 expression in B. cereus 905.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tantan Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingzheng Ding
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunrong Chai
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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16
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Presence of Calcium Lowers the Expansion of Bacillus subtilis Colony Biofilms. Microorganisms 2017; 5:microorganisms5010007. [PMID: 28212310 PMCID: PMC5374384 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms5010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust colony formation by Bacillus subtilis is recognized as one of the sessile, multicellular lifestyles of this bacterium. Numerous pathways and genes are responsible for the architecturally complex colony structure development. Cells in the biofilm colony secrete extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and protein components (TasA and the hydrophobin BslA) that hold them together and provide a protective hydrophobic shield. Cells also secrete surfactin with antimicrobial as well as surface tension reducing properties that aid cells to colonize the solid surface. Depending on the environmental conditions, these secreted components of the colony biofilm can also promote the flagellum-independent surface spreading of B. subtilis, called sliding. In this study, we emphasize the influence of Ca2+ in the medium on colony expansion of B. subtilis. Interestingly, the availability of Ca2+ has no major impact on the induction of complex colony morphology. However, in the absence of this divalent ion, peripheral cells of the colony expand radially at later stages of development, causing colony size to increase. We demonstrate that the secreted extracellular compounds, EPS, BslA, and surfactin facilitate colony expansion after biofilm maturation. We propose that Ca2+ hinders biofilm colony expansion by modifying the amphiphilic properties of surfactin.
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17
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Yu Y, Yan F, Chen Y, Jin C, Guo JH, Chai Y. Poly-γ-Glutamic Acids Contribute to Biofilm Formation and Plant Root Colonization in Selected Environmental Isolates of Bacillus subtilis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1811. [PMID: 27891125 PMCID: PMC5102903 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is long known to produce poly-γ-glutamic acids (γ-PGA) as one of the major secreted polymeric substances. In B. subtilis, the regulation of γ-PGA production and its physiological role are still unclear. B. subtilis is also capable of forming structurally complex multicellular communities, or biofilms, in which an extracellular matrix consisting of secreted proteins and polysaccharides holds individual cells together. Biofilms were shown to facilitate B. subtilis-plant interactions. In this study, we show that different environmental isolates of B. subtilis, all capable of forming biofilms, vary significantly in γ-PGA production. This is possibly due to differential regulation of γ-PGA biosynthesis genes. In many of those environmental isolates, γ-PGA seems to contribute to robustness and complex morphology of the colony biofilms, suggesting a role of γ-PGA in biofilm formation. Our evidence further shows that in selected B. subtilis strains, γ-PGA also plays a role in root colonization by the bacteria, pinpointing a possible function of γ-PGA in B. subtilis-plant interactions. Finally, we found that several pathways co-regulate both γ-PGA biosynthesis genes and genes for the biofilm matrix in B. subtilis, but in an opposing fashion. We discussed potential biological significance of that.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China; Department of Biology, Northeastern UniversityBoston, MA, USA
| | - Fang Yan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China; Department of Biology, Northeastern UniversityBoston, MA, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Biology, Northeastern UniversityBoston, MA, USA; Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Christopher Jin
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jian-Hua Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China; Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsNanjing, China
| | - Yunrong Chai
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Mijakovic I, Grangeasse C, Turgay K. Exploring the diversity of protein modifications: special bacterial phosphorylation systems. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:398-417. [PMID: 26926353 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein modifications not only affect protein homeostasis but can also establish new cellular protein functions and are important components of complex cellular signal sensing and transduction networks. Among these post-translational modifications, protein phosphorylation represents the one that has been most thoroughly investigated. Unlike in eukarya, a large diversity of enzyme families has been shown to phosphorylate and dephosphorylate proteins on various amino acids with different chemical properties in bacteria. In this review, after a brief overview of the known bacterial phosphorylation systems, we focus on more recently discovered and less widely known kinases and phosphatases. Namely, we describe in detail tyrosine- and arginine-phosphorylation together with some examples of unusual serine-phosphorylation systems and discuss their potential role and function in bacterial physiology, and regulatory networks. Investigating these unusual bacterial kinase and phosphatases is not only important to understand their role in bacterial physiology but will help to generally understand the full potential and evolution of protein phosphorylation for signal transduction, protein modification and homeostasis in all cellular life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mijakovic
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Christophe Grangeasse
- Unité Microbiologie Moléculaire et Biochimie Structurale, UMR 5086-CNRS/ Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69367, France
| | - Kürşad Turgay
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
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