1
|
Al-Madboly LA, Ali SM, Fakharany EME, Ragab AE, Khedr EG, Elokely KM. Stress-Based Production, and Characterization of Glutathione Peroxidase and Glutathione S-Transferase Enzymes From Lactobacillus plantarum. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:78. [PMID: 32181246 PMCID: PMC7057912 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
More attention has been recently directed toward glutathione peroxidase and s-transferase enzymes because of the great importance they hold with respect to their applications in the pharmaceutical field. This work was conducted to optimize the production and characterize glutathione peroxidase and glutathione s-transferase produced by Lactobacillus plantarum KU720558 using Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken statistical designs. To assess the impact of the culture conditions on the microbial production of the enzymes, colorimetric methods were used. Following data analysis, the optimum conditions that enhanced the s-transferase yield were the De Man-Rogosa-Sharp (MRS) broth as a basal medium supplemented with 0.1% urea, 0.075% H2O2, 0.5% 1-butanol, 0.0125% amino acids, and 0.05% SDS at pH 6.0 and anaerobically incubated for 24 h at 40°C. The optimum s-transferase specific activity was 1789.5 U/mg of protein, which was ~12 times the activity of the basal medium. For peroxidase, the best medium composition was 0.17% urea, 0.025% bile salt, 7.5% Na Cl, 0.05% H2O2, 0.05% SDS, and 2% ethanol added to the MRS broth at pH 6.0 and anaerobically incubated for 24 h at 40°C. Furthermore, the optimum peroxidase specific activity was 612.5 U/mg of protein, indicating that its activity was 22 times higher than the activity recorded in the basal medium. After SDS-PAGE analysis, GST and GPx showed a single protein band of 25 and 18 kDa, respectively. They were able to retain their activities at an optimal temperature of 40°C for an hour and pH range 4–7. The 3D model of both enzymes was constructed showing helical structures, sheet and loops. Protein cavities were also detected to define druggable sites. GST model had two large pockets; 185Å3 and 71 Å3 with druggability score 0.5–0.8. For GPx, the pockets were relatively smaller, 71 Å3 and 32 Å3 with druggability score (0.65–0.66). Therefore, the present study showed that the consortium components as well as the stress-based conditions used could express both enzymes with enhanced productivity, recommending their application based on the obtained results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lamiaa A Al-Madboly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Safaa M Ali
- Nucleic Acid Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Esmail M El Fakharany
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute GEBRI, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL Arab, Egypt
| | - Amany E Ragab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Eman G Khedr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Khaled M Elokely
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.,Institute for Computational Molecular Science, and Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cloning, characterization and expression analysis of glutathione S-transferase from the Antarctic yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa AN5. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 167:105518. [PMID: 31669543 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.105518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gene for glutathione S-transferase (GST) in Antarctic sea-ice yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa AN5 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and named RmGST. Sequence analysis showed that the RmGST gene contained a 843 bp open reading frame, which encoded 280 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 30.4 kDa and isoelectric point of 5.40. RmGST has the typical C- and N-terminal double domains of glutathione S-transferase. Recombinant RmGST (rRmGST) was expressed in E. coli to produce heterologous protein that had a high specific activity of 60.2 U/mg after purification. The apparent Km values of rRmGST for glutathione and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene were 0.35 mM and 0.40 mM, respectively. Optimum enzyme activity was measured at 35 °C and at pH 7.0 and complete inactivation was observed after incubation at 55 °C for 60 min rRmGST tolerated high salt concentrations (1.0 M NaCl) and was stable at pH 3.0. Additionally, the recombinant protein nearly kept whole activity in Hg2+ and Mn2+, and could tolerate Ca2+, Cu2+, Mg2+, Cd2+, EDTA, thiourea, urea, Tween-80, H2O2 and Triton X-100. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that relative expression of the GST gene was significantly increased under Cu2+ and low temperature stress. These results indicate that rRmGST is a typical low thermostable enzyme, while its other characteristics, heavy metal and low temperature tolerance, might be related to its Antarctic home environment.
Collapse
|
3
|
Balcı N, Türkan F, Şakiroğlu H, Aygün A, Şen F. Purification and characterization of glutathione S-transferase from blueberry fruits ( Vaccinium arctostaphylos L.) and investigated of some pesticide inhibition effects on enzyme activity. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01422. [PMID: 31011639 PMCID: PMC6460380 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticides cause pollution by remaining in water, soil, fruits and vegetables for a long time and also reach human through the food chain. It was thought that some pesticides used in agriculture could adversely affect the antioxidant enzyme system and the minimum inhibition values were studied. glutathione s-transferase (GST), an important antioxidant enzyme, catalyzes the conjugation of glutathione with toxic metabolites. It was purified from the blueberry fruits. The purification of the enzyme was performed separately by affinity and gel filtration chromatography. The purity of the enzyme was determined by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Characterization studies were done for the enzyme. For this purpose, optimal pH, temperature, Km and Vmax values for GSH and CDNB were also determined for the enzyme as 7.2 in K-phosphate buffer, 50 °C, 1.0 M, 7.0 in K-phosphate buffer, 1.57 mM; 0.17 mM and 0.048 EU/mL, 0.0159 EU/mL, respectively. Additionally, inhibitory effects of some pesticides; dichlorvos, acetamiprid, cyhalothrin, haloxyfop-p-Methyl, 2,4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, cypermethrin, imidacloprid, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, glyphosate isopropylamine salt were examined the enzyme activity in vitro by performing Lineweaver-Burk graphs and plotting activity % IC50 and Ki values were calculated for each of pesticides. All of the pesticides inhibited the GST enzyme at millimolar level. Pesticide showing the best inhibitory effect was found as dichlorvos. The Ki value which is the inhibition constant of this pesticide was 0.0175 ± 0.005.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Balcı
- Atatürk University, Department of Biochemıstry, Faculty of Science, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fikret Türkan
- Health Services Vocational School, Igdır University, 76000, Igdır, Turkey
| | - Halis Şakiroğlu
- Department of Chemıstry, Ağrı Ibrahim Ceçen University, Faculty of Science, Ağrı, Turkey
| | - Ayşenur Aygün
- Department of Chemıstry, Ağrı Ibrahim Ceçen University, Faculty of Science, Ağrı, Turkey
| | - Fatih Şen
- Sen Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Dumlupınar University, Evliya Çelebi Campus, 43100, Kütahya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Minasyan H. Sepsis: mechanisms of bacterial injury to the patient. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2019; 27:19. [PMID: 30764843 PMCID: PMC6376788 DOI: 10.1186/s13049-019-0596-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In bacteremia the majority of bacterial species are killed by oxidation on the surface of erythrocytes and digested by local phagocytes in the liver and the spleen. Sepsis-causing bacteria overcome this mechanism of human innate immunity by versatile respiration, production of antioxidant enzymes, hemolysins, exo- and endotoxins, exopolymers and other factors that suppress host defense and provide bacterial survival. Entering the bloodstream in different forms (planktonic, encapsulated, L-form, biofilm fragments), they cause different types of sepsis (fulminant, acute, subacute, chronic, etc.). Sepsis treatment includes antibacterial therapy, support of host vital functions and restore of homeostasis. A bacterium killing is only one of numerous aspects of antibacterial therapy. The latter should inhibit the production of bacterial antioxidant enzymes and hemolysins, neutralize bacterial toxins, modulate bacterial respiration, increase host tolerance to bacterial products, facilitate host bactericidal mechanism and disperse bacterial capsule and biofilm.
Collapse
|
5
|
TÜRKAN F, ATALAR MN. Glutatyon S-Transferaz Enzim Aktivitesi Üzerine Amoksilin ve Vankomisin Hidroklorid Hidratın Etkisi: Bir in vitro çalışma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.21597/jist.428354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
6
|
Labade CP, Jadhav AR, Ahire M, Zinjarde SS, Tamhane VA. Role of induced glutathione-S-transferase from Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) HaGST-8 in detoxification of pesticides. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 147:612-621. [PMID: 28923727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study deals with glutathione-S-transferase (GST) based detoxification of pesticides in Helicoverpa armigera and its potential application in eliminating pesticides from the environment. Dietary exposure of a pesticide mixture (organophosphates - chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos, pyrethroid - cypermethrin; 2-15ppm each) to H. armigera larvae resulted in a dose dependant up-regulation of GST activity and gene expression. A variant GST from H. armigera (HaGST-8) was isolated from larvae fed with 10ppm pesticide mixture and it was recombinantly expressed in yeast (Pichia pastoris HaGST-8). HaGST-8 had a molecular mass of 29kDa and was most active at pH 9 at 30°C. GC-MS and LC-HRMS analysis validated that HaGST-8 was effective in eliminating organophosphate type of pesticides and partially reduced the cypermethrin content (53%) from aqueous solutions. Unlike the untransformed yeast, P. pastoris HaGST-8 grew efficiently in media supplemented with pesticide mixtures (200 and 400ppm each pesticide) signifying the detoxification ability of HaGST-8. The amino acid sequence of HaGST-8 and the already reported sequence of HaGST-7 had just 2 mismatches. The studies on molecular interaction strengths revealed that HaGST-8 had stronger binding affinities with organophosphate, pyrethroid, organochloride, carbamate and neonicotinoid type of pesticides. The abilities of recombinant HaGST-8 to eliminate pesticides and P. pastoris HaGST-8 to grow profusely in the presence of high level of pesticide content can be applied for removal of such residues from food, water resources and bioremediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali P Labade
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB), Savitribai Phule Pune University, (SPPU), Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhilash R Jadhav
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB), Savitribai Phule Pune University, (SPPU), Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mehul Ahire
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB), Savitribai Phule Pune University, (SPPU), Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Smita S Zinjarde
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB), Savitribai Phule Pune University, (SPPU), Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Vaijayanti A Tamhane
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB), Savitribai Phule Pune University, (SPPU), Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Grishin DV, Pokrovskaya MV, Podobed OV, Gladilina JA, Pokrovsky VS, Aleksandrova SS, Sokolov NN. [Prediction of protein thermostability from their primary structure: the current state and development factors]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2017; 63:124-131. [PMID: 28414283 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20176302124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The construction of proteins and peptides with desired properties, including resistance to high temperatures, as well as optimization of their amino acid composition, is an important and complex task, which attracts much attention in various branches of the basic sciences, and also in biomedicine and biotechnology. This raises the question: what method is more relevant for the at the pilot stage of research in order to estimate the influence of the planned amino acid substitutions on the thermostability of the resultant protein construct? In this brief review we have classified existing basic practical and theoretical approaches used in studies and predicting the thermal stability of native and recombinant polypeptides. Particular attention has been paid to the predictive potential of statistical methods for studying the thermodynamic parameters of the primary protein structure and prospects of their use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D V Grishin
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - O V Podobed
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - N N Sokolov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Missing-in-Metastasis regulates cell motility and invasion via PTPδ-mediated changes in SRC activity. Biochem J 2015; 465:89-101. [PMID: 25287652 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MIM (Missing-in-Metastasis), also known as MTSS1 (metastasis suppressor 1), is a scaffold protein that is down-regulated in multiple metastatic cancer cell lines compared with non-metastatic counterparts. MIM regulates cytoskeletal dynamics and actin polymerization, and has been implicated in the control of cell motility and invasion. MIM has also been shown to bind to a receptor PTP (protein tyrosine phosphatase), PTPδ, an interaction that may provide a link between tyrosine-phosphorylation-dependent signalling and metastasis. We used shRNA-mediated gene silencing to investigate the consequences of loss of MIM on the migration and invasion of the MCF10A mammary epithelial cell model of breast cancer. We observed that suppression of MIM by RNAi enhanced migration and invasion of MCF10A cells, effects that were associated with increased levels of PTPδ. Furthermore, analysis of human clinical data indicated that PTPδ was elevated in breast cancer samples when compared with normal tissue. We demonstrated that the SRC protein tyrosine kinase is a direct substrate of PTPδ and, upon suppression of MIM, we observed changes in the phosphorylation status of SRC; in particular, the inhibitory site (Tyr527) was hypophosphorylated, whereas the activating autophosphorylation site (Tyr416) was hyperphosphorylated. Thus the absence of MIM led to PTPδ-mediated activation of SRC. Finally, the SRC inhibitor SU6656 counteracted the effects of MIM suppression on cell motility and invasion. The present study illustrates that both SRC and PTPδ have the potential to be therapeutic targets for metastatic tumours associated with loss of MIM.
Collapse
|
9
|
Olchanheski LR, Dourado MN, Beltrame FL, Zielinski AAF, Demiate IM, Pileggi SAV, Azevedo RA, Sadowsky MJ, Pileggi M. Mechanisms of tolerance and high degradation capacity of the herbicide mesotrione by Escherichia coli strain DH5-α. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99960. [PMID: 24924203 PMCID: PMC4055684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intensive use of agrochemicals has played an important role in increasing agricultural production. One of the impacts of agrochemical use has been changes in population structure of soil microbiota. The aim of this work was to analyze the adaptive strategies that bacteria use to overcome oxidative stress caused by mesotrione, which inhibits 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase. We also examined antioxidative stress systems, saturation changes of lipid membranes, and the capacity of bacteria to degrade mesotrione. Escherichia coli DH5-á was chosen as a non-environmental strain, which is already a model bacterium for studying metabolism and adaptation. The results showed that this bacterium was able to tolerate high doses of the herbicide (10× field rate), and completely degraded mesotrione after 3 h of exposure, as determined by a High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Growth rates in the presence of mesotrione were lower than in the control, prior to the period of degradation, showing toxic effects of this herbicide on bacterial cells. Changes in the saturation of the membrane lipids reduced the damage caused by reactive oxygen species and possibly hindered the entry of xenobiotics in the cell, while activating glutathione-S-transferase enzyme in the antioxidant system and in the metabolizing process of the herbicide. Considering that E. coli DH5-α is a non-environmental strain and it had no previous contact with mesotrione, the defense system found in this strain could be considered non-specific. This bacterium system response may be a general adaptation mechanism by which bacterial strains resist to damage from the presence of herbicides in agricultural soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz R. Olchanheski
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, UEPG, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Manuella N. Dourado
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio L. Beltrame
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, UEPG, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Acácio A. F. Zielinski
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Ivo M. Demiate
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, UEPG, Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Sônia A. V. Pileggi
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, UEPG, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A. Azevedo
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Michael J. Sadowsky
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, and BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Marcos Pileggi
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, UEPG, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mackie A, Keseler IM, Nolan L, Karp PD, Paulsen IT. Dead end metabolites--defining the known unknowns of the E. coli metabolic network. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75210. [PMID: 24086468 PMCID: PMC3781023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The EcoCyc database is an online scientific database which provides an integrated view of the metabolic and regulatory network of the bacterium Escherichia coli K-12 and facilitates computational exploration of this important model organism. We have analysed the occurrence of dead end metabolites within the database – these are metabolites which lack the requisite reactions (either metabolic or transport) that would account for their production or consumption within the metabolic network. 127 dead end metabolites were identified from the 995 compounds that are contained within the EcoCyc metabolic network. Their presence reflects either a deficit in our representation of the network or in our knowledge of E. coli metabolism. Extensive literature searches resulted in the addition of 38 transport reactions and 3 metabolic reactions to the database and led to an improved representation of the pathway for Vitamin B12 salvage. 39 dead end metabolites were identified as components of reactions that are not physiologically relevant to E. coli K-12 – these reactions are properties of purified enzymes in vitro that would not be expected to occur in vivo. Our analysis led to improvements in the software that underpins the database and to the program that finds dead end metabolites within EcoCyc. The remaining dead end metabolites in the EcoCyc database likely represent deficiencies in our knowledge of E. coli metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Mackie
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Laura Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter D. Karp
- SRI International, Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - Ian T. Paulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shi Y, Wang Q, Hou Y, Hong Y, Han X, Yi J, Qu J, Lu Y. Molecular cloning, expression and enzymatic characterization of glutathione S-transferase from Antarctic sea-ice bacteria Pseudoalteromonas sp. ANT506. Microbiol Res 2013; 169:179-84. [PMID: 23890723 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene from Antarctic sea-ice bacteria Pseudoalteromonas sp. ANT506 (namely PsGST), was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The open reading frame of PsGST comprised 654 bp encoding a protein of 217 amino acids with a calculated molecular size of 24.3 kDa. The rPsGST possesses the conserved amino acid defining the binding sites of glutathione (G-site) and substrate binding pocket (H-site) in GST N_3 family. PsGST was expressed in E. coli and the recombinant PsGST (rPsGST) was purified by Ni-affinity chromatography with a high specific activity of 74.21 U/mg. The purified rPsGST showed maximum activity at 40 °C and exhibited 14.2% activity at 0 °C. It was completely inactivated at 50 °C for 40 min. These results indicated that rPsGST was a typical cold active GST with low thermostability. The enzyme was little affected by H2O2 and Triton X-100, and 50.2% of the remaining activity was detected in the presence of high salt concentrations (2M NaCl). The enzymatic Km values for CDNB and GSH was 0.22 mM and 1.01 mM, respectively. These specific enzyme properties may be related to the survival environment of Antarctic sea ice bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonglei Shi
- School of Marine and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 264209 Weihai, PR China
| | - Quanfu Wang
- School of Marine and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 264209 Weihai, PR China.
| | - Yanhua Hou
- School of Marine and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 264209 Weihai, PR China
| | - Yanyan Hong
- School of Marine and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 264209 Weihai, PR China
| | - Xiao Han
- School of Marine and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 264209 Weihai, PR China
| | - Jiali Yi
- School of Marine and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 264209 Weihai, PR China
| | - Junjie Qu
- School of Marine and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 264209 Weihai, PR China
| | - Yi Lu
- School of Marine and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 264209 Weihai, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Deponte M. Glutathione catalysis and the reaction mechanisms of glutathione-dependent enzymes. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:3217-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 625] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
13
|
Comakli V, Ciftci M, Kufrevioglu OI. Effects of some metal ions on rainbow trout erythrocytes glutathione S-transferase enzyme: an in vitro study. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2012; 28:1261-6. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2012.729829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Veysel Comakli
- Agri Ibrahim Cecen University,
Health Services Vocational School TR-04100, Agri, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ciftci
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University,
TR-25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - O. Irfan Kufrevioglu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University,
TR-25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Bacterial glutathione transferases (GSTs) are part of a superfamily of enzymes that play a key role in cellular detoxification. GSTs are widely distributed in prokaryotes and are grouped into several classes. Bacterial GSTs are implicated in a variety of distinct processes such as the biodegradation of xenobiotics, protection against chemical and oxidative stresses and antimicrobial drug resistance. In addition to their role in detoxification, bacterial GSTs are also involved in a variety of distinct metabolic processes such as the biotransformation of dichloromethane, the degradation of lignin and atrazine, and the reductive dechlorination of pentachlorophenol. This review article summarizes the current status of knowledge regarding the functional and structural properties of bacterial GSTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nerino Allocati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cloning, expression, purification and characterization of recombinant glutathione-S-transferase from Xylella fastidiosa. Protein Expr Purif 2008; 59:153-60. [PMID: 18331799 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2008.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is an important pathogen bacterium transmitted by xylem-feedings leafhoppers that colonizes the xylem of plants and causes diseases on several important crops including citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) in orange and lime trees. Glutathione-S-transferases (GST) form a group of multifunctional isoenzymes that catalyzes both glutathione (GSH)-dependent conjugation and reduction reactions involved in the cellular detoxification of xenobiotic and endobiotic compounds. GSTs are the major detoxification enzymes found in the intracellular space and mainly in the cytosol from prokaryotes to mammals, and may be involved in the regulation of stress-activated signals by suppressing apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1. In this study, we describe the cloning of the glutathione-S-transferase from X. fastidiosa into pET-28a(+) vector, its expression in Escherichia coli, purification and initial structural characterization. The purification of recombinant xfGST (rxfGST) to near homogeneity was achieved using affinity chromatography and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). SEC demonstrated that rxfGST is a homodimer in solution. The secondary and tertiary structures of recombinant protein were analyzed by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy, respectively. The enzyme was assayed for activity and the results taken together indicated that rxfGST is a stable molecule, correctly folded, and highly active. Several members of the GST family have been extensively studied. However, xfGST is part of a less-studied subfamily which yet has not been structurally and biochemically characterized. In addition, these studies should provide a useful basis for future studies and biotechnological approaches of rxfGST.
Collapse
|
16
|
Garcia W, Travensolo RF, Rodrigues NC, Muniz JRC, Caruso CS, Lemos EGM, Araujo APU, Carrilho E. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of a glutathione S-transferase from Xylella fastidiosa. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2008; 64:85-7. [PMID: 18259055 PMCID: PMC2374177 DOI: 10.1107/s174430910706825x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) form a group of multifunctional isoenzymes that catalyze the glutathione-dependent conjugation and reduction reactions involved in the cellular detoxification of xenobiotic and endobiotic compounds. GST from Xylella fastidiosa (xfGST) was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified by conventional affinity chromatography. In this study, the crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of xfGST is described. The purified protein was crystallized by the vapour-diffusion method, producing crystals that belonged to the triclinic space group P1. The unit-cell parameters were a = 47.73, b = 87.73, c = 90.74 A, alpha = 63.45, beta = 80.66, gamma = 94.55 degrees. xfGST crystals diffracted to 2.23 A resolution on a rotating-anode X-ray source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanius Garcia
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular ‘Sérgio Mascarenhas’, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Regiane F. Travensolo
- Grupo de Bioanalítica, Microfabricação e Separações, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Nathalia C. Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular ‘Sérgio Mascarenhas’, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - João R. C. Muniz
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular ‘Sérgio Mascarenhas’, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Célia S. Caruso
- Grupo de Bioanalítica, Microfabricação e Separações, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Eliana G. M. Lemos
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Microrganismos e de Plantas, Departamento de Tecnologia, UNESP, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula U. Araujo
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular ‘Sérgio Mascarenhas’, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Carrilho
- Grupo de Bioanalítica, Microfabricação e Separações, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fahey RC, Sundquist AR. Evolution of glutathione metabolism. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 64:1-53. [PMID: 1675828 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123102.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R C Fahey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tocheva EI, Fortin PD, Eltis LD, Murphy MEP. Structures of Ternary Complexes of BphK, a Bacterial Glutathione S-Transferase That Reductively Dechlorinates Polychlorinated Biphenyl Metabolites. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:30933-40. [PMID: 16920719 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m603125200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prokaryotic glutathione S-transferases are as diverse as their eukaryotic counterparts but are much less well characterized. BphK from Burkholderia xenovorans LB400 consumes two GSH molecules to reductively dehalogenate chlorinated 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenyl-2,4-dienoates (HOPDAs), inhibitory polychlorinated biphenyl metabolites. Crystallographic structures of two ternary complexes of BphK were solved to a resolution of 2.1A. In the BphK-GSH-HOPDA complex, GSH and HOPDA molecules occupy the G- and H-subsites, respectively. The thiol nucleophile of the GSH molecule is positioned for SN2 attack at carbon 3 of the bound HOPDA. The respective sulfur atoms of conserved Cys-10 and the bound GSH are within 3.0A, consistent with product release and the formation of a mixed disulfide intermediate. In the BphK-(GSH)2 complex, a GSH molecule occupies each of the two subsites. The three sulfur atoms of the two GSH molecules and Cys-10 are aligned suitably for a disulfide exchange reaction that would regenerate the resting enzyme and yield disulfide-linked GSH molecules. A second conserved residue, His-106, is adjacent to the thiols of Cys-10 and the GSH bound to the G-subsite and thus may stabilize a transition state in the disulfide exchange reaction. Overall, the structures support and elaborate a proposed dehalogenation mechanism for BphK and provide insight into the plasticity of the H-subsite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elitza I Tocheva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS) and glutathione synthetase (GS), distinct enzymes that together account for glutathione (GSH) synthesis, have been isolated and characterized from several Gram-negative prokaryotes and from numerous eukaryotes including mammals, amphibians, plants, yeast, and protozoa. Glutathione synthesis is relatively uncommon among the Gram-positive bacteria, and, to date, neither the genes nor the proteins involved have been identified. In the present report, we show that crude extracts of Streptococcus agalactiae catalyze the gamma-GCS and GS reactions and can synthesize GSH from its constituent amino acids. The putative gene for S. agalactiae gamma-GCS was identified and cloned, and the corresponding protein was expressed and purified. Surprisingly, it was found that the isolated enzyme catalyzes both the ATP-dependent synthesis of L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine from L-glutamate and L-cysteine and the ATP-dependent synthesis of GSH from L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine and glycine. This novel bifunctional enzyme, referred to as gamma-GCS-GS, has been characterized in terms of catalytic activity, substrate specificity, and inhibition by GSH, cystamine, and transition state analog sulfoximines. The N-terminal 518 amino acids of gamma-GCS-GS (total M(r) 85,000) show 32% identity and 43% similarity with E. coli gamma-GCS (M(r) 58,000), but the C-terminal putative GS domain (remaining 202 amino acids) of gamma-GCS-GS shows no significant homology with known GS sequences. The C terminus (360 amino acids) is, however, homologous to D-Ala, D-Ala ligase (24% identity; 38% similarity), an enzyme having the same protein fold as known GS proteins. These results are discussed in terms of the evolution of GSH synthesis and the possible occurrence of a similar bifunctional GSH synthesis enzyme in other bacterial species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blythe E Janowiak
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Harder A, Escher BI, Landini P, Tobler NB, Schwarzenbach RP. Evaluation of bioanalytical assays for toxicity assessment and mode of toxic action classification of reactive chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2003; 37:4962-4970. [PMID: 14620824 DOI: 10.1021/es034197h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of electrqphiles, including reactive organochlorines, epoxides, and compounds with an activated double bond was investigated. A set of different bioanalytical assays based on genetically modified Escherichia coli strains was set up to quantify cytotoxicity and specific reactivity toward the important biological nucleophiles DNA and glutathione (GSH). The significance of GSH for detoxification was assessed by cellular GSH depletion as well as by growth inhibition of a GSH-deficient strain. Tests for DNA damage comprised the measurement of induction of DNA repair systems, DNA fragmentation, and growth inhibition of a strain deficient in major DNA repair mechanisms. The most suitable assays for detection of mechanisms that underlie the observable cytotoxicity of the tested electrophiles were two sets of strains either lacking GSH or DNA repair in combination with their corresponding parent strains. Comparison of toxicity observed in those strains suggests three clearly distinguishable modes of toxic action for electrophilic chemicals: "DNA damage", "GSH depletion-related toxicity", and "unspecific reactivity". The class of chemicals causing DNA damage includes the epoxides 1,2-epoxybutane, (2,3-epoxypropyl)benzene, and styrene oxide. The class of chemicals with GSH depletion-related toxicity includes compounds with an activated double bond, like acrylates and acrolein. All reactive organochlorines and some epoxides were classified as unspecifically reactive because their toxicity is initiated by reactions with both biological nucleophiles. The work presented here is a contribution for an alternative hazard and effect assessment of organic pollutants based on mode of toxic action classification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Harder
- Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG), PO Box 611, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dhar K, Dhar A, Rosazza JPN. Glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes from Streptomyces griseus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:707-10. [PMID: 12514067 PMCID: PMC152383 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.1.707-710.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An inducible, cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) was purified from Streptomyces griseus. GST isoenzymes with pI values of 6.8 and 7.9 used standard GST substrates including 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. GST had subunit and native M(r)s of 24 and 48, respectively, and the N-terminal sequence SMILXYWDIIRGLPAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kajari Dhar
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cha CJ, Kim SJ, Kim YH, Stingley R, Cerniglia CE. Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of a novel class glutathione S-transferase from the fungus Cunninghamella elegans. Biochem J 2002; 368:589-95. [PMID: 12196209 PMCID: PMC1223007 DOI: 10.1042/bj20020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2002] [Revised: 08/20/2002] [Accepted: 08/27/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The structural gene for glutathione S-transferase (CeGST1-1) in the fungus Cunninghamella elegans was cloned by screening a cDNA library using a degenerate oligonucleotide probe based on the N-terminal sequence of the purified protein. Open reading frame analysis indicated that the cegst1 gene encodes a protein of 210 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence showed 25% sequence identity with the sequence of the Pi-class GST from Danio rerio (zebrafish). Similarity was also shown with the Alpha-class GST from Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke; 23% identity), the Mu class from Mus musculus (22%) and the Sigma class from Ommastrephes sloani (squid; 21%). Further screening of a cDNA library with the cegst1 gene probe revealed the presence of another GST isoenzyme (CeGST2-2) in this fungus, which shows 84% sequence identity with CeGST1-1 at the amino acid level. Reverse transcription PCR revealed that cegst2 was also expressed at the mRNA level in the fungus C. elegans. Both cegst genes were overexpressed in Escherichia coli using the expression vector pQE51, displaying specific activities with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene of 2.04 and 0.75 micromol/min per mg of protein respectively. Both enzymes exhibited a similar substrate specificity and inhibition profile, indicating that CeGST1-1 and CeGST2-2 belong to the same GST class. Mutagenesis analysis revealed that Tyr(10) in the N-terminal region is essential for catalysis of CeGST1-1. We propose from these results that the CeGSTs are novel Gamma-class GSTs and designated as GSTG1-1 and GSTG2-2 respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jun Cha
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, U.S.A
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Eklund BI, Edalat M, Stenberg G, Mannervik B. Screening for recombinant glutathione transferases active with monochlorobimane. Anal Biochem 2002; 309:102-8. [PMID: 12381368 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(02)00258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and facile colony assay has been developed for catalytically active enzymes in combinatorial cDNA libraries of mutated glutathione transferases (GST), expressed in Escherichia coli. The basis of the method is the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with the fluorogenic substrate monochlorobimane (MCB). This screening method makes it possible to isolate and characterize one recombinant clone that is active with MCB among thousands of inactive variants. Colonies containing GSTs that catalyze the conjugation of GSH with MCB display fluorescence under long-wavelength UV light. The fluorescence is visible instantly. One rat and 11 human GSTs representing four distinct enzyme classes were studied, and all except human GST T1-1 gave rise to fluorescent colonies. The colony assay based on MCB can consequently be broadly applied for identifying active GSTs both after subcloning of wild-type enzymes and in the screening of mutant libraries. Populations of bacteria expressing GSTs can also be analyzed by flow cytometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta I Eklund
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bousset L, Belrhali H, Melki R, Morera S. Crystal structures of the yeast prion Ure2p functional region in complex with glutathione and related compounds. Biochemistry 2001; 40:13564-73. [PMID: 11695904 DOI: 10.1021/bi011007b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The [URE3] phenotype in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is due to an altered prion form of Ure2p, a protein involved in nitrogen catabolism. To understand possible conformational changes at the origin of prion propagation, we previously solved the crystal structure of the Ure2p functional region [Bousset et al. (2001) Structure 9, 39-46]. We showed the protein to have a fold similar to that of the beta class of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Here we report crystal structures of the Ure2p functional region (extending from residues 95-354) in complex with glutathione (GSH), the substrate of all GSTs, and two widely used GST inhibitors, namely, S-hexylglutathione and S-p-nitrobenzylglutathione. In a manner similar to what is observed in many GSTs, ligand binding is not accompanied by a significant change in the conformation of the protein. We identify one GSH and one hydrophobic electrophile binding site per monomer as observed in all other GSTs. The sulfur group of GSH, that conjugates electrophiles, is located near the amide group of Asn124, allowing a hydrogen bond to be formed. Biochemical data indicate that GSH binds to Ure2p with high affinity. Its binding affects Ure2p oligomerization but has no effect on the assembly of the protein into amyloid fibrils. Despite results indicating that Ure2p lacks GST activity, we propose that Ure2p is a member of the GST superfamily that may describe a novel GST class. Our data bring new insights into the function of the Ure2p active region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Bousset
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
van Hylckama Vlieg JE, Janssen DB. Formation and detoxification of reactive intermediates in the metabolism of chlorinated ethenes. J Biotechnol 2001; 85:81-102. [PMID: 11165358 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(00)00364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain halogenated aliphatics, such as chlorinated ethenes, constitute a large group of priority pollutants. This paper gives an overview on the chemical and physical properties of chlorinated aliphatics that are critical in determining their toxicological characteristics and recalcitrance to biodegradation. The toxic effects and principle metabolic pathways of halogenated ethenes in mammals are briefly discussed. Furthermore, the bacterial degradation of halogenated compounds is reviewed and it is described how product toxicity may explain why most chlorinated ethenes are only degraded cometabolically under aerobic conditions. The cometabolic degradation of chlorinated ethenes by oxygenase-producing microorganisms has been extensively studied. The physiology and bioremediation potential of methanotrophs has been well characterized and an overview of the available data on these organisms is presented. The sensitivity of methanotrophs to product toxicity is a major limitation for the transformation of chlorinated ethenes by these organisms. Most toxic effects arise from the inability to detoxify the reactive chlorinated epoxyethanes occurring as primary metabolites. Therefore, the last part of this review focuses on the metabolic reactions and enzymes that are involved in the detoxification of epoxides in mammals. A key role is played by glutathione S-transferases. Furthermore, an overview is presented on the current knowledge about bacterial enzymes involved in the metabolism of epoxides. Such enzymes might be useful for detoxifying chlorinated ethene epoxides and an example of a glutathione S-transferase with activity for dichloroepoxyethane is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E van Hylckama Vlieg
- Department of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Favaloro B, Tamburro A, Trofino MA, Bologna L, Rotilio D, Heipieper HJ. Modulation of the glutathione S-transferase in Ochrobactrum anthropi: function of xenobiotic substrates and other forms of stress. Biochem J 2000; 346 Pt 2:553-9. [PMID: 10677378 PMCID: PMC1220885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The gluthathione S-transferase gene of the atrazine-degrading bacterium Ochrobactrum anthropi (OaGST) encodes a single-subunit polypeptide of 201 amino acid residues (Favaloro et al. 1998, Biochem. J. 335, 573-579). RNA blot analysis showed that the gene is transcribed into an mRNA of about 800 nucleotides, indicating a monocistronic transcription of the OaGST gene. The modulation of OaGST in this bacterium, in the presence of different stimulants, was investigated. The level of expression of OaGST was detected both by measuring the mRNA level and by immunoblotting experiments. OaGST is a constitutive enzyme which is also inducible by several stimulants. In fact, atrazine caused an increase in the expression of OaGST even at concentrations which had no effect on growth rates of the bacteria. Moreover, the presence of other aromatic substrates of this bacterium, such as phenol and chlorophenols, leads to a marked enhancement in OaGST expression. In this case, the expression of OaGST was related to growth inhibition and membrane damage caused by these hydrophobic compounds, and to the adaptive responses of the cell membranes. On the other hand, toluene and xylene, two aromatic compounds not degradable by this bacterium, did not induce the OaGST expression. The same was observed for other stress conditions such as low pH, heat shock, hydrogen peroxide, osmotic stress, starvation, the presence of aliphatic alcohols or heavy metals. These results suggest a co-regulation of the OaGST gene by the catabolic pathways of phenols and chlorophenols in this bacterium. Therefore, OaGST could function as a detoxifying agent within the catabolism of these xenobiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Favaloro
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, 'Gennaro Paone' Environmental Health Center, Via Nazionale, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bartels F, Backhaus S, Moore ER, Timmis KN, Hofer B. Occurrence and expression of glutathione-S-transferase-encoding bphK genes in Burkholderia sp. strain LB400 and other biphenyl-utilizing bacteria. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1999; 145 ( Pt 10):2821-34. [PMID: 10537204 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-145-10-2821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The gene bphK of Burkholderia sp. strain LB400 has previously been shown to be located within the bph locus, which specifies the degradation of biphenyl (BP) and chlorobiphenyls, and to encode a glutathione S-transferase (GST) which accepts 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as substrate. The specific physiological role of this gene is not known. It is now shown that the gene is expressed in the parental organism and that GST activity is induced more than 20-fold by growth of the strain on BP relative to succinate when these compounds serve as sole carbon source. Approximately the same induction factor was observed for 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase activity, which is encoded by the 5'-adjacent bphC gene. This suggests that the expression of bphK is coregulated with the expression of genes responsible for the catabolism of BP. A bphK probe detected only a single copy of the gene in strain LB400. A spontaneous BP- mutant of the organism neither gave a signal with the bphK probe nor showed CDNB-accepting GST activity, suggesting that this activity is solely encoded by bphK. Complementation of the mutant with a bph gene cluster devoid of bphK restored the ability to grow on BP, indicating that bphK is not essential for utilization of this carbon source. BphK activity proved to be almost unaffected by up to 100-fold differences in proton concentration or ionic strength. The enzyme showed a narrow range with respect to a variety of widely used electrophilic GST substrates, accepting only CDNB. A number of established laboratory strains as well as novel isolates able to grow on BP as sole carbon and energy source were examined for BphK activity and the presence of a bphK analogue. CDNB assays, probe hybridizations and PCR showed that several, but not all, BP degraders possess this type of GST activity and/or a closely related gene. In all bacteria showing BphK activity, this was induced by growth on BP as sole carbon source, although activity levels differed by up to 10-fold after growth on BP and by up to 60-fold after growth on succinate. This resulted in a variation of induction factors between 2 and 30. In the majority of bphK+ bacteria examined, the gene appeared to be part of LB400-like bph gene clusters. DNA sequencing revealed almost complete identity of bphK genes from five different bph gene clusters. These results suggest that bphK genes, although not essential, fulfill a strain-specific function related to the utilization of BPs by their host organisms. The usefulness of BphK as a reporter enzyme for monitoring the expression of catabolic pathways is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Bartels
- National Research Centre for Biotechnology (GBF), Division of Microbiology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Purification and biochemical properties of glutathione S-transferase from Oryza sativa. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(98)10135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
29
|
Rossjohn J, Polekhina G, Feil SC, Allocati N, Masulli M, Di Illio C, Parker MW. A mixed disulfide bond in bacterial glutathione transferase: functional and evolutionary implications. Structure 1998; 6:721-34. [PMID: 9655824 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(98)00074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a multifunctional group of enzymes, widely distributed in aerobic organisms, that have a critical role in the cellular detoxification process. Unlike their mammalian counterparts, bacterial GSTs often catalyze quite specific reactions, suggesting that their roles in bacteria might be different. The GST from Proteus mirabilis (PmGST B1-1) is known to bind certain antibiotics tightly and reduce the antimicrobial activity of beta-lactam drugs. Hence, bacterial GSTs may play a part in bacterial resistance towards antibiotics and are the subject of intense interest. RESULTS Here we present the structure of a bacterial GST, PmGST B1-1, which has been determined from two different crystal forms. The enzyme adopts the canonical GST fold although it shares less than 20% sequence identity with GSTs from higher organisms. The most surprising aspect of the structure is the observation that the substrate, glutathione, is covalently bound to Cys 10 of the enzyme. In addition, the highly structurally conserved N-terminal domain is found to have an additional beta strand. CONCLUSIONS The crystal structure of PmGST B1-1 has highlighted the importance of a cysteine residue in the catalytic cycle. Sequence analyses suggest that a number of other GSTs share this property, leading us to propose a new class of GSTs - the beta class. The data suggest that the in vivo role of the beta class GSTs could be as metabolic or redox enzymes rather than conjugating enzymes. Compelling evidence is presented that the theta class of GSTs evolved from an ancestral member of the thioredoxin superfamily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Rossjohn
- The Ian Potter Foundation Protein Crystallography Laboratory St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Allocati N, Aceto A, Cellini L, Masulli M, Dragani B, Petruzzelli R, Di Ilio C. Effect of anaerobic environment on the glutathione transferase isoenzymatic pattern in Proteus mirabilis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998; 147:157-62. [PMID: 9453936 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
When Proteus mirabilis was cultured anaerobically in the presence of nitrate as terminal electron acceptor, a dramatic reduction of glutathione transferase production occurred. The analysis of the glutathione affinity purified materials in terms of substrate specificity, SDS-PAGE pattern, IEF pattern and immunoblotting revealed that a significantly different glutathione transferase pattern also occurred: two new glutathione transferase forms with an isoelectric point at pH 4.8 and 5.0 appeared. Their N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis as well as the ability to bind to a glutathione affinity column indicate that major differences between anaerobic and aerobic glutathione transferase forms are mainly located in the C-terminal region of the primary structure. In contrast, no significant changes occurred in the production of glutathione transferase isoenzymes when P. mirabilis was grown anaerobically in the absence of a terminal electron acceptor. These results support the idea that bacterial glutathione transferase expression is not strictly related to the absence of oxygen stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Allocati
- Istituto di Medicina Sperimentale, Università G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Alkafaf NKT, Yeoman KH, Wexler M, Hussain H, Johnston AWB. Analysis of a Rhizobium leguminosarum gene encoding a protein homologous to glutathione S-transferases. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1997; 143 ( Pt 3):813-822. [PMID: 9084165 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-143-3-813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel Rhizobium leguminosarum gene, gstA, the sequence of which indicated that it was a member of the gene family of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), was identified. The homology was greatest to the GST enzymes of higher plants. The Rhizobium gstA gene was normally expressed at a very low level. The product of gstA was over-expressed and purified from Escherichia coli. It was shown to bind to the affinity matrix glutathione-Sepharose, but no enzymic GST activity with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as substrate was detected. gstA encoded a polypeptide of 203 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 21990 Da. Transcribed divergently from gstA is another gene, gstR, which was similar in sequence to the LysR family of bacterial transcriptional regulators. A mutation in gstR had no effect on the transcription of itself or gstA under the growth conditions used here. Mutations in gstA and gstR caused no obvious phenotypic defect and the biological functions of these genes remain to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kay H Yeoman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Margaret Wexler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Haitham Hussain
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Andrew W B Johnston
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Affiliation(s)
- S Vuilleumier
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Perito B, Allocati N, Casalone E, Masulli M, Dragani B, Polsinelli M, Aceto A, Di Ilio C. Molecular cloning and overexpression of a glutathione transferase gene from Proteus mirabilis. Biochem J 1996; 318 ( Pt 1):157-62. [PMID: 8761466 PMCID: PMC1217602 DOI: 10.1042/bj3180157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The structural gene of the Proteus mirabilis glutathione transferase GSTB1-1 (gstB) has been isolated from genomic DNA. A nucleotide sequence determination of gstB predicted a translational product of 203 amino acid residues, perfectly matching the sequence of the previously purified protein [Mignogna, Allocati, Aceto, Piccolomini, Di Ilio, Barra and Martini (1993) Eur. J. Biochem. 211, 421-425]. The P. mirabilis GST sequence revealed 56% identity with the Escherichia coli GST at DNA level and 54% amino acid identity. Similarity has been revealed also with the translation products of the recently cloned gene bphH from Haemophilus influenzae (28% identity) and ORF3 of Burkholderia cepacia (27% identity). Putative promoter sequences with high similarity to the E. coli sigma 70 consensus promoter and to promoters of P. mirabilis cat and glnA genes preceded the ATG of the gstB open reading frame (ORF). gstB was brought under control of the tac promoter and overexpressed in E. coli by induction with isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside and growth at 37 degrees C. The physicochemical and catalytic properties of overexpressed protein were indistinguishable from those of the enzyme purified from P. mirabilis extract. Unlike the GST belonging to Mu and Theta classes, GSTB1-1 was unable to metabolize dichloromethane. The study of the interaction of cloned GSTB1-1 with a number of antibiotics indicates that this enzyme actively participates in the binding of tetracyclines and rifamycin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Perito
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e Genetica, Università di Firenze, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Welihinda AA, Kaufman RJ. The unfolded protein response pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Oligomerization and trans-phosphorylation of Ire1p (Ern1p) are required for kinase activation. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:18181-7. [PMID: 8663458 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.30.18181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) results in a transcriptional induction of a number of ER chaperone proteins. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the putative transmembrane receptor kinase, Ire1p (Ern1p), has been implicated as the sensor of unfolded proteins in the ER that initiates transmittance of the unfolded protein signal from the ER to the nucleus. We have shown that the cytoplasmic domain of Ire1p receptor indeed has intrinsic Ser/Thr kinase activity and contains Ser/Thr phosphorylation sites as well. The cytoplasmic domain is also shown to form oligomers in vivo and in vitro. The ability to form oligomers primarily resides within the last 130 amino acids of the cytoplasmic domain, a region that is dispensable for in vitro kinase activity of the receptor. Oligomerization of the cytoplasmic domains is required for receptor trans-phosphorylation and subsequent activation of the kinase function. The activated kinase may transmit the unfolded protein signal from the ER to the nucleus to activate the transcription of the chaperone genes in the nucleus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Welihinda
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Research Institute, The University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0650, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Affiliation(s)
- A Raha
- Department of Pharmacology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nishida M, Kong KH, Inoue H, Takahashi K. Molecular cloning and site-directed mutagenesis of glutathione S-transferase from Escherichia coli. The conserved tyrosyl residue near the N terminus is not essential for catalysis. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)31667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
38
|
Allocati N, Cellini L, Aceto A, Iezzi T, Angelucci S, Robuffo I, Di Ilio C. Immunogold localization of glutathione transferase B1-1 in Proteus mirabilis. FEBS Lett 1994; 354:191-4. [PMID: 7957922 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)01115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
By using the immunolabelling technique, the cellular localization of glutathione transferase in Proteus mirabilis was investigated. Evidence was obtained indicating a significant higher content of glutathione transferase in the periplasmic than cytoplasmic space. This result further support the idea that bacterial glutathione transferase is involved in xenobiotic detoxication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Allocati
- Istituto di Medicina Sperimentale, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wilce MC, Parker MW. Structure and function of glutathione S-transferases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1205:1-18. [PMID: 8142473 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(94)90086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M C Wilce
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Vic., Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Affiliation(s)
- M J Penninckx
- Unité de Physiologie et Ecologie Microbiennes, Faculté des Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles, Instut Pasteur Brabant, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sheehan D, Casey JP. Microbial glutathione S-transferases. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 104:1-6. [PMID: 8448982 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(93)90330-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Sheehan
- Department of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Imai R, Nagata Y, Fukuda M, Takagi M, Yano K. Molecular cloning of a Pseudomonas paucimobilis gene encoding a 17-kilodalton polypeptide that eliminates HCl molecules from gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:6811-9. [PMID: 1718942 PMCID: PMC209032 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.21.6811-6819.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas paucimobilis UT26 is capable of growing on gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH). A genomic library of P. paucimobilis UT26 was constructed in Pseudomonas putida by using the broad-host-range cosmid vector pKS13. After 2,300 clones were screened by gas chromatography, 3 clones showing gamma-HCH degradation were detected. A 5-kb fragment from one of the cosmid clones was subcloned into pUC118, and subsequent deletion and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses revealed that a fragment of ca. 500 bp was responsible for the conversion of gamma-HCH to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene via gamma-pentachlorocyclohexene. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame (linA) of 465 bp within the fragment. The nucleotide sequence of the linA gene and the deduced amino acid sequence showed no similarity to any known sequences. The product of the linA gene was 16.5 kDa according to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Imai
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Harris JM, Meyer DJ, Coles B, Ketterer B. A novel glutathione transferase (13-13) isolated from the matrix of rat liver mitochondria having structural similarity to class theta enzymes. Biochem J 1991; 278 ( Pt 1):137-41. [PMID: 1883325 PMCID: PMC1151459 DOI: 10.1042/bj2780137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A rat liver mitochondrial-matrix fraction was prepared and shown to have 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene(CDNB)-metabolizing glutathione transferase (GST) activity. Further fractionation by sequential gel filtration, isoelectric focusing or chromatofocusing and hydroxyapatite chromatography yielded three GSTs of pI 9.3, 8.9 and 7.5, none of which bound to a GSH-agarose affinity matrix. Most of the activity was associated with the pI-9.3 form, which was selected for further study. Its activity was tested with the following potential substrates in addition to CDNB: 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, p-nitrobenzyl chloride, trans-4-phenylbut-3-en-2-one, 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane, ethacrynic acid, menaphthyl sulphate, cumene hydroperoxide, linoleic acid hydroperoxide and 4-hydroxynon-2-enal. Appreciable activity was obtained only with CDNB and ethacrynic acid (82 and 26 mumol/min per mg of protein respectively). The apparent Km for GSH, using 1 mM-CDNB, was 1.9 mM. The enzyme is a dimer of subunit Mr 26,500. It has a free N-terminus, which has enabled the first 33 amino acids to be sequenced. This portion of primary structure has a sequence in common with members of the Theta class of GSTs (eg. 36% identity with subunit 12) and also a sequence which might function as a mitochondrial import signal. It is novel and has been named 'GST 13-13'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, University College, London, U.K
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Affiliation(s)
- J E Suárez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Di Ilio C, Aceto A, Piccolomini R, Allocati N, Faraone A, Bucciarelli T, Barra D, Federici G. Purification and characterization of a novel glutathione transferase from Serratia marcescens. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1077:141-6. [PMID: 2015287 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(91)90050-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Four forms of glutathione transferase were resolved from the cytosol of Serratia marcescens CIP 6755 by GSH-affinity chromatography followed by isoelectric focusing. The major isoenzyme, named Sm-GST-7.3, is composed of two subunits each with a molecular mass of 22 kDa and has an isoelectric point at pH 7.3. Sm-GST-7.3, appears to be distinct from Pm-GST-6.0, previously characterized from Proteus mirabilis AF 2924 as indicated by its substrate specificity, immunological reactivity, subunit molecular mass as well as by its N-terminal amino acid sequence. None of the antisera raised against a number of human, rat and mouse GSTs cross-reacted with Sm-GST-7.3 indicating major structural differences between them and bacterial GST. This is further supported by the fact that the N-terminal sequence of Sm-GST-7.3 also differs significantly from the known sequences of mammalian GSTs of alpha, mu and pi classes. In addition, comparison with the known N-terminal amino acid sequences of helminth, plant and insect GSTs demonstrate that the latter enzymes are distantly related (less than 25% identity) to the Sm-GST-7.3. Immunoblotting experiments performed with antisera raised against Sm-GST-7.3 indicate that a GST immunologically identical to Sm-GST-7.3 is present in a number of other bacterial strains. All together the results obtained suggest that Sm-GST-7.3 is distinct from any known GST, including microbial and mammalian GSTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Di Ilio
- Instituti di Scienze Biochimiche e Medicina Sperimentale, Facoltà di Medicina, Università G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Arca P, García P, Hardisson C, Suárez JE. Purification and study of a bacterial glutathione S-transferase. FEBS Lett 1990; 263:77-9. [PMID: 2185038 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)80709-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A glutathione S-transferase from Escherichia coli has been purified approximately 800-fold with an 11% activity yield by passage through DEAE Sephacel and glutathione-agarose affinity columns. Its functional form is a homodimer of two 24,000 Da polypeptides that catalyzes the binding of glutathione and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene with Km values of 0.25 and 1.5 mM, respectively. Optima of pH and temperature were 7.5 and 35 degrees C. The activity was stimulated (30%) by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The N-terminal amino acid sequence was: Met-Leu-Leu-Phe-Ile-Leu-Pro-Gly-Ala.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Arca
- Area de Microbiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|