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Liu J, Wang L, Jiang S, Wang Z, Li H, Wang H. Mining of Minor Disease Resistance Genes in V. vinifera Grapes Based on Transcriptome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15311. [PMID: 37894991 PMCID: PMC10607095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraspecific recurrent selection in V. vinifera is an effective method for grape breeding with high quality and disease resistance. The core theory of this method is the substitution accumulation of multi-genes with low disease resistance. The discovery of multi-genes for disease resistance in V. vinifera may provide a molecular basis for breeding for disease resistance in V. vinifera. In this study, resistance to downy mildew was identified, and genetic analysis was carried out in the intraspecific crossing population of V. vinifera (Ecolly × Dunkelfelder) to screen immune, highly resistant and disease-resistant plant samples; transcriptome sequencing and differential expression analysis were performed using high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that there were 546 differential genes (194 up-regulated and 352 down-regulated) in the immune group compared to the highly resistant group, and 199 differential genes (50 up-regulated and 149 down-regulated) in the highly resistant group compared to the resistant group, there were 103 differential genes (54 up-regulated and 49 down-regulated) in the immune group compared to the resistant group. KEGG analysis of differentially expressed genes in the immune versus high-resistance group. The pathway is mainly concentrated in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, MAPK signaling pathway-plant, carotenoid biosyn-thesis and isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis. The differential gene functions of immune and resistant, high-resistant and resistant combinations were mainly enriched in plant-pathogen interaction pathway. Through the analysis of disease resistance-related genes in each pathway, the potential minor resistance genes in V. vinifera were mined, and the accumulation of minor resistance genes was analyzed from the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Liu
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.L.); (L.W.); (S.J.); (Z.W.)
| | - Liang Wang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.L.); (L.W.); (S.J.); (Z.W.)
| | - Shan Jiang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.L.); (L.W.); (S.J.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhilei Wang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.L.); (L.W.); (S.J.); (Z.W.)
| | - Hua Li
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.L.); (L.W.); (S.J.); (Z.W.)
- China Wine Industry Technology Institute, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Xianyang 712100, China
- Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Hua Wang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.L.); (L.W.); (S.J.); (Z.W.)
- China Wine Industry Technology Institute, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Xianyang 712100, China
- Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Xianyang 712100, China
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Holmes CL, Wilcox AE, Forsyth V, Smith SN, Moricz BS, Unverdorben LV, Mason S, Wu W, Zhao L, Mobley HLT, Bachman MA. Klebsiella pneumoniae causes bacteremia using factors that mediate tissue-specific fitness and resistance to oxidative stress. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011233. [PMID: 37463183 PMCID: PMC10381055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteremia is a major cause of global morbidity involving three phases of pathogenesis: initial site infection, dissemination, and survival in the blood and filtering organs. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a leading cause of bacteremia and pneumonia is often the initial infection. In the lung, K. pneumoniae relies on many factors like capsular polysaccharide and branched chain amino acid biosynthesis for virulence and fitness. However, mechanisms directly enabling bloodstream fitness are unclear. Here, we performed transposon insertion sequencing (TnSeq) in a tail-vein injection model of bacteremia and identified 58 K. pneumoniae bloodstream fitness genes. These factors are diverse and represent a variety of cellular processes. In vivo validation revealed tissue-specific mechanisms by which distinct factors support bacteremia. ArnD, involved in Lipid A modification, was required across blood filtering organs and supported resistance to soluble splenic factors. The purine biosynthesis enzyme PurD supported liver fitness in vivo and was required for replication in serum. PdxA, a member of the endogenous vitamin B6 biosynthesis pathway, optimized replication in serum and lung fitness. The stringent response regulator SspA was required for splenic fitness yet was dispensable in the liver. In a bacteremic pneumonia model that incorporates initial site infection and dissemination, splenic fitness defects were enhanced. ArnD, PurD, DsbA, SspA, and PdxA increased fitness across bacteremia phases and each demonstrated unique fitness dynamics within compartments in this model. SspA and PdxA enhanced K. pnuemoniae resistance to oxidative stress. SspA, but not PdxA, specifically resists oxidative stress produced by NADPH oxidase Nox2 in the lung, spleen, and liver, as it was a fitness factor in wild-type but not Nox2-deficient (Cybb-/-) mice. These results identify site-specific fitness factors that act during the progression of Gram-negative bacteremia. Defining K. pneumoniae fitness strategies across bacteremia phases could illuminate therapeutic targets that prevent infection and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn L Holmes
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Alexis E Wilcox
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Valerie Forsyth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sara N Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Bridget S Moricz
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lavinia V Unverdorben
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sophia Mason
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Weisheng Wu
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lili Zhao
- Research Institute, Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Harry L T Mobley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael A Bachman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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3
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Assessing and reducing phenotypic instability in cyanobacteria. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 80:102899. [PMID: 36724584 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.102899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria have promising potential as sustainable cell factories. However, one challenge that is still largely unreported in scaling-up cyanobacteria bioproduction is phenotypic instability, where the emergence and selection of nonproducing cells leading to loss in production has longer evolutionary timescales to take place in industrial-scale bioreactors. Quantifying phenotypic instability early on in strain development allows researchers to make informed decisions on whether to proceed with scalable designs, or if present, devise countermeasures to reduce instability. One particularly effective strategy to mitigate instability is the use of genome-scale metabolic models to design growth-coupled production strains. In silico studies have predicted that creating certain cofactor imbalances or removing recycling reactions in cyanobacteria can be exploited to stably produce a wide variety of metabolites.
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Ianutsevich EA, Danilova OA, Antropova AB, Tereshina VM. Acquired thermotolerance, membrane lipids and osmolytes profiles of xerohalophilic fungus Aspergillus penicillioides under heat shock. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:909-917. [PMID: 36906381 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Xerophilic fungi accumulate a large amount of glycerol in the cytosol to counterbalance the external osmotic pressure. But during heat shock (HS) majority of fungi accumulate a thermoprotective osmolyte trehalose. Since glycerol and trehalose are synthesized in the cell from the same precursor (glucose), we hypothesised that, under heat shock conditions, xerophiles growing in media with high concentrations of glycerol may acquire greater thermotolerance than those grown in media with high concentrations of NaCl. Therefore, the composition of membrane lipids and osmolytes of the fungus Aspergillus penicillioides, growing in 2 different media under HS conditions was studied and the acquired thermotolerance was assessed. It was found that in the salt-containing medium an increase in the proportion of phosphatidic acids against a decrease in the proportion of phosphatidylethanolamines is observed in the composition of membrane lipids, and the level of glycerol in the cytosol decreases 6-fold, while in the medium with glycerol, changes in the composition of membrane lipids are insignificant and the level of glycerol is reduced by no more than 30%. In the mycelium trehalose level have increased in both media, but did not exceed 1% of dry weight. However, after exposure to HS the fungus acquires greater thermotolerance in the medium with glycerol than in the medium with salt. The data obtained indicate the interrelation between changes in the composition of osmolytes and membrane lipids in the adaptive response to HS, as well as the synergistic effect of glycerol and trehalose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Ianutsevich
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave, 119071, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Olga A Danilova
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave, 119071, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Anna B Antropova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera», 5А, Malyy Kazennyy Pereulok, 105064, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Vera M Tereshina
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave, 119071, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Montanhaur ADRS, Lima EDO, Delafiori J, Esteves CZ, Prado CCR, Allegretti SM, Ueta MT, Levy CE, Catharino RR. Metabolic alterations in Strongyloidiasis stool samples unveil potential biomarkers of infection. Acta Trop 2022; 227:106279. [PMID: 34968451 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis, a parasitosis caused by Strongyloides stercoralis in humans, is a very prevalent infection in tropical or subtropical areas. Gaps on public health strategies corroborates to the high global incidence of strongyloidiasis especially due to challenges involved on its diagnosis. Based on the lack of a gold-standard diagnostic tool, we aimed to present a metabolomic study for the assessment of stool metabolic alterations. Stool samples were collected from 25 patients segregated into positive for strongyloidiasis (n = 10) and negative control (n = 15) and prepared for direct injection high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis. Using metabolomics workflow, 18 metabolites were annotated increased or decreased in strongyloidiasis condition, from which a group of 5 biomarkers comprising caprylic acid, mannitol, glucose, lysophosphatidylinositol and hydroxy-dodecanoic acid demonstrated accuracy over 89% to be explored as potential markers. The observed metabolic alteration in stool samples indicates involvement of microbiota remodeling, parasite constitution, and host response during S. stercoralis infection.
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Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase, MpdA, is required for mannitol production in vegetative cells and involved in hyphal branching, heat resistance of conidia and sexual development in Aspergillus nidulans. Curr Genet 2021; 67:613-630. [PMID: 33683401 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-021-01163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus nidulans produces cleistothecia as sexual reproductive organs in a process affected by genetic and external factors. To gain a deeper insight into A. nidulans sexual development, we performed comparative proteome analyses based on the wild type developmental periods. We identified sexual development-specific proteins with a more than twofold increase in production during hypoxia or the sexual period compared to the asexual period. Among the sexual development-specific proteins analyzed by gene-deletion experiments and functional assays, MpdA, a putative mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase, plays multiple roles in growth and differentiation of A. nidulans. The most distinct mpdA-deletion phenotype was ascosporogenesis failure. Genetic mpdA deletion resulted in small cleistothecia with no functional ascospores. Transcriptional analyses indicated that MpdA modulates the expression of key development- and meiosis-regulatory genes during sexual development. The mpdA deletion increased hyphal branching and decreased conidial heat resistance. Mannitol production in conidia showed no difference, whereas it was decreased in mycelia and sexual cultures. Addition of mannitol during vegetative growth recovered the defects in conidial heat resistance and ascospore genesis. Taken together, these results indicate that MpdA plays an important role in sexual development, hyphal branching, and conidial heat resistance in Aspergillus nidulans.
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Danilova OA, Ianutsevich EA, Bondarenko SA, Georgieva ML, Vikchizhanina DA, Groza NV, Bilanenko EN, Tereshina VM. Osmolytes and membrane lipids in the adaptation of micromycete Emericellopsis alkalina to ambient pH and sodium chloride. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:884-891. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hackenschmidt S, Bracharz F, Daniel R, Thürmer A, Bruder S, Kabisch J. Effects of a high-cultivation temperature on the physiology of three different Yarrowia lipolytica strains. FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 19:5586564. [PMID: 31605534 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foz068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing relevance, ranging from academic research to industrial applications, only a limited number of non-conventional, oleaginous Yarrowia lipolytica strains are characterized in detail. Therefore, we analyzed three strains in regard to their metabolic and physiological properties, especially with respect to important characteristics of a production strain. By investigating different cultivation conditions and media compositions, similarities and differences between the distinct strain backgrounds could be derived. Especially sugar alcohol production, as well as an agglomeration of cells were found to be connected with growth at high temperatures. In addition, sugar alcohol production was independent of high substrate concentrations under these conditions. To investigate the genotypic basis of particular traits, including growth characteristics and metabolite concentrations, genomic analysis were performed. We found sequence variations for one third of the annotated proteins but no obvious link to all phenotypic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hackenschmidt
- Computergestützte Synthetische Biologie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 10, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - F Bracharz
- Computergestützte Synthetische Biologie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 10, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - R Daniel
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - A Thürmer
- MF 2: Genomsequenzierung, Robert Koch Institute Berlin, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Bruder
- Computergestützte Synthetische Biologie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 10, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - J Kabisch
- Computergestützte Synthetische Biologie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 10, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
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Wu W, Du W, Gallego RP, Hellingwerf KJ, van der Woude AD, Branco dos Santos F. Using osmotic stress to stabilize mannitol production in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:117. [PMID: 32636923 PMCID: PMC7331161 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01755-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mannitol is a C(6) polyol that is used in the food and medical sector as a sweetener and antioxidant, respectively. The sustainable production of mannitol, especially via the direct conversion of CO2 by photosynthetic cyanobacteria, has become increasingly appealing. However, previous work aiming to achieve mannitol production in the marine Synechococcus sp. PCC7002 via heterologous expression of mannitol-1-phosphate-5-dehydrogenase (mtlD) and mannitol-1-phosphatase (m1p, in short: a 'mannitol cassette'), proved to be genetically unstable. In this study, we aim to overcome this genetic instability by conceiving a strategy to stabilize mannitol production using Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 as a model cyanobacterium. RESULTS Here, we explore the stabilizing effect that mannitol production may have on cells faced with osmotic stress, in the freshwater cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. We first validated that mannitol can function as a compatible solute in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, and in derivative strains in which the ability to produce one or both of the native compatible solutes was impaired. Wild-type Synechocystis, complemented with a mannitol cassette, indeed showed increased salt tolerance, which was even more evident in Synechocystis strains in which the ability to synthesize the endogenous compatible solutes was impaired. Next we tested the genetic stability of all these strains with respect to their mannitol productivity, with and without salt stress, during prolonged turbidostat cultivations. The obtained results show that mannitol production under salt stress conditions in the Synechocystis strain that cannot synthesize its endogenous compatible solutes is remarkably stable, while the control strain completely loses this ability in only 6 days. DNA sequencing results of the control groups that lost the ability to synthesize mannitol revealed that multiple types of mutation occurred in the mtlD gene that can explain the disruption of mannitol production. CONCLUSIONS Mannitol production in freshwater Synechocsytis sp. PCC6803 confers it with increased salt tolerance. Under this strategy, genetically instability which was the major challenge for mannitol production in cyanobacteria is tackled. This paper marks the first report of utilization of the response to salt stress as a factor that can increase the stability of mannitol production in a cyanobacterial cell factory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyang Wu
- Molecular Microbial Physiology Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Du
- Molecular Microbial Physiology Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth Perez Gallego
- Photanol B.V, Matrix V, Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Present Address: NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 59, Den Burg, Texel, 1790 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas J. Hellingwerf
- Molecular Microbial Physiology Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Photanol B.V, Matrix V, Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Filipe Branco dos Santos
- Molecular Microbial Physiology Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wang N, Chi P, Zou Y, Xu Y, Xu S, Bilal M, Fickers P, Cheng H. Metabolic engineering of Yarrowia lipolytica for thermoresistance and enhanced erythritol productivity. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:176. [PMID: 33093870 PMCID: PMC7576711 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01815-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional sugar alcohols have been widely used in the food, medicine, and pharmaceutical industries for their unique properties. Among these, erythritol is a zero calories sweetener produced by the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. However, in wild-type strains, erythritol is produced with low productivity and yield and only under high osmotic pressure together with other undesired polyols, such as mannitol or d-arabitol. The yeast is also able to catabolize erythritol in non-stressing conditions. RESULTS Herein, Y. lipolytica has been metabolically engineered to increase erythritol production titer, yield, and productivity from glucose. This consisted of the disruption of anabolic pathways for mannitol and d-arabitol together with the erythritol catabolic pathway. Genes ZWF1 and GND encoding, respectively, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were also constitutively expressed in regenerating the NADPH2 consumed during erythritol synthesis. Finally, the gene RSP5 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae encoding ubiquitin ligase was overexpressed to improve cell thermoresistance. The resulting strain HCY118 is impaired in mannitol or d-arabitol production and erythritol consumption. It can grow well up to 35 °C and retain an efficient erythritol production capacity at 33 °C. The yield, production, and productivity reached 0.63 g/g, 190 g/L, and 1.97 g/L·h in 2-L flasks, and increased to 0.65 g/g, 196 g/L, and 2.51 g/L·h in 30-m3 fermentor, respectively, which has economical practical importance. CONCLUSION The strategy developed herein yielded an engineered Y. lipolytica strain with enhanced thermoresistance and NADPH supply, resulting in a higher ability to produce erythritol, but not mannitol or d-arabitol from glucose. This is of interest for process development since it will reduce the cost of bioreactor cooling and erythritol purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yawen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yirong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - M. Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003 China
| | - Patrick Fickers
- Microbial Process and Interaction, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liege – Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Hairong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Sahin AW, Zannini E, Coffey A, Arendt EK. Sugar reduction in bakery products: Current strategies and sourdough technology as a potential novel approach. Food Res Int 2019; 126:108583. [PMID: 31732069 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The world is facing a big problem of non-communicable diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. An excessive sugar consumption is considered as a main factor, which triggers these diseases. The two main sources of sugar in processed products on the market are sugar-sweetened beverages and sweet bakery products. Sugar reduction is challenging, especially in baked goods, since it interacts significantly with all ingredients. These interactions cause an increase in gelatinization temperature, a delay in gluten network development, an increase or decrease in yeast activity depending on the sugar concentration, as well as an enhancement of emulsification. Reflecting the molecular interactions on the product quality characteristics of different types of baked goods, sugar also contributes to browning reactions and extension of microbial shelf life. During cake preparation, sugar supports the batter aeration which results in the typical soft cake crumb. Furthermore, it contributes to the spreading process of biscuits during baking and enhances surface cracking due to recrystallization. Sugar reduction requires the development of different strategies; Two well-known strategies are the replacement of added sugar by the combination of bulking agents and high-intensive sweeteners, or by sweet bulking ingredients, such as polyols. The in-situ production of polyols to enhance sweetness, and exopolysaccharides to improve texture, in a sourdough system shows high potential as sugar replacement. Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Leuconostoc citreum are high mannitol producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains with yields of 70-98% and Leuconostoc oenos was found to produce erythritol. Furthermore, the yeast strain Candida milleri isolated from sourdough produces xylitol in the presence of xylose. Exopolysaccharides produced by LAB and/or yeasts are known to improve the texture and structure of bakery products and, thus, have high potential as natural functional ingredients to compensate quality loss in sweet bakery goods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin W Sahin
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Emanuele Zannini
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Aidan Coffey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Ireland
| | - Elke K Arendt
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland.
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Mbuyane LL, de Kock M, Bauer FF, Divol B. Torulaspora delbrueckii produces high levels of C5 and C6 polyols during wine fermentations. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 18:5061120. [PMID: 30060050 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-Saccharomyces yeasts impact wine fermentations and can diversify the flavor profiles of wines. However, little information is available on the metabolic networks of most of these species. Here we show that unlike the main wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Torulaspora delbrueckii and to a lesser extent Lachancea thermotolerans produce significant concentrations of C5 and C6 polyols under wine fermentation conditions. In particular, D-arabitol, D-sorbitol and D-mannitol were produced at significant levels. Their release into the extracellular matrix started when that of glycerol ceased. The data also show that polyol production is influenced by initial sugar concentration, repressed by acetic acid and induced in ethanol supplemented media. Moreover, unlike glycerol and sorbitol, mannitol was partially re-assimilated when populations started to decline. The findings suggest that polyol synthesis is a physiological adaptation to stressful conditions characteristic of alcoholic fermentation and that these polyols may serve a similar purpose as glycerol production in S. cerevisiae, including osmoadaptation and redox balancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lethiwe L Mbuyane
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Marli de Kock
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Florian F Bauer
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Benoit Divol
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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Turner TL, Kim H, Kong II, Liu JJ, Zhang GC, Jin YS. Engineering and Evolution of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Produce Biofuels and Chemicals. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 162:175-215. [PMID: 27913828 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To mitigate global climate change caused partly by the use of fossil fuels, the production of fuels and chemicals from renewable biomass has been attempted. The conversion of various sugars from renewable biomass into biofuels by engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is one major direction which has grown dramatically in recent years. As well as shifting away from fossil fuels, the production of commodity chemicals by engineered S. cerevisiae has also increased significantly. The traditional approaches of biochemical and metabolic engineering to develop economic bioconversion processes in laboratory and industrial settings have been accelerated by rapid advancements in the areas of yeast genomics, synthetic biology, and systems biology. Together, these innovations have resulted in rapid and efficient manipulation of S. cerevisiae to expand fermentable substrates and diversify value-added products. Here, we discuss recent and major advances in rational (relying on prior experimentally-derived knowledge) and combinatorial (relying on high-throughput screening and genomics) approaches to engineer S. cerevisiae for producing ethanol, butanol, 2,3-butanediol, fatty acid ethyl esters, isoprenoids, organic acids, rare sugars, antioxidants, and sugar alcohols from glucose, xylose, cellobiose, galactose, acetate, alginate, mannitol, arabinose, and lactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Turner
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Heejin Kim
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - In Iok Kong
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jing-Jing Liu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Guo-Chang Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Sekova VY, Dergacheva DI, Tereshina VM, Isakova EP, Deryabina YI. Carbohydrate Spectrum of Extremophilic Yeasts Yarrowia lipolytica under pH Stress. Microbiology (Reading) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261718020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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15
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Shin Y, Lee S, Ku M, Kwak MK, Kang SO. Cytochrome c peroxidase regulates intracellular reactive oxygen species and methylglyoxal via enzyme activities of erythroascorbate peroxidase and glutathione-related enzymes in Candida albicans. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 92:183-201. [PMID: 29031807 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
D-erythroascorbate peroxidase (EAPX1) deficiency causes glutathione deprivation, leading to the accumulation of methylglyoxal and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and especially, induction of cytochrome c peroxidase (Ccp1) in Candida albicans. Nevertheless, reciprocal effects between changes in Ccp1 activity and the antioxidative D-erythroascorbic acid- and glutathione-dependent redox status, which reflects methylglyoxal biosynthesis altering pathophysiology are unclear in eukaryotes. To elucidate the effect of CCP1 expression on EAPX1 and glutathione reductase (Glr1) activity-mediated D-erythroascorbic acid biosynthesis and redox homeostasis, the CCP1 gene was disrupted and overexpressed. First, we demonstrated both glutathione-independent and-dependent metabolite contents and their corresponding gene transcripts and enzyme activities (i.e., Ccp1, catalase-peroxidase [KatG], superoxide dismutase [Sod], Eapx1, and Glr1) in CCP1 mutants. Second, methylglyoxal-oxidizing alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh1) and methylglyoxal-reducing oxidoreductase activity on glycolytic methylglyoxal and pyruvate production and NAD(P)H content were determined in these mutants. Contrary to our expectation, CCP1 disruption (42.19±3.22nmolO2h-1mgwetcell-1) failed to affect cell respiration compared to the wild-type strain (41.62±7.11nmolO2h-1mgwetcell-1) under cyanide treatment, and in contrast to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment (21.74±1.03nmol O2h-1mgwetcell-1). Additionally, Ccp1 predominantly detoxified H2O2 rather than negligible scavenging activities towards methylglyoxal and other oxidants. CCP1 deficiency stimulated Sod and Adh1 activity but downregulated Glr1, Eapx1, catalase, and peroxidase activity while enhancing KatG, EAPX1, and GLR1 transcription by decreasing glutathione and D-erythroascorbic acid and increasing pyruvate. Noticeably, the ROS-accumulating CCP1-deficient mutant maintained steady-state levels of methylglyoxal, which was revealed to be regulated by methylglyoxal-oxidizing and -reducing activity with drastic changes in NAD(P)H. We confirmed and clarified our results by showing that CCP1/EAPX1 double disruptants underwent severe growth defects due to the D-erythroascorbic acid and glutathione depletion because of pyruvate overaccumulation. These observations were made in both budding and hyphal-growing CCP1 mutants. The revealed metabolic network involving Ccp1 and other redox regulators affected ROS and methylglyoxal through D-erythroascorbic acid and glutathione-dependent metabolites, thereby influencing dimorphism. This is the first report of the Ccp1-mediated D-erythroascorbic acid and glutathione biosynthesis accompanying methylglyoxal scavengers for full fungal virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoungHo Shin
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkyoung Lee
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - MyungHee Ku
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Kwak
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sa-Ouk Kang
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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16
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The molecular mechanism and post-transcriptional regulation characteristic of Tetragenococcus halophilus acclimation to osmotic stress revealed by quantitative proteomics. J Proteomics 2017; 168:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Ruiz Rodríguez LG, Aller K, Bru E, De Vuyst L, Hébert EM, Mozzi F. Enhanced mannitol biosynthesis by the fruit origin strain Fructobacillus tropaeoli CRL 2034. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:6165-6177. [PMID: 28674850 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mannitol is a natural low-calorie sugar alcohol produced by certain (micro)organisms applicable in foods for diabetics due to its zero glycemic index. In this work, we evaluated mannitol production and yield by the fruit origin strain Fructobacillus tropaeoli CRL 2034 using response surface methodology with central composite design (CCD) as optimization strategy. The effect of the total saccharide (glucose + fructose, 1:2) content (TSC) in the medium (75, 100, 150, 200, and 225 g/l) and stirring (S; 50, 100, 200, 300 and 350 rpm) on mannitol production and yield by this strain was evaluated by using a 22 full-factorial CCD with 4 axial points (α = 1.5) and four replications of the center point, leading to 12 random experimental runs. Fermentations were carried out at 30 °C and pH 5.0 for 24 h. Minitab-15 software was used for experimental design and data analyses. The multiple response prediction analysis established 165 g/l of TSC and 200 rpm of S as optimal culture conditions to reach 85.03 g/l [95% CI (78.68, 91.39)] of mannitol and a yield of 82.02% [95% CI (71.98, 92.06)]. Finally, a validation experiment was conducted at the predicted optimum levels. The results obtained were 81.91 g/l of mannitol with a yield of 77.47% in outstanding agreement with the expected values. The mannitol 2-dehydrogenase enzyme activity was determined with 4.6-4.9 U/mg as the highest value found. To conclude, F. tropaeoli CRL 2034 produced high amounts of high-quality mannitol from fructose, being an excellent candidate for this polyol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana G Ruiz Rodríguez
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145, T4000, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Kadri Aller
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145, T4000, Tucumán, Argentina.,Center for Food and Fermentation Technologies, Akadeemia tee 15A, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Elena Bru
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145, T4000, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Luc De Vuyst
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elvira M Hébert
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145, T4000, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Mozzi
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145, T4000, Tucumán, Argentina.
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18
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Managbanag JR, Torzilli AP. An analysis of trehalose, glycerol, and mannitol accumulation during heat and salt stress in a salt marsh isolate ofAureobasidium pullulans. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2003.11833203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jim Ray Managbanag
- American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Virginia, 20110-2209
| | - Albert P. Torzilli
- Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 22030-4444
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19
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Huang X, Wang L, Laserna AKC, Li SFY. Correlations in the elemental and metabolic profiles of the lichenDirinaria pictaafter road traffic exposure. Metallomics 2017; 9:1610-1621. [DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00207f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Diverse metabolites were identified in lichens and their correlations with heavy metals revealed metabolic toxicity and the detoxification mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulei Huang
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | | | - Sam Fong Yau Li
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI)
- Singapore 117411
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20
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Marcos CM, de Oliveira HC, de Melo WDCMA, da Silva JDF, Assato PA, Scorzoni L, Rossi SA, de Paula E Silva ACA, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Fusco-Almeida AM. Anti-Immune Strategies of Pathogenic Fungi. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:142. [PMID: 27896220 PMCID: PMC5108756 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi have developed many strategies to evade the host immune system. Multiple escape mechanisms appear to function together to inhibit attack by the various stages of both the adaptive and the innate immune response. Thus, after entering the host, such pathogens fight to overcome the immune system to allow their survival, colonization and spread to different sites of infection. Consequently, the establishment of a successful infectious process is closely related to the ability of the pathogen to modulate attack by the immune system. Most strategies employed to subvert or exploit the immune system are shared among different species of fungi. In this review, we summarize the main strategies employed for immune evasion by some of the major pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Marcos
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Univ Estadual Paulista São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Haroldo C de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Univ Estadual Paulista São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Wanessa de Cássia M Antunes de Melo
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Univ Estadual Paulista São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Julhiany de Fátima da Silva
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Univ Estadual Paulista São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Patrícia A Assato
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Univ Estadual Paulista São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Liliana Scorzoni
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Univ Estadual Paulista São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Suélen A Rossi
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Univ Estadual Paulista São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ana C A de Paula E Silva
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Univ Estadual Paulista São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maria J S Mendes-Giannini
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Univ Estadual Paulista São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ana M Fusco-Almeida
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Univ Estadual Paulista São Paulo, Brasil
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21
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Yu H, Si P, Shao W, Qiao X, Yang X, Gao D, Wang Z. Response of enzyme activities and microbial communities to soil amendment with sugar alcohols. Microbiologyopen 2016; 5:604-15. [PMID: 27005019 PMCID: PMC4985594 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in microbial community structure are widely known to occur after soil amendment with low-molecular-weight organic compounds; however, there is little information on concurrent changes in soil microbial functional diversity and enzyme activities, especially following sorbitol and mannitol amendment. Soil microbial functional diversity and enzyme activities can be impacted by sorbitol and mannitol, which in turn can alter soil fertility and quality. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of sorbitol and mannitol addition on microbial functional diversity and enzyme activities. The results demonstrated that sorbitol and mannitol addition altered the soil microbial community structure and improved enzyme activities. Specifically, the addition of sorbitol enhanced the community-level physiological profile (CLPP) compared with the control, whereas the CLPP was significantly inhibited by the addition of mannitol. The results of a varimax rotated component matrix demonstrated that carbohydrates, polymers, and carboxylic acids affected the soil microbial functional structure. Additionally, we found that enzyme activities were affected by both the concentration and type of inputs. In the presence of high concentrations of sorbitol, the urease, catalase, alkaline phosphatase, β-glucosidase, and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activities were significantly increased, while invertase activity was decreased. Similarly, this increase in invertase, catalase, and alkaline phosphatase and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activities was especially evident after mannitol addition, and urease activity was only slightly affected. In contrast, β-glucosidase activity was suppressed at the highest concentration. These results indicate that microbial community diversity and enzyme activities are significantly affected by soil amendment with sorbitol and mannitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Yu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouHenan450000China
| | - Peng Si
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouHenan450000China
| | - Wei Shao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouHenan450000China
| | - Xiansheng Qiao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouHenan450000China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouHenan450000China
| | - Dengtao Gao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouHenan450000China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouHenan450000China
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22
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Patel TK, Williamson JD. Mannitol in Plants, Fungi, and Plant-Fungal Interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:486-497. [PMID: 26850794 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although the presence of mannitol in organisms as diverse as plants and fungi clearly suggests that this compound has important roles, our understanding of fungal mannitol metabolism and its interaction with mannitol metabolism in plants is far from complete. Despite recent inroads into understanding the importance of mannitol and its metabolic roles in salt, osmotic, and oxidative stress tolerance in plants and fungi, our current understanding of exactly how mannitol protects against reactive oxygen is also still incomplete. In this opinion, we propose a new model of the interface between mannitol metabolism in plants and fungi and how it impacts plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takshay K Patel
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - John D Williamson
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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23
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Wyatt TT, Wösten HAB, Dijksterhuis J. Fungal spores for dispersion in space and time. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 85:43-91. [PMID: 23942148 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407672-3.00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spores are an integral part of the life cycle of the gross majority of fungi. Their morphology and the mode of formation are both highly variable among the fungi, as is their resistance to stressors. The main aim for spores is to be dispersed, both in space, by various mechanisms or in time, by an extended period of dormancy. Some fungal ascospores belong to the most stress-resistant eukaryotic cells described to date. Stabilization is a process in which biomolecules and complexes thereof are protected by different types of molecules against heat, drought, or other molecules. This review discusses the most important compounds that are known to protect fungal spores and also addresses the biophysics of cell protection. It further covers the phenomena of dormancy, breaking of dormancy, and early germination. Germination is the transition from a dormant cell toward a vegetative cell and includes a number of specific changes. Finally, the applied aspects of spore biology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timon T Wyatt
- Department of Applied and Industrial Mycology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Meena M, Prasad V, Zehra A, Gupta VK, Upadhyay RS. Mannitol metabolism during pathogenic fungal-host interactions under stressed conditions. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1019. [PMID: 26441941 PMCID: PMC4585237 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous plants and fungi produce mannitol, which may serve as an osmolyte or metabolic store; furthermore, mannitol also acts as a powerful quencher of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Some phytopathogenic fungi use mannitol to stifle ROS-mediated plant resistance. Mannitol is essential in pathogenesis to balance cell reinforcements produced by both plants and animals. Mannitol likewise serves as a source of reducing power, managing coenzymes, and controlling cytoplasmic pH by going about as a sink or hotspot for protons. The metabolic pathways for mannitol biosynthesis and catabolism have been characterized in filamentous fungi by direct diminishment of fructose-6-phosphate into mannitol-1-phosphate including a mannitol-1-phosphate phosphatase catalyst. In plants mannitol is integrated from mannose-6-phosphate to mannitol-1-phosphate, which then dephosphorylates to mannitol. The enzyme mannitol dehydrogenase plays a key role in host–pathogen interactions and must be co-localized with pathogen-secreted mannitol to resist the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Meena
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
| | - Vishal Prasad
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
| | - Andleeb Zehra
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
| | - Vijai K Gupta
- Molecular Glycobiotechnology Group, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway Galway, Ireland
| | - Ram S Upadhyay
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
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Patel TK, Krasnyanski SF, Allen GC, Louws FJ, Panthee DR, Williamson JD. Tomato Plants Overexpressing a Celery Mannitol Dehydrogenase (MTD) Have Decreased Susceptibility to <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2015.68116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Trontin C, Kiani S, Corwin JA, Hématy K, Yansouni J, Kliebenstein DJ, Loudet O. A pair of receptor-like kinases is responsible for natural variation in shoot growth response to mannitol treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 78:121-33. [PMID: 24479634 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Growth is a complex trait that adapts to the prevailing conditions by integrating many internal and external signals. Understanding the molecular origin of this variation remains a challenging issue. In this study, natural variation of shoot growth under mannitol-induced stress was analyzed by standard quantitative trait locus mapping methods in a recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between the Col-0 and Cvi-0 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. Cloning of a major QTL specific to mannitol-induced stress condition led to identification of EGM1 and EGM2, a pair of tandem-duplicated genes encoding receptor-like kinases that are potentially involved in signaling of mannitol-associated stress responses. Using various genetic approaches, we identified two non-synonymous mutations in the EGM2[Cvi] allele that are shared by at least ten accessions from various origins and are probably responsible for a specific tolerance to mannitol. We have shown that the enhanced shoot growth phenotype contributed by the Cvi allele is not linked to generic osmotic properties but instead to a specific chemical property of mannitol itself. This result raises the question of the function of such a gene in A. thaliana, a species that does not synthesize mannitol. Our findings suggest that the receptor-like kinases encoded by EGM genes may be activated by mannitol produced by pathogens such as fungi, and may contribute to plant defense responses whenever mannitol is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Trontin
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000, Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000, Versailles, France
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Wyatt TT, van Leeuwen MR, Wösten HAB, Dijksterhuis J. Mannitol is essential for the development of stress-resistant ascospores in Neosartorya fischeri (Aspergillus fischeri). Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 64:11-24. [PMID: 24412483 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The polyol mannitol is one of the main compatible solutes in Neosartorya fischeri and accumulates in conidia and ascospores. Here, it is shown that biosynthesis of mannitol in N. fischeri mainly depends on mannitol 1-phosphate dehydrogenase (MpdA). Reporter studies and qPCR analysis demonstrated that mpdA is moderately expressed in vegetative hyphae and conidiophores, while it is highly expressed during development of ascospores. Deletion of mpdA reduced mannitol in whole cultures as much as 85% of the wild type, while trehalose levels had increased more than 4-fold. Decreased mannitol accumulation had no effect on mycelial growth irrespective of heat- or oxidative stress. Notably, conidia of the ΔmpdA strain had higher mannitol and lower trehalose levels. They were more sensitive to heat stress. The most distinct phenotype of mpdA deletion was the absence of full development of ascospores. Formation of cleistothecia, and asci was not affected. The ascus cell wall, however, did not dissolve and asci contained incompletely formed or aborted ascospores. Addition of the Mpd inhibitor nitrophenide to the wild type strain also resulted in disturbed ascospore formation. Taken together, these results show that mannitol has a role in sexual development of N. fischeri and in stress resistance of conidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Wyatt
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - M R van Leeuwen
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - H A B Wösten
- Utrecht University, Microbiology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - J Dijksterhuis
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Bisht SC, Joshi GK, Haque S, Mishra PK. Cryotolerance strategies of Pseudomonads isolated from the rhizosphere of Himalayan plants. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:667. [PMID: 24363982 PMCID: PMC3868706 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cold stress biology of psychrotrophic Pseudomonas strains isolated from the rhizosphere of Himalayan plants have been explored to evaluate their cryotolerance characteristcs. Pseudomonas strains were examined for stress metabolites, viz., exopolysaccharide (EPS) production, intracellular sugar, polyols and amino acid content, ice nucleation activity, and their freezing survival at -10 and -40°C, respectively. High freezing survival was observed for the Pseudomonas strains that were grown at 4°C prior to their freezing at -10 or -40°C. Increased EPS production was noticed when Pseudomonas strains were grown at lower temperatures, i.e., 4 and 15°C, in comparison with their optimal growth temperature of 28°C. All Pseudomonas strains showed low level of type-III class ice nucleation activity at -10°C after 96 h. Considerable differences were noticed in accumulated contents of various intracellular sugars, polyols, amino acids for all Pseudomonas strains when they grown at two different temperatures, i.e., 4 and 28°C, respectively. The unusual complement of stress protectants especially, raffinose, cysteine and aspartic acid that accumulated in the bacterial cells at low temperature was novel and intriguing finding of this study. The finding that raffinose is a key metabolite accumulated at low temperature is an exciting discovery, and to the best of our information this is first report ever signifying its role in bacterial cold tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekhar Chandra Bisht
- Department of Biotechnology, HNB Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar, 246174 Uttarakhand India
| | - Gopal Kishna Joshi
- Department of Biotechnology, HNB Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar, 246174 Uttarakhand India
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Mishra
- Microbiology & Chemistry Lab, Vivekananda Institute of Hill Agriculture, (ICAR), Almora, 263601 Uttarakhand India
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Jacobsen JH, Frigaard NU. Engineering of photosynthetic mannitol biosynthesis from CO2 in a cyanobacterium. Metab Eng 2013; 21:60-70. [PMID: 24269997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
D-Mannitol (hereafter denoted mannitol) is used in the medical and food industry and is currently produced commercially by chemical hydrogenation of fructose or by extraction from seaweed. Here, the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 was genetically modified to photosynthetically produce mannitol from CO2 as the sole carbon source. Two codon-optimized genes, mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (mtlD) from Escherichia coli and mannitol-1-phosphatase (mlp) from the protozoan chicken parasite Eimeria tenella, in combination encoding a biosynthetic pathway from fructose-6-phosphate to mannitol, were expressed in the cyanobacterium resulting in accumulation of mannitol in the cells and in the culture medium. The mannitol biosynthetic genes were expressed from a single synthetic operon inserted into the cyanobacterial chromosome by homologous recombination. The mannitol biosynthesis operon was constructed using a novel uracil-specific excision reagent (USER)-based polycistronic expression system characterized by ligase-independent, directional cloning of the protein-encoding genes such that the insertion site was regenerated after each cloning step. Genetic inactivation of glycogen biosynthesis increased the yield of mannitol presumably by redirecting the metabolic flux to mannitol under conditions where glycogen normally accumulates. A total mannitol yield equivalent to 10% of cell dry weight was obtained in cell cultures synthesizing glycogen while the yield increased to 32% of cell dry weight in cell cultures deficient in glycogen synthesis; in both cases about 75% of the mannitol was released from the cells into the culture medium by an unknown mechanism. The highest productivity was obtained in a glycogen synthase deficient culture that after 12 days showed a mannitol concentration of 1.1 g mannitol L(-1) and a production rate of 0.15 g mannitol L(-1) day(-1). This system may be useful for biosynthesis of valuable sugars and sugar derivatives from CO2 in cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob H Jacobsen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Niels-Ulrik Frigaard
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark.
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Wang X, Jin M, Balan V, Jones AD, Li X, Li BZ, Dale BE, Yuan YJ. Comparative metabolic profiling revealed limitations in xylose-fermenting yeast during co-fermentation of glucose and xylose in the presence of inhibitors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 111:152-64. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering; Ministry of Education; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Mingjie Jin
- Biomass Conversion Research Laboratory (BCRL); Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Michigan State University; 3900 Collins Road MBI International Building Lansing Michigan 48910
| | - Venkatesh Balan
- Biomass Conversion Research Laboratory (BCRL); Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Michigan State University; 3900 Collins Road MBI International Building Lansing Michigan 48910
| | - A. Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
- Department of Chemistry; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
| | - Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering; Ministry of Education; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Bing-Zhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering; Ministry of Education; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Bruce E. Dale
- Biomass Conversion Research Laboratory (BCRL); Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Michigan State University; 3900 Collins Road MBI International Building Lansing Michigan 48910
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering; Ministry of Education; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
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31
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Pal D, Khozin-Goldberg I, Didi-Cohen S, Solovchenko A, Batushansky A, Kaye Y, Sikron N, Samani T, Fait A, Boussiba S. Growth, lipid production and metabolic adjustments in the euryhaline eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis oceanica CCALA 804 in response to osmotic downshift. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:8291-306. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Kenny JG, Moran J, Kolar SL, Ulanov A, Li Z, Shaw LN, Josefsson E, Horsburgh MJ. Mannitol utilisation is required for protection of Staphylococcus aureus from human skin antimicrobial fatty acids. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67698. [PMID: 23861785 PMCID: PMC3701532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannitol (Mtl) fermentation, with the subsequent production of acid, is a species signature of Staphylococcus aureus, and discriminates it from most other members of the genus. Inactivation of the gene mtlD, encoding Mtl-1-P dehydrogenase was found to markedly reduce survival in the presence of the antimicrobial fatty acid, linoleic acid. We demonstrate that the sugar alcohol has a potentiating action for this membrane-acting antimicrobial. Analysis of cellular metabolites revealed that, during exponential growth, the mtlD mutant accumulated high levels of Mtl and Mtl-P. The latter metabolite was not detected in its isogenic parent strain or a deletion mutant of the entire mtlABFD operon. In addition, the mtlD mutant strain exhibited a decreased MIC for H2O2, however virulence was unaffected in a model of septic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G. Kenny
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine Moran
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
| | - Stacey L. Kolar
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology & Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alexander Ulanov
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Zhong Li
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lindsey N. Shaw
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology & Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Elisabet Josefsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Malcolm J. Horsburgh
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Wang ZL, Zhang LB, Ying SH, Feng MG. Catalases play differentiated roles in the adaptation of a fungal entomopathogen to environmental stresses. Environ Microbiol 2012; 15:409-18. [PMID: 22891860 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The catalase family of Beauveria bassiana (fungal entomopathogen) consists of catA (spore-specific), catB (secreted), catP (peroxisomal), catC (cytoplasmic) and catD (secreted peroxidase/catalase), which were distinguished in phylogeny and structure and functionally characterized by constructing single-gene disrupted and rescued mutants for enzymatic and multi-phenotypic analyses. Total catalase activity decreased 89% and 56% in ΔcatB and ΔcatP, corresponding to the losses of upper and lower active bands gel-profiled for all catalases respectively, but only 9-12% in other knockout mutants. Compared with wild type and complement mutants sharing similar enzymatic and phenotypic parameters, all knockout mutants showed significant (9-56%) decreases in the antioxidant capability of their conidia (active ingredients of mycoinsecticides), followed by remarkable phenotypic defects associated with the fungal biocontrol potential. These defects included mainly the losses of 40% thermotolerance (45°C) in ΔcatA, 46-48% UV-B resistance in ΔcatA and ΔcatD, and 33-47% virulence to Spodoptera litura larvae in ΔcatA, ΔcatP and ΔcatD respectively. Moreover, the drastic transcript upregulation of some other catalase genes observed in the normal culture of each knockout mutant revealed functionally complimentary effects among some of the catalase genes, particularly between catB and catC whose knockout mutants displayed little or minor phenotypic changes. However, the five catalase genes functioned redundantly in mediating the fungal tolerance to either hyperosmotic or fungicidal stress. The differentiated roles of five catalases in regulating the B. bassiana virulence and tolerances to oxidative stress, high temperature and UV-B irradiation provide new insights into fungal adaptation to stressful environment and host invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Liang Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
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34
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Wang ZL, Lu JD, Feng MG. Primary roles of two dehydrogenases in the mannitol metabolism and multi-stress tolerance of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Environ Microbiol 2011; 14:2139-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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35
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The transcriptional response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to proapoptotic concentrations of Pichia membranifaciens killer toxin. Fungal Genet Biol 2011; 48:979-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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36
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Chan Z, Grumet R, Loescher W. Global gene expression analysis of transgenic, mannitol-producing, and salt-tolerant Arabidopsis thaliana indicates widespread changes in abiotic and biotic stress-related genes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:4787-803. [PMID: 21821598 PMCID: PMC3192998 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mannitol is a putative osmoprotectant contributing to salt tolerance in several species. Arabidopsis plants transformed with the mannose-6-phosphate reductase (M6PR) gene from celery were dramatically more salt tolerant (at 100 mM NaCl) as exhibited by reduced salt injury, less inhibition of vegetative growth, and increased seed production relative to the wild type (WT). When treated with 200 mM NaCl, transformants produced no seeds, but did bolt, and exhibited less chlorosis/necrosis and greater survival and dry weights than the WT. Without salt there were no M6PR effects on growth or phenotype, but expression levels of 2272 genes were altered. Many fewer differences (1039) were observed between M6PR and WT plants in the presence of salt, suggesting that M6PR pre-conditioned the plants to stress. Previous work suggested that mannitol is an osmoprotectant, but mannitol levels are invariably quite low, perhaps inadequate for osmoprotectant effects. In this study, transcriptome analysis reveals that the M6PR transgene activated the downstream abscisic acid (ABA) pathway by up-regulation of ABA receptor genes (PYL4, PYL5, and PYL6) and down-regulation of protein phosphatase 2C genes (ABI1 and ABI2). In the M6PR transgenic lines there were also increases in transcripts related to redox and cell wall-strengthening pathways. These data indicate that mannitol-enhanced stress tolerance is due at least in part to increased expression of a variety of stress-inducible genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhulong Chan
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Rebecca Grumet
- Graduate Program in Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology, PSSB, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48864-1325, USA
| | - Wayne Loescher
- Graduate Program in Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology, PSSB, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48864-1325, USA
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Kolodziejczyk J, Saluk-Juszczak J, Wachowicz B. In vitro study of the antioxidative properties of the glucose derivatives against oxidation of plasma components. J Physiol Biochem 2010; 67:175-83. [PMID: 21086198 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-010-0061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of variety of diseases. Since the endogenous antioxidant defense may be not adequate to counteract the enhanced generation of oxidants, a growing interest in research for exogenous nutrients has been observed. The present study was designed to assess in vitro the antioxidative properties of the glucose derivatives: calcium D-glucarate, D-gluconic acid lactone, and sodium D-gluconate (0.5-3 mM) in the protection of plasma proteins and lipids, against the damage caused by 0.1 mM peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻). Exposure of plasma to ONOO⁻ resulted in carbonyl groups increase, 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) formation, reduction in thiol groups, and enhanced lipid peroxidation. D-gluconic acid lactone and sodium D-gluconate effectively decreased 3-NT formation; the antinitrative action of calcium D-glucarate was less effective. In plasma samples incubated with ONOO⁻ and tested compounds, the level of carbonyl groups was decreased in comparison to plasma samples treated only with ONOO⁻. The level of protein -SH groups and glutathione was significantly higher in the presence of glucose derivatives than in plasma samples treated with ONOO⁻ only. All the tested compounds had the inhibitory effect on the peroxynitrite-induced plasma lipids peroxidation. The results obtained from our work indicate that calcium D-glucarate, D-gluconic acid lactone, and sodium D-gluconate may partly protect plasma proteins and lipids against peroxynitrite-induced damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kolodziejczyk
- Department of General Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
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38
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Stress induced cross-protection against environmental challenges on prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 27:1281-96. [PMID: 25187127 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes thrive successfully in stressful environments such as high osmolarity, acidic or alkali, solar heat and u.v. radiation, nutrient starvation, oxidative stress, and several others. To live under these continuous stress conditions, these microbes must have mechanisms to protect their proteins, membranes, and nucleic acids, as well as other mechanisms that repair nucleic acids. The stress responses in bacteria are controlled by master regulators, which include alternative sigma factors, such as RpoS and RpoH. The sigma factor RpoS integrates multiple signals, such as the general stress response regulators and the sigma factor RpoH regulates the heat shock proteins. These response pathways extensively overlap and are induced to various extents by the same environmental stresses. In eukaryotes, two major pathways regulate the stress responses: stress proteins, termed heat shock proteins (HSP), which appear to be required only for growth during moderate stress, and stress response elements (STRE), which are induced by different stress conditions and these elements result in the acquisition of a tolerant state towards any stress condition. In this review, the mechanisms of stress resistance between prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes will be described and compared.
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39
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Monedero V, Pérez-Martínez G, Yebra MJ. Perspectives of engineering lactic acid bacteria for biotechnological polyol production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 86:1003-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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40
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Wang ZL, Ying SH, Feng MG. Gene cloning and catalysis features of a new mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (BbMPD) from Beauveria bassiana. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:50-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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41
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Canelas AB, van Gulik WM, Heijnen JJ. Determination of the cytosolic free NAD/NADH ratio in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under steady-state and highly dynamic conditions. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 100:734-43. [PMID: 18383140 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The coenzyme NAD plays a major role in metabolism as a key redox carrier and signaling molecule but current measurement techniques cannot distinguish between different compartment pools, between free and protein-bound forms and/or between NAD(H) and NADP(H). Local free NAD/NADH ratios can be determined from product/substrate ratios of suitable near-equilibrium redox reactions but the application of this principle is often precluded by uncertainties regarding enzyme activity, localization and coenzyme specificity of dehydrogenases. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we circumvented these issues by expressing a bacterial mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase and determining the cytosolic free NAD/NADH ratio from the measured [fructose-6-phosphate]/[mannitol-1-phosphate] ratio. Under aerobic glucose-limited conditions we estimated a cytosolic free NAD/NADH ratio between 101(+/-14) and 320(+/-45), assuming the cytosolic pH is between 7.0 and 6.5, respectively. These values are more than 10-fold higher than the measured whole-cell total NAD/NADH ratio of 7.5(+/-2.5). Using a thermodynamic analysis of central glycolysis we demonstrate that the former are thermodynamically feasible, while the latter is not. Furthermore, we applied this novel system to study the short-term metabolic responses to perturbations. We found that the cytosolic free NAD-NADH couple became more reduced rapidly (timescale of seconds) upon a pulse of glucose (electron-donor) and that this could be reversed by the addition of acetaldehyde (electron-acceptor). In addition, these dynamics occurred without significant changes in whole-cell total NAD and NADH. This approach provides a new experimental tool for quantitative physiology and opens new possibilities in the study of energy and redox metabolism in S. cerevisiae. The same strategy should also be applicable to other microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- André B Canelas
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628BC Delft, The Netherlands
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42
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Vélëz H, Glassbrook NJ, Daub ME. Mannitol biosynthesis is required for plant pathogenicity by Alternaria alternata. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 285:122-9. [PMID: 18549402 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannitol has been hypothesized to play a role in antioxidant defense. In previous work, we confirmed the presence of the two mannitol biosynthetic enzymes, mannitol dehydrogenase (MtDH) and mannitol 1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase (MPDH), in the fungus Alternaria alternata and created disruption mutants for both enzymes. These mutants were used to investigate the role of mannitol in pathogenicity of A. alternata on its host, tobacco. Conidia of all mutants were viable and germinated normally. GC-MS analysis demonstrated elevated levels of trehalose in the mutants, suggesting that trehalose may substitute for mannitol as a storage compound for germination. Tobacco inoculation showed no reduction in lesion severity caused by the MtDH mutant as compared with wild type; however, the MPDH mutant and a mutant in both enzymes caused significantly less disease. Microscopy analysis indicated that the double mutant was unaffected in the ability to germinate and produce appressoria on tobacco leaves and elicited a defense response from the host, indicating that it was able to penetrate and infect the host. We conclude that mannitol biosynthesis is required for pathogenesis of A. alternata on tobacco, but is not required for spore germination either in vitro or in planta or for initial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heriberto Vélëz
- Department of Plant Pathology, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Jorge CD, Lamosa P, Santos H. Alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-glycerate in the thermophilic bacterium Petrotoga miotherma--structure, cellular content and function. FEBS J 2007; 274:3120-7. [PMID: 17521333 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular accumulation of low molecular mass organic compounds in response to stressful conditions was investigated in the thermophilic bacterium Petrotoga miotherma, a member of the order Thermotogales. This led to the discovery of a new solute, whose structure was established as alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-glycerate (MGG) by MMR spectroscopy and MS. Under optimum growth conditions (3% NaCl; 55 degrees C), MGG was the major solute [up to 0.6 micromol.(mg protein)(-1)]; alpha-glutamate and proline were also present but in minor amounts [below 0.08 micromol.(mg protein)(-1)]. The level of MGG increased notably with the salinity of the growth medium up to the optimum NaCl concentration. At higher NaCl concentrations, however, the level of MGG decreased, whereas the levels of proline and alpha-glutamate increased about five-fold and 10-fold, respectively. MGG plays a role during low-level osmotic adaptation of Petrotoga miotherma, whereas alpha-glutamate and, to a lesser extent, proline are used for osmoprotection under salt stress. MGG is not part of the cell strategy for coping with heat or oxidative stress. Nevertheless, MGG was an efficient protector of pig heart malate dehydrogenase against heat inactivation and freeze-drying, although mannosylglycerate was better. This is the first report on the occurrence of MGG in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla D Jorge
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
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Sickler CM, Edwards GE, Kiirats O, Gao Z, Loescher W. Response of mannitol-producing Arabidopsis thaliana to abiotic stress. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2007; 34:382-391. [PMID: 32689365 DOI: 10.1071/fp06274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In celery, mannitol is a primary photosynthetic product that is associated with celery's exceptional salt tolerance. Arabidopsis plants transformed with celery's mannose-6-phosphate reductase (M6PR) gene produce mannitol and grow normally in the absence of stress. Daily analysis of the increase in growth (fresh and dry weight, leaf number, leaf area per plant and specific leaf weight) over a 12-day period showed less effect of salt (100 mm NaCl) on the M2 transformant than wild type (WT). Following a 12-day treatment of WT, M2 and M5 plants with 100 or 200 mm NaCl the total shoot fresh weight, leaf number, and leaf area were significantly greater in transformants than in WT plants. The efficiency of use of energy for photochemistry by PSII was measured daily under growth conditions. In WT plants treated with 100 mm NaCl, the PSII yield begin decreasing after 6 days with a 50% loss in yield after 12 days, indicating a severe loss in PSII efficiency; whereas, there was no effect on the transformants. Under atmospheric levels of CO2, growth with 200 mm NaCl caused an increase in the substomatal levels of CO2 in WT plants but not in transformants. It also caused a marked decrease in carboxylation efficiency under limiting levels of CO2 in WT compared with transformants. When stress was imposed and growth reduced by withholding water for 12 days, which resulted in a similar decrease in relative water content to salt-treated plants, there were no differences among the genotypes in PSII yields or growth. The results suggest mannitol, which is known to be a compatible solute and antioxidant, protects photosynthesis against salt-related damage to chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Sickler
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Integrated Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Gerald E Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Integrated Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Olavi Kiirats
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Integrated Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Zhifang Gao
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 1325, USA
| | - Wayne Loescher
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 1325, USA
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Vélëz H, Glassbrook NJ, Daub ME. Mannitol metabolism in the phytopathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata. Fungal Genet Biol 2007; 44:258-68. [PMID: 17092745 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mannitol metabolism in fungi is thought to occur through a mannitol cycle first described in 1978. In this cycle, mannitol 1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.17) was proposed to reduce fructose 6-phosphate into mannitol 1-phosphate, followed by dephosphorylation by a mannitol 1-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.22) resulting in inorganic phosphate and mannitol. Mannitol would be converted back to fructose by the enzyme mannitol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.138). Although mannitol 1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase was proposed as the major biosynthetic enzyme and mannitol dehydrogenase as a degradative enzyme, both enzymes catalyze their respective reverse reactions. To date the cycle has not been confirmed through genetic analysis. We conducted enzyme assays that confirmed the presence of these enzymes in a tobacco isolate of Alternaria alternata. Using a degenerate primer strategy, we isolated the genes encoding the enzymes and used targeted gene disruption to create mutants deficient in mannitol 1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase, mannitol dehydrogenase, or both. PCR analysis confirmed gene disruption in the mutants, and enzyme assays demonstrated a lack of enzymatic activity for each enzyme. GC-MS experiments showed that a mutant deficient in both enzymes did not produce mannitol. Mutants deficient in mannitol 1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase or mannitol dehydrogenase alone produced 11.5 and 65.7 %, respectively, of wild type levels. All mutants grew on mannitol as a sole carbon source, however, the double mutant and mutant deficient in mannitol 1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase grew poorly. Our data demonstrate that mannitol 1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase and mannitol dehydrogenase are essential enzymes in mannitol metabolism in A. alternata, but do not support mannitol metabolism operating as a cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heriberto Vélëz
- Department of Plant Pathology, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Ladero V, Ramos A, Wiersma A, Goffin P, Schanck A, Kleerebezem M, Hugenholtz J, Smid EJ, Hols P. High-level production of the low-calorie sugar sorbitol by Lactobacillus plantarum through metabolic engineering. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:1864-72. [PMID: 17261519 PMCID: PMC1828817 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02304-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorbitol is a low-calorie sugar alcohol that is largely used as an ingredient in the food industry, based on its sweetness and its high solubility. Here, we investigated the capacity of Lactobacillus plantarum, a lactic acid bacterium found in many fermented food products and in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals, to produce sorbitol from fructose-6-phosphate by reverting the sorbitol catabolic pathway in a mutant strain deficient for both l- and d-lactate dehydrogenase activities. The two sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Stl6PDH) genes (srlD1 and srlD2) identified in the genome sequence were constitutively expressed at a high level in this mutant strain. Both Stl6PDH enzymes were shown to be active, and high specific activity could be detected in the overexpressing strains. Using resting cells under pH control with glucose as a substrate, both Stl6PDHs were capable of rerouting the glycolytic flux from fructose-6-phosphate toward sorbitol production with a remarkably high efficiency (61 to 65% glucose conversion), which is close to the maximal theoretical value of 67%. Mannitol production was also detected, albeit at a lower level than the control strain (9 to 13% glucose conversion), indicating competition for fructose-6-phosphate rerouting by natively expressed mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase. By analogy, low levels of this enzyme were detected in both the wild-type and the lactate dehydrogenase-deficient strain backgrounds. After optimization, 25% of sugar conversion into sorbitol was achieved with cells grown under pH control. The role of intracellular NADH pools in the determination of the maximal sorbitol production is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Ladero
- Unité de Génétique, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, 5 Place Croix du Sud, B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
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47
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Arraes FB, Carvalho MJAD, Maranhão AQ, Brígido MM, Pedrosa FO, Felipe MSS. Differential metabolism of Mycoplasma species as revealed by their genomes. Genet Mol Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572007000200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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48
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Watanabe Y, Takechi Y, Nagayama K, Tamai Y. Overexpression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannitol dehydrogenase gene (YEL070w) in glycerol synthesis-deficient S. Cerevisiae mutant. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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49
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Rangel DEN, Anderson AJ, Roberts DW. Growth of Metarhizium anisopliae on non-preferred carbon sources yields conidia with increased UV-B tolerance. J Invertebr Pathol 2006; 93:127-34. [PMID: 16842815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2006.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Revised: 05/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conidia of the insect-pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae produced on different growth substrates (culture media or insect cadavers) demonstrate reproducibly altered tolerance to UV-B radiation [Rangel, D.E.N., Braga, G.U.L., Flint, S.D., Anderson, A.J., Roberts, D.W., 2004. Variations in UV-B tolerance and germination speed of M. anisopliae conidia produced on artificial and natural substrates. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 87, 77-83]. In the current study, the fungus was grown on potato dextrose agar with yeast extract (PDAY), on minimal medium [(MM)=Czapek medium without saccharose], or on MM with one of 16 different carbon sources. The conidia produced on these media were exposed to UV-B radiation. Great amplitude in phenotypic plasticity for UV-B tolerance was demonstrated, viz., conidia produced under nutritive stress [MM or MM supplemented with non-preferred carbon sources (e.g., fructose, galactose, lactose etc.)] had at least two times higher tolerance than conidia produced on the rich medium (PDAY). Endogenous trehalose and mannitol accumulated at least two times more in conidia produced on MM (or MM with lactose, a non-preferred carbon source), as compared to conidia from MM plus glucose. High accumulations of these two carbohydrates in fungal spores are known to protect them against a wide range of stresses. Sporulation, however, was most profuse on PDAY, second best on MM plus d-mannose and least on MM or MM containing non-preferred carbon sources. Taken together, the results illustrate that nutritive stress generated by MM or MM plus a non-preferred carbon source greatly improved UV-B tolerance, but reduced conidial yield; while, on the other hand, preferred carbon sources improved conidial yield, but reduced UV-B tolerance.
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Ohkuni K, Kikuchi Y, Hara K, Taneda T, Hayashi N, Kikuchi A. Suppressor analysis of the mpt5/htr1/uth4/puf5 deletion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Genet Genomics 2005; 275:81-8. [PMID: 16328373 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-005-0064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Accepted: 10/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The MPT5/HTR1/UTH4/PUF5 gene encodes an RNA-binding Puf-family protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Deltampt5 cells exhibit pleiotropic phenotypes, including the G2/M arrest of the cell cycle and weakened cell wall at high temperatures. The Deltampt5 disruptant was also hydroxyurea (HU) sensitive. In this study we screened deletion suppressors to rescue the temperature sensitivity of Deltampt5, and identified dsf1 (YEL070W), dsf2 (YBR007C), sir2, sir3, sir4 and swe1. Multicopy suppressors identified were PKC1 and its upstream genes, but not the downstream MAPK cascade genes. The overexpression of PKC1, however, did not suppress the HU sensitivity of Deltampt5. In contrast, both the HU- and temperature-sensitivities of a-type Deltampt5 cells were suppressed by each sir deletion or a multicopy of MATalpha2, suggesting that a diploid-type expression is involved. We found that a diploid-specific IME4 gene encoding an RNA-modifying protein was responsible for the suppression of the temperature sensitivity, but not of the HU sensitivity. Furthermore, the suppression of the HU sensitivity depended on PUF4, another Puf-family gene, and overexpression of PUF4 suppressed only the HU sensitivity of Deltampt5. The protein level of Puf4 was not affected by the sir mutation. Thus, these Ime4 and Puf4 proteins play complementary roles to rescue the defects in Deltampt5 Deltasir cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ohkuni
- Division of Molecular Mycology and Medicine, Center for Neurological Disease and Cancer, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 466-8550 Nagoya, Japan
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